1709:
Yudhisthira I, himself. Ditto as to
Yudhishtira II or the three successors of Narendraditya. Biswas however notes that coins and inscriptions attesting to the immediate predecessor of Yudhisthira I (Narendraditya Khinkhila) have been excavated, as have been coins minted by Pravarsena II.Noting that contemporary Huna kings are located across three books and spaced out by over 1000 years, Biswas proposes that Kalhana had the names of individual kings and content (including popular legends) about their rule but not the chronological framework to fit them. Pravarsena II was Mihirakula's brother and he was alive as late as 597 A.D.; he was succeeded by Narendraditya Khinkhila, whose reign, assuming the regnal spans of the first book of Rajtarangini to be correct, ended in around 633 AD. He was followed by a Yudhisthira, who was defeated by (Durlabhaka) Pratapaditya — content-parts of both books thus stand true, if these two rulers were concurrent, which automatically follows if we assume Yudhisthira I and Yudhisthira II to be the
2885:
indicated by shallow , uneven incisions peculiar to
Kashmiri bronzes . The narrow , recessed portions between the two tiers appear to be crushed by the entwined tails of two nāgas who , at the same time , are engaged in adoring the deity . The rock formations obviously represent a mountain , but the exact significance of the behaviour of the någas is not known . Clad in a dhoti , the Bodhisattva is elaborately crowned and ornamented . His hair is gathered up behind in what is generally known as the Parthian bob and is held in place by a filet . Five identical effigies of a seated Buddha - each showing the samadhimudra - are delineated on the crown and at the back . The Bodhisattva carries the thunderbolt ( vajra ) against his chest and a bell ( ghanță ) against his thigh . Because of the emblems and the manner in which they are disposed , the Bodhisattva may be identified as Vajrasattva .
1115:
662:
1302:
1066:
1379:
694:, who ruled hundreds of years later. Across the first three books, Kalhana reshuffles multiple names, retrofits the same stories, assigns abnormally long reigns, and telescopes some rulers into the past. Durlabhavardhana—the founder of the Karkotas—was held to be under the employment of Baladitya, the last ruler of the Gonanda dynasty (II). Baladitya had no male heir but a daughter Anaṅgalekhā and did not wish his territory to be annexed by in-laws. To avert such a possibility he had her married to Durlabhavardhana, who was from a low caste. However, after Baladitya's death, Durlabhavardhana ascended to the throne with help from a minister, and claimed descent from the mythical Naga king
1696:
Ravana, Indrajit et al — among ancestors.Pratapaditya's successors (second book) are noted to be
Jalauka and Tunjina I. The latter was deposed by Vijaya from another family, who was succeeded by his son Jayendra. The next ruler was his minister Samdhimati, who went on to abdicate the throne after a few decades.The third book starts with Meghavahana, the great-great-grandson of Yudhisthira I, being restored to the vacant throne from his exile. There is also a Yudhisthir II, the son of Pravarsena II and grandson of Toramana (grandson of Meghavahana). He is dated to 170-210 AD and had a son Lakhana-Narendraditya; Baladitya is noted to be Narendraditya's nephew (and his third successor).
628:, an 11th-century work by Kalhana, was aimed at sketching an outline of Kashmir's history since ancient times, and it did discuss the Karkota dynasty in depth. Kalhana depended on a variety of material including earlier historical works, dynastic genealogies, inscriptions, coins and Puranas. The work has a contested repute of being the only pre-modern work in Sanskrit resembling Western notions of history; however, its historical accuracy is disputed—Zutshi and other scholars find the poem to be a blend of "mythical, political, social, spiritual, and geographical" narratives, which aimed at defining Kashmir as an idealised ethical space.
1364:
735:
53:
1099:
1395:
984:
71:
583:, believed to have been commissioned by Durlabhavardhana, the first ruler of the dynasty, provides information on contemporary affairs. However, not only that the Purana was penned to reconstruct Kashmir as one of the most sacred space in the subcontinental cosmos by attributing Brahminical divinity to its geographical features and then, establish Durlabhavardhana as its rightful king but also that there have been interpolations as late as the 10th century, the text cannot be treated as objectivist history. The
1278:
engaged (for the first time) in critical discussions surrounding poetic theory, praxis and semantic cognition using tools from mīmāṃsā etc.; a grand universe of poetry, rigidly theorising the many elements of aesthetics, their scopes and inter-relation was sought to be created. Kuttanimata was penned by
Damodaragupta in his court. Among other noted figures were the grammarian Kṣīra, the poets Manoratha, Śaṅkhadatta, Caṭaka, and Sandhimat, and a Buddhist philosopher Dharmottara.
564:
844:
1754:
different time-spans and their details remain hazy. Gobl notes the Alchon Hunas to have migrated to the Kapisa-Kabul area, after
Mihirakula's defeat in India. This has been since accepted by Alram and others; numismatic evidence supports such proposition. The ruler who defeated the native Nezak kings is variably identified as Pravarsena II (Gobl) and Narendraditya Khinkhila (
1204:
Ajitapida. Under his rule, merchants declared independence at the outposts of the territory. Within a few years, Sukhavarman set out to assume the throne for himself but was murdered by a relative; finally, his son
Avantivarman deposed Utpalapida and claimed the throne c. 855 with help from minister Sura, thus establishing the
1741:
time-span on an artistic analysis of the statue. D.C. Sircar as well as Petech date the inscription to sixth or seventh century. Melzer notes that the inscribed
Khinkhila was "most probably" a different ruler than Khingila (first paragraph), who could not have existed before the second half of 6th century. However,
1695:
The first book of
Rajatarangini ends with Yudhisthira I being deposed by Pratapaditya c.180 B.C. Yudhisthira I, the son of a Narendraditya Khinkhila is noted to be the 9th successor of Mihirakula (who is dated to around 704 BC). Mihirakula, in turn, has figures from the Ramayana pantheon — Vibhisana,
1344:
Candrapika had multiple Vishnu shrines installed. Jayapida set up
Buddhist Viharas and commissioned the construction of multiple Buddha statues; he also established a new capital town at Jayapura (current day Andrkoth). Lalitaditya commissioned a number of shrines in Kashmir, including the now-ruined
1272:
writes that
Jayapada's court was responsible for birthing the "school of literary criticism in Kashmir". Two literary theorists were installed in his office: Vāmana as a minister and Udbhaṭa as the chief scholar. Udbhata wrote four works—Kumārasambhava, a poem on the theme of the marriage of Śiva and
1137:
Jayapida ruled for 31 years and partook in multiple conquests to faraway territories in an apparent bid to out-rival Muktapida; however, Kalhana's narrative is noted to be excessively exaggerated and in absence of other corroborating sources from across a vast geographical region, the authenticity of
824:
and Durlabhaka became known as Pratapaditya, adopting the surname of his maternal grandfather. Durlabhaka is assigned a regnal span of 50 years (662−712). He had a brother Malhana. Durlabhaka married Narendraprabhā, who had been earlier married to Nona, a wealthy merchant from outside Kashmir. He had
3655:
And as usually happens the achievements of Lalitaditya must have been coloured and exaggerated by popular imagination during the four centuries or so that intervened between Kalhana and the events of the reign of the Kashmir king. This is illustrated by the stories of Lalitaditya's miraculous powers
2884:
Fig 59a: Vajrasattva Kashmir , 8th century H : 65/8 in . ( 16.9 cm ) Pan - Asian Collection A regal Bodhisattva is seated on a lotus which rests on a pedestal of unusual form. The pedestal is composed of two tiers of jagged and contorted rock formations, the stylized design of the rockery being
1050:
Son of Lalitaditya and his first queen Kamaladevi, his short reign of one year and half a month was marked by a succession struggle between him and his half-brother. No evidence other than the Rajatarangini exists to corroborate his reign. Kalhana held him to be a virtuous ruler. After being subject
1753:
rejects that Narendraditya Khinkhila ruled Kashmir at all and assigns him to sometime "before or long before" 600; the inscribed ruler is dated to 753. Overall, Melzer notes that there might have been multiple Huna rulers of the name Khingila (or variants) who had ruled different territories across
1277:
Kāvyālaṃkāra; another (now-lost) commentary on the Nāṭyaśāstra; and a mostly-lost but extensive Vivaraṇa on Bhāmaha—in what Bronner notes to be an unprecedented volume of literature production by contemporary standards. Vāmana composed sūtra texts. Both aimed at an audience of literary scholars and
