210:. Air remaining in chips at the beginning of liquor impregnation is trapped within the chips. The impregnation can be done before or after the chips enter the digester and is normally done below 100 °C (212 °F). The cooking liquors consist of a mixture of white liquor, water in chips, condensed steam and weak black liquor. In the impregnation, cooking liquor penetrates into the capillary structure of the chips and low temperature chemical reactions with the wood begin. A good impregnation is important to get a homogeneous cook and low rejects. About 40–60% of all alkali consumption, in the continuous process, occurs in the impregnation zone.
42:
2407:
742:
131:
2417:
243:
1184:
432:. A modern kraft pulp mill is more than self-sufficient in its electrical generation and normally will provide a net flow of energy which can be used by an associated paper mill or sold to neighboring industries or communities through to the local electrical grid. Additionally, bark and wood residues are often burned in a separate power boiler to generate steam.
31:
824:
Pulp mills are almost always located near large bodies of water due to their substantial demand for water. Delignification of chemical pulps releases considerable amounts of organic material into the environment, particularly into rivers or lakes. The wastewater effluent can also be a major source of
531:
The brownstock from the blowing goes to the washing stages where the used cooking liquors are separated from the cellulose fibers. Normally a pulp mill has 3-5 washing stages in series. Washing stages are also placed after oxygen delignification and between the bleaching stages as well. Pulp washers
300:
to recover the inorganic chemicals for reuse in the pulping process. Higher solids in the concentrated black liquor increases the energy and chemical efficiency of the recovery cycle, but also gives higher viscosity and precipitation of solids (plugging and fouling of equipment). During combustion,
603:
In the case of a plant designed to produce pulp to make brown sack paper or linerboard for boxes and packaging, the pulp does not always need to be bleached to a high brightness. Bleaching decreases the mass of pulp produced by about 5%, decreases the strength of the fibers and adds to the cost of
812:
emissions of kraft-pulp mills are much lower than those from sulfite mills. In the ambient air outside a typical modern kraft-pulp mill, the sulfur-dioxide odour is perceivable only during disturbance situations, for example when the mill is shut down for a maintenance break, or when an extended
556:
is the measure of the amount of water used in washing compared with the theoretical amount required to displace the liquor from the thickened pulp. Lower dilution factor reduces energy consumption, while higher dilution factor normally gives cleaner pulp. Thorough washing of the pulp reduces the
218:
The wood chips are then cooked in pressurized digesters. Some digesters operate in a batch manner and some in a continuous process. Digesters producing 1,000 tonnes or more of pulp per day are common, with the largest producing more than 3,500 tonnes per day. Typically, delignification requires
172:
by G. H. Tomlinson in the early 1930s was a milestone in the advancement of the kraft process. It enabled the recovery and reuse of the inorganic pulping chemicals such that a kraft mill is a nearly closed-cycle process with respect to inorganic chemicals, apart from those used in the bleaching
1520:
Hoffman, E., Guernsey, J. R., Walker, T. R., Kim, J. S., Sherren, K., & Andreou, P. (2017). Pilot study investigating ambient air toxics emissions near a
Canadian kraft pulp and paper facility in Pictou County, Nova Scotia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(25),
105:. The technology entails several steps, both mechanical and chemical. It is the dominant method for producing paper. In some situations, the process has been controversial because kraft plants can release odorous products and in some situations produce substantial liquid
1530:
Hoffman, E., Bernier, M., Blotnicky, B., Golden, P. G., Janes, J., Kader, A., ... & Walker, T. R. (2015). Assessment of public perception and environmental compliance at a pulp and paper facility: a
Canadian case study. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 187(12),
934:
Hoffman, E., Bernier, M., Blotnicky, B., Golden, P. G., Janes, J., Kader, A., ... & Walker, T. R. (2015). Assessment of public perception and environmental compliance at a pulp and paper facility: a
Canadian case study. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187(12),
1540:
Hoffman, E., Lyons, J., Boxall, J., Robertson, C., Lake, C. B., & Walker, T. R. (2017). Spatiotemporal assessment (quarter century) of pulp mill metal (loid) contaminated sediment to inform remediation decisions. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 189(6),
924:
Hoffman, E., Lyons, J., Boxall, J., Robertson, C., Lake, C. B., & Walker, T. R. (2017). Spatiotemporal assessment (quarter century) of pulp mill metal (loid) contaminated sediment to inform remediation decisions. Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment, 189(6),
522:
The fiber containing shives and knots are separated from the rest of the reject and reprocessed either in a refiner or is sent back to the digester. The content of knots is typically 0.5–3.0% of the digester output, while the shives content is about 0.1–1.0%.
