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396:, graduating with a 1st grade diploma. On 30 October 1911, while studying in Saint Petersburg, Laidoner married Maria Skarbek-Kruszewska, a descendant of Polish nobility, whom he had met earlier in Vilnius. The couple had a son, Michael (1913â1928). After Michael's death, the Laidoners adopted Maria's nephew, Aleksei Kruszewski.
357:, to a farmhand Jaak Laidoner (1854â1911) and his wife Mari (nĂ©e Saarsen; 1851â1938) as the first of four sons. He studied at Viiratsi Elementary School and finished his basic education at Viljandi Town School in 1900. As Laidoner's parents were poor, he could not continue his studies and voluntarily joined the
853:
Laidoner's reputation in
Estonia has remained controversial; although he has been hailed as a national hero for his leadership skills and success as a military commander in the War of Independence, he has been criticized for his support of Konstantin PĂ€ts and his involvement in the 1934 coup d'Ă©tat
702:
was declared and
Laidoner was appointed commanderâinâchief of the armed forces. Although the actual coup attempt was over in five hours, the pursuit of coupists continued and the situation remained tense for several weeks. On 8 January 1925, after the martial law was abolished, Laidoner resigned as
1592:
403:
and sent back to his regiment. In the following year, he was appointed to the
General Staff and was dispatched to serve for one year as company commander in the 1st Caucasus Rifle Regiment. He then served at the Staff of the
578:
On 1 January 1919, the
Estonian Army had just over 13,000 men, with 5,700 of them facing 8,000 Soviets on the Viru Front. In the first days of January, the Estonian forces managed to halt the Soviet advance at the
626:
in World War I and due to the limited size of the forces available to him, Laidoner chose to achieve crucial victories â capturing strategically important roads and railway stations â with smaller and more mobile
741:". Laidoner remained commander-in-chief of the armed forces and oversaw national defence politics. His reforms included a large-scale weapons and equipment modernization program, expanding the military via
2138:
2068:
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Laidoner had a crucial role in organizing and training the army in a very short time as well as establishing an effective command structure within the armed forces. Learning from his experience with
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declared martial law and appointed
Laidoner commanderâinâchief of the armed forces. The aim of declaring martial law was to halt the political rise of the
465:, landed on the mainland. On the following day, Laidoner resigned from his post as division commander and left for Russia. On 24 February 1918, Estonia
2038:
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2008:
2003:
1998:
381:, Georgia. From 1905 to 1909, he held various positions in the regiment, eventually becoming company deputy commander. In 1908, he was promoted to
470:
619:
on 24 February 1919, Laidoner reported that the Soviet forces have been driven out of
Estonia, as well as capturing over 6,000 men and 40 guns.
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on 8 December. The provisional government first appointed him chief of staff on 14 December, and then on 23 December, commander-in-chief of the
753:
Rahvuskogu (National
Assembly), consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the National Council. As the commanderâinâchief, Laidoner became an
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On 5 January 1918, Laidoner was appointed commander of the newly formed 1st
Estonian Division. On 18 February 1918, the negotiations over the
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338:
791:. Laidoner was officially removed from his position as the commanderâinâchief on 22 June 1940. On 19 July, he and his wife were deported to
1089:
447:
1993:
2143:
1778:
Deemant, Kaupo; Herodes, Priit; LÀÀn, Irene; LÀÀn, Tanel; Pihlak, Jaak; Pillak, Peep; Reintam, Marika; Walter, Hannes; Ăun, Mati (1999).
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663:. He served as the chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee and was part of the Estonian delegation in the General Assembly of the
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2048:
2018:
1945:
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280:
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2013:
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and a number of former
Latvian, Lithuanian and Polish statesmen and their families. From there, they were moved to a prison in
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region. The report
Laidoner's committee submitted played an important role in demarcating the border between Turkey and Iraq.
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1983:
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of the same corps. In October 1915, he was made aide to the commander of the intelligence department of the Staff of the
563:
1125:
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Laidoner's memorial in his birthplace in Vardja was destroyed after the Soviet occupation in 1940 and restored in 1990.
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2023:
1988:
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737:, Laidoner established an authoritarian rule, disbanding political parties and limiting free speech, the so-called "
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635:-sized units, supported by armoured trains and armoured cars. After the end of the war, Laidoner was promoted to
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on 21 March 1920, before resigning as commanderâinâchief and retiring from active service on 26 March 1920.