1203:
Tribhuvanapida's son, Ajitapida was nominated by Utpala immediately after Cippatajayapida's death. A few years afterwards, Mamma waged a successful battle against Utpala, and installed Anangipida. Three years later, Utpala's son Sukhavarman rebelled successfully and installed Utpalapida, a son of
1077:
Vajraditya's reign saw a successful raid by the Governor of Sindh and introduction of slave trade. He had numerous concubines and at-least four wives Meghavali, Amrtaprabha, Manjarika and Mamma; his four sons were Tribhuvanapida (from Meghabali), Jayapida (from Amrtaprabha), Prithivyapida I (from
1340:
named "Durlabhasvāmin"; his wife had constructed a Buddhist monastery - Anangabhavana. He also introduced a distinct style of architecture into Kashmir by borrowing post-Gupta trends from Sarnath, Nalanda etc. Durlabhaka established the city of Pratāpapura (current day Tapar between Baramula and
1740:
but this is disputed by others. Dhavalikar as well as Tucci reject that the two rulers are same and note that there are too many possibilities to date the inscribed king; Tucci however dates the inscription to late fifth or early sixth on a paleographic analysis and Dhavalikar confirms the same
1767:
Kalhana notes their romantic overtures to have started when Durlabhaka accepted Nona's invite to have a stay in his residence. The invite was a reciprocation of Durlabhaka having honoured Nona with a stay at the royal palace, for having constructed an accommodation for Brahmins in his homeland
1708:
Mihirakula has been precisely dated to 502 - 530 AD on the basis of inscriptions and coins; he was a Huna ruler. He has been similarly confirmed to be Toramana's son and immediate successor. Biswas notes that no historical evidence has been located for the first six successors of Mihirakula or
945:
received an embassy from Candrapida requesting aid against Arab invasions. Candrapida did not receive any help but nonetheless, managed to defend his territory. In 720, Xuanzong sent an envoy to bestow upon him, the title "King of Kashmir". These diplomatic exchanges led to the formation of an
725:
follows her interpretation in one of his works. However, Gudrun Melzer notes that Biswas did not take into account a different chronology proposed by two German historians (Humbach and Göbl), which has since received eminence in Huna studies; scholars have disputed her dating and commentary on
1735:
Gobl and Kuwayama notes a Khingila (not Narendraditya Khinkhila in the above note) to precede Toramana, based on numismatic and literary evidence. In contrast, Biswas had noted Tijin (Thunjina II in the third book of Rajatarangini) to be Toramana's father and predecessor. Melzer expresses
1356:
The five brothers had set up a Shiva shrine—Jayesvara during Cippatajayapida's rule. After coming to the helm, they commissioned multiple towns and temples—Utapalasvāmin, Padmasvāmin, Dharmasvāmin, Kalyanasvāmin, Mamasvāmin, Utpalapura, Padmapura, etc. Padma's wife had two mathas built.
3389:
Candrapida-Vajraditya is mentioned in the Chinese Tang Chronicle as a contemporary of the period CE 716-720 and Muktapida-Lalitaditya was mentioned in the same chronicle as a contemporary of the period CE 736-747 and according to the Rajatarangini was in conflict with the Indian king
1190:
Cippatajayapida (var. Brhaspati) was crowned in 837/8. However, due to his young age, the real power was vested in the five brothers of Jayadevi—Padma, Utpala, Kalyana, Mamma, and Dharma—who followed the orders of Jayadevi but yet engaged in an acute mismanagement of affairs.
1726:. All the three works are currently lost or untraceable. However, a partial translation (in English) of Shah's manuscript was published over a journal in 1918 by Pandit Ananda Kaul.Biswas hyothesizes a probable time-frame for the predecessors based on Kaul's translation.
1316:
Sculpting proliferated during the Karkota dynasty, and Rajatarangini notes of several bronzes. Lalitaditya commissioned numerous gold and silver images for temples and monasteries across faiths, and his span is considered to be the zenith of Kashmiri sculpture.
1199:
After Cippatajayapida was murdered in around 840, having ruled for twelve years, the brothers gained considerable power but fought each other to retain complete control of the empire, whilst installing puppet kings belonging to the Karkota lineage.
705:, and taking into account numismatic as well as literary sources, the dates of the Gonanda rulers are adjusted and Biswas deems the first ruler of the Karkota dynasty to be Durlabhaka Pratapaditya, who claimed the throne after defeating
957:
Little is noted about his rule in Rajatarangini except that he was tyrannical and oppressed the Brahmins. He bore the name Udayaditya, and was murdered after four years; the practice of magic-rites by Brahmins is held to be the cause.
1073:
Son of Lalitaditya and his second queen Chakramardika, he was also known as Bappiyaka. No evidence other than the Rajatarangini exists to corroborate his reign. Kalhana noted the seven years of his rule to have been cruel.
2940:
1239:
Metallic coins as well as cowrie shells were used as currency. The state collected a variety of taxes—customs-levy, prostitution-levy, market-tax etc.—corruption was rampant and Damodaragupta takes frequent digs.
635:
notes the fourth book to be accurate in its chronology (down to day) in that it aligns perfectly with contemporary Chinese sources; however a correction of +25 years need to be introduced throughout the dynasty.
946:
imperial alliance between the Tangs and Karakotas; in 722, after the Tangs emerged victorious against Tibet, the Chinese court credits Kashmir for having provided ample food to their troops stationed in Gilgit.
1166:
Kalhana condemns Lalitapida as a recklessly extravagant ruler, whose court was infested with courtesans/concubines and jesters, and provided no patronage to learning. He ruled for twelve years and had donated
1685:
Kalhana misunderstood a Karkota Vamsavali to be in Laukika Samvat, when it was actually in Kali Samvat. Both calendars were used in medieval Kashmir and the beginning of Laukika Samvat equals Kali Samvat 25
828:
Durlabhaka's reign saw increasing trade relation with neighbouring polities and the development of the Classical Kārkoṭa style of sculpture. Kalhana records him to have impressive military prowess. Several
531:
The Karkota rulers constructed several shrines to Vishnu in their dominions. They however also allowed Buddhism to flourish under them. Stupa, Chaitya and Vihara can be found in the ruins of their capital.
1086:
According to Kalhana, he ruled for a span of four years and one month. He was overthrown by Samgramapida I, who ruled for seven days. Tribhuvanapida, despite being the eldest, had abdicated the throne.
998:
A world conqueror, Lalitaditya Muktapida (724/725−760/761) is credited by Kalhana with extensive conquests spanning major parts of India, Afghanistan and Central Asia; he is said to have even subdued
1770:
Durlabhaka suppressed his desires for being unworthy of a king but fell gradually ill, till Nona learned of it. He offered Narendraprabha as a Devadasi, urging him to marry her and regain his health.
1394:
1158:
and imposed a cruel taxation regime on Brahmins, forcing them to emigrate; he was cursed to death by a Brahmin. Jayapida had two sons—Lalitapida (from Durga) and Samgramapida II (from Kalyanadevi).
1090:
Kalhana does not note any additional detail except not finding either of them to be worthy of wielding royal power, and Stein reiterates that no other evidence of these rulers have been located.
631:
Nonetheless, historical accuracy increases drastically from the fourth book onward, with the narration of Karkota dynasty and Rajatarangini has been heavily used to reconstruct Kashmiri history.
1182:
Lalitapida was succeeded by his step-brother Samgramapida II, also known as Prithivyapida II. He had at least one son - Anangipida and ruled for seven years; Kalhana notes no additional detail.
1224:
were prevalent. The dynasty (at least, the earlier rulers) had sought to restore Hinduism after a lengthy span of Buddhist influence in the valley; however a syncretic environment flourished.
2686:
Inden, Ronald; Inden, Professor of South Asian History Ronald; Walters, Jonathan S.; Walters, Jonathan; Ali, Daud; Ali, Lecturer in Ancient and Medieval Indian History Daud (8 June 2000).
1216:
On a reading of Kuttanimata, the society seems to be unequal and dominated by merchant communities. Materialism was in vogue among the elites, and prostitution received state patronage.
3686:
During the Karkota period, especially in the reign of the 8th-century ruler Lalitaditya, the central Kashmir valley became the setting of a brilliant intellectual and artistic culture.
3268:"Kalhaņa tells us little about Durlabha-vardhana (...) The mixed metal coins bearing the legend Sri Durlabha on the obverse and jayati Kidāra on the reverse, belong to this monarch."