1182:, Mualla Berksoy & Yaman Boluk, "High solids black liquor of reduced viscosity and viscosity reduction method for high solids black liquor", issued 1996-06-18, assigned to Optima Specialty Chemicals & Technology Inc
813:
power outage occurs. Control of odours is achieved through the collection and burning of these odorous gases in the recovery boiler alongside the black liquor. In modern mills, where well-dried solids are burned in the recovery boiler, hardly any
519:(screens) and centrifugal cleaning. The sieves are normally set up in a multistage cascade operation because considerable amounts of good fibres can go to the reject stream when trying to achieve maximum purity in the accept flow.
479:
The finished cooked wood chips are blown to a collection tank called a blow tank that operates at atmospheric pressure. This releases a lot of steam and volatiles. The volatiles are condensed and collected; in the case of northern
202:. Cavities inside fresh wood chips are partly filled with liquid and partly with air. The steam treatment causes the air to expand and about 25% of the air to be expelled from the chips. The next step is to saturate the chips with
340:
precipitates. The resulting solution of sodium carbonate and sodium sulfide is known as "green liquor". The green liquor's eponymous green colour arises from the presence of colloidal iron sulfide. This liquid is then mixed with
595:
In a modern mill, brownstock (cellulose fibers containing approximately 5% residual lignin) produced by the pulping is first washed to remove some of the dissolved organic material and then further delignified by a variety of
711:
Kraft pulp is darker than other wood pulps, but it can be bleached to make very white pulp. Fully bleached kraft pulp is used to make high-quality paper where strength, whiteness, and resistance to yellowing are important.
335:
The molten salts ("smelt") from the recovery boiler are dissolved in a process water known as "weak wash". This process water, also known as "weak white liquor" is composed of all liquors used to wash lime mud and
1348:
691:
degrade cellulose more than the kraft process, which leads to weaker fibers. Kraft pulping removes most of the lignin present originally in the wood whereas mechanical pulping processes leave most of the
435:
Although recovery boilers using G.H. Tomlinson's invention have been in general use since the early 1930s, attempts have been made to find a more efficient process for the recovery of cooking chemicals.
223:
degrade to give fragments that are soluble in the strongly basic liquid. The solid pulp (about 50% by weight of the dry wood chips) is collected and washed. At this point the pulp is known as
817:
leaves the boiler. At high boiler temperatures, the sodium released from the black liquor droplets reacts with sulfur dioxide, thereby effectively scavenging it by forming odourless
781:
of the soap layer formed on top of the liquor storage tanks. From pines the average yield of turpentine is 5–10 kg/t pulp and of crude tall oil is 30–50 kg/t pulp.
417:
The combination of reactions 1 through 4 form a closed cycle with respect to sodium, sulfur and calcium and is the main concept of the so-called recausticizing process where
1355:
1292:
1091:
194:
used in pulp production are 12–25 millimetres (0.47–0.98 in) long and 2–10 millimetres (0.079–0.394 in) thick. The chips normally first enter the
715:
The kraft process can use a wider range of fiber sources than most other pulping processes. All types of wood, including very resinous types like southern
1380:
1148:
1203:
428:
The recovery boiler also generates high pressure steam which is fed to turbogenerators, reducing the steam pressure for the mill use and generating
761:
soap. The availability of these is strongly dependent on wood species, growth conditions, storage time of logs and chips, and the mill's process.