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373:(Vilnius) from 1902 to 1905. He graduated top of his class in April 1905 and was promoted to the rank of
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On 1 December 1924, the Estonian Communists, together with assault groups sent from the Soviet Union,
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Laidoner with senior commanders of the Estonian Armed Forces in 1920. From upper left: General Major
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appointed him commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the newly independent Republic of Estonia.
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377:. He was then sent to serve in the 13th Yerevan Grenadier Regiment, which was then stationed in
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31 January] 1884 â 13 March 1953) was an Estonian general and statesman. He served as
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Maria Laidoner was released in 1954 and was allowed to return to Estonia. She died in 1978 in
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1978:
1973:
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and their potential success in the upcoming presidential elections. Together with PĂ€ts and
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and was among the most influential people in the Estonian politics between the world wars.
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799:. On 23 June 1941, they were put under house arrest and then imprisoned on 28 June by the
8:
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In 1925, Laidoner was commissioned by the League of Nations to head a special mission to
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member of the National Council. On 24 February 1939, he was promoted to the rank of
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in 1917, he commanded the Estonian national units of the Russian army. In 1918, the
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Laidoner â vĂ€ejuht. Johan Laidoner kĂ”rgema operatiivjuhi ja strateegia kujundajana
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in 1940, he was arrested and deported to Russia, where he died in prison in 1953.
1918:
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823:. On 16 April 1952, Laidoner was sentenced to 25 years in prison. He was sent to
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moved against the Soviet forces in Southern Estonia. Following the liberation of
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labor camp on 26 November 1941 with chest trauma listed as the cause of death.
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333:) from 1920 to 1929. He was once again appointed commander-in-chief during the
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80:
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named in his honour was opened in Laidoner's former residence in Viimsi Manor.
745:, and introduction of military training in universities. On 1 January 1938, a
659:(Parliament of Estonia) and from 1920 to 1929 as a member of the conservative
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361:. From 1901 to 1902, he served in the 110th Kama Infantry Regiment, based in
150:
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1619:"SĂ”javĂ€gede Ălemjuhataja kindralleitnant J. Laidoner kĂ”rgendati kindraliks"
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599:. Within 11 days, the 1st Division advanced 200 kilometres east, while the
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Laidoner has a number of monuments, memorials and places named after him.
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Laidoner's adopted son Aleksei was also arrested by the NKVD. He died in
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Viimsi Manor was Laidoner's summer residence. Today it is known as the
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released a commemorative stamp to honour Laidoner's 125th anniversary.
795:, Russia, where they lived in forced exile until the beginning of the
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446:). From March to September 1917, he served as staff commander of the
326:
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promoted Laidoner, then still residing in Petrograd, to the rank of
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Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
2069:
Recipients of the Military Order of the Cross of the Eagle, Class I
904:
Laidoner has a plaque dedicated to him in Vilnius Military Academy.
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842:
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428:. In March 1915, Laidoner was appointed to the senior staff of the
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line and on 3 January, Laidoner launched a counter-offensive with
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Upon his graduation in 1912, Laidoner was promoted to the rank of
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regarding the mistreatment and deportations of Christians in the
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1850:Ălemjuhataja kindral Johan Laidoner. VabadussĂ”ja vĂ”idurikas juht
513:, Commander in Chief General Lieutenant Johan Laidoner, Admiral
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Estonian military personnel of the Estonian War of Independence
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Taloussanomat: Kohukirja kuumentaa pian Suomen ja Viron vÀlejÀ
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invaded Estonia on 28 November, marking the beginning of the
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and from October to November 1917, as staff commander of the
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362:
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and on 15 August 1916, Laidoner was promoted to the rank of
800:
707:
887:
of General Laidoner was unveiled next to the ruins of the
698:. The government called an emergency meeting during which
703:
commanderâinâchief and left military service once again.
547:. On 30 November, Laidoner left Petrograd and arrived in
1927:
at the International Encyclopedia of the First World War
1859:
Kindral Johan Laidoner ja Eesti Vabariigi hukk 1939â1940
941:
Equestrian statue of General Johan Laidoner in Viljandi.