690:, which ruled for about 590 years till the establishment of the Karkotas; on cross-vetting with coins and inscriptions, names of some of these rulers are found to correspond with the
1002:, winning Kannauj. Kalhana lived around four centuries after Lalitaditya, and popular imagination appears to have embellished Lalitaditya's achievements by then. A century before,
4073:
1378:
2966:
4230:
1006:
noted the Kashmiris to celebrate an annual festival in commemoration of Lalitaditya, who "defeated the Turks and ruled over the world". Lalitaditya is also known from the
478:
453:
439:
1722:
Maulavi Hasan Shah wrote a history of Kashmir (not published; late 19th century), based on a Persian translation of Ratnakara Purana by Mulla Ahmed, court poet of
783:
528:
during 7th and 8th centuries. Their rule saw a period of political expansion, economic prosperity and emergence of Kashmir as a centre of culture and scholarship.
1019:
found little amiss with Kalhana's claims and accepted them as "historical fact"; Goetz's acceptance has since penetrated into the work of numerous scholars like
4147:
1758:). In contrast, Biswas rejects these theories of migration on a critical reading of Puranas, Rajatarangini, Xuanzang's chronicles and other literary sources.
1051:
to treachery by his minister, Kuvalayapida realised the folly of material gains, abdicated the throne, and retreated to a holy forest where he attained
1015:
Stein had rejected Kalhana's description of Lalitaditya's conquests as "mythology" and noted his ignorance about territories outside Kashmir. However,
3216:
1261:, was crafted around the same times. A famed patron of arts, Lalitaditya invited scholars from abroad to his court and promoted study of religions.
3775:
3876:
Bronner, Yigal (2016). "Understanding Udbhaṭa: The Invention of Kashmiri Poetics in the Jayāpīḍa Moment". In Franco, Eli; Ratié, Isabelle (eds.).
4717:
4702:
3779:
1892:
Witzel, Michael (2016). "Kashmiri Brahmins under the Karkota, Utpala and Lohara Dynasties, 625-1101 CE". In Franco, Eli; Ratié, Isabelle (eds.).
1265:
3901:
1917:
1285:, under the patronage of Cippatajayapida; in fifty cantos and 4351 verses, it is the largest surviving Mahākāvya and is based on the defeat of
701:
Atreyi Biswas however rejects this literal description of the establishment of the Karkota dynasty as fictitious. In a critical reading of the
330:
607:
1935:. Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series: 23. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo. pp. 60–61, 73, 298–300.
4697:
1149:, whilst away in a conquest. Returning to Kashmir, he found his brother-in-law Jajja to have usurped the throne but went on to defeat him.
1114:
679:
Scholars disagree on the specifics of establishment of the Karkotas, though it is held that their establishment followed the rule of the
52:
1931:
Sanderson, Alexis (2009). "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period". In Einoo, Shingo (ed.).
969:
to ward off the Tibetan troops. Tansen Sen notes this king to be Tarapida; however other scholars have identified him with Candrapida.
644:
Coins issued by all major rulers until Muktapida (and Jayapida) have been excavated; these coins were always inscribed in the name of
540:
were built by Lalitaditya. It is the oldest known Sun temple in India and was also one of the biggest temple complexes at the time.
4237:
1791:
The extents of prior Buddhist influence is doubtful; the religious culture of Hunas is subject to extensive debates in scholarship.
1363:
790:
Kalhana assigns a regnal span of thirty-six years from 625 to 661/2. He was also known as Prajnaditya and gifted many villages (
3200:
Melzer, Gudrun; Sander, Lore (2006). "A Copper Scroll Inscription from the Time of the Alchon Huns". In Braarvig, Jens (ed.).
4015:
3990:
3926:
3885:
3802:
3573:
3456:
3234:
3148:
2960:
2877:
2850:
2697:
2670:
2643:
2318:
1940:
1901:
1736:
reservations on all of these readings.Biswas identifies her Narendraditya Khinkhila with the "Shahi Khimgala" mentioned over
1400:
Sculptures in the Martand Temple. The trefoil arch is a characteristic feature of Brahminical temple architecture in Kashmir.
1227:
Hunting was a popular sport for the princely class. Theaters were frequently organised and there were halls for the purpose;
661:
800:
to have visited Kashmir twice during his reign, Durlabhavardhana controlled vast swaths of territories including modern day
1145:'s great-great-grandfather Narendra was a minister in his court. Jayapida married Kalyanadevi, daughter of King Jayanta of
801:
1970:
1723:
1126:
1301:
3679:
3181:
2609:
2552:"From conqueror to connoisseur: Kalhaṇa's account of Jayāpīḍa and the fashioning of Kashmir as a Kingdom of learning"
2416:
965:
seeking defection to Kashmir; the-then King (unnamed) apparently consented and urged for military assistance from
4393:
1065:
1835:
949:
Kalhana notes him to have been assassinated by his brother, Tarapida, who recruited a Brahmin for the purpose.
718:
543:
1745:
identifies Khingila (first paragraph) with Narendraditya Khinkhila; he is noted to be the second successor of
4707:
1016:
713:
ruler of Kashmir. His father Durlabhavardhana would have been a subordinate king under the-then Huna ruler,
3878:
Around Abhinavagupta: Aspects of the Intellectual History of Kashmir from the Ninth to the Eleventh Century
1894:
Around Abhinavagupta: Aspects of the Intellectual History of Kashmir from the Ninth to the Eleventh Century
1856:
Larson, Gerald James (2007). "Nagas, Monks, Tantrics and Poets". In Pal, Pratapaditya; Ames, Frank (eds.).
934:. Kalhana paints a benevolent and virtuous image of the ruler—two stories are narrated to the same effect.
1324:
works (typically, faces) have been located. Stone sculptures dedicated to Durlabhaka have been excavated.
4287:
3983:
Dāmodaraguptaviracitaṃ Kuṭṭanīmatam — The Bawd's Counsel: Being an Eighth-century Verse Novel in Sanskrit
3128:
1896:. Leipziger Studien zu Kultur und Geschichte Süd- und Zentralasiens. Münster, Germany. pp. 609–643.
1825:
1652:
1174:
He had one son Cippatajayapida, from his concubine Jayadevi, who was the daughter of a spirit distiller.
3880:. Leipziger Studien zu Kultur und Geschichte Süd- und Zentralasiens. Münster, Germany. pp. 81–148.
1309:
848:
17:
4204:
Siudmak, John (2007). "Religious architecture: 500 - 1200". In Pal, Pratapaditya; Ames, Frank (eds.).
4189:
Siudmak, John (2007). "Religious architecture: 500 - 1200". In Pal, Pratapaditya; Ames, Frank (eds.).
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318:
223:
4712:
4692:
4671:
4314:
4302:
3446:
2308:
1710:
1269:
1258:
1141:
Brahmin immigrants from Indus and Dravida regions were settled in Kashmir during Jayapida's reign;
942:
896:
706:
584:
4173:
2014:
4557:
4223:
3250:
Kuawayama, Shōshin (1999). "Historical Notes on Kāpiśī and Kābul in the Sixth-Eighth Centuries".
1032:
714:
3087:"Kaśmīr, Tang China, and Muktāpīḍa Lalitā-Ditya's Ascendancy over the Southern Hindukush Region"
2810:. pp. 86–97, 136, 142 (Introduction), 120–185 (The Rajatarangini of Kalahana: Fourth Book).
1349:
and numerous Buddhist structures. He also established several towns, including a new capital at
1152:
Kalhana notes his later years to be tyrannical when Jayapida sought to (unsuccessfully) rescind
734:
4588:
4461:
4356:
1960:
1038:
Numerous Brahmin immigrants were brought to Kashmir during his time including the ancestors of
575:'s conquests in the Kashmir neighbourhood and the Gangetic plains are considered as historical.
3171:
2840:
1341:
Srinagar) and the shrine of Malhanasvāmin; his wife had established the Narendreśvara Temple.
924:
Candrapida ruled from 712/13−720 and bore the name Vajraditya. He is otherwise known from the
4630:
4520:
3769:
3640:
2687:
2660:
1474:
1264:
Kalhana notes Jayapida to be a liberal patron of arts and even invited scholars from abroad;
1098:
991:
978:
572:
568:
98:
89:
3742:
Twist, Rebecca L. (Art Department, Pacific University, Forest Grove, OR 97123, USA) (2018).
4620:
4510:
4405:
4254:
3226:
1676:
At least three other Rajataranginis were composed in medieval Kashmir. They are since-lost.
1027:. Sen, comparing Kalhana's account with contemporary Chinese and Tibetan sources including
687:
458:
3173:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
8:
4615:
4569:
4530:
4378:
4272:
2807:
2085:"The Making of the Religious Geography of Kashmir: From Nilamata Purana to Rajatarangini"
587:
is another local and contemporary source; it played similar roles in the Karkota polity.