960:
Both capitalized and lowercase spelling ("Kraft process" and "kraft process") appear in the literature, but "kraft" is most commonly used in the
143:
1242:
2317:
1418:
536:
between the stages such that the pulp moves in the opposite direction to the flow of washing waters. Several processes are involved:
1580:
Pulp and Paper Circle provides industry-related information (especially kraft mills) to pulp and paper engineers and technologists.
648:
can be added in the soap separation to speed up and improve the separation of soap from the used cooking liquors by flocculation.
1122:
1589:
687:
and maintains a high effective sulfur ratio (sulfidity), an important determiner of the strength of the paper. Acidic
2302:
2297:
1563:
1461:
1332:
1213:
1053:
1021:
227:
because of its color. The combined liquids, known as black liquor (because of its color), contain lignin fragments,
2451:
2312:
2307:
329:
1299:
654:
remove foam and speed up the production process. Drainage of washing equipment is improved and gives cleaner pulp.
1616:
1098:
846:
1780:
944:
Rudolf Patt et al. "Paper and Pulp" in
Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
296:
The weak black liquor is further evaporated to 65% or even 80% solids ("heavy black liquor") and burned in the
2231:
1267:
1154:. Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology. Archived from
736:
17:
1579:
1155:
974:
Joint
Textbook Committee of the Paper Industry (1969). Macdonald, Ronald Gordon; Franklin, John N. (eds.).
349:
in solution, to regenerate the white liquor used in the pulping process through an equilibrium reaction (Na
1219:
2446:
1882:
1097:. University of Tennessee Knoxville - Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. Archived from
704:
between cellulose (and hemicellulose) in the fibers needed for the strength of paper (strength refers to
258:
One of the main chemical reactions that underpin the kraft process is the scission of ether bonds by the
2178:
2099:
1590:
Reference
Document on Best Available Techniques in Pulp and Paper Industry by European Commission, 2001
975:
278:
1179:
1071:"Pollution Prevention Technologies for the Bleached Kraft Segment of the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry"
826:
674:
fix finely dispersed potential deposits to the fibers and thereby transport them out of the process.
219:
around two hours at 170 to 176 °C (338 to 349 °F). Under digesting conditions, lignin and
2461:
2456:
1710:
1246:
864:
830:
402:
Calcium oxide (lime) is reacted with water to regenerate the calcium hydroxide used in
Reaction 2:
1845:
2292:
2226:
2183:
961:
1456:. Papermaking Science and Technology. Vol. 3. Helsinki, Finland: Fapet OY. pp. 73–76.
2420:
2206:
766:
597:
590:
558:
2125:
1850:
1735:
1425:
2236:
1198:
Giddings, J.F.; Roll, D.R.; Cappellino, C.A.; Day, M.; Nardone, R.A. (2008). "12.12.4.". In
353:
S is shown since it is part of the green liquor, but does not participate in the reaction):
2441:
1994:
1070:
545:
497:
281:. After the first step the black liquor has about 20–30% solids. At this concentration the
1584:
496:
Screening of the pulp after pulping is a process whereby the pulp is separated from large
8:
2329:
2155:
1609:
834:
533:
501:
34:
1989:
1835:
1010:
797:
641:. This protects the cellulose from degradation and makes the lignin more water-soluble.
2357:
1902:
1745:
1636:
1559:
1503:
1457:
1328:
1209:
1049:
1017:
985:
376:
346:
286:
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1392:
945:
793:
789:
785:
705:
684:
665:
657:
422:
418:
232:
78:
949:
77:. The kraft process involves treatment of wood chips with a hot mixture of water,
2392:
2276:
2261:
2216:
2135:
2089:
2059:
1999:
1984:
1825:
1765:
1715:
1663:
1658:
890:
688:
297:
174:
169:
139:
41:
1397:
2410:
2367:
2054:
2019:
1795:
1770:
1705:
1602:
1197:
1045:
818:
814:
809:
746:
701:
671:
620:
may be used to improve impregnation of the wood chips with the cooking liquors.
