811:
739:
387:
1144:, in order to resolve Italo-German tensions. This plan, proposed by Frauenfeld, found support with Hitler, who said of the plan, "I think the idea is an excellent one... I think, too, that the Crimea will be both climatically and geographically ideal for the South Tyrolese, and in comparison with their present settlement it will be a real land of milk and honey. Their transfer to the Crimea presents neither physical nor psychological difficulty. All they have to do is to sail down just one German waterway, the Danube, and there they are." However, with partisan activity and the ongoing war impeding the development of a stable, civilian government, this idea, too, never became reality. The third and final proposal, pushed by Frauenfeld and
1224:
70:
886:
56:
106:
362:
667:
873:, and was relatively liberal in regards to its treatment of the indigenous population compared to Koch's brutal "sledge-hammer" policy in regards to non-Germans. During his leadership, Frauenfeld, who held little to no control over Crimea proper, devoted himself to the study of Crimean Goths, creating a photo album and writing a book on Crimea's history. Under Frauenfeld's proposals, Crimea was to become a tourist hotspot for all of post-war Europe, and a new capital was to be built in the
717:, two followers of Seydamet Qırımer were granted visas to enter Turkey. The process of granting visas, done during a period when Germans intended to ethnically cleanse Crimean Tatars in the near future, was deliberate, and the Crimean Tatars were not granted requests to inspect Crimean prisoner of war camps. Nonetheless, following the visit, Rosenberg noted that it would be necessary to ensure Crimean Tatar prisoners of war be treated humanely out of respect for Turkey.
1172:, served as the representative of the Foreign Office in Crimea from autumn 1941 to summer 1942. During this time, he formulated a plan to bring Muslims to rise up against Soviet rule through an extensive propaganda campaign involving radio broadcasts, pamphlets, and the usage of spokespeople. Hentig believed that the campaign would foment solidarity with Germany's war against the Soviet Union in the Islamic world. Another faction in the Foreign Office was headed by
1191:"I don't know about these Georgians. They do not belong to the Turkic peoples... I consider only the Moslems to be reliable... All the others I deem unreliable. For the time being I consider the formation of these battalions of purely Caucasian peoples as very risky, while I don't see any danger in the establishment of purely Moslem units... In spite of all the declarations from Rosenberg and the military, I don't trust the Armenians either."
798:
Tatars, leading Özenbaşlı to remark in 1943, "We have found ourselves between Scylla and
Charybdis." Such sentiment was widespread among nationalist circles, as Germany's unclear attitude and gains by the Red Army led to increased feelings of consternation. Also negatively affecting the German-Tatar relationship was anti-partisan reprisals against Crimean Tatar villages. Özenbaşlı made an unsuccessful effort to effectively rebuild
1036:
956:, one of his strongest detractors, to Koch. Four months later, Rosenberg toured Crimea, speaking to soldiers. Both Kleist and Rosenberg regarded the tour as a failure, but for opposing reasons: Kleist because of what he regarded as overly-negative rhetoric and Rosenberg because he perceived the Wehrmacht as having a decidedly more Russophilic approach towards indigenous affairs than himself.
991:
to be decollectivised. However, the measure lacked teeth, as land reform efforts did not follow the standards set by the German government. Nonetheless, the land reform was used by
Frauenfeld as evidence of greater management in Crimea and Taurida than in Ukraine proper, with particular notice being given to the fact that Crimea had greater production per acre than Ukraine.
1084:, none of which were actually adopted due to the failure of German forces to subdue partisan forces or maintain military control of Crimea. Additionally complicating matters was the matter of German–Turkish relations and Turkish concerns for ethnic Crimean Tatars, which interfered with Germany's intentions for the total colonisation of Crimea.
523:, a Turkic and religiously-Muslim ethnic group, were the eponymous people and a significant portion of the population, tensions existed between them and ethnic Slavs (primarily Russians). These tensions were compounded by Soviet government opposition to expressions of Crimean Tatar national desires, such as a government-backed proposal for
709:
only to be removed in case of absolute necessity. This measure, explicitly outlining the protection of
Crimean Tatars from deportation, demonstrated to the Turkish government Germany's willingness to protect their interests. Turkey, not pleased with the level of autonomy granted, made continuous demands (both subtle and overt) through
788:
747:
preparations also began in earnest for the genocide of Crimea's peoples. On 6 July 1942, in spite of previous protests against the liquidation of Crimea's
Russian population (for economic reasons), officials the Wehrmacht participated in a conference with Schutzstaffel members on resettlement camps, the genocide of "
985:
With
Germany's capture of Crimea, Crimea's peasants anticipated decollectivisation and the return of land, much like in other areas of the Soviet Union under German control. However, the government pursued land reform at a relatively slow pace, a matter which anguished peasants. In accordance with an
921:
7. The agrarian reform is to be carried out with greater dispatch. In 1943 at least 50 per cent of the collectives are to be transformed into communes. In the remaining collectives, the individual plots are to be given to the peasants as tax-free property. In appropriate cases individual farms are to
708:
Even prior to the beginning of
Germany's occupation of Crimea, German leadership had already begun planning for the colonisation of the peninsula. In a directive dating to early July 1941, Hitler called for the immediate expulsion of all Russians from the peninsula, with Ukrainians and Crimean Tatars
1206:
Before Crimea even came under occupation by German forces, efforts were made to establish a partisan network in the peninsula. Beginning in Kerch in early
October, partisan forces existed in all of Crimea by 23 October 1941. In spite of organisational issues, the Crimean resistance managed to pose a
1071:
Following Crimea's recapture by Soviet forces, the German government again sought to give Özenbaşlı the title of mufti, and requested that he travel to Berlin to be officially appointed. Instead, however, Özenbaşlı fled to
Romania in expectation that British troops would take control of the country.
865:
as a whole remained, with Koch calling for
Taurida's autonomous status to be abolished and Frauenfeld making negative remarks about Koch's performance in correspondence with Rosenberg. Frauenfeld and Koch remained enemies until the war's end, with Frauenfeld continuing to promote himself as a better
990:
to appear gracious to Turkey, Hans-Joachim Riecke (Nazi chief of agriculture in
Eastern Europe) hastened the pace of decollectivisation, declaring that 40% of Crimean Tatar land would be returned in the first year of land reform. This was significant compared to 10-12% of land in Ukraine, which was
1475:
Unlike the Crimean Tatars, Bulgarians, Greeks, and Armenians, the Crimean Germans were not formally deported from the Crimea. The documents of August 15, 1941, speak only of 'evacuation.' More than 60,000 people were deported to Stavropol and the Rostov region. Later, when Hitler's troops moved on
999:
With Germany's intention to establish Crimea as a leading tourist destination in post-war Europe, numerous infrastructure plans were created in order to make transport to and from Crimea easier. Particularly noted in recent years was a proposal by Hitler to create a bridge across the Kerch Strait.