525:
254:
109:
4054:
3793:
Rao, Velcheru Narayana; Shulman, David Dean; Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2003). "Conclusion".
2821:
1800:
Udbhata was probably senior to Vāmana and might have begun his career under Lalitaditya.
1750:
1138:
the raids and other events must be disputed. He was also known by the name Vinayaditya.
4645:
4640:
4625:
4583:
4540:
4535:
4466:
4451:
4329:
4324:
4282:
4277:
4267:
4093:
3963:
3895:
3847:
3621:
3537:
3498:
3427:
3334:
3106:
3044:
2921:
2579:
2525:
2478:
2394:
2386:
2242:
2154:
2104:
2065:
1911:
1782:
Stein notes that the cause might have been derived from contemporary Tantric tradition.
1657:
1385:
1370:
1346:
809:
533:
234:
4114:
Pal, Pratapaditya (2007). "Faith And Form". In Pal, Pratapaditya; Ames, Frank (eds.).
3394:, datable from the Tang Chronicle and other Chinese sources to c. CE 691-731 or later.
2600:
Dezső, Csaba (2020). "X.1.3: The Kashmir Secular Tradition". In Balogh, Daniel (ed.).
4525:
4476:
4446:
4424:
4419:
4373:
4361:
4011:
3986:
3955:
3922:
3881:
3839:
3798:
3675:
3646:
3613:
3569:
3529:
3490:
3452:
3419:
3326:
3230:
3177:
3144:
3098:
3048:
3036:
2956:
2913:
2873:
2846:
2693:
2666:
2639:
2605:
2583:
2571:
2529:
2517:
2470:
2398:
2378:
2314:
2234:
2146:
2096:
2069:
2057:
1966:
1936:
1897:
1831:
962:
916:
796:) to Brahmins. Rajatarangini records no military activity during his reign; assuming
779:
537:
278:
129:
2223:"Dāmodaragupta's Kuṭṭanīmata : Its VaITS as a Source of Ancient Indian History"
4650:
4515:
4498:
4493:
4471:
4456:
4388:
4351:
4292:
4085:
3831:
3755:
3605:
3222:
3140:
3136:
3028:
2948:
2563:
2509:
2462:
2428:
2370:
2186:
2138:
2049:
1638:
1305:
1118:
1028:
1007:
925:
906:
805:
722:
265:
2941:"THE HUNS OF CENTRAL ASIA AND SOUTH ASIA: THE KIDARITE AND HEPHTHALITE WHITE HUNS"
2451:"Defining the Household: Some Aspects of Prescription and Practice in Early India"
2341:. Delhi: Oxford University Press. Especially Blessed Landscape/Peripheral Kingdom.
2038:"Puranic Texts from Kashmir: Vitasta and River Ceremonials in the Nilamata Purana"
983:
4598:
4545:
4481:
4307:
3916:
3669:
3563:
3271:
2867:
1254:
1217:
858:
611:
580:
382:
140:
120:
3743:
4603:
4593:
4503:
4344:
4339:
4246:
3032:
2432:
2359:"Translating the Past: Rethinking "Rajatarangini" Narratives in Colonial India"
2053:
1737:
1574:
1205:
935:
752:
632:
547:
521:
471:
185:
78:
2602:
Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History
2374:
721:
would never have existed at all or were subordinate kings under the Karkotas.
70:
4686:
4635:
4383:
3959:
3843:
3617:
3533:
3494:
3423:
3330:
3252:
Zinbun (Annals of the Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University)
3102:
3040:
3016:
2917:
2575:
2567:
2521:
2513:
2474:
2382:
2238:
2150:
2100:
2061:
2037:
1746:
1643:
1042:. A brilliant intellectual and artistic culture flourished during his reign.
1039:
825:
three sons—Chandrapida, Tarapida and Lalitaditya—in descending order of age.
624:
599:
595:
214:
158:
149:
3744:"Images of the Crowned Buddha along the Silk Road: Iconography and Ideology"
3724:
1020:
4608:
4486:
4439:
4262:
3650:
2551:
2497:
2190:
1350:
1268:
notes his court to have ushered a breakthrough moment in Kashmiri poetics.
1024:
309:
2952:
1069:
Coin of king Vajraditya (Vigraha Deva) of the Karkota dynasty, c. 763−770.
4434:
4366:
4297:
3391:
1755:
1742:
1146:
1122:
999:
881:
862:
691:
680:
669:
590:
Other sources include the chronicles of a multitude of Buddhist pilgrims—
496:
444:
289:
243:
4035:: Critical Edition, Including Commentaries, and Annotated Translation".
3967:
3943:
3541:
3517:
3502:
3478:
3431:
3407:
3338:
3314:
3110:
3086:
2925:
2901:
2390:
2358:
2246:
2222:
2108:
2084:
835:
were established by Hanumant, son of his minister Uda (var. Oda, Aida).
4429:
4097:
3851:
3819:
2991:(2016). "Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage – A New Hoard and An Anomaly".
2689:
Querying the Medieval: Texts and the History of Practices in South Asia
2482:
2450:
1321:
1282:
1142:
987:
966:
765:
710:
508:
352:
3625:
3593:
2158:
2126:
698:, establishing the Karkota dynasty. Witzel seems to accept this view.
3760:
3725:"Buddha Shakyamuni or the Jina Buddha Vairochana (LACMA Collections)"
3698:
3372:
3287:
2988:
1633:
1228:
1153:
1003:
830:
791:
695:
563:
336:
203:
194:
4089:
3835:
3702:
3376:
3291:
3221:. Proceedings of the British Academy (1 ed.). British Academy.
2638:. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. pp. 112–113, 135, 138, 143.
2466:
2180:
1830:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 146, map XIV.2 (f).
614:
on erotics but gave a lively account of contemporary Kashmiri life.
4319:
3609:
2142:
1337:
1221:
797:
761:
744:
666:
591:
504:
372:
362:
167:
3918:
The Dhvanyāloka of Ānandavardhana with the Locana of Abhinavagupta
3671:
The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu
1962:
The Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Ancient Kashmir and its Influences
1819:
1817:
961:
In October–November 724, Chinese chronicles mention of an unhappy
4552:
4215:
1647:
1286:
1274:
1107:
872:
567:
Maximum extent of the Karkota Empire circa 750 CE at the time of
300:
1814:
1333:
1257:
is believed to have been commissioned by Durlabhavardhana. The
1053:
645:
603:
4172:
Schroeder, Ulrich von (1981). "North-Western India: Kashmir".
3448:
1. Historical and Cultural Background of Kashmir Up to 1003 AD
2310:
1. Historical and Cultural Background of Kashmir Up to 1003 AD
4148:"Sculpture and Bronze Images from Kashmir | Encyclopedia.com"
3703:"Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage – A New Hoard and An Anomaly"
3377:"Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage – A New Hoard and An Anomaly"
3292:"Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage – A New Hoard and An Anomaly"
1290:
1130:
1103:
672:
500:
3315:"The Institution of Devadāsīs in Literature and Archaeology"
2804:
Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir
2427:. Japanese Association for South Asian Studies: 10–11, 30.
938:'s great-grandfather Saktisvāmin was one of his ministers.
843:
4118:. Asia Society ; 5 Continents. pp. 67–69, 75–82.
3795:
Textures of Time: Writing History in South India 1600-1800
2417:"On Indian Historical Writing: The role of the Vamsavalis"
3981:
Goodall, Dominic; Desző, Csaba, eds. (16 November 2012).
2182:
Imperial Purāṇas: Kashmir as Vaiṣṇava Center of the World
58:
3479:"Vaishnavism in Kashmir During the Time of the Karkotas"
2685:
546:
ascended the throne of Kashmir in 855, establishing the
2337:
Zutshi, Chitralekha (2019). "Kashmir as Sacred Space".
1991:
Zutshi, Chitralekha (2019). "Kashmir as Sacred Space".
606:
and others—who visited Kashmir during the dynasty. The
3985:. Groningen Oriental Studies - 23. Brill. p. 21.
3792:
3204:. Vol. III. Oslo: Hermes Publishing. p. 257.
27:
625 – 855 CE dynasty of Kashmir and neighbouring areas
3562:
Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). "The Himalayan Kingdom".
3518:"'Albīrūnī's India' as a Source of Political History"
3273:
A Comprehensive History of India: pt. 1. A.D. 300-985
1273:
Pārvatī; Kāvyālaṃkārasaṃgraha, a short commentary on
3638:
2872:. Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt. p. 59.
