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had been weakened over the centuries by earthquake tremors. However, this act of maintenance is an exception: for the most part, the Latin occupiers were too few to maintain all of the buildings, either secular and sacred, and many became targets for vandalism or dismantling. Bronze and lead were removed from the roofs of abandoned buildings and melted down and sold to provide money to the chronically under-funded Empire for defense and to support the court; Deno John
Geanokoplos writes that "it may well be that a division is suggested here: Latin laymen stripped secular buildings, ecclesiastics, the churches." Buildings were not the only targets of officials looking to raise funds for the impoverished Latin Empire: the monumental sculptures which adorned the Hippodrome and fora of the city were pulled down and melted for coinage. "Among the masterpieces destroyed, writes Talbot, "were a Herakles attributed to the fourth-century B.C. sculptor
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Bosphorus Strait, in order to restrict passage between the Black and
Mediterranean seas. Mehmed then tasked the Hungarian gunsmith Urban with both arming Rumelihisarı and building cannon powerful enough to bring down the walls of Constantinople. By March 1453 Urban's cannon had been transported from the Ottoman capital of Edirne to the outskirts of Constantinople. In April, having quickly seized Byzantine coastal settlements along the Black Sea and Sea of Marmara, Ottoman troops in Rumelia and Anatolia assembled outside the Byzantine capital. Their fleet moved from Gallipoli to nearby Diplokionion, and the sultan himself set out to meet his army. The Ottomans were commanded by 21-year-old Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II. The conquest of Constantinople followed a seven-week siege which had begun on 6 April 1453. The Empire fell on 29 May 1453.
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2004:. This was the great cathedral of the city, whose dome was said to be held aloft by God alone, and which was directly connected to the palace so that the imperial family could attend services without passing through the streets. "The architectural form of the building was meant to reflect Justinian programmatic harmony: the circular dome (a symbol of secular authority in classical Roman architecture) would be harmoniously combined with the rectangular form (typical for Christian and pre-Christian temples)." The dedication took place on 26 December 537 in the presence of the emperor, who was later reported to have exclaimed, "O
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2274:, which dates to the 10th century, gives a detailed picture of the city's commercial life and its organization at that time. The corporations in which the tradesmen of Constantinople were organised were supervised by the Eparch, who regulated such matters as production, prices, import, and export. Each guild had its own monopoly, and tradesmen might not belong to more than one. It is an impressive testament to the strength of tradition how little these arrangements had changed since the office, then known by the Latin version of its title, had been set up in 330 to mirror the urban prefecture of Rome.
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1621:, like those of Rome. It also lacked the panoply of other administrative offices regulating the food supply, police, statues, temples, sewers, aqueducts, or other public works. The new programme of building was carried out in great haste: columns, marbles, doors, and tiles were taken wholesale from the temples of the empire and moved to the new city. In similar fashion, many of the greatest works of Greek and Roman art were soon to be seen in its squares and streets. The emperor stimulated private building by promising householders gifts of land from the imperial estates in
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key part in stimulating the
Renaissance, and the transition to the modern world. The cumulative influence of the city on the west, over the many centuries of its existence, is incalculable. In terms of technology, art and culture, as well as sheer size, Constantinople was without parallel anywhere in Europe for a thousand years. Many languages were spoken in Constantinople. A 16th century Chinese geographical treatise specifically recorded that there were translators living in the city, indicating it was multilingual, multicultural, and cosmopolitan.
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1579:, he was well aware that Rome was an unsatisfactory capital. Rome was too far from the frontiers, and hence from the armies and the imperial courts, and it offered an undesirable playground for disaffected politicians. Yet it had been the capital of the state for over a thousand years, and it might have seemed unthinkable to suggest that the capital be moved to a different location. Nevertheless, Constantine identified the site of Byzantium as the right place: a place where an emperor could sit, readily defended, with easy access to the
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Sphrantzes, the faithful chancellor of the last emperor, recorded that "in spite of the great size of our city, our defenders amounted to 4,773 Greeks, as well as just 200 foreigners". In addition there were volunteers from outside, the "Genoese, Venetians and those who came secretly from Galata to help the defense", who numbered "hardly as many as three thousand", amounting to something under 8,000 men in total to defend a perimeter wall of twelve miles.