797:
as their leader, and granted him broad permission to negotiate with the Germans on behalf of the Crimean Tatar people. However, the election of Özenbaşlı as the Muslim Committees' representative was followed only by further hesitation on the part of German authorities when dealing with the Crimean
1067:
from the SS, Özenbaşlı was to be declared as Crimea's mufti. The Wehrmacht was immediately suspicious of Özenbaşlı, regarding the title as a means for him to assert further control over Crimea, and protested. Rosenberg, unable to fight the protestations by the Wehrmacht, gave up on the project.
746:
The end of the Crimean campaign brought little stability to Germany's occupational regime, with the partisan movement only continuing its activities. The groundwork of Crimea's colonisation by German settlers began being laid in early 1942, though it remains unknown exactly when. The same year,
1245:
from the Crimean peninsula to Central Asia and Siberia (primarily Uzbekistan) from 18 to 20 May 1944. The actual reasons for the deportation remain debated, with some arguing that it was to keep minorities out of the Soviet Union's border regions and others stating that it was done as a way of
861:, who instituted an economic blockade of with the support of Hitler and Himmler with the intention of starving out the Crimean Tatar population. After the intervention of the Wehrmacht on Frauenfeld's behalf, the blockade was resolved, but tensions between Taurida and the
1050:
Islam was regarded by German authorities as a method for effective control of the Crimean Tatar population, as well as other Muslim peoples throughout the Soviet Union. This became particularly noteworthy from October 1943, after Soviet authorities established the
972:, who also shifted the focus away from Germany's occupations. By November 1943, Soviet troops returned to the Kerch Strait. They quickly advanced through the Crimean peninsula, and by May 1944, all of Crimea up to the Isthmus of Perekop had been recaptured.
472:
from the outset of occupation, they failed to establish order to any extent that allowed for colonisation to take place, and lost further support due to the slow pace of land reform programmes and a lack of response to Crimean Tatar nationalist sentiment.
653:, the Crimean People's Republic's Prime Minister. Though Turkish interests also concerned themselves with additional areas of the Soviet Union inhabited by Turkic peoples, Crimea held the most Turkish public and governmental interest of all regions.
1133:. A consistent part of the German message was that Crimea was to be completely cleansed of non-Germans, only occasionally sparing Crimean Tatars and Ukrainians. In their place were to be German settlers, for whom Crimea was to become a "spa".
1514:
Between September 1941 and January 1942, the Stalin regime deported 385,785 Russian Germans from the Volga, Ukraine, Crimea, the Caucasus, the Kuban, Moscow, Rostov, and Tula to Kazakhstan. the 50,000 Crimean Germans deported to Kazakhstan
730:. Another element of collaboration was local-level "Muslim Committees", established as a compromise between pro-Turkic voices and the Wehrmacht, which viewed Crimean Tatars as insignificant in comparison to Crimea's Slavic majority.
951:
This newfound interest in Crimea was met with strong resistance from the SS, which regarded Kleist's involvement in civilian affairs as unwelcome. In spite of this resistance, however, Kleist refused to change his position, comparing
724:. Manstein declared upon taking command that, "The Jewish-Bolshevik system must be wiped out once and for all." With this began the recruitment of Crimean Tatars to serve as anti-partisan volunteer detachments under the aegis of the
2263:
1240:
The German occupation of Crimea had an immediate impact on Crimea following its recapture by Soviet forces. As part of a general process of ethnically cleansing ethnicities Stalin regarded as unreliable, all Crimean Tatars were
768:, noting that Alfred Frauenfeld, Crimea's General Commissioner, was also opposed to deportation during the war. Three weeks later, he was told that the plans for colonisation and deportation had been halted until the war's end.
562:
and possibly still existed by the time of World War II, though they intermingled with Crimean Tatars much like other ethnic groups. According to the Nazis, these Goths had existed long enough to intermingle with the later
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Pohl, J. Otto (2 October 2008). "Suffering in a Province of Asia: The Russian German Diaspora in Kazakhsta". In Schulze, Mathias; Skidmore, James M.; John, David G.; Liebscher, Grit; Siebel-Achenbach, Sebastian (eds.).
1109:. At the same time, however, it was to be directly subjugated to German control. The most significant issue of this plan, noted by Rosenberg himself, was the lack of ethnic Ukrainians in Russian-dominated Crimea.
1140:, comprising formerly-Soviet lands which included 140,000 Germans. After the end of the Crimean campaign, however, another plan developed, intending to settle the peninsula with Germans from the Italian region
963:
was placed in charge of inspecting Germany's Turkic military forces, shifting concerns from occupation to maintenance of order. Frauenfeld evacuated Taurida, leaving the area once again under military control.
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96:
793:, which served as a central organisational authority for Crimea's Muslim Committees. These committees in late 1942 established a plenum with the intention of representing all Crimean Tatars. They elected
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1080:
Plans for Crimea's post-war future remained a topic of debate in the halls of German power until it was ultimately recaptured by Soviet forces. Seven different plans were made by leading Nazi theorist
902:
1. The inhabitants of the occupied Eastern territories in the area of Army Group 'A' are to be treated as allies. Treatment as inferiors strengthens the enemy's will to resist and costs German blood.
468:(the last surviving Gothic peoples), German authorities sought to transform Crimea into a tourist destination, including the deportation and genocide of Crimea's non-German inhabitants. Plagued by
2249:
2901:
1164:, the NSDAP Office of Foreign Affairs advocated for a relatively moderate position in regards to Crimea, as part of its generally pro-Turkic position in a bid to attract support from Turkey.
1052:
488:, made part of Germany proper, or transformed into an independent state under German suzerainty. Collaboration by some Crimean Tatars during the German occupation served as the basis for the
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94:
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The proposal, which never reached far beyond the planning stages due to Soviet advances, was allocated insufficient resources for its completion, but served as the base for the
590:
city council. German had the right to organise local self-government in their settlements, and were free from paying taxes. German had been one of the official languages of the
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came to support Crimean independence itself, as part of a larger Georgian-led bloc against the Soviet Union. This proposed Georgian bloc was opposed by Hitler, who stated:
905:
2. The supply of the civilian population with food, especially bread, and also clothes, fuel, and consumer goods, is to be improved within the limits imposed by the war...