778:
Karkota coins are simplified/symbolised versions of
4193:. Asia Society ; 5 Continents. pp. 56–57.
1860:. Asia Society ; 5 Continents. pp. 36–37.
1332:Durlabhavardhana, built a shrine dedicated to Lord
2902:"Bronzes of Kashmir: Their Sources and Influences"
2662:India As Seen In The Kuttanimata Of Damodara Gupta
717:. Baladitya and his immediate predecessors of the
3944:"System of Land Grants in Early Medieval Kashmir"
3319:Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute
2845:. Associated University Press. p. 156, K47.
2842:Himalayan Bronzes: Technology, Style, and Choices
820:Per Kalhana, Anaṅgalekhā had him declared as her
738:Coin of Durlabhavardhana, founder of the dynasty.
4684:
3215:Sims-Williams, Nicholas, ed. (23 January 2003).
3017:"Kalhana's Rājataranginī: A Gender Perspective1"
2692:. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 74–77.
4208:. Asia Society ; 5 Continents. p. 46.
3356:(2 ed.). Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 44.
2556:The Indian Economic & Social History Review
2502:The Indian Economic & Social History Review
2498:"Preface: Kalhaṇa's Rājataraṅgiṇī: What is it?"
3914:
3202:Buddhist Manuscripts in the Schøyen Collection
4231:
3667:
3214:
3169:
4136:. New York: Hacker Art Books. pp. 9–10.
4071:
4031:Pasedach, Peter (9 July 2018). "Ratnākara's
3980:
3817:
3774:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3199:
3170:Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. (1996).
1995:. Delhi: Oxford University Press. Aryavarta.
1823:
1078:Manjarika) and Samgramapida I (from Mamma).
610:, penned by a court-poet of Jayapida, was a
3797:. New York: Other Press. pp. 254–260.
3668:Michell, George; Davies, Philip H. (1989).
2636:The Political History of the Hūṇas in India
1125:-pravartana mudrā. Circa 725–750, Kashmir,
339:, with neighbouring polities, circa 700 CE.
4238:
4224:
4178:. Visual Dharma Publications. p. 101.
4005:
3948:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
3900:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3778:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3483:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
3412:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
3014:
2227:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
2089:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
1916:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
889: Kingdom of Kashmir (Karkota dynasty)
675:, Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, 8th century.
4171:
3759:
3249:
3135:, American Cancer Society, pp. 1–2,
2604:. Groningen: Barkhuis. pp. 296–308.
2127:"The Purāṇas and Jyotiḥśāstra: Astronomy"
1930:
4030:
4010:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 77.
3598:Journal of the American Oriental Society
3591:
3276:. People's Publishing House. p. 30.
3269:
2665:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 16.
2131:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1300:
1113:
1097:
1064:
982:
842:
733:
660:
562:
550:and ending the rule of Karkota dynasty.
335:Heartland of the Karkota dynasty around
4203:
4188:
4078:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin
4072:Kossak, Steven; Lerner, Martin (1994).
3875:
3565:Ancient Indian History and Civilization
3444:
3367:
3365:
3363:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2658:
2549:
2495:
2313:. Brill. pp. 11, 16–19, 251, 262.
2306:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2124:
1958:
1243:
14:
4718:Medieval empires and kingdoms of India
4703:9th-century disestablishments in India
4685:
4127:
4125:
4109:
4107:
4074:"The Arts of South and Southeast Asia"
3587:
3585:
3568:. New Age International. p. 294.
3515:
3476:
3195:
3193:
3122:
3120:
3080:
3078:
2895:
2893:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2633:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2595:
2593:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2444:
2442:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2336:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2120:
2118:
2082:
2035:
2012:
1990:
1891:
1887:
1855:
1778:
1776:
1704:
1702:
1498:Vajraditya or Bapyayika or Lalitapida
263:
252:
241:
212:
156:
147:
138:
127:
118:
107:
96:
87:
4219:
3941:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3741:
3697:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3371:
3312:
3286:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2987:
2838:
2801:
2652:
2599:
2332:
2330:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1954:
1952:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1327:
1102:Coin of king Jayapida "Vinayaditya".
232:
201:
192:
183:
174:
165:
76:
67:
3594:"Warrior Ascetics in Indian History"
3438:
3405:
3360:
3354:Early History and Culture of Kashmir
3227:10.5871/bacad/9780197262856.001.0001
2906:Journal of the Royal Society of Arts
1986:
1984:
1982:
316:
307:
298:
287:
221:
56:
4698:7th-century establishments in India
4131:
4122:
4113:
4104:
3582:
3561:
3408:"Revenue System of Ancient Kashmir"
3351:
3262:
3190:
3126:
3117:
3084:
3015:Rangachari, Devika (1 April 2002).
2999:. Numismatic Society of Bombay: 98.
2938:
2899:
2890:
2865:
2706:
2659:Shastri, A. M. (31 December 1996).
2618:
2590:
2536:
2448:
2439:
2405:
2345:
2253:
2220:
2203:
2115:
1933:Genesis and Development of Tantrism
1773:
1699:
729:
686:Kalhana's third book mentions of a
276:
24:
4245:
3858:
3548:
3465:
3218:Indo-Iranian Languages and Peoples
3055:
3003:
2939:Kim, Hyun Jin (19 November 2015).
2327:
2165:
2024:
2013:Witzel, Michael (September 1991).
1999:
1949:
1864:
1844:
1749:and dated to sometime before 600.
1411:List of Karkota rulers of Kashmir
1185:
1177:
1081:
25:
4729:
1979:
1405:
1194:
990:Stupa, built during the reign of
520:(c. 625 − 855 CE) ruled over the
3445:Siudmak, John (1 January 2013).
2307:Siudmak, John (1 January 2013).
1827:A Historical atlas of South Asia
1824:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978).
1393:
1377:
1362:
1231:is noted to be a popular drama.
656:
617:
476:
451:
437:
69:
51:
4197:
4182:
4165:
4140:
4065:
4047:
4024:
3999:
3974:
3935:
3908:
3820:"Prostitution in Ancient India"
3818:Bhattacharji, Sukumari (1987).
3811:
3786:
3735:
3717:
3691:
3661:
3632:
3509:
3399:
3345:
3306:
3280:
3243:
3208:
3163:
2981:
2932:
2859:
2832:
2814:
2679:
2550:Bronner, Yigal (1 April 2013).
2496:Shulman, David (1 April 2013).
2489:
2179:Inden, Ronald (22 March 2018),
1794:
1785:
1761:
1729:
1716:
1689:
1679:
1670:
1388:built by Lalitaditya Muktapida.
1248:
1045:
847:Candrapida was affected by the
524:and some northern parts of the
3451:. Brill. pp. 11, 16, 18.
3141:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe049
2826:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
2076:
2036:Sharma, Mahesh (1 July 2008).
1959:Siudmak, John (5 April 2013).
1924:
972:
13:
1:
3674:. Penguin Books. p. 96.
3639:Shyam Manohar Mishra (1977).
3270:Majumdar, R. C., ed. (1981).
2822:"The Bodhisattva Vajrasattva"
1807:
1161:
1060:
838:
815:
558:
4055:"Metropolitan Museum of Art"
4008:History of Indian Literature
3921:. Harvard University Press.
3176:. UNESCO. pp. 169–170.
3129:"Karkota dynasty of Kashmir"
3021:The Medieval History Journal
2363:The Journal of Asian Studies
2357:ZUTSHI, CHITRALEKHA (2011).
1296:
7:
3592:Lorenzen, David N. (1978).
3406:Rana, Suman Jamwal (1998).
3352:Ray, Sunil Chandra (1970).
2221:Ray, Sunil Chandra (1957).
1653:List of monarchs of Kashmir
1627:
1452:Chandrapeeda or Varnaditya
1441:Durlabhaka or Pratipaditya
1093:
952:
747:king standing, with legend
10:
4734:
4132:Pal, Pratapaditya (1975).
4006:Winternitz, Moriz (1985).
3133:The Encyclopedia of Empire
3033:10.1177/097194580200500103
2900:Pal, Pratapaditya (1973).
2866:Pal, Pratapaditya (1975).
2839:Reedy, Chandra L. (1997).
2802:Stein, Marc Aurel (1900).
2433:10.11384/jjasas1989.1990.1
2054:10.1177/026272800802800201
1573:Other puppet rulers under
1310:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1234:
1211:
976:
849:Umayyad campaigns in India
683:in the region of Kashmir.
651:
553:
4667:Template:History of India
4659:
4568:
4404:
4253:
4037:World Sanskrit Conference
2947:. Routledge. p. 58.