456:
293:. Removal of the soap improves the evaporation operation of the later effects.
236:
82:
1867:
973:
2435:
2256:
2163:
2049:
2039:
2009:
1974:
1937:
1872:
1840:
1805:
1325:
Anthraquinone
Pulping. A TAPPI Press Anthology of Published Papers, 1977-1996
1199:
989:
623:
541:
460:
384:
342:
220:
160:
155:
114:
98:
2372:
2271:
2188:
2145:
2044:
1954:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1862:
1830:
1810:
1785:
1507:
1293:"Environmental Comparison of Bleached Kraft Pulp ManufacturingTechnologies"
900:
870:
804:
compounds are the cause of the malodorous air emissions characteristic for
774:
448:
445:
437:
337:
277:
The excess black liquor contains about 15% solids and is concentrated in a
259:
228:
207:
203:
90:
2387:
2352:
2347:
2266:
2029:
2014:
1959:
1949:
1932:
1912:
1897:
1790:
1740:
1640:
981:
875:
778:
697:
661:
429:
247:
173:
process. For this reason, in the 1940s, the kraft process superseded the
119:
30:
1877:
1271:
2324:
2251:
2173:
2130:
2104:
2094:
2024:
2004:
1979:
1944:
1907:
1820:
1800:
880:
754:
683:
Pulp produced by the kraft process is stronger than that made by other
645:
617:
537:
485:
191:
2362:
2120:
2084:
2064:
2034:
1969:
1964:
1815:
905:
895:
842:
805:
634:
549:
380:
266:
102:
70:
66:
379:
precipitates from the white liquor and is recovered and heated in a
147:
2377:
2221:
2211:
2168:
1892:
1381:"The "Love-Hate" Relationship Present in Lignocellulosic Materials"
859:
838:
758:
651:
630:
481:
452:
290:
164:
was issued in 1884, and a pulp mill using this technology began in
741:
668:
keep the system cleaner and reduce the need for maintenance stops.
464:
2140:
1685:
1679:
441:
262:
151:
130:
118:, meaning "strength" in this context, due to the strength of the
801:
720:
693:
638:
612:
Process chemicals are added to improve the production process:
468:
165:
94:
1553:
2074:
2069:
1775:
1625:
977:
Pulp and Paper
Manufacture, vol. 1 : The Pulping of Wood
885:
845:
agents. The process effluents can be treated in a biological
724:
627:
516:
302:
282:
251:
199:
106:
74:
867:– Inventor of the continuous process for digesting wood pulp
508:
is the pulp. The material separated from the pulp is called
770:
762:
716:
459:, while a second generation plant is run in pilot scale at
62:
765:
are the most extractive-rich woods. The raw turpentine is
678:
242:
1178:
1594:
1245:. University of Wisconsin Biotech Center. Archived from
305:
to sodium sulfide by the organic carbon in the mixture:
1556:
Papermaking science and Technology: 6. Chemical Pulping
753:
The main byproducts of kraft pulping are crude sulfate
246:
net reaction in depolymerization of lignin by SH (Ar =
700:
nature of lignin interferes with the formation of the
515:
The screening section consists of different types of
138:
A precursor of the kraft process was used during the
1424:. US Department of Agriculture. 1985. Archived from
1378:
825:pollution, containing lignins from the trees, high
1243:"Kraft pulping: Energy consumption and production"
1073:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. p. 66
1009:
849:, which can substantially reduce their toxicity.
769:and is distilled off the digester, while the raw
112:The process name is derived from the German word
2433:
1554:Gullichsen, Johan; Carl-Johan Fogelholm (2000).