603:
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in the late 1930s. These tensions were used by German occupational forces as a method of driving a wedge between Crimean Tatars and other ethnic groups, including Jews.
95:
896:
Following a retreat from the Caucasus, Kleist took a more active role in governing Crimea. In February 1943, he issued a series of 14 points, including the following:
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In addition to local conflicts which preceded Germany's occupation of Crimea in 1941, the region had historically been home to a significant Germanic population. The
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69:
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to Crimea. The proposal, which never left the drawing board, would have, in Hitler's words, made it so that one could, "do the whole distance easily in two days."
437:, Crimea proper never actually became part of the Generalbezirk, and was instead subordinate to a military administration. This administration was first headed by
105:
621:
launched Operation Barbarossa in June 1941, Soviet authorities from August 1941 deported over 60,000 ethnic Germans from Crimea; "evacuating" them eventually to
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in 1944, despite active Crimean Tatar participation in the war effort and the desire by certain sectors of the German government to deport Tatars themselves.
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to be resettled in Crimea. This idea was rejected by Himmler, who argued for it to be pursued in the spring of 1943 or during "another favourable moment."
689:. Consecutively with the entrance of German troops, structures by Soviet forces for the development of a partisan movement were established in the city of
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of 1946–1953. Others, still, cast the deportation as an act of Russian nationalism dating back to long before the establishment of the Soviet Union.
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A matter of significant strategic and ideological importance, Germany's occupation of Crimea remained a matter of hot debate between the Wehrmacht,
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681:
Operation Barbarossa began on 22 June 1941, thus drawing the Soviet Union into World War II. By 26 September 1941, German forces, supported by the
1962:
1009:
3858:
3013:
2514:
779:, and his attitudes towards the North Caucasian peoples served as a basis for later activity he conducted in regards to the Crimean Tatars.
3484:
959:
Throughout 1943, the remaining pretences of maintaining control over Crimea were dropped as Red Army forces closed in on the area; General
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of 1918-1919, which was established with the support of German forces during World War I. Following the 1920 takeover of Crimea by the
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1101:. Containing numerous contradictions and undergoing several revisions, it nonetheless became the prevailing plan, and Crimea was
760:
for these plans, individual officers still disputed them, along with resettlement plans, as unhelpful to the war effort. General
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1257:
Following the war, Crimea was economically and agriculturally devastated as a result of fierce fighting. It was impacted by the
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1055:(SADUM). As an attempt to counteract the establishment of SADUM, German officials organised a congress of Muslims from Crimea,
469:
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3003:
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as commander of German forces in Crimea. Alongside his position as commander of forces in Crimea, Kleist was involved in the
516:
738:
4263:
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1180:, staunchly opposed to these plans, successfully sought the removal of the Foreign Office from affairs in Eastern Europe.
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17:
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Frauenfeld's regime has been described as having "limited sympathy" towards the Crimean Tatars by American historian
489:
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3191:
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Another project intended to improve Crimea's connections to the rest of Germany's empire was an expansion of the
987:
477:
2488:
918:
6. In principle, 20 per cent of all consumer goods produced are to be distributed among the civilian population.
908:
3. Social services are to be expanded, e.g. supply of hospitals with medicines, and milk for women and children.
885:
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However, he was instead captured by Soviet troops and repatriated to the Soviet Union, where he died in 1958.
75:
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1125:), headed by Rosenberg, took an aggressive position in regards to Crimea's post-war fate. According to the
1043:
889:
772:
646:
638:
457:
446:
246:
1282:
1176:, who advocated for Crimean independence, as well as independence for Turkic peoples in the Caucasus. The
1129:, Crimea was to fall directly under the control of Nazi Germany, rather than being administered through a
1046:, served as the Crimean Tatars' representative, and was to be declared mufti of the Crimean Tatars in 1945
925:
8. As a rule ... the delivery quota for agricultural produce shall not exceed that under the Bolsheviks...
892:, commander of German forces in Crimea from 1942, laid out plans for Germany's governance of the peninsula
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Rosenberg's first plan, simply titled 'Ukraine with the Crimea', called for Crimea to be included into
757:
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at the hands of the Red Army, Turkey had become a base for many Crimean Tatar nationalists, among them
433:
115:
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1372:
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4011:
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1004:, a post-war construction which existed for less than a year before collapsing in February 1945. The
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713:, Germany's ambassador to Turkey. After much lobbying and the intervention of Turkish general
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442:
677:) was key to relaying Turkey's desire to protect the Crimean Tatars to the German government
645:, primarily involved the protection of the Crimean Tatars. Following the dissolution of the
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during World War II. Turkish interests in Crimea, stretching back to the early days of the
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8:
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Exactly where the colonists were to come from remained debated. Originally was Romania's
953:
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572:
134:
2229:"The Soviet Famine of 1946–1947, the Weather and Human Agency in Historical Perspective"
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2209:
2084:"Punished Peoples" of the Soviet Union: The Continuing Legacy of Stalin's Deportations"
2079:
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239:
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significant threat to German activities in Crimea, and was praised by Soviet generals
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German interests in Crimea were multifaceted and a matter of great sensitivity due to
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1168:, the leading voice of the Foreign Office on Islamic affairs alongside his assistant
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1961:
Office of the U.S. Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution of Axis Criminality (1946).
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Baku and Stalingrad, these unfortunate people were sent to Siberia and Kazakhstan.
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2012:
The Horrible Truths of the Great Patriotic War: Partisans Without Sworn Secrecy
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An abandoned home in Crimea after its residents were expelled in the post-war
697:. In the winter of 1941, Soviet forces landed in the Kerch Peninsula over the
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of the late-18th century with the support of the German-born Russian Empress
548:
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2328:
2273:
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2110:
To The Tashkent Station: Evacuation and Survival in the Soviet Union at War
1495:. WCGS German Studies. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 409–411.
799:
761:
698:
599:
450:
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380:
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265:
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464:. Basing their interests in Crimea off of the historical existence of the
3643:
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2443:
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1247:
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817:, Crimea's General Commissioner, was limited to parts of southern Ukraine
802:, the leading party of the Crimean Tatars during the Russian Revolution.
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618:
536:
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strait in Turkey, across the Black Sea from Crimea, as a prelude to the
586:
of 1917, Crimean Germans made up the local élite, comprising 20% of the
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2433:
2333:
2008:Страшная правда о Великой Отечественной. Партизаны без грифа «Секретно»
858:
753:", and the establishment of transport facilities for deported peoples.