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1768:, emperors had been resident only in the years 337–338, 347–351, 358–361, 368–369. Its status as a capital was recognized by the appointment of the first known Urban Prefect of the City Honoratus, who held office from 11 December 359 until 361. The urban prefects had concurrent jurisdiction over three provinces each in the adjacent dioceses of Thrace (in which the city was located), Pontus and Asia comparable to the 100-mile extraordinary jurisdiction of the prefect of Rome. The emperor
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2687:. Under the rulers of the Latin Empire, the city declined, both in population and the condition of its buildings. Alice-Mary Talbot cites an estimated population for Constantinople of 400,000 inhabitants; after the destruction wrought by the Crusaders on the city, about one third were homeless, and numerous courtiers, nobility, and higher clergy, followed various leading personages into exile. "As a result Constantinople became seriously depopulated," Talbot concludes.
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Frenchmen and
Flemings were filled with a lust for destruction. They rushed in a howling mob down the streets and through the houses, snatching up everything that glittered and destroying whatever they could not carry, pausing only to murder or to rape, or to break open the wine-cellars . Neither monasteries nor churches nor libraries were spared. In Hagia Sophia itself, drunken soldiers could be seen tearing down the silken hangings and pulling the great silver
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they openly criticized the government, or clamoured for the removal of unpopular ministers. It played a crucial role during the riots and in times of political unrest. The
Hippodrome provided a space for a crowd to be responded to positively or where the acclamations of a crowd were subverted, resorting to the riots that would ensue in coming years. In the time of Justinian, public order in Constantinople became a critical political issue.
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5902:: "The fifth century marked a definite turning point in Byzantine higher education. Theodosios ΙΙ founded in 425 a major university with 31 chairs for law, philosophy, medicine, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, rhetoric and other subjects. Fifteen chairs were assigned to Latin and 16 to Greek. The university was reorganized by Michael III (842–867) and flourished down to the fourteenth century".
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2643:. He made some attempt to repair the walls and organise the citizenry, but there had been no opportunity to bring in troops from the provinces and the guards were demoralised by the revolution. An attack by the Crusaders on 6 April failed, but a second from the Golden Horn on 12 April succeeded, and the invaders poured in. Alexios V fled. The Senate met in
2190:, who was said to have been introduced to dissolute habits by her brother Bardas. When Michael assumed power in 856, he became known for excessive drunkenness, appeared in the hippodrome as a charioteer and burlesqued the religious processions of the clergy. He removed Theodora from the Great Palace to the Carian Palace and later to the
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dramatically increased. This was reflected in
Constantinople by the construction of the Blachernae palace, the creation of brilliant new works of art, and general prosperity at this time: an increase in trade, made possible by the growth of the Italian city-states, may have helped the growth of the economy. It is certain that the
2619:, and entered the harbour, where on 27 July they breached the sea walls: Alexios III fled. But the new Alexios IV Angelos found the Treasury inadequate, and was unable to make good the rewards he had promised to his western allies. Tension between the citizens and the Latin soldiers increased. In January 1204, the
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It was especially important for preserving in its libraries manuscripts of Greek and Latin authors throughout a period when instability and disorder caused their mass-destruction in western Europe and north Africa: On the city's fall, thousands of these were brought by refugees to Italy, and played a
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to pieces, while sacred books and icons were trampled under foot. While they drank merrily from the altar-vessels a prostitute set herself on the
Patriarch's throne and began to sing a ribald French song. Nuns were ravished in their convents. Palaces and hovels alike were entered and wrecked. Wounded
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became the cause of serious disorder, expressed through allegiance to the chariot-racing parties of the Blues and the Greens. The partisans of the Blues and the Greens were said to affect untrimmed facial hair, head hair shaved at the front and grown long at the back, and wide-sleeved tunics tight at
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Constantinople was the largest and richest urban center in the
Eastern Mediterranean Sea during the late Eastern Roman Empire, mostly as a result of its strategic position commanding the trade routes between the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea. It would remain the capital of the eastern, Greek-speaking
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going into decline. When
Michael VIII captured the city, its population was 35,000 people, but, by the end of his reign, he had succeeded in increasing the population to about 70,000 people. The Emperor achieved this by summoning former residents who had fled the city when the crusaders captured it,
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The Latins took over at least 20 churches and 13 monasteries, most prominently the Hagia Sophia, which became the cathedral of the Latin
Patriarch of Constantinople. It is to these that E.H. Swift attributed the construction of a series of flying buttresses to shore up the walls of the church, which
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when one of their number attempted to violate a countrywoman, but in the struggle she seized his sword and killed him; instead of taking revenge, however, his comrades applauded her conduct, compensated her with all his possessions, and exposed his body without burial as if he had committed suicide.
