La Prensa (San Antonio)

38: 677:— the title of the book which translates to "Exiles from Mexico" — had distinguished themselves by not only retaining their faith (in Catholicism) and devotion (to Mexican nationalism) that their non-exiled Mexican counterparts had lost, they achieved a reconquest of the lost lands that the United States had taken from Mexico in the 19th century. While 878:

They wear a jacket that is over 37-inches long, with three buttons of which only two are used, the shoulders are heavily padded, the waist is tight: the legs are 26 inches wide, but the pant cuffs measure only 14 inches. The pants, seen from north to south, generally go almost to the armpit, but the

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have become, spontaneously and automatically, the strongest links among all these Mexicans and their work in favor of "Mexico abroad" has surpassed the effectiveness of the work of all our border area consulates ... These newspapers have shown Mexicans in Mexico the intensity of the life of Mexicans

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was sold to Texas millionaire-philanthropist Dudley Tarleton Dougherty (1924–1978) and the economist Eduardo Grenas-Gooding (1887–1968), formerly of Colombia, Mexico, and Cuba. The first issue under the new owners was published on June 4, 1959, as a weekly. The new owners announced their intent to

3504:; its largest shareholder was Miles Meyer Sherover (1896–1976), other shareholders included Robert T. Brinsmade, Warren William Smith (1865–1956), Oscar Augusto Machado (1890–1966), and Carlos Morales. Its objective was to produce steel rods, wire, profiles and other steel products. 248:

was the leading Spanish-language newspaper circulating in South Texas. For many years, it was the most widely circulated Spanish-language newspaper in the United States and had an international readership. During its first two decades, it covered topics pertinent to exiles of the

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Robert Turgot Brinsmade married three times. He was a widower from his 1939 marriage to Mollye Catherine Johnson (1920–1952) and a 1955 divorcee from his 1953 marriage to Ruth Elizabeth Ericsson (born 1914), who had been, in 1941, selected in New York by

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continued as a weekly under Lozano management with Ignacio E. Lozano, Jr., as director, Alica Lozano as manager, and Manuel Ruiz Ibañez as editor-in-chief. The last issue under the Lozano family was published on May 29, 1959, volume 47, number 15.

1085:, intended to set up a Marxist form of government in Venezuela by force of arms, if necessary, and justified his actions, and indicated that his actions had the support of the U.S. government. Brinsmade was roundly informed by Ambassador 461:, identified with forward-thinking Americans of Mexican ancestry. Moreover, Ignacio, Jr. had experience of having worked in the family business with the mentoring of a lifetime from his father, mother and executives close to the family. 585:. That is, the so-called labor classes wanted change while wealthier classes, particularity those who fled, feared that change would result in economic ruin – and resisting change would threaten their lives. From 1913, throughout the 2825:

Many of the publishing houses and weekly newspapers did not survive from their publishing efforts alone; like Whitt Publishing and Artes Gráficas, they also had an extensive job printing businesses. (Kanellos, 2007; Kanellos

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in 1948 that he had damaged long-standing U.S. interests by compromising its reputation for neutrality and abstention from political activities. The U.S. Department of State expressed "strong disapproval" of his involvement.

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trio performed at San Antonio's Teatro Nacional on April 8, 1926 – a concert sponsorship by El Club Mexicano de Bellas Artes, San Antonio, of which Lozano's wife, Alicia Elizondo de Lozano, was an officer. Members of the

225:, according to historian Richard Griswold del Castillo, PhD, had two missions: (i) to serve as the voice of the Mexican exile community and (ii) to defend and represent the views of the wealthy Mexican exiles who favored 726:

San Antonio became the publishing center for Hispanics in the Southwest, and housed more Spanish-language publishing houses than any other city in the United States. During the 1920s and 1930s, San Antonio was home to:

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Lozano contended that all Mexicans were the same and urged them to return and rebuild their homeland. One of his editors, Federico Allen Hinojosa, published a book in 1940 in which he asserted that members of the

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Whitt Printing Co., founded in 1914 by descendants of an English officer, endured its latter years only as a printing establishment; it dissolved in 1977 under the heirs Homer Whitt, Sr. (1905–1980) and Allen

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became more pervasive as a way to identify Spanish-speaking people of all races and nationalities, including Mexican-Americans who prefer a broader ethnic and cultural identity linking pre-Mexican ancestry.