587:
144:
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Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan
866:
leader even after Crimea and Taurida were retaken by Red Army forces.
27:
1941–1944 military occupation of the Crimean peninsula by Nazi Germany
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2323:
2156:
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The All-People's Struggle in the Rear of the Nazi Invaders, 1941-1944
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14. Religious practice is free and is not to be impeded in any way...
834:
1283:"Antisemitic Docrtine in the Tatar Newspaper Azat Kirim (1942-1944)"
782:
Another noteworthy development in 1942 was the establishment of the
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2423:
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535:
in 1928, and the mass killings of Crimean Tatar leaders during the
2192:
Potichnyj, Peter J. (1975). "The Struggle of the Crimean Tatars".
2062:Всенародная борьба в тылу немецко-фашистских захватчиков 1941—1944
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On 1 September 1942, the Wehrmacht released the five districts of
968:, in charge of Germany's "nationality policy", was replaced with
666:
622:
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group, survived in Crimea from the 3rd century CE until at least
2094:
853:). Frauenfeld soon found himself embroiled in conflict with the
720:
The first commander of German occupational forces in Crimea was
2911:
506:
460:, with Turkey serving as the primary champion of the rights of
414:
405:
1306:
690:
552:
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1018:, for having a similar purpose to Hitler's proposed bridge.
1492:
German Diasporic Experiences: Identity, Migration, and Loss
2046:] (in Russian). Moscow: Politizdat. pp. 377, 409.
598:, the Soviets established two German raions within the
1840:"Medvedev's Planned Bridge to Crimea Has Long History"
2068:] (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. pp. 112–113.
1436:] (in Russian). Paris: YMCA-PRESS. p. 598.
1401:[Germans in Crimea: History and Modernity].
1059:, Central Asia, and the Caucasus, to be overseen by
1951:. Cambridge, London: Belknap Press. pp. 49–50.
1585:] (in Russian). Moscow: Politizdat. p. 34.
1119:
Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories
482:
Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories
2078:
1838:
2760:
685:, had started fighting for Crimea, beginning the
4230:
1063:, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem. With the support of
829:to a civilian government which acted as part of
527:in the early 1920s, the arrest and execution of
4269:Military history of Germany during World War II
1598:Where the Iron Crosses Grow: The Crimea 1941–44
1342:. Freiburg im Breisgau: Böhlau Verlag: 156–164.
1311:. University of Texas at Austin. Archived from
1012:, has been noted by some publications, such as
935:12. The school system is to be promoted widely.
849:, was simply referred to as "Taurida" (German:
637:Matters involving Crimea were a focal point of
579:began arriving from Russia and Ukraine proper.
484:. It was variously proposed to be annexed into
1010:annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
764:protested to Hermann Göring and field marshal
4289:States and territories disestablished in 1944
3544:
2257:
567:, settlers who began arriving as part of the
302:• Crimea recaptured by the Soviet Union
3558:
3327:
2528:
2303:
2295:
542:
507:Crimean Tatars against the Soviet government
36:
3903:
2056:
632:
4284:States and territories established in 1941
4249:1944 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
4213:History of the Jews in Carpathian Ruthenia
3551:
3537:
2264:
2250:
2226:
2034:
2014:] (in Russian). Moscow: Yauza, Eksmo.
1456:
1370:
1336:Saeculum: Jahrbuch für Universalgeschichte
417:was subject to military administration by
104:
2191:
1977:(1957). "The Crescent and the Swastika".
1963:Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Volume II
1913:(1957). "The Crescent and the Swastika".
1878:(1957). "The Crescent and the Swastika".
1808:(1957). "The Crescent and the Swastika".
1776:(1957). "The Crescent and the Swastika".
1737:(1957). "The Crescent and the Swastika".
1700:(1957). "The Crescent and the Swastika".
1665:(1957). "The Crescent and the Swastika".
1533:(1957). "The Crescent and the Swastika".
1427:
1396:
1215:as being a vital part of the war effort.
1174:Friedrich-Werner Graf von der Schulenburg
1155:
2005:
1428:Obolensky, Vladimir Andreyevich (1988).
1399:"Немцы в Крыму: история и современность"
1334:Schwarz, Ernst (1953). "Die Krimgoten".
1222:
1034:
884:
809:
737:
665:
4142:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
2148:
1946:
1595:
1576:
1566:. New York: Crescent Books. p. 62.
1564:The Times Atlas of the Second World War
1352:
1333:
1280:
771:In late 1942, Manstein was replaced by
325:27,000 km (10,000 sq mi)
14:
4231:
2919:
2744:
2540:
2316:
2152:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities
2107:
1973:
1909:
1874:
1804:
1772:
1733:
1696:
1661:
1629:
1529:
1202:Crimean resistance during World War II
1112:
3859:Ukrainian Righteous Among the Nations
3532:
2245:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1905:
1903:
1870:
1868:
1836:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1692:
1690:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1525:
1523:
1397:Zakharova, Aleksandra (22 May 2018).
1853:from the original on 25 October 2022
1487:
1457:Verkhovsky, Valery (16 July 2020) .
1366:
1364:
1307:Todd B. Krause and Jonathan Slocum.
517:Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
441:in his capacity as commander of the
4089:Ivanhorod Einsatzgruppen photograph
2227:Wheatcroft, Stephen (August 2012).
1371:Verkhovsky, Valery (16 July 2020).
1183:As the tide of the war turned, the
617:. Despite this, however, after the
24:
1935:
1900:
1865:
1759:
1722:
1687:
1614:
1561:
1520:
1148:, called for the 2,000 Germans in
25:
4305:
4254:1944 disestablishments in Ukraine
2699:Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe
1459:"Crimean Germans – who are they?"
1373:"Crimean Germans – who are they?"
1361:
1290:The Journal of Holocaust Research
1274:
1236:Deportation of the Crimean Tatars
1229:deportation of the Crimean Tatars
994:
490:deportation of the Crimean Tatars
3187:Serbia (Commissioner Government)
1979:German Rule in Russia, 1941-1945
1915:German Rule in Russia, 1941–1945
1880:German Rule in Russia, 1941-1945
1810:German Rule in Russia, 1941-1945
1778:German Rule in Russia, 1941-1945
1739:German Rule in Russia, 1941-1945
1702:German Rule in Russia, 1941-1945
1667:German Rule in Russia, 1941-1945
1635:German Rule in Russia, 1941-1945
1535:German Rule in Russia, 1941-1945
880:
833:. This administration, based in
431:, an administrative division of
385:
360:
92:
68:
54:
4274:Nazi colonies in Eastern Europe
3167:Norway (Administrative Council)
2235:: 997 – via ResearchGate.