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Chariot-racing had been important in Rome for centuries. In Constantinople, the hippodrome became over time increasingly a place of political significance. It was where (as a shadow of the popular elections of old Rome) the people by acclamation showed their approval of a new emperor, and also where
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production. At its peak, roughly corresponding to the Middle Ages, it was one of the richest and largest cities in Europe. It exerted a powerful cultural pull and dominated much of the economic life in the Mediterranean. Visitors and merchants were especially struck by the beautiful monasteries and
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The number of people captured by the Ottomans after the fall of the city was around 33,000. The small number of people left in the city indicates that there could not have been many residents there. The primary concern of Mehmed II in the early years of his reign was the construction and settlement
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The population decline also had a huge impact upon the Constantinople's defense capabilities. At the end of March 1453, emperor Constantine XI ordered a census of districts to record how many able-bodied men were in the city and whatever weapons each possessed for defense. George
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of Africa, set sail for the city and assumed the throne. He found the military situation so dire that he is said to have contemplated withdrawing the imperial capital to Carthage, but relented after the people of Constantinople begged him to stay. The citizens lost their right to free grain in 618
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an excellent and spacious harbor. Already then, in Greek and early Roman times, Byzantium was famous for the strategic geographic position that made it difficult to besiege and capture, and its position at the crossroads of the Asiatic-European trade route over land and as the gateway between the
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Mehmed's main concern with Constantinople had to do with consolidating control over the city and rebuilding its defenses. After 45,000 captives were marched from the city, building projects were commenced immediately after the conquest, which included the repair of the walls, construction of the
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Castilian traveler and writer Ruy González de Clavijo, who saw Constantinople in 1403, wrote that the area within the city walls included small neighborhoods separated by orchards and fields. The ruins of palaces and churches could be seen everywhere. The aqueducts and the most densely inhabited
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By May 1453, the city no longer possessed the treasure troves of Aladdin that the Ottoman troops longingly imagined as they stared up at the walls. Gennadios Scholarios, Patriarch of Constantinople from 1454 to 1464, was saying that the capital of the Empire, that was once the "city of wisdom",
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overran the Western Roman Empire, Constantinople became the indisputable capital city of the Roman Empire. Emperors were no longer peripatetic between various court capitals and palaces. They remained in their palace in the Great City and sent generals to command their armies. The wealth of the
3094:. According to Zaruhi Galemkearian's autobiography, she was told to write about women's place in the family and home after she published two volumes of poetry in the 1890s. By 1900, several Armenian journals had started to include works by female contributors including the Constantinople-based
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on 29 May 1453. Mehmed II intended to complete his father's mission and conquer Constantinople for the Ottomans. In 1452 he reached peace treaties with Hungary and Venice. He also began the construction of the Boğazkesen (later called the Rumelihisarı), a fortress at the narrowest point of the
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For nine centuries, the great city had been the capital of Christian civilization. It was filled with works of art that had survived from ancient Greece and with the masterpieces of its own exquisite craftsmen. The Venetians seized treasures and carried them off to adorn their town. But the
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With the restoration of firm central government, the empire became fabulously wealthy. The population was rising (estimates for Constantinople in the 12th century vary from some 100,000 to 500,000), and towns and cities across the realm flourished. Meanwhile, the volume of money in circulation
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and Hagia Irene built by Constantine with new churches under the same dedication. The Justinianic Church of the Holy Apostles was designed in the form of an equal-armed cross with five domes, and ornamented with beautiful mosaics. This church was to remain the burial place of the emperors from
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began in the Hippodrome and finished there with the onslaught of over 30,000 people according to Procopius, those in the blue and green factions, innocent and guilty. This came full circle on the relationship within the Hippodrome between the power and the people during the time of Justinian.