1488:Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association
1146:
289:off. The collected soap is further processed to
177:as the dominant method for producing wood pulp.
564:Several types of washing equipment are in use:
626:is used as a digester additive. It works as a
142:in England. The kraft process was invented by
1610:
1202:; Messina, J.; Cooper, P.; Heald, C. (eds.).
1191:
1149:"Second Critical Solids Black Liquor Scaling"
1042:Wood Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications
1447:
1445:
1039:
730:
1672:
1617:
1603:
1379:Hubbe, Martin a.; Lucian A. Lucia (2007).
1396:
198:where they are wetted and preheated with
27:Process of converting wood into wood pulp
1442:
1240:
1123:"Equipment to handle heavy black liquor"
1007:
740:
241:
129:
40:
29:
1451:
1208:(4th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
1068:
679:Comparison with other pulping processes
14:
2434:
1477:
1035:
1033:
1003:
1001:
999:
1598:
1349:"Tall Oil and Tall Oil Soap Recovery"
1322:
1012:Essentials of Pulping and Papermaking
231:from the breakdown of hemicellulose,
2416:
607:
1147:Hsieh, Jeffery S.; Smith, Jason B.
1030:
996:
272:
24:
1547:
1062:
1016:. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc.
727:can be used in the kraft process.
93:, that breaks the bonds that link
25:
2473:
1573:
1008:Biermann, Christopher J. (1993).
808:utilizing the kraft process. The
285:soap rises to the surface and is
61:) is a process for conversion of
2415:
2406:
2405:
1241:Jeffries, Tom (March 27, 1997).
330:thermochemical sulfate reduction
69:, which consists of almost pure
1585:US EPA article on kraft pulping
1534:
1524:
1514:
1471:
1452:Stenius, Per, ed. (2000). "2".
1411:
1372:
1341:
1316:
1285:
1260:
1234:
1172:
1140:
1115:
185:
1500:10.1080/00022470.1962.10468107
1084:
980:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.).
967:
954:
938:
928:
918:
784:Various byproducts containing
180:
168:in 1890. The invention of the
73:fibres, the main component of
45:Woodchips for paper production
13:
1:
2232:Environmental impact of paper
950:10.1002/14356007.a18_545.pub4
912:
745:Forchem tall oil refinery in
737:Environmental impact of paper
504:, dirt and other debris. The
122:produced using this process.
1478:Hansen, G. A. (1962). "Odor
773:is separated from the spent
719:, and non-wood species like
708:and resistance to tearing).
584:
491:
484:this consists mainly of raw
328:This reaction is similar to
7:
1398:10.15376/biores.2.4.534-535
852:
239:and other inorganic salts.
10:
2478:
2179:Surface chemistry of paper
1682:(Zuo Bo/Tso Po/Tso Tzǔ-yi)
734:
588:
526:
474:
279:multiple effect evaporator
213:
125:
2401:
2340:
2285:
2197:
2154:
2113:
1758:
1728:
1698:
1649:
1632:
1624:
1454:Forest Products Chemistry
1092:"Basics of Kraft Pulping"
1069:Woodman, Jocelyn (1993).
421:is reacted to regenerate
383:where it is converted to
1711:Friedrich Gottlob Keller
1558:. Finland: Tappi Press.
1327:. Atlanta: TAPPI Press.
1323:Goyal, Gopal C. (1997).
847:effluent treatment plant
831:dissolved organic carbon
827:biological oxygen demand
731:Byproducts and emissions
557:chemical oxygen demand (
2452:Pulp and paper industry
2227:Elemental chlorine free
2184:Units of paper quantity
962:pulp and paper industry
449:entrained flow gasifier
2207:Bleaching of wood pulp
1180:US granted 5527427
750:
591:Bleaching of wood pulp
255:
135:
46:
38:
2126:Corrugated fiberboard
1883:Electrical insulation
1736:Thomas Francis Carter
1249:on September 28, 2011
800:, and other volatile
744:
735:Further information:
571:Atmospheric diffusers
245:
134:A roll of kraft paper
133:
44:
33:
1484:in a Kraft Pulp Mill
1419:"The Southern Pines"
1040:E. Sjöström (1993).