2220:
2185:
2142:
2101:
2072:
2050:
2028:
1999:
1967:
1955:
1837:Torry, Harriet (4 March 2014).
1830:
1798:
1655:
1589:
1570:
1555:
1075:
988:NSDAP Office of Foreign Affairs
742:German soldiers in Crimea, 1941
478:NSDAP Office of Foreign Affairs
4244:1941 establishments in Ukraine
2206:10.1080/00085006.1975.11091411
1600:. Oxford: Osprey. p. 94.
1481:
1450:
1421:
1390:
1346:
1327:
1309:"The Corpus of Crimean Gothic"
1300:
980:
701:, in what became known as the
13:
1:
4239:1941 establishments in Russia
4033:Bogdanovka concentration camp
3192:Serbia (Council of Ministers)
1579:Непокорённая земля Российская
1355:Die Goten und ihre Geschichte
1268:
1195:
703:Battle of the Kerch Peninsula
556:
495:
421:following the success of the
4279:Soviet Union in World War II
4053:Vapniarka concentration camp
2965:Army Group Rear Area Command
2272:Administrative divisions in
1949:Islam and Nazi Germany's War
1583:The Unconquered Russian Land
1405:(in Russian). Archived from
1218:
1008:, constructed following the
975:
773:Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist
519:of the Soviet Union. Though
447:Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist
247:Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist
7:
4264:German military occupations
4173:She Paid the Ultimate Price
4063:Janowska concentration camp
3581:Related articles by country
3347:Belgium and Northern France
2970:Belgium and Northern France
1430:Моя жизнь. Мои современники
1030:
784:Simferopol Muslim Committee
756:Despite the support of the
656:
592:Crimean Regional Government
204:Military administration of
110:Crimea in 1942 (Dark green)
10:
4310:
4159:Luboml: My Heart Remembers
4058:Pechora concentration camp
3942:Ukrainian People's Militia
3931:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
2849:Civil Administration Areas
2454:Southern Hanover–Brunswick
1633:(1957). "People and Pol".
1434:My Life, My Contemporaries
1263:Central Black Earth Region
1261:, along with Moldova, the
1259:Soviet famine of 1946–1947
1233:
1199:
1098:Reichskommissariat Ukraine
1090:Reichskommissariat Ukraine
831:Reichskommissariat Ukraine
823:Generalbezirk Krym-Taurien
805:
758:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
715:Hüseyin Hüsnü Emir Erkilet
499:
486:Reichskommissariat Ukraine
434:Reichskommissariat Ukraine
428:Generalbezirk Krym-Taurien
131:Reichskommissariat Ukraine
116:Reichskommissariat Ukraine
38:Generalbezirk Krym-Taurien
4203:
4150:
4124:
4076:
4048:Syrets concentration camp
4025:
4012:Pripyat Marshes massacres
3954:
3896:
3851:
3835:
3782:
3636:
3629:
3566:
3498:
3457:
3450:
3415:
3375:
3339:
3326:
3306:
3220:
3064:
3057:
3029:
2955:
2935:
2910:
2847:
2836:
2802:
2735:
2719:North Brabant and Limburg
2714:South Holland and Zeeland
2709:North Holland and Utrecht
2704:Gelderland and Overijssel
2689:
2618:
2566:
2527:
2497:
2294:
2281:
1281:Tyaglyy, Mikhail (2011).
1044:Crimean People's Republic
647:Crimean People's Republic
543:Crimea's Germanic peoples
525:Jewish autonomy in Crimea
413:During World War II, the
401:
339:
329:
319:
314:
310:
300:
290:
275:
271:
261:
257:
230:
218:• General Commissar
216:
212:
199:
150:
140:
125:
103:
84:
50:
45:
34:
4218:Transnistria Governorate
4110:The Last Jew in Vinnitsa
3936:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
3869:Hermann Friedrich Graebe
3744:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
3560:The Holocaust in Ukraine
2957:Military administrations
2489:Württemberg-Hohenzollern
2194:Canadian Slavonic Papers
2118:Cornell University Press
2108:Manley, Rebecca (2012).
2058:Ponomarenko, Panteleimon
1596:Forczyk, Robert (2014).
1353:Wolfram, Herwig (2001).
1265:, and parts of Ukraine.
1138:Transnistria Governorate
639:German–Turkish relations
633:German–Turkish relations
515:, Crimea operated as an
458:German–Turkish relations
4294:Ukraine in World War II
1947:Motadel, David (2014).
1846:The Wall Street Journal
1577:Makarov, N. I. (1976).
1246:securing access to the
1213:Panteleimon Ponomarenko
1015:The Wall Street Journal
733:
661:
4259:Crimea in World War II
3328:
3058:Puppet administrations
2862:Carinthia and Carniola
2529:
2304:
2296:
2276:and German occupations
2149:Skutsch, Carl (2013).
2044:The Work of a Lifetime
1252:Turkish straits crisis
1231:
1193:
1166:Werner Otto von Hentig
1156:Potential independence
1047:
949:
893:
850:
818:
777:Battle of the Caucasus
743:
678:
651:Cafer Seydamet Qırımer
551:, the final surviving
37:
4194:Word of the Righteous
3979:Bila Tserkva massacre
3921:Police Regiment South
3764:Hans Graf von Sponeck
2509:Reichsfestung Belgrad
2036:Vasilevsky, Alexander
2006:Polyakov, V. (2009).
1226:
1189:
1038:
961:Ernst August Köstring
898:
888:
845:General Commissioner
813:
741:
669:
425:. Officially part of
232:• Field Marshal
151:Common languages
4132:Einsatzgruppen trial
3916:Nachtigall Battalion
3879:Klymentiy Sheptytsky
3734:Walter von Reichenau
3719:Hans-Adolf Prützmann
3511:Strength Through Joy
3470:Weather Station Kurt
3172:Norway (Quisling II)
2419:Munich–Upper Bavaria
2404:March of Brandenburg
1983:Macmillan Publishers
1921:. pp. 253–254.
1919:Macmillan Publishers
1886:. pp. 266–270.
1884:Macmillan Publishers
1814:Macmillan Publishers
1784:. pp. 264–266.
1782:Macmillan Publishers
1745:. pp. 262–264.