2375:10.1017/S0021911810002998
2015:"THE BRAHMINS OF KASHMIR"
1571:
726:Narendraditya Khinkhila.
492:
416:
412:
402:
392:
388:
378:
368:
358:
348:
46:
41:
34:
4672:Template:Medieval Deccan
3091:Journal of Asian History
2568:10.1177/0019464613487098
2514:10.1177/0019464613487096
2415:Witzel, Michael (1990).
1663:
1259:Vishnudharmottara Purana
943:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
760:abstract seated goddess
639:
585:Vishnudharmottara Purana
3915:Ānandavardhana (1990).
3645:. Abhinav. p. 95.
3522:Central Asiatic Journal
3516:SHARMA, ARVIND (1982).
3127:Pal, Sayantani (2016),
2634:Biswas, Atreyi (1971).
2125:Pingree, David (1990).
1463:Tarapida or Udayaditya
715:Narendraditya Khinkhila
4462:Kingdom of Bundelkhand
4357:Kingdom of Anahilavada
2191:10.5281/zenodo.1205493
2083:Jamwal, Suman (2011).
1384:Central temple of the
1313:
1134:
1111:
1070:
995:
921:
787:
764:, holding garland and
676:
576:
404:• Disestablished
4631:Sultanate of Khandesh
4467:Kingdom of Trikalinga
4410:(Post Tripartite Era)
4315:Kingdom of Mahishmati
3729:collections.lacma.org
3477:SAXENA, HINA (1995).
3313:AROLE, MEERA (1990).
2953:10.4324/9781315661704
1738:a Ganesha inscription
1475:Lalitaditya Muktapida
1304:
1117:
1101:
1068:
1035:, agrees with Stein.
992:Lalitaditya Muktapida
986:
979:Lalitaditya Muktapida
846:
737:
664:
594:(May 631−April 633),
569:Lalitaditya Muktapida
566:
4708:Dynasties of Kashmir
4621:Sultanate of Gujarat
4511:Kingdom of Jaisalmer
4175:Indo-Tibetan Bronzes
4152:www.encyclopedia.com
3942:SINGH, Y.B. (1991).
3656:recorded by Kalhana.
3642:Yaśovarman of Kanauj
3085:SEN, TANSEN (2004).
2449:Roy, Kumkum (1994).
1308:, Kashmir, 775−800.
1244:Art and architecture
857: Desert areas (
688:Gonanda dynasty (II)
459:Gonanda dynasty (II)
331:class=notpageimage|
4616:Sultanate of Bengal
4531:Sultanate of Multan
4420:Kingdom of Junagadh
4406:Middle Medieval Era
4379:Tripartite Struggle
4320:Kingdom of Samatata
4273:Kingdom of Thanesar
4206:The arts of Kashmir
4191:The arts of Kashmir
4116:The arts of Kashmir
3754:(92): 25, Fig. 31.
2969:on 25 November 2021
2808:Archibald Constable
2042:South Asia Research
1858:The arts of Kashmir
1412:
526:Indian subcontinent
394:• Established
4641:Kingdom of Bikaner
4626:Sultanate of Malwa
4584:Sultanate of Delhi
4536:Kingdom of Mithila
4521:Kingdom of Kalyani
4452:Kingdom of Sambhar
4447:Kingdom of Amarkot
4330:Kingdom of Kashmir
4283:Kingdom of Gurjara
4278:Kingdom of Valabhi
4268:Kingdom of Kannauj
4255:Early Medieval Era
4134:Bronzes of Kashmir
2912:(5207): 727, 746.
2869:Bronzes of Kashmir
1658:Martand Sun Temple
1564:Chipyata-Jayapida
1410:
1386:Martand Sun Temple
1371:Martand Sun Temple
1347:Martand Sun Temple
1328:Shrines and cities
1314:
1135:
1112:
1071:
1033:pilgrim-chronicles
1029:official histories
996:
922:
810:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
788:
677:
577:
534:Martand Sun Temple
4680:
4679:
4651:Kingdom of Orissa
4570:Late Medieval Era
4526:Kingdom of Marwar
4477:Kingdom of Bengal
4425:Emirate of Multan
4374:Kingdom of Dahala
4362:Kingdom of Bengal
4059:www.metmuseum.org
4017:978-81-208-0056-4
3992:978-90-69-80158-2
3928:978-0-674-20278-8
3887:978-3-643-90697-7
3804:978-1-59051-044-5
3707:Numismatic Digest
3575:978-81-224-1198-0
3458:978-90-04-24832-8
3381:Numismatic Digest
3296:Numismatic Digest
3236:978-0-19-726285-6
3150:978-1-118-45507-4
2993:Numismatic Digest
2962:978-1-317-34090-4
2879:978-3-201-00929-4
2852:978-0-87413-570-1
2699:978-0-19-512430-9
2672:978-81-208-1336-6
2645:978-0-88386-301-5
2320:978-90-04-24832-8
2020:. pp. 24–28.
1942:978-4-903235-08-0
1903:978-3-643-90697-7
1625:
1624:
1430:Durlabhavardhana
1127:Jammu and Kashmir
917:Umayyad Caliphate
780:Late Kushan coins
665:Sculpture of the
538:Anantnag district
514:
513:
488:
487:
484:
483:
464:
463:
16:(Redirected from
4725:
4646:Kingdom of Mewat
4636:Kingdom of Sindh
4576:
4575:
4553:Lords of Magadha
4516:Kingdom of Kutch
4499:Kingdom of Sindh
4494:Kingdom of Amber
4472:Kingdom of Malwa
4457:Kingdom of Mewar
4412:
4411:
4352:Kingdom of Gauda
4325:Kingdom of Nepal
4293:Kingdom of Sindh
4288:Kingdom of Malwa
4240:
4233:
4226:
4217:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4129:
4120:
4119:
4111:
4102:
4101:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3899:
3891:
3873:
3856:
3855:
3824:Social Scientist
3815:
3809:
3808:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3773:
3765:
3763:
3761:10.3390/h7040092
3739:
3733:
3732:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3589:
3580:
3579:
3559:
3546:
3545:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3474:
3463:
3462:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3369:
3358:
3357:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3197:
3188:
3187:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3124:
3115:
3114:
3082:
3053:
3052:
3012:
3001:
3000:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2965:. Archived from
2936:
2930:
2929:
2897:
2888:
2887:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2799:
2704:
2703:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2631:
2616:
2615:
2597:
2588:
2587:
2547:
2534:
2533:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2455:Social Scientist
2446:
2437:
2436:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2354:
2343:
2342:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2304:
2251:
2250:
2218:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2176:
2163:
2162:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2033:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2010:
1997:
1996:
1988:
1977:
1976:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1915:
1907:
1889:
1862:
1861:
1853:
1842:
1841:
1821:
1801:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1751:Shōshin Kuwayama
1733:
1727:
1720:
1714:
1706:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1639:History of India
1553:Sangramapida II
1509:Prithivyapida I
1413:
1409:
1397:
1381:
1366:
1306:Vaikuntha Vishnu
1281:Ratnakara wrote
1119:Vairocana Buddha
914:
909:(c.475–c.776 CE)
907:Maitraka Kingdom
904:
899:(c. 632– 712 CE)
897:Kingdom of Sindh
894:
888:
879:
870:
856:
730:Durlabhavardhana
723:Ahmad Hasan Dani
648:on the reverse.