841:, heavy metals, and
451:successfully at its
696:in the fibers. The
616:Impregnation aids.
574:Vacuum drum washers
534:countercurrent flow
161:U.S. patent 296,935
35:International Paper
2447:Chemical processes
1268:"Chemrec web site"
833:(DOC), along with
798:dimethyl disulfide
751:
568:Pressure diffusers
301:sodium sulfate is
256:
136:
47:
39:
37:: Kraft paper mill
2429:
2428:
1754:
1753:
1746:Tsien Tsuen-hsuin
1724:
1723:
1694:
1693:
1637:Paper engineering
689:sulfite processes
685:pulping processes
666:complexing agents
658:Dispersing agents
608:Process chemicals
444:first generation
377:Calcium carbonate
347:calcium hydroxide
332:in geochemistry.
16:(Redirected from
2469:
2419:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2393:Beverage cartons
2383:Watercolor paper
2242:Hollander beater
1726:
1725:
1696:
1695:
1670:
1669:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1569:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1482:Fallout Control
1475:
1469:
1467:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1423:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1354:. Archived from
1353:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1298:. Archived from
1297:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1270:. Archived from
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1222:on March 4, 2013
1218:. Archived from
1195:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1160:
1153:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1125:. Archived from
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1096:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1015:
1005:
994:
993:
971:
965:
958:
952:
942:
936:
932:
926:
922:
794:dimethyl sulfide
790:methyl mercaptan
786:hydrogen sulfide
706:tensile strength
646:emulsion breaker
423:sodium hydroxide
419:sodium carbonate
369:←→ 2 NaOH + CaCO
345:, which becomes
273:Recovery process
233:sodium carbonate
163:
79:sodium hydroxide
21:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2462:1879 in Germany
2457:1879 in science
2432:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2397:
2336:
2281:
2277:Sulfite process
2262:Paper recycling
2217:Conical refiner
2199:
2193:
2150:
2136:Paper chemicals
2109:
1750:
1720:
1716:Charles Fenerty
1690:
1668:
1664:Missal of Silos
1659:Battle of Talas
1645:
1628:
1623:
1576:
1566:
1550:
1548:Further reading
1545:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1515:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1450:
1443:
1434:
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1428:
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1417:
1416:
1412:
1403:
1401:
1377:
1373:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1321:
1317:
1308:
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672:Fixation agents
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577:Drum displacers
554:dilution factor
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440:has operated a
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298:recovery boiler
275:
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175:sulfite process
170:recovery boiler
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140:Napoleonic Wars
128:
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59:sulfate process
53:(also known as
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1574:External links
1572:
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1523:
1513:
1494:(9): 409–436.
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819:sodium sulfate
815:sulfur dioxide
810:sulfur dioxide
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702:hydrogen bonds
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237:sodium sulfate
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1459:
1455:
1448:
1446:
1431:on 2007-07-09
1427:
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1399:
1394:
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1386:
1382:
1375:
1361:on 2012-03-05
1357:
1350:
1344:
1336:
1334:0-89852-340-0
1330:
1326:
1319:
1305:on 2004-12-18
1301:
1294:
1288:
1274:on 2012-07-09
1273:
1269:
1263:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1221:
1217:
1215:9780071460446
1211:
1207:
1206:
1205:Pump Handbook
1201:
1194:
1181:
1175:
1161:on 2011-08-31
1157:
1150:
1143:
1129:on 2005-04-20
1128:
1124:
1118:
1104:on 2021-10-23
1100:
1093:
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1072:
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1057:
1055:0-12-647480-X
1051:
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1023:0-12-097360-X
1019:
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865:Johan Richter
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637:and reducing
636:
633:by oxidizing
632:
629:
625:
624:Anthraquinone
622:
619:
615:
614:
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605:
604:manufacture.