1743:Macmillan Publishers
1706:Macmillan Publishers
1671:Macmillan Publishers
1641:. pp. 255–256.
1639:Macmillan Publishers
1541:. pp. 257–258.
1539:Macmillan Publishers
1409:on 21 September 2017
1209:Aleksandr Vasilevsky
1002:Kerch railway bridge
513:Operation Barbarossa
280:Operation Barbarossa
4116:Deutsche Volksliste
3997:Kamianets-Podilskyi
3709:Hans von Obstfelder
3704:Gustav Adolf Nosske
3684:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
3330:Reichskommissariats
3162:Norway (Quisling I)
3092:Chechnya-Ingushetia
2752:Bohemia and Moravia
2737:Partial annexations
2548:Danzig–West Prussia
2233:Europe-Asia Studies
1150:Mandatory Palestine
1113:German colonisation
954:Hans-Joachim Riecke
673:(shown here at the
582:By the time of the
573:Catherine the Great
292:• Established
135:military occupation
4180:The Lemberg Mosaic
3827:Petro Zakhvalynsky
3724:Paul Otto Radomski
2762:General Government
2439:Schleswig-Holstein
2080:Human Rights Watch
1232:
1131:Reichskommissariat
1107:Reichskommissariat
1105:included into the
1048:
1042:, a member of the
894:
863:Reichskommissariat
837:and headed by the
827:Isthmus of Perekop
819:
744:
722:Erich von Manstein
683:Kingdom of Romania
679:
584:Russian Revolution
529:national communist
439:Erich von Manstein
240:Erich von Manstein
18:Krim Generalbezirk
4226:
4225:
4166:No Place on Earth
4104:Sonderaktion 1005
3990:Durchgangsstrasse
3950:
3949:
3892:
3891:
3679:Friedrich Jeckeln
3526:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3446:
3445:
3416:Other occupations
3411:
3410:
3322:
3321:
3037:Adriatic Littoral
3030:Operational Zones
2951:
2950:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2798:
2797:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2614:
2613:
2523:
2522:
2089:. New York City.
1975:Dallin, Alexander
1928:978-0-333-21695-8
1911:Dallin, Alexander
1876:Dallin, Alexander
1806:Dallin, Alexander
1774:Dallin, Alexander
1735:Dallin, Alexander
1698:Dallin, Alexander
1663:Dallin, Alexander
1631:Dallin, Alexander
1607:978-1-4728-1678-8
1531:Dallin, Alexander
970:Gerhard von Mende
922:be established...
875:Crimean Mountains
847:Alfred Frauenfeld
815:Alfred Frauenfeld
727:Sicherheitsdienst
693:, in the eastern
604:Büyük Onlar Raion
502:History of Crimea
470:Soviet resistance
415:Crimean Peninsula
411:
410:
397:
396:
393:
392:
373:
372:
223:Alfred Frauenfeld
159:
97:
90:Horst-Wessel-Lied
16:(Redirected from
4301:
4209:
4084:Graebe affidavit
4038:Drohobycz Ghetto
3926:Schutzmannschaft
3901:
3900:
3864:Aleksei Glagolev
3817:Hryhoriy Vasiura
3807:Vladimir Katriuk
3802:Anatoliy Kabayda
3797:Feodor Fedorenko
3774:Dieter Wisliceny
3759:Heinrich Seetzen
3674:Günther Herrmann
3659:Hermann Fegelein
3634:
3633:
3582:
3572:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3530:
3529:
3455:
3454:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3062:
3061:
3049:Alpine Foothills
2917:
2916:
2867:Gebiet Bialystok
2845:
2844:
2758:
2757:
2742:
2741:
2687:
2686:
2601:Tyrol–Vorarlberg
2564:
2563:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2479:Westphalia-South
2474:Westphalia-North
2394:Magdeburg-Anhalt
2314:
2313:
2309:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2200:(2–3): 302–319.
2189:
2183:
2182:
2159:. p. 1188.
2146:
2140:
2139:
2114:Ithaca, New York
2105:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1981:(2nd ed.).
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1944:
1933:
1932:
1917:(2nd ed.).
1907:
1898:
1897:
1882:(2nd ed.).
1872:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1842:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1812:(2nd ed.).
1802:
1796:
1795:
1780:(2nd ed.).
1770:
1757:
1756:
1741:(2nd ed.).
1731:
1720:
1719:
1704:(2nd ed.).
1694:
1685:
1684:
1669:(2nd ed.).
1659:
1653:
1652:
1637:(2nd ed.).
1627:
1612:
1611:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1537:(2nd ed.).
1527:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1368:
1359:
1358:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1287:
1278:
1082:Alfred Rosenberg
1061:Amin al-Husseini
966:Georg Leibbrandt
890:Ewald von Kleist
871:Alexander Dallin
792:
687:Crimean campaign
675:Nuremberg trials
612:
561:
558:
449:as commander of
423:Crimean campaign
389:
388:
377:
376:
364:
363:
357:
356:
341:
340:
282:
208:
157:
108:
99:
98:
72:
58:
40:
32:
31:
21:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4207:
4199:
4187:The White Hotel
4146:
4120:
4099:Generalplan Ost
4094:Katzmann Report
4072:
4068:Priest's Grotto
4021:
4007:Odessa massacre
3946:
3888:
3847:
3831:
3822:Petro Voinovsky
3778:
3739:Walter Schimana
3625:
3580:
3570:
3562:
3557:
3527:
3518:
3514:holiday resorts
3494:
3442:
3407:
3371:
3318:
3302:
3216:
3053:
3025:
2947:
2931:
2906:
2839:
2824:
2794:
2756:
2723:
2685:
2610:
2562:
2519:
2493:
2374:Halle-Merseburg
2359:Electoral Hesse
2349:Eastern Hanover
2286:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2240:
2225:
2221:
2190:
2186:
2167:
2147:
2143:
2128:
2106:
2102:
2086:
2077:
2073:
2055:
2051:
2040:Дело всей жизни
2033:
2029:
2022:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1985:. p. 251.
1972:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1945:
1936:
1929:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1873:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1816:. p. 262.
1803:
1799:
1792:
1771:
1760:
1753:
1732:
1723:
1716:
1708:. p. 261.
1695:
1688:
1681:
1673:. p. 259.