480:
479:
468:
467:
455:
454:
441:
440:
434:
433:
418:
417:
325:
323:
314:
312:
305:
303:
296:
294:
285:
283:
274:
272:
261:
259:
250:
248:
239:
237:
230:
228:
219:
217:
210:
208:
199:
197:
190:
188:
181:
179:
172:
170:
163:
161:
154:
152:
145:
143:
136:
134:
125:
123:
116:
114:
105:
103:
94:
92:
85:
83:
74:
73:
65:
63:
55:
32:
31:
21:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4713:Hindu dynasties
4693:Karkota dynasty
4683:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4655:
4574:(Sultanate Era)
4573:
4572:
4571:
4564:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4400:
4384:Kingdom of Lata
4263:Magadhan Empire
4249:
4244:
4214:
4213:
4202:
4198:
4187:
4183:
4170:
4166:
4156:
4154:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4130:
4123:
4112:
4105:
4090:10.2307/3269200
4070:
4066:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4029:
4025:
4018:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3979:
3975:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3913:
3909:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3874:
3859:
3836:10.2307/3520437
3816:
3812:
3805:
3791:
3787:
3767:
3766:
3740:
3736:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3696:
3692:
3682:
3666:
3662:
3637:
3633:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3560:
3549:
3514:
3510:
3475:
3466:
3459:
3443:
3439:
3404:
3400:
3370:
3361:
3350:
3346:
3311:
3307:
3285:
3281:
3267:
3263:
3248:
3244:
3237:
3213:
3209:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3168:
3164:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3125:
3118:
3083:
3056:
3013:
3004:
2986:
2982:
2972:
2970:
2963:
2937:
2933:
2898:
2891:
2880:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2837:
2833:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2806:. Westminster:
2800:
2707:
2700:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2632:
2619:
2612:
2598:
2591:
2548:
2537:
2494:
2490:
2467:10.2307/3517849
2447:
2440:
2413:
2406:
2355:
2346:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2305:
2254:
2219:
2204:
2195:
2193:
2177:
2166:
2123:
2116:
2081:
2077:
2034:
2025:
2017:
2011:
2000:
1989:
1980:
1973:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1929:
1925:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1890:
1865:
1854:
1845:
1838:
1822:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1734:
1730:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1700:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1630:
1408:
1401:
1398:
1389:
1382:
1373:
1367:
1330:
1299:
1255:Nilamata Purana
1251:
1246:
1237:
1222:Devadasi system
1214:
1197:
1188:
1186:Cippatajayapida
1180:
1178:Samgramapida II
1164:
1121:performing the
1096:
1084:
1082:Prithivyapida I
1063:
1048:
981:
975:
955:
930:under the name
920:
912:
910:
902:
900:
892:
890:
886:
884:
877:
875:
868:
866:
859:Registan Desert
854:
852:
841:
818:
777:
756:
739:
732:
719:Gonanda dynasty
659:
654:
642:
620:
581:Nilamata Purana
561:
556:
518:Karkota dynasty
507:
503:
499:
477:
452:
438:
405:
395:
383:Classical India
344:
343:
342:
341:
340:
333:
327:
326:
321:
319:
317:
315:
310:
308:
306:
301:
299:
297:
292:
290:
288:
286:
281:
279:
277:
275:
269:
266:
264:
262:
257:
255:
253:
251:
246:
244:
242:
240:
235:
233:
231:
226:
224:
222:
220:
215:
213:
211:
206:
204:
202:
200:
195:
193:
191:
186:
184:
182:
177:
175:
173:
168:
166:
164:
159:
157:
155:
150:
148:
146:
141:
139:
137:
132:
130:
128:
126:
121:
119:
117:
112:
110:
108:
106:
101:
99:
97:
95:
90:
88:
86:
81:
79:
77:
75:
68:
66:
61:
59:
57:
37:
36:Karkota dynasty
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4731:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4580:
4578:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4496:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4427:
4422:
4416:
4414:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4259:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4247:Medieval India
4243:
4242:
4235:
4228:
4220:
4212:
4211:
4196:
4181:
4164:
4139:
4121:
4103:
4064:
4046:
4023:
4016:
3998:
3991:
3973:
3934:
3927:
3907:
3886:
3857:
3810:
3803:
3785:
3734:
3716:
3690:
3680:
3660:
3631:
3610:10.2307/600151
3581:
3574:
3547:
3508:
3464:
3457:
3437:
3398:
3359:
3344:
3305:
3279:
3261:
3242:
3235:
3207:
3189:
3182:
3162:
3149:
3116:
3097:(2): 141–162.
3054:
3002:
2980:
2961:
2931:
2889:
2878:
2858:
2851:
2831:
2813:
2705:
2698:
2678:
2671:
2651:
2644:
2617:
2610:
2589:
2562:(2): 161–177.
2535:
2508:(2): 127–130.
2488:
2438:
2404:
2344:
2326:
2319:
2252:
2202:
2164:
2143:10.2307/604530
2114:
2075:
2048:(2): 123–145.
2023:
1998:
1978:
1972:978-9004248328
1971:
1948:
1941:
1923:
1902:
1863:
1843:
1836:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1793:
1784:
1772:
1760:
1728:
1724:Zain-ul-Abidin
1715:
1698:
1688:
1678:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1641:
1636:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1575:Utpala dynasty
1569:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:Kuvalayaditya
1485:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1407:
1406:List of rulers
1404:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1374:
1368:
1361:
1329:
1326:
1298:
1295:
1270:Daniel Ingalls
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1213:
1210:
1206:Utpala dynasty
1196:
1195:Disintegration
1193:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1163:
1160:
1095:
1092:
1083:
1080:
1062:
1059:
1047:
1044:
994:, 8th century.
977:Main article:
974:
971:
954:
951:
936:Jayanta Bhatta
932:Zhentuoluobili
911:
901:
891:
885:
876:
867:
853:
851:in 711-715 AD.
840:
837:
817:
814:
784:Kidarite coins
753:Sharada script
731:
728:
658:
655:
653:
650:
641:
638:
633:Michael Witzel
619:
616:
560:
557:
555:
552:
548:Utpala dynasty
522:Kashmir valley
512:
511:
494:
490:
489:
486:
485:
482:
481:
474:
472:Utpala dynasty
465:
462:
461:
456:
448:
447:
442:
430:
429:
424:
414:
413:
410:
409:
406:
403:
400:
399:
396:
393:
390:
389:
386:
385:
380:
379:Historical era
376:
375:
370:
366:
365:
360:
356:
355:
350:
346:
345:
334:
329:
328:
50:
49:
48:
47:
44:
43:
39:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4730:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4567:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4403:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4241:
4236:
4234:
4229:
4227:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4207:
4200:
4192:
4185:
4177:
4176:
4168:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4135:
4128:
4126:
4117:
4110:
4108:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4019:
4013:
4009:
4002:
3994:
3988:
3984:
3977:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
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3681:9780140081442
3677:
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3183:9789231032110
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3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3027:(1): 46, 48.
3026:
3022:
3018:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2968:
2964:
2958:
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2613:
2611:9789493194014
2607:
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2569:
2565:
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2079:
2071:
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2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2016:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1994:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1953:
1944:
1938:
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1927:
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1820:
1818:
1813:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1777:
1764:
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1752:
1748:
1747:Pravarsena II
1744:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1703:
1692:
1682:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1644:Rajatarangini
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1603:
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1580:
1577:
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1570:
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1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1520:Sangramapida
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1486:
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1470:
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1458:
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1451:
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1437:
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1429:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1372:
1369:Ruins of the
1365:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1320:Contemporary
1318:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1266:Yigal Bronner
1262:
1260:
1256:
1241:
1232:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1201:
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1128:
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1120:
1116:
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1105:
1100:
1091:
1088:
1079:
1075:
1067:
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1056:
1055:
1043:
1041:
1040:Abhinavagupta
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:Hermann Goetz
1013:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1001:
993:
989:
985:
980:
970:
968:
964:
959:
950:
947:
944:
939:
937:
933:
929:
928:
918:
908:
898:
883:
874:
864:
860:
850:
845:
836:
834:
833:
826:
823:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
794:
785:
781:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
754:
750:
749:Jayati Kidāra
746:
742:
736:
727:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
703:Rajatarangini
699:
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
674:
671:
668:
663:
657:Establishment
649:
647:
637:
634:
629:
627:
626:
625:Rajatarangini
618:Rajatarangini
615:
613:
612:didactic work
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
574:
570:
565:
551:
549:
545:
544:Avanti Varman
541:
539:
535:
529:
527:
523:
519:
510:
506:
502:
498:
495:
493:Today part of
491:
475:
473:
470:
469:
466:
460:
457:
450:
449:
446:
443:
436:
435:
432:
431:
428:
425:
423:
420:
419:
415:
411:
407:
401:
397:
391:
387:
384:
381:
377:
374:
371:
367:
364:
361:
357:
354:
351:
347:
338:
332:
324:
313:
304:
295:
284:
273:
271:
260:
249:
238:
229:
218:
209:
198:
189:
180:
171:
162:
153:
144:
135:
124:
115:
104:
93:
84:
72:
64:
54:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
4334:
4205:
4199:
4190:
4184:
4174:
4167:
4155:. Retrieved
4151:
4142:
4133:
4115:
4081:
4077:
4067:
4058:
4049:
4043:. Vancouver.
4040:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4007:
4001:
3982:
3976:
3951:
3947:
3937:
3917:
3910:
3877:
3827:
3823:
3813:
3794:
3788:
3770:cite journal
3751:
3747:
3737:
3728:
3719:
3710:
3706:
3693:
3685:
3670:
3663:
3654:
3641:
3634:
3601:
3597:
3564:
3528:(1/2): 135.