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The heritage of 20th century Mexican-Americans may be much forgotten by people now living in their communities, but the history has been broadly chronicled by writers, publishers, and scholars. Moreover,

502:", as an ethnic classification or reference, was still commonly used, but it waned in favor of other expressions. Some historians and scholars have opined that the waning might have been a result of: 1006:, owned by former San Antonio newspaperman John Clifton Taylor Jr. (1925–2014). Ed Castillo remained as managing editor and Octavio R. Costa remained as general manager of what then was 10 employees. 601:, anti-socialist pro-foreign economic intervention, and a united nationalistic society. Its negative views of the revolution complicated the Texas Mexican's attitudes towards both Mexico and the U.S. 1025:

and announced that he would restore it to a daily publication. Ed Castillo, who had been the managing editor since November 1959, remained in that role. Brinsmade remained owner and publisher of

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abroad. Without them, Mexicans inside Mexico would not know that thousands of fellow countrymen live abroad who have not lost their Mexican spirit or broken their spiritual ties with our homeland.

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articulated the political views of its publisher, it contained news and features about the Mexican homeland that appealed to Mexicans in the U.S. who harbored a wide spectrum of political views.

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González retired in 1957 and on June 16 (Sunday), 1957, the paper suspended operation. It reappeared on July 11, 1957, as a weekly tabloid. On the same day, González announced his resignation.

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Mexican values, some scholars attribute its decline to being stuck in a bygone era while major cultural changes were occurring in new-generation Mexican-Americans – changes that included the

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Dudley Tarleton Dougherty (1924–1978) and Eduardo Grenas-Gooding (born 1887–1968), co-publishers from 1959 to 1961; Dougherty was the son of a first-generation Texas-Irish Mexican Citizen

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and the two U.S. cities with the largest Mexican and Mexican-American populations. New York, at the time, had a large Spanish-speaking population, but it was not predominately Mexican.

325:

was free to print news and editorials of its choosing. In the 1920s, Los Angeles surpassed San Antonio as the U.S. city with the largest concentration of Mexicans. In the same decade,

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His father, Robert Bruce Brinsmade, PhD (1873–1936), was an American mining engineer, who through his work in mining, became a labor rights advocate and exponent of the economist

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Leonides González (1875–1966), a Mexican exile, was managing editor for more than 40 years; and held key executive positions, including the position of administrator when

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values, a drop in Spanish literacy by writers and readers of newer generations of U.S.-born American citizens of Mexican ancestry, and a desire by newer generations to

1365:

who was shot to death by Florencio Zamarripa (1920–1965), chief of a strike committee, after the end of a strike; Herrerías was the grandfather of the opera soprano

389:

was an important publication for politically engaged people of Mexico and exiled Mexicans in the U.S. involved in helping integrate Spanish exiles who were fleeing

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when it was in town. It also urged readers to listen to classical music on the radio, "Música Simfónica". In an apparent attempt to cultivate Mexican heritage,

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was barred from Mexico by the government because of articles criticizing the ousting of Catholic officials from government over opposition against the

707:-controlled government's plan to contest so-called Catholic aggression and to, among other things, transfer the role of education to the government. 453:— struggled with changes during the decade that followed the death of their patriarch, but they had several advantages over the successive owners of 2942:("Portrait of Lupe") for violin and piano and for violin and orchestra, as a memorial to her. The work was dedicated to and performed by violinist 2020: 1194: 753:

Librería Española, surviving its latter years only as a bookstore; it closed in 1999 as San Antonio's last full-service Spanish-language bookstore

616:

was an influential watchdog for bigotry and labor abuses against Mexican-Americans in the U.S. during the same period. And, in that same period,

3777: 1137:, by then a bilingual tabloid, was published on January 31, 1963, just two weeks short of the paper's 50th anniversary. In a final blow, the 3772: 3762: 3153: 2393: 735:, published hundreds of titles a year during its peak and was the largest publishing establishment owned by a Hispanic in the United States 2931: 776:

urged its readers to attend Mexican films, lectures by Mexican and Spanish intellectuals, and theater. Many Mexican-Americans, especially

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restore publication as a daily in September 1959 and extensive expansion into Central and South America, but neither ever materialized.