1660:
1656:
1649:
1628:
1615:
1608:
1594:
1590:
1575:
1571:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1528:
1521:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1486:
1482:
1468:
1466:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1410:
1403:Business Crimea
1395:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1377:Voice of Crimea
1369:
1362:
1351:
1347:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1315:on 2 March 2007
1305:
1301:
1285:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1238:
1221:
1204:
1198:
1160:Counter to the
1158:
1146:Ulrich Greifelt
1115:
1093:
1088:Inclusion into
1078:
1033:
997:
983:
978:
948:
940:
938:
930:
928:
913:
911:
883:
855:Reichskommissar
808:
786:
736:
711:Franz von Papen
695:Kerch Peninsula
671:Franz von Papen
664:
659:
635:
606:
559:
545:
509:
504:
498:
386:
361:
322:
303:
296:18 October 1941
293:
283:
278:
253:
249:
242:
233:
225:
219:
203:
160:
121:
120:
111:
93:
80:
79:
78:
73:
65:
64:
59:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4307:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4017:Sarny massacre
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3964:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3911:Einsatzgruppen
3907:
3905:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3843:Tatiana Markus
3839:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3812:Vasyl Meleshko
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3792:John Demjanjuk
3788:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3749:Heinz Schubert
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3714:Otto Ohlendorf
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3689:Fritz Katzmann
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3664:Lothar Fendler
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3638:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3556:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3533:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3508:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3334:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3212:Zuyev Republic
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3102:Czechoslovakia
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2842:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2755:
2754:
2748:
2746:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2535:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2399:Main Franconia
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2339:Cologne–Aachen
2336:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2311:
2289:
2283:Administrative
2279:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2246:
2239:
2238:
2219:
2184:
2165:
2141:
2126:
2120:. p. 40.
2100:
2071:
2049:
2027:
2020:
1998:
1991:
1966:
1954:
1934:
1927:
1899:
1892:
1864:
1829:
1822:
1797:
1790:
1758:
1751:
1721:
1714:
1686:
1679:
1654:
1647:
1613:
1606:
1588:
1569:
1562:Keegan, John.
1554:
1547:
1519:
1501:
1480:
1449:
1442:
1420:
1389:
1360:
1345:
1326:
1299:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1220:
1217:
1200:Main article:
1197:
1194:
1185:Ostministerium
1178:Ostministerium
1162:Ostministerium
1157:
1154:
1127:Ostministerium
1123:Ostministerium
1114:
1111:
1092:
1086:
1077:
1074:
1065:Gottlob Berger
1040:Amet Özenbaşlı
1032:
1029:
1024:Reichsautobahn
1006:Crimean Bridge
996:
995:Infrastructure
993:
986:effort by the
982:
979:
977:
974:
947:
946:
942:
937:
936:
932:
927:
926:
923:
919:
915:
910:
909:
906:
903:
899:
882:
879:
807:
804:
795:Amet Özenbaşlı
766:Wilhelm Keitel
735:
732:
663:
660:
658:
655:
643:Ottoman Empire
634:
631:
613:(in 1930) and
565:Crimea Germans
544:
541:
521:Crimean Tatars
508:
505:
497:
494:
462:Crimean Tatars
409:
408:
403:
399:
398:
395:
394:
391:
390:
383:
374:
371:
370:
365:
353:
352:
347:
337:
336:
331:
327:
326:
323:
320:
317:
316:
312:
311:
308:
307:
304:
301:
298:
297:
294:
291:
288:
287:
284:
276:
273:
272:
269:
268:
263:
262:Historical era
259:
258:
255:
254:
252:
251:
244:
236:
234:
231:
228:
227:
220:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
201:
197:
196:
186:Mariupol Greek
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
127:
123:
122:
112:
109:
101:
100:
82:
81:
74:
67:
66:
60:
53:
52:
51:
48:
47:
43:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4306:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4137:Kharkov Trial
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4043:Mizocz Ghetto
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3985:
3984:Drobytsky Yar
3982:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3897:Organizations
3895:
3885:
3884:Yurii Sokolov
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3874:Omelyan Kovch
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3784:Collaborators
3781:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3654:Kurt Eberhard
3652:
3650:
3649:Werner Braune
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3579:
3577:
3576:The Holocaust
3574:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3554:
3549:
3547:
3542:
3540:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3325:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3273:Russia (KONR)
3271:
3269:
3268:Russia (ODNR)
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2988:zone réservée
2985:
2984:Atlantic Wall
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2835:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2810:Burgundy (SS)
2808:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2526:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2464:Upper Silesia
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2389:Lower Silesia
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2280:
2275:
2267:
2262:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2166:9781135193881
2162:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2127:9780801457760
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2023:
2021:9785699366859
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1992:9780333216958
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1950:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1930:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1895:
1893:9780333216958
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1869:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1823:9780333216958
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1793:
1791:9780333216958
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1754:
1752:9780333216958
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1717:
1715:9780333216958
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1691:
1682:
1680:9780333216958
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1650:
1648:9780333216958
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1565:
1558:
1550:
1548:9780333216958
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1516:
1504:
1502:9781554581313
1498:
1494:
1493:
1484:
1477:
1465:. No. 13
1464:
1460:
1453:
1445:
1443:9785995008644
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1365:
1356:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1255:
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530:
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4157:
4151:Books, films
4108:
4002:Lviv pogroms
3989:
3904:Perpetrators
3769:Otto Wächter
3754:Erwin Schulz
3699:Felix Landau
3637:Perpetrators
3571:Main article
3475:Schatzgräber
2897:West Prussia
2877:Lower Styria
2815:Holland (SS)
2586:Upper Danube
2581:Lower Danube
2384:Hesse-Nassau
2354:East Prussia
2324:Baden-Alsace
2287:Nazi Germany
2285:divisions of
2274:Nazi Germany
2232:
2222:
2197:
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2187:
2179:Google Books
2177:– via
2155:. New York:
2151:
2144:
2109:
2103:
2074:
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2052:
2043:
2039:
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2011:
2007:
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1978:
1969:
1957:
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1914:
1879:
1855:. Retrieved
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1634:
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1534:
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1508:22 September
1506:. Retrieved
1491:
1483:
1474:
1469:22 September
1467:. Retrieved
1463:Crimean Room
1462:
1452:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1411:. Retrieved
1407:the original
1402:
1392:
1380:. Retrieved
1376:
1357:. C.H. Beck.