3525:
3521:
3511:
3486:
3482:
3447:
3440:
3415:
3411:
3401:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3353:
3347:
3322:
3318:
3308:
3299:
3295:
3282:
3272:
3264:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3217:
3210:
3201:
3172:
3165:
3154:, retrieved
3132:
3094:
3090:
3024:
3020:
2996:
2992:
2983:
2971:. Retrieved
2967:the original
2944:
2934:
2909:
2905:
2883:
2868:
2861:
2841:
2834:
2825:
2816:
2803:
2688:
2681:
2661:
2654:
2635:
2601:
2559:
2555:
2505:
2501:
2491:
2458:
2454:
2424:
2420:
2366:
2362:
2338:
2309:
2230:
2226:
2194:, retrieved
2181:
2134:
2130:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2045:
2041:
1992:
1961:
1932:
1926:
1893:
1857:
1826:
1796:
1787:
1763:
1731:
1718:
1691:
1681:
1672:
1572:
1355:
1351:Parihasapura
1343:
1331:
1319:
1315:
1280:
1263:
1252:
1238:
1226:
1215:
1202:
1198:
1189:
1181:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1154:
1151:
1140:
1136:
1089:
1085:
1076:
1072:
1052:
1049:
1046:Kuvalayapida
1037:
1031:, coins and
1025:Ronald Inden
1014:
1008:
997:
960:
956:
948:
940:
931:
926:
923:
831:
827:
821:
819:
792:
789:
773:
769:
757:
748:
745:Kushan-style
740:
702:
700:
685:
678:
643:
630:
623:
621:
589:
578:
542:
530:
517:
515:
427:Succeeded by
426:
421:
311:TANG DYNASTY
267:
176:
29:
4430:Kabul Shahi
4394:Rashtrakuta
4084:(4): 32ff.
3258:(1): 25–77.
2461:(1/2): 15.
2369:(1): 5–27.
2233:: 144–148.
2095:: 101–109.
1756:David Bivar
1743:David Bivar
1618:Sukhavarma
1607:Utpalapida
1596:Anangapida
1542:Lalitapida
1422:Reign (CE)
1220:as well as
1147:Cooch Behar
1123:dharmacakra
1000:Yashovarman
973:Lalitaditya
882:Turk Shahis
863:Thar Desert
709:, the last
707:Yudhisthira
692:Alchon Huns
673:Vajrasattva
670:Bodhisattva
608:Kuttanimata
598:(673−685),
573:Lalitaditya
497:Afghanistan
445:Alchon Huns
422:Preceded by
4687:Categories
4558:Pithipatis
4033:Haravijaya
3748:Humanities
3699:Cribb, Joe
3392:Yasovarman
3373:Cribb, Joe
3302:: 106–108.
3288:Cribb, Joe
2989:Cribb, Joe
2137:(2): 276.
1837:0226742210
1808:References
1768:Rauhitaka.
1711:same ruler
1686:(expired).
1585:Ajitapida
1322:terracotta
1283:Haravijaya
1249:Literature
1162:Lalitapida
1143:Kshemendra
1061:Vajraditya
1021:André Wink
988:Parihaspur
967:Zabulistan
919:(c.710 CE)
839:Candrapida
816:Durlabhaka
768:, legend:
766:cornucopia
711:Alchon Hun
559:Literature
509:Bangladesh
369:Government
353:Parihaspur
268:Aboriginal
227:PRATIHARAS
60:South Asia
18:Durlabhaka
3960:2249-1937
3896:cite book
3844:0970-0293
3830:(2): 49.
3618:0003-0279
3604:(1): 66.
3534:0008-9192
3495:2249-1937
3424:2249-1937
3331:0045-9801
3103:0021-910X
3049:144377502
3041:0971-9458
2918:0035-9114
2584:144762916
2576:0019-4646
2530:220678233
2522:0019-4646
2475:0970-0293
2399:146160013
2383:0021-9118
2239:2249-1937
2151:0003-0279
2101:2249-1937
2070:144448359
2062:0262-7280
1965:. BRILL.
1912:cite book
1634:Karkotaka
1531:Jayapida
1297:Sculpture
1275:Bhāmaha's
1229:Ratnavali
1169:agraharas
1155:agraharas
1004:Al-Biruni
832:agraharas
793:agraharas
770:Śri Durla
743:abstract
696:Karkotaka
359:Religion
337:Srinagara
282:CALIPHATE
196:SAINDAVAS
133:CHALUKYAS
4157:18 March
3968:44142574
3701:(2016).
3542:41927345
3503:44158593
3432:44146979
3375:(2016).
3339:42931375
3290:(2016).
3156:18 March
3111:41933381
2973:29 March
2945:The Huns
2926:41371150
2391:41302205
2247:44304455
2196:18 March
2109:44146700
1628:See also
1567:832–885
1556:825–832
1545:813–825
1534:779–813
1523:772–779
1512:768–772
1501:761–768
1490:760–761
1479:724–760
1466:720–724
1455:712–720
1444:662–712
1433:625–662
1338:Srinagar
1094:Jayapida
963:Jincheng
953:Tarapida
941:In 713,
822:dauhitra
798:Xuanzang
762:Ardoxsho
758:Reverse:
741:Obverse:
667:Buddhist
592:Xuanzang
505:Pakistan
373:Monarchy
363:Hinduism
320:CALIPHAL
256:RASHTRA-
169:KAMARUPA
122:PALLAVAS
91:KALINGAS
4660:Related
4599:Tughlaq
4546:Oiniwar
4482:Chandra
4389:Gurjara
4335:Karkota
4308:Habbari
4303:Brahman
4098:3269200
3954:: 116.
3852:3520437
3651:5782454
3489:: 118.
3418:: 109.
3325:: 137.
2483:3517849
2339:Kashmir
1993:Kashmir
1648:Kalhana
1287:Andhaka
1235:Economy
1212:Society
1108:Kashmir
1009:Tangshu
927:Tangshu
873:Zunbils
802:Kashmir
652:History
571:. Only
554:Sources
536:in the
349:Capital
302:ZUNBILS
280:ABBASID
236:KANNAUJ
225:GURJARA
187:CHAVDAS
178:KASHMIR
142:PANDYAS
131:EASTERN
111:BHAUMA-
80:TIBETAN
42:625–855
4604:Sayyid
4594:Khalji
4589:Mamluk
4541:Karnat
4504:Soomra
4345:Lohara
4340:Utpala
4096:
4014:
3989:
3966:
3958:
3925:
3884:
3850:
3842:
3801:
3713:: 108.
3678:
3649:
3626:600151
3624:
3616:
3572:
3540:
3532:
3501:
3493:
3455:
3430:
3422:
3387:: 99.
3337:
3329:
3233:
3180:
3147:
3109:
3101:
3047:
3039:
2959:
2924:
2916:
2876:
2849:
2696:
2669:
2642:
2608:
2582:
2574:
2528:
2520:
2481:
2473:
2421:南アジア研究
2397:
2389:
2381:
2317:
2245:
2237:
2159:604530
2157:
2149:
2107:
2099:
2068:
2060:
1969:
1939:
1900:
1834:
1419:Ruler
1334:Vishnu
1054:siddhi
915:
913:
905:
903:
895:
893:
887:
880:
878:
871:
869:
855:
806:Punjab
646:Kidara
604:Hyecho
600:Wukong
596:Yijing
270:tribes
247:EMPIRE
216:ALUPAS
205:SHILA-
160:CHERAS
151:CHOLAS
102:CHURIS
82:EMPIRE
62:800 CE
4440:Hindu
4094:JSTOR
3964:JSTOR
3848:JSTOR
3622:JSTOR
3538:JSTOR
3499:JSTOR
3428:JSTOR
3335:JSTOR
3107:JSTOR
3045:S2CID
2922:JSTOR
2580:S2CID
2526:S2CID
2479:JSTOR
2395:S2CID
2387:JSTOR
2243:JSTOR
2155:JSTOR
2105:JSTOR
2066:S2CID
2018:(PDF)
1664:Notes
1416:S.N.
1291:Shiva
1131:Lacma
1104:Jammu
681:Hunas
640:Coins
501:India
293:SHAHI
291:KABUL
258:KUTAS
207:HARAS
113:KARAS
4609:Lodi
4487:Sena
4435:Turk
4367:Pala
4159:2021
4012:ISBN
3987:ISBN
3956:ISSN
3923:ISBN
3902:link
3882:ISBN
3840:ISSN
3799:ISBN
3780:link
3776:link
3676:ISBN
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