601:
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390:
389:
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385:calcium oxide
382:
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356:
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348:
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343:calcium oxide
339:
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230:
229:carbohydrates
226:
222:
221:hemicellulose
211:
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99:hemicellulose
96:
92:
89:S), known as
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
55:kraft pulping
52:
51:kraft process
43:
36:
32:
19:
18:Kraft pulping
2358:Papier-mâché
2353:Paper towels
2272:Soda pulping
2246:
2189:Wet strength
1990:Photographic
1863:Cotton (rag)
1836:Construction
1555:
1536:
1526:
1521:20685-20698.
1516:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1453:
1433:. Retrieved
1426:the original
1413:
1402:. Retrieved
1388:
1385:BioResources
1384:
1374:
1363:. Retrieved
1356:the original
1343:
1324:
1318:
1307:. Retrieved
1300:the original
1287:
1276:. Retrieved
1272:the original
1262:
1251:. Retrieved
1247:the original
1236:
1226:February 21,
1224:. Retrieved
1220:the original
1204:
1200:Karassik, I.
1193:
1174:
1163:. Retrieved
1156:the original
1142:
1131:. Retrieved
1127:the original
1117:
1106:. Retrieved
1099:the original
1086:
1075:. Retrieved
1064:
1041:
1011:
976:
969:
956:
940:
930:
920:
901:Soda pulping
871:Kappa number
823:
783:
775:black liquor
752:
714:
710:
682:
662:detackifiers
611:
602:
594:
580:Wash presses
563:
553:
546:displacement
530:
521:
514:
509:
505:
495:
478:
446:black liquor
438:Weyerhaeuser
434:
427:
416:
401:
375:
338:green liquor
334:
327:
295:
276:
260:nucleophilic
257:
224:
217:
208:white liquor
195:
189:
186:Impregnation
144:Carl F. Dahl
137:
113:
111:
91:white liquor
81:(NaOH), and
58:
54:
50:
48:
2442:Papermaking
2388:Paper money
2348:Lined paper
2267:Papermaking
2200:and process
2198:Manufacture
2174:Paper sizes
1903:Greaseproof
1888:Genkō yōshi
1741:Dard Hunter
1673:Originators
1641:Papermaking
982:McGraw Hill
876:Kraft paper
779:decantation
698:hydrophobic
618:Surfactants
430:electricity
269:(HS) ions.
225:brown stock
196:presteaming
181:The process
146:in 1879 in
120:kraft paper
2436:Categories
2325:Paper mill
2252:Organosolv
2131:Fiber crop
2121:China clay
2080:Waterproof
1980:Paperboard
1858:Correction
1851:Carbonless
1699:Developers
1435:2007-09-13
1404:2015-02-03
1365:2008-12-19
1309:2007-09-28
1278:2011-01-07
1253:2007-10-21
1165:2007-10-09
1133:2007-10-09
1108:2021-10-23
1077:2022-02-06
913:References
881:Organosolv
829:(BOD) and
821:crystals.
806:pulp mills
755:turpentine
749:, Finland.
538:thickening
486:turpentine
410:O → Ca(OH)
406:4. CaO + H
395:→ CaO + CO
317:+ 2 C → Na
192:wood chips
2378:Notebooks
2363:Cardboard
2146:Wood pulp
2114:Materials
2090:Wood-free
2065:Wallpaper
2060:Tree-free
2000:Red rosin
1985:Parchment
1970:Onionskin
1965:Newsprint
1826:Cartridge
1821:Cardstock
1816:Cardboard
1766:Acid-free
990:867778880
906:Wood pulp
896:Pulp mill
843:chelating
839:chlorates
652:Defoamers
635:cellulose
598:bleaching
585:Bleaching
550:diffusion
492:Screening
482:softwoods
463:plant in
455:plant in
381:lime kiln
267:bisulfide
103:cellulose
71:cellulose
67:wood pulp
2411:Category
2368:Clothing
2286:Industry
2222:Deinking
2212:Calender
2169:Grammage
2055:Transfer
2020:Security
1893:Glassine
1796:Blotting
1771:Air-laid
1729:Scholars
1508:13904415
860:H-factor
853:See also
835:alcohols
767:volatile
759:tall oil
631:catalyst
600:stages.