1354:
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1317:. Retrieved
1313:the original
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1076:Future plans
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1022:
1020:
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998:
984:
958:
950:
939:
929:
912:
895:
868:
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857:of Ukraine,
854:
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822:
820:
800:Milliy Firqa
781:
770:
762:Georg Thomas
755:
749:
745:
725:
719:
707:
699:Kerch Strait
680:
636:
627:Central Asia
615:Telman Raion
600:Crimean ASSR
581:
546:
510:
485:
475:
455:
451:Army Group A
445:and then by
432:
427:
426:
419:Nazi Germany
412:
381:Russian SFSR
368:Crimean ASSR
350:Succeeded by
349:
344:
321:• Total
286:22 June 1941
266:World War II
206:Nazi Germany
189:
181:
173:
165:
130:
129:District of
114:
85:
29:
3644:Paul Blobel
3352:Netherlands
3152:Netherlands
2892:Sudetenland
2840:occupations
2676:Vistulaland
2553:Sudetenland
2505:Prinz-Eugen
2409:Mecklenburg
1857:25 February
1413:25 February
1382:25 February
1248:Dardanelles
1142:South Tyrol
981:Land reform
787: [
619:Axis Powers
607: [
560: 1780
537:Great Purge
345:Preceded by
334:Karbovanets
306:12 May 1944
250:(1942–1944)
243:(1941–1942)
226:(Projected)
4233:Categories
3729:Otto Rasch
3694:Erich Koch
3669:Hans Frank
3485:Bassgeiger
3465:New Swabia
3433:San Marino
3258:Montenegro
3182:Montenegro
3004:Luxembourg
2882:Luxembourg
2666:Vandalland
2631:Beskidland
2558:Wartheland
2531:Reichsgaus
2344:Düsseldorf
1319:6 February
1296:: 172–175.
1269:References
1234:See also:
1196:Resistance
859:Erich Koch
588:Simferopol
577:Mennonites
569:migrations
500:See also:
496:Background
200:Government
158:(official)
145:Simferopol
3972:memorials
3962:Artemivsk
3601:Lithuania
3506:Nordstern
3490:Edelweiss
3398:Turkestan
3388:Don-Volga
3288:Turkestan
3238:Cossackia
3177:Macedonia
3137:Lithuania
3042:Ljubljana
2927:Bialystok
2912:Districts
2576:Carinthia
2469:Weser-Ems
2459:Thuringia
2429:Pomerania
2414:Moselland
2369:Franconia
2175:863823479
2157:Routledge
2136:979968105
1219:Aftermath
1057:Tatarstan
976:Economics
835:Melitopol
575:. Later,
511:Prior to
443:11th Army
170:Ukrainian
113:– Within
46:1941–1944
4208:See also
4077:Evidence
3967:Babi Yar
3852:Rescuers
3499:Proposed
3480:Holzauge
3383:Caucasia
3376:Proposed
3314:Brittany
3307:Proposed
3298:Wallonia
3283:Slovakia
3233:Bulgaria
3207:Wallonia
3197:Slovakia
3112:Flanders
2994:Slovakia
2943:Brussels
2936:Proposed
2902:Zichenau
2872:Lorraine
2820:Lombardy
2803:Proposed
2691:Westland
2681:Wallonia
2661:Nordmark
2656:Gothland
2646:Flanders
2641:Burgundy
2619:Proposed
2591:Salzburg
2498:Proposed
2484:Westmark
2424:NSDAP/AO
2329:Bayreuth
2306:Altreich
2214:40866872
2095:91076226
2082:(1991).
2060:(1986).
2038:(1983).
1851:Archived
1243:deported
1031:Religion
657:Timeline
596:Red Army
330:Currency
3836:Victims
3616:Romania
3591:Estonia
3586:Belarus
3458:Founded
3438:Tunisia
3423:Finland
3393:Muscovy
3367:Ukraine
3362:Ostland
3340:Founded
3293:Ukraine
3263:Romania
3253:Hungary
3228:Belarus
3202:Ukraine
3127:Hungary
3107:Denmark
3097:Croatia
3087:Belarus
3082:Austria
3072:Albania
3065:Founded
2975:Croatia
2920:Founded
2770:Galicia
2745:Founded
2651:Galicia
2636:Brabant
2568:Austria
2541:Founded
2515:Holland
2444:Silesia
2379:Hamburg
2317:Founded
1103:de jure
851:Taurien
843:de jure
806:Taurida
623:Siberia
531:leader
277:•
178:Russian
141:Capital
86:Anthem:
4125:Trials
4026:Places
3955:Events
3630:People
3621:Russia
3611:Poland
3606:Norway
3596:Latvia
3428:Monaco
3357:Norway
3278:Serbia
3248:Greece
3243:France
3221:Exiled
3122:Greece
3117:France
3014:Serbia
3009:Poland
2999:Greece
2980:France
2857:Alsace
2838:German
2790:Warsaw
2780:Lublin
2775:Kraków
2671:Venice
2606:Vienna
2596:Styria
2449:Swabia
2434:Saxony
2334:Berlin
2212:
2173:
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2018:
1989:
1925:
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1545:
1499:
1440:
625:or to
553:Gothic
480:, and
406:Crimea
194:Karaim
190:·
188:
182:·
180:
174:·
172:
166:·
164:
155:German
133:under
126:Status
88:
76:Emblem
3938:(UPA)
3451:Other
3147:Lokot
3142:Lepel
3132:Italy
3019:Banat
2887:Posen
2785:Radom
2626:Banat
2364:Essen
2210:JSTOR
2087:(PDF)
2064:[
2042:[
2010:[
1581:[
1432:[
1286:(PDF)
791:]
691:Kerch
611:]
192:
184:
176:
168:
3403:Ural
3157:Nias
3077:Asch
2298:Gaus
2171:OCLC
2161:ISBN
2132:OCLC
2122:ISBN
2091:LCCN
2016:ISBN
1987:ISBN
1923:ISBN
1888:ISBN
1859:2023
1818:ISBN
1786:ISBN
1747:ISBN
1710:ISBN
1675:ISBN
1643:ISBN
1602:ISBN
1543:ISBN
1510:2024
1497:ISBN
1471:2024
1438:ISBN
1415:2023
1384:2023
1321:2008
1211:and
1117:The
734:1942
662:1941
315:Area
62:Flag
2202:doi
841:'s
4235::
3992:IV
2986:‧
2231:.
2208:.
2198:17
2196:.
2169:.
2130:.
2116::
2112:.
1937:^
1902:^
1867:^
1849:.
1843:.
1761:^
1724:^
1689:^
1616:^
1522:^
1512:.
1473:.
1461:.
1375:.
1363:^
1338:.
1294:25
1292:.
1288:.
877:.
789:uk
705:.
629:.
609:ru
602:;
557:c.
453:.
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2024:.
1995:.
1931:.
1896:.
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20:)
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