2099:
Recipients of the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari
1777:
854:
as well as the surrender to the Soviet Union in 1940.
766:
1789:Ăhtekuuluvuse teel. Johan Laidoneri kirjad abikaasale
894:
In Viljandi, a square and a park are named after him.
562:
The highest command of Estonian Army visited general
505:, Colonel Jaan Rink. From bottom left: General Major
365:(now Kaunas, Lithuania), and went on to study at the
2064:
Recipients of the Order of the White Star, 1st Class
1746:(in Estonian). Estonian Defence Forces. 22 June 2004
1329:
803:. In September 1942, the Laidoners were sent to the
783:
Last known photo of Laidoner in Soviet prison (1952)
2109:
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
1682:
Martti Turtola: Viro pyrki liittoon Stalinin kanssa
1463:"The period of national military units - 1917-1918"
2114:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class
1565:Year of the Sword. The Assyrian Christian Genocide
1549:(in Estonian). Tallinn: Tammiskilp. pp. 5â6.
2134:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword
2094:Grand Crosses of the Order of Vytautas the Great
1965:
2104:Grand Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta
2089:Recipients of the Order of LÄÄplÄsis, 3rd class
2084:Recipients of the Order of LÄÄplÄsis, 2nd class
2079:Recipients of the Order of LÄÄplÄsis, 1st class
1946:CommanderâinâChief of the Estonian Armed Forces
476:
281:CommanderâinâChief of the Estonian Armed Forces
186:CommanderâinâChief of the Estonian Armed Forces
2124:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 4th class
2119:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class
775:1941 mugshot of Laidoner after his arrest 1940
667:from 1922 to 1929, where he was known for his
461:broke down and German forces, who had already
337:, and then again from 1934 to 1940. After the
710:, investigating the allegations made against
2059:Recipients of the Cross of Liberty (Estonia)
2054:Estonian people who died in Soviet detention
1887:General Johan Laidoner â Estonian War Museum
1744:"Viljandis avati kindral Laidoneri ausammas"
1627:. No. 53. 23 February 1939. p. 19.
655:After the war, Laidoner was a member of the
1780:Kindral Johan Laidoner â 115 aastat sĂŒnnist
1513:"Ajutise Valitsuse koosolekute protokollid"
1491:(in Estonian). Tallinn: Olion. p. 10.
388:From 1909 to 1912, Laidoner studied at the
424:. On 26 November 1914, he was promoted to
349:Johan Laidoner was born on Raba estate in
226:Order of the Estonian Red Cross, 1st Class
222:Order of the Cross of the Eagle, 1st Class
40:
2039:Russian military personnel of World War I
1828:
946:
749:was enacted, which saw the creation of a
2129:Recipients of the Gold Sword for Bravery
1786:
1771:Johan Laidoner â mĂ€lestusi kaasaeglasilt
1483:
856:
778:
770:
673:
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344:
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1769:Vabariigi Ohvitseride Keskkogu (1934).
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1714:
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1425:
1423:
1421:
1213:Order of LÄÄplÄsis, 3rd Class (Latvia)
1201:Order of LÄÄplÄsis, 2nd Class (Latvia)
615:on 20 January 1919. On Estonia's first
420:, Laidoner served as staff aide of the
248:
14:
1966:
1812:Johan Laidoner 12.02.1884 â 13.03.1953
1809:
1559:
1847:
1593:"Riigivanema kÀsukiri KaitsevÀgedele"
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
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983:Cross of Liberty, 3rd Class 1st Rank
686:, in 1938. Estonia and Finland had a
1711:
1631:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1443:(in Estonian). Johan Laidoneri Selts
1418:
214:Cross of Liberty, 3rd Class 1st Rank
210:Cross of Liberty, 1st Class 1st Rank
2009:Members of the Riigikogu, 1926â1929
2004:Members of the Riigikogu, 1923â1926
1999:Members of the Riigikogu, 1920â1923
1544:
767:Soviet occupation, arrest and death
651:Laidoner as a member of parliament.
570:on 31 May 1919; BuĆak-BaĆachowicz (
24:
2144:Inmates of Vladimir Central Prison
1787:LÀÀn, Irene; Hiio, Toomas (2008).