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took-up residence and performed in San Antonio from about 1926 to 1929. His decision to do so was influenced by lavish reviews in the

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and programs under other names at leading universities have institutionalized Mexican-American history as an important standalone

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Guadalupe Medina; 1892–1953) was married to the Mexican architect and music lover Ricardo Ortega (1901–1973). She taught at the

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model, which drew 258 marriage proposals, all of which she rejected. In 1961, he married Suzanne Joy Metz (maiden; born 1934) in

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The making of the Mexican-American Mind, San Antonio, Texas, 1929–1941: A Social and Intellectual History of an Ethnic Community

468:

was distinctly different from other major U.S. Spanish-language newspapers because of its allegiance to Mexico and its people.

3644: 3747: 2443: 640:, with 400 workers aboard, (ii) 400 more were to leave on April 22, 1923, and (iii) 300 workers had left two weeks earlier. 261:, the decline of organized labor in the U.S. during the 1920s, the rise in the U.S. stock market between 1924 and 1929, the 3100:"Una gran nota de arte ofrecieron tres artistas mexicanos" [A great note of art offered by three Mexican artists]. 2735: 2172: 715: 281:, and the emergence of the U.S. as a superpower. Yet through all that, in contrast to mainstream newspapers in the U.S., 3131: 2979: 2096:

Richard Griswold del Castillo (Summer 1977). "The Mexican Revolution and the Spanish-Language Press in the Borderlands".

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was assassinated. The era was coincident with a large influx of Mexican exiles in America who had fled after a series of

3379: 2656: 1562: 2726:

Richard A. Garci (1978). "Class Consciousness and Ideology – The Mexican Community of San Antonio, Texas: 1930–1940".

321:, due largely to its position as the leading U.S. publication covering Mexico; and, unlike the print media of Mexico, 3782: 3161: 1225:(né Delis Pedro Lopez Negron; 1901–1956), city editor in the late 1940s, then managing editor from about 1948 to 1954 704: 73: 3154:"The Roots of Tejano and Conjunto Music, liner notes and photos from Arhoolie Records, Ideal/Arhoolie CD-341 (1991)" 1069: 3031: 2346: 2201: 2135: 984:, produced Ron Gorton in co-operation with La Prensa Publishing Co. premiered in San Antonio on December 10, 1959. 851: 808:

Guadalupe Medina; 1892–1953) and the pianist Francisco Agea Hermosa (1900–1970), for whom it was their U.S. debut.

48: 738:

Viola Novelty Company, founded and owned by Pascual Viola (1898–1946), published two satirical weekly newspapers,

289:. For mainstream U.S. newspapers, matters in Europe were more important than matters in Mexico, which positioned 285:

devoted considerable coverage to matters relating to Mexico, and was the leading publication in opposition to the

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daily newspaper, the US's largest Spanish-language daily newspaper, and is still directed by the Lozano family.

620:

supported Mexican-American non-union labor, notably in industries grappling with labor disputes. In one case,

233:

editorials strongly challenged Mexican public policy. The upshot was that its editorial positions mirrored the

2849: 1523: 234: 2506:"Celebrating cultural rebirth: the Alameda makes a comeback with carefully crafted 'dos culturas' exhibit" 1487: 1311: 1305: 1118:("The Street"). Brinsgate and his wife settled in Houston. He had been a founding shareholder in 1948 in 3430:

Bethany Aram (Winter 1992). "Exporting Rhetoric, Importing Oil: United States Relations With Venezuela".

3343: 3116:

Nancy A. Aguirre, PhD (2012). "9. Porfirista Femininity in Exile: Women's Contributions to San Antonio's

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Parker, retired from the University of Miami, is, among other things, a scholar on the life and works of

1164: 198: 24: 3626:

Manuel Ruiz Ibañez (June 18, 1972). "Spanish-Language Press Had a Vital Role in San Antonio History".

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Manuel Ruiz Ibañez (June 18, 1972). "Spanish-Language Press Had a Vital Role in San Antonio History".