542:dilution
453:New Bern
387:(lime).
365:+ Ca(OH)
321:S + 2 CO
291:tall oil
254:groups).
2421:Commons
2373:Tissues
2164:Density
2141:Papyrus
2100:Writing
2050:Tracing
2040:Thermal
2015:Scritta
2010:Rolling
1975:Origami
1938:Butcher
1873:Display
1841:Contact
1806:Bristol
1781:Asphalt
1686:Damjing
1680:Cai Lun
1651:History
527:Washing
475:Blowing
442:Chemrec
391:3. CaCO
303:reduced
287:skimmed
265:(S) or
263:sulfide
214:Cooking
190:Common
156:Germany
152:Prussia
126:History
2303:Europe
2298:Canada
2045:Tissue
1955:Manila
1928:Korean
1923:Ingres
1918:Inkjet
1831:Coated
1811:Carbon
1786:Banana
1562:
1506:
1460:
1331:
1212:
1186:
1052:
1020:
988:
802:sulfur
721:bamboo
694:lignin
639:lignin
552:. The
517:sieves
510:reject
506:accept
498:shives
469:Sweden
250:, R =
166:Sweden
148:Danzig
107:wastes
101:, and
95:lignin
2313:Japan
2308:India
2075:Wasli
2070:Washi
2030:Stone
1960:Mummy
1950:Lokta
1933:Kraft
1913:India
1898:Graph
1868:Crêpe
1791:Bible
1776:Amate
1759:Types
1626:Paper
1429:(PDF)
1422:(PDF)
1359:(PDF)
1352:(PDF)
1303:(PDF)
1296:(PDF)
1159:(PDF)
1152:(PDF)
1102:(PDF)
1095:(PDF)
886:Paper
763:Pines
747:Rauma
725:kenaf
628:redox
502:knots
465:Piteå
357:2. Na
309:1. Na
283:rosin
252:alkyl
204:black
200:steam
115:Kraft
75:paper
65:into
2341:Uses
2330:List
2105:Xuan
2095:Wove
2025:Seed
2005:Rice
1945:Laid
1908:Hemp
1846:Copy
1801:Bond
1560:ISBN
1541:257.
1531:766.
1504:PMID
1458:ISBN
1329:ISBN
1228:2013
1210:ISBN
1050:ISBN
1018:ISBN
986:OCLC
935:766.
925:257.
771:soap
757:and
723:and
717:pine
664:and
548:and
532:use
248:aryl
206:and
63:wood
49:The
2085:Wax
2035:Tar
1496:doi
1486:".
1480:and
1393:doi
946:doi
777:by
644:An
561:).
559:COD
85:(Na
57:or
2438::
1878:Dó
1639:/
1502:.
1492:12
1490:.
1444:^
1387:.
1383:.
1048:.
1044:.
1032:^
998:^
984:.
837:,
796:,
792:,
788:,
660:,
544:,
540:/
512:.
500:,
488:.
471:.
467:,
425:.
361:CO
313:SO
235:,
158:.
154:,
150:,
109:.
97:,
1618:e
1611:t
1604:v
1568:.
1510:.
1498::
1468:.
1466:.
1438:.
1407:.
1395::
1389:2
1368:.
1337:.
1312:.
1281:.
1256:.
1230:.
1168:.
1136:.
1111:.
1080:.
1058:.
1026:.
992:.
964:.
948::
412:2
408:2
397:2
393:3
371:3
367:2
363:3
359:2
351:2
323:2
319:2
315:4
311:2
87:2
20:)
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