1455:
1379:
1126:Order of the White Rose of Finland
721:On 12 March 1934, the State Elder
642:
390:Imperial Nicholas Military Academy
25:
2155:
1880:
1722:"About the museum â Introduction"
1531:
1313:Order of St Michael and St George
611:, he was promoted to the rank of
1950:1918â1920, 1924â1925, 1934â1940
1441:"Kes oli kindral Johan Laidoner"
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539:on 11 November 1918, the Soviet
262:
127:
115:
2074:Knights of the Legion of Honour
2049:Estonian people of World War II
2019:Estonian independence activists
1994:Farmers' Assemblies politicians
1762:
1736:
1693:
1675:
1660:
1077:Order of Saint Anna, 4th Class
1026:Order of the Estonian Red Cross
1011:Order of the Cross of the Eagle
955:Estonian awards and decorations
523:Estonian Provisional Government
448:1st Caucasus Grenadier Division
325:, he served as a member of the
316:Estonian Provisional Government
244:
2034:Imperial Russian Army officers
1644:. Kalmistud.ee. Archived from
1611:
1585:
1553:
1505:
1477:
1034:Russian awards and decorations
929:Plaque for Laidoner in Vilnius
411:
13:
1:
1852:. Tallinn: Kooli-Kooperatiiv.
1372:
1315:, Honorary Knight Commander (
917:Laidoner's memorial in Vardja
789:Soviet Union occupied Estonia
1597:National Archives of Estonia
1517:National Archives of Estonia
1362:Estonian War of Independence
545:Estonian War of Independence
477:Estonian War of Independence
323:Estonian War of Independence
285:Estonian War of Independence
200:Estonian War of Independence
48:Estonian War of Independence
7:
2014:Members of the RiiginÔukogu
1984:People from Viljandi Parish
1904:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1325:
1226:Order of Vytautas the Great
564:StanisĆaw BuĆak-BaĆachowicz
335:1924 Communist coup attempt
10:
2160:
1489:LĂŒhike vabadussĂ”ja ajalugu
1279:Order of Polonia Restituta
406:Caucasus Military District
1952:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1829:Rosenthal, Reigo (2008).
1465:. Estonian Defence Forces
1264:Order of Virtuti Militari
1164:German Olympic Decoration
1110:
1105:Golden Weapon for Bravery
1090:Order of Saint Stanislaus
1032:
953:
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517:and Colonel Rudolf Reiman
463:captured Estonian islands
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55:
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2024:Estonian anti-communists
1989:People from Kreis Fellin
1857:Turtola, Martti (2008).
1669:Historiska institutionen
1547:Eesti sÔjavÀgi 1920-1940
1404:"General Johan Laidoner"
1245:Order of the White Eagle
735:Minister of the Interior
1642:"Laidoneride pereplats"
1569:Oxford University Press
1281:, Grand Cross (Poland)
1048:Order of Saint Vladimir
996:Order of the White Star
825:Vladimir Central Prison
696:attempted a coup d'Ă©tat
469:, but was subsequently
459:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
422:3rd Caucasus Army Corps
367:Infantry Officer School
275:(12 February [
218:Order of the White Star
1782:. Tallinn: Tammiskilp.
947:Awards and decorations
866:
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776:
691:
652:
575:
574:) talks with Laidoner.
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452:62nd Infantry Division
430:21st Infantry Division
306:in 1901 and fought in
302:, Laidoner joined the
300:Governorate of Livonia
77:Governorate of Livonia
1892:Johan Laidoneri Selts
1810:Pillak, Peep (1999).
1724:. Estonian War Museum
1406:. Estonian War Museum
1266:, 5th Class (Poland)
971:, 1st Class 1st Rank
860:
787:On 17 June 1940, the
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553:Estonian Armed Forces
521:On 4 April 1918, the
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467:declared independence
359:Imperial Russian Army
345:Early life and career
304:Imperial Russian Army
283:during the 1918â1920
157:Years of service
147:Imperial Russian Army
1848:Tuisk, Mart (1938).
1672:. Diva-Portal, 2019.
688:secret military pact
46:Laidoner during the
1773:. Tallinn: Ăhiselu.
1063:Order of Saint Anna
878:Estonian War Museum
863:Estonian War Museum
682:, commander of the
661:Farmers' Assemblies
537:German capitulation
495:Aleksander TÔnisson
471:occupied by Germany
416:At the outbreak of
1917:2022-03-25 at the
1814:. Tallinn: Umara.