2960:"El Retrato de Lupe, Luis Samuel Saloma Alcalá, violin; Duane Cochran, piano, Urtext Digital Classics" 1602:

Almanaque ilustrado de los periódicos Lozano para 1943: "La Prensa" (San Antonio, Texas), "La Opinión"

311:). For Mexico, it was a vibrant period, and yet one of economic challenges and public policy shifts. 3604: 3521: 3479: 3202: 3072: 3009: 2845: 2795: 1353: 530: 266: 19:

This article is about the historic San Antonio newspaper. For the current San Antonio newspaper, see

2935: 2547: 711: 490: 3628: 3545:""Próspero: A Study Of Success From The Mexican Middle Class In San Antonio, Texas" (dissertation)" 3290: 3282: 3230: 2790:"Recovering and Re-Constructing Early Twentieth-Century Hispanic Immigrant Print Culture in the US" 2693: 2510: 2435: 2290: 1880: 1138: 543:, conservative values attached to the phrase by the early 19th-century generation of Mexican exiles 330: 20: 1453:

J. Xavier Mondragón, for 18 years, from 1913 to 1930, Mondrabón was the Chicago correspondent for

915:

and his widow returned to San Antonio to continue operations, with Leonides González (1875–1966),

515:

a broader mix of Spanish-speaking Americans from other countries blurring lines of ethnic identity

408:

declined in the late 1950s due to several factors, namely a waning public yearning to restore pre-

3551: 3326: 2804: 2470: 1993: 1403: 1082: 1064: 1041: 637: 55: 3173: 2403: 1578:(for the 1913 and 1914), (manuscript), researched by María Antonia Chávez Saldaña (ed.) (1934); 1477:(Literary Mondays), published on Mondays, running from about 1935 to 1940. On October 18, 1937, 1209:

George Edward Farenthold (1915–2000), who, from 1950 to 1985, was married to political activist

3567: 1323: 1274:

Rómulo Munguía; 1885–1975) fled Mexico in 1926, settling in San Antonio; Lozano hired him as a

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era exiles in the U.S. had some similarities to the right-wing views of Cuban exiles from the

506:

a loss of Mexican cultural values or allegiance to Mexico by newer generations born in America

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in Mexico City and was an exponent of Mexican contemporary classical music. Mexican composer

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Jose G. González (1889–1964), who had been married to Concepcion Lozano, who predeceased him

784:, whereas lower income Mexican-Americans preferred to create their own cultural traditions. 3649: 3601:"Hermanos de Raza: Alonso S. Perales and the Creation of the LULAC Spirit (masters thesis)" 3600: 2872: 2016:"Ignacio E. Lozano: The Mexican Exile Publisher Who Conquered San Antonio and Los Angeles" 1074: 8: 3658: 3364: 3272: 3262: 2049: 1278:

operator and rapidly promoted him to mechanical superintendent He was the grandfather of

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Alicia Elizondo; 1899–1984), wife of Ignacio Lozano, Sr., publisher from 1953 to 1959

1067:, the Venezuelan political party that governed from 1945 to 1948, when it ended by a 920: 661: 519: 510: 382: 148: 3121: 2770: 2765: 2607: 2599: 2583: 2579: 2571: 1926: 1275: 924: 690: 657: 598: 582: 499: 398: 350: 304: 270: 168: 3094: 2578:. People born in America, regardless of ancestry, have a constitutional right to 554:

always remained in San Antonio. In the era when the Lozano family controlled both

308: 3728: 3125: 2947: 2644:"Window on the Collections: La Prensa and the Mexican Workers of Bethlehem Steel" 2619: 2603: 1037: 1021:

Robert Turgot Brinsmade; 1913–1994), an American international lawyer, purchased

625: 436: 417: 370:, another Mexican cultural renaissance flourished, giving more rich material for 2163:, A Mexican Exile Newspaper: A Content Analysis of Its First Years, 1926–1929". 3301: 2943: 1400:

Romulo Munguia, Sr. (1885–1975), writer and superintendent of the printing shop

1338:

José Fernández Rojas, Sr. (1885–1950), chief editorial writer from 1922 to 1932

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included contributions by prominent Mexican intellectual exiles that supported

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Ignacio F. Herrerías (1906–1944), founding publisher of the Mexican newspaper

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