1545:Ăun, Mati (2001).
1294:Order of the Sword
1183:Order of LÄÄplÄsis
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637:lieutenant general
593:Finnish volunteers
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444:lieutenant colonel
312:Russian Revolution
2029:Estonian generals
1962:
1961:
1953:Succeeded by
1934:Military offices
1872:978-9985-62-632-0
1840:978-9949-438-51-8
1833:. Tallinn: Argo.
1648:on 1 October 2017
1578:978-0-19-063346-2
1519:. 20 January 1919
1367:Gustaf Mannerheim
1323:
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885:equestrian statue
665:League of Nations
535:). Following the
339:Soviet occupation
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310:. Following the
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237:Maria Kruszewska
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1919:Wayback Machine
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1763:Bibliography
1750:30 September
1748:. Retrieved
1738:
1728:30 September
1726:. Retrieved
1708:(in Finnish)
1705:Ilta-Sanomat
1703:
1695:
1690:(in Finnish)
1685:
1677:
1667:
1662:
1652:30 September
1650:. Retrieved
1646:the original
1622:
1613:
1603:30 September
1601:. Retrieved
1587:
1567:. New York:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1523:30 September
1521:. Retrieved
1507:
1488:
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1469:30 September
1467:. Retrieved
1457:
1447:30 September
1445:. Retrieved
1410:28 September
1408:. Retrieved
1111:
1092:, 2nd Class
1065:, 2nd Class
1050:, 4th Class
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1013:, 1st Class
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883:In 2004, an
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105:Soviet Union
101:Russian SFSR
92:(1953-03-13)
1979:1953 deaths
1974:1884 births
1921:at Estonica
1861:. Tallinn:
1791:. Tallinn:
700:martial law
515:Johan Pitka
418:World War I
412:World War I
308:World War I
196:World War I
1968:Categories
1956:Jaan Maide
1821:9985895045
1373:References
899:Eesti Post
756:ex officio
511:Jaan Soots
501:, Colonel
499:Karl Parts
497:, Colonel
383:lieutenant
327:parliament
321:After the
111:Allegiance
62:1884-02-12
1687:Iltalehti
1624:Uus Eesti
1230:Lithuania
897:In 2009,
832:Solikamsk
751:bicameral
657:Riigikogu
629:battalion
528:Polkovnik
331:Riigikogu
259:Signature
232:Spouse(s)
177:(General)
164:1934â1940
162:1924â1925
160:1901â1920
1915:Archived
1863:TÀnapÀev
1563:(2016).
1487:(1992).
1326:See also
843:Viljandi
839:JĂ€mejala
671:stance.
541:Red Army
379:Manglisi
292:Viiratsi
290:Born in
182:Commands
141:Service/
97:Vladimir
73:Viiratsi
18:Laidoner
1902:at the
1168:Germany
1130:Finland
841:, near
821:Ivanovo
761:general
633:company
549:Tallinn
533:colonel
426:captain
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241:
174:Kindral
135:Estonia
1869:
1837:
1818:
1799:
1793:Varrak
1575:
1495:
1298:Sweden
1249:Poland
1187:Latvia
1149:France
849:Legacy
809:Moscow
733:, the
712:Turkey
631:- and
581:Valkla
489:, Dr.
351:Vardja
247:
206:Awards
143:branch
132:
120:
69:Vardja
817:Kirov
793:Penza
716:Mosul
609:Narva
605:Tartu
585:Kehra
568:Pskov
371:Vilna
363:Kovno
251:)
243:(
239:
1867:ISBN
1835:ISBN
1816:ISBN
1797:ISBN
1752:2017
1730:2017
1654:2017
1605:2017
1573:ISBN
1525:2017
1493:ISBN
1471:2017
1449:2017
1412:2017
801:NKVD
708:Iraq
607:and
595:and
572:left
277:O.S.
249:1911
169:Rank
87:Died
56:Born
807:in
392:in
369:in
1970::
1865:.
1795:.
1713:^
1702:â
1684:â
1633:^
1621:.
1571:.
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245:m.
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1247:(
891:.
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690:.
583:-
531:(
442:(
329:(
64:)
60:(
50:.
20:)
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