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Constantinople was built over six years, and consecrated on 11 May 330. Constantine divided the expanded city, like Rome, into 14 regions, and ornamented it with public works worthy of an imperial metropolis. Yet, at first, Constantine's new Rome did not have all the dignities of old Rome. It
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dynasty, it enjoyed a partial recovery. With the advent of the Ottoman Empire in 1299, the Byzantine Empire began to lose territories, and the city began to lose population. By the early 15th century, the Byzantine Empire was reduced to just Constantinople and its environs, along with
1845:, appeared on the Danube about this time and advanced into Thrace, but he was deserted by many of his followers, who joined with the Romans in driving their king back north of the river. Subsequent to this, new walls were built to defend the city and the fleet on the Danube improved.
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Fires started by the Nika rioters consumed the Theodosian basilica of Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom), the city's cathedral, which lay to the north of the Augustaeum and had itself replaced the Constantinian basilica founded by Constantius II to replace the first Byzantine cathedral,
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neighborhoods were along the coast of the Marmara Sea and Golden Horn. Only the coastal areas, in particular the commercial areas facing the Golden Horn, had a dense population. Although the Genoese colony in Galata was small, it was overcrowded and had magnificent mansions.
1916:(527–565) was known for his successes in war, for his legal reforms and for his public works. It was from Constantinople that his expedition for the reconquest of the former Diocese of Africa set sail on or about 21 June 533. Before their departure, the ship of the commander
2495:'s reign, the number of foreigners in the city reached about 60,000–80,000 people out of a total population of about 400,000 people. In 1171, Constantinople also contained a small community of 2,500 Jews. In 1182, most Latin (Western European) inhabitants of Constantinople
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Ducas, refused to honour the treaty. In response, the Turks began to move into Anatolia in 1073. The collapse of the old defensive system meant that they met no opposition, and the empire's resources were distracted and squandered in a series of civil wars. Thousands of
2844:(1453) it contained approximately 50,000 people. Tedaldi of Florence estimated the population at 30,000 to 36,000, while in Chronica Vicentina, the Italian Andrei di Arnaldo estimated it at 50,000. The plague epidemic of 1435 must have caused the population to drop.
2380:, sultan of the Seljuk Turks, were not excessive, and Romanus accepted them. On his release, however, Romanus found that enemies had placed their own candidate on the throne in his absence; he surrendered to them and suffered death by torture, and the new ruler,
1375:
wrote that some "claim that people from Megara, who derived their descent from Nisos, sailed to this place under their leader Byzas, and invent the fable that his name was attached to the city". Some versions of the founding myth say Byzas was the son of a local
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and Muslims pay Zakat; he demanded that five thousand households needed to be transferred to Constantinople by September. From all over the Islamic empire, prisoners of war and deported people were sent to the city: these people were called "Sürgün" in Turkish
3160:
The Byzantine Empire used Roman and Greek architectural models and styles to create its own unique type of architecture. The influence of Byzantine architecture and art can be seen in the copies taken from it throughout Europe. Particular examples include
2506:
art, for example: Mosaics became more realistic and vivid, with an increased emphasis on depicting three-dimensional forms. There was an increased demand for art, with more people having access to the necessary wealth to commission and pay for such work.
797:, and it was claimed that several elevations within its walls matched Rome's 'seven hills'. The impenetrable defenses enclosed magnificent palaces, domes, and towers, the result of prosperity Constantinople achieved as the gateway between two continents (
2679:
women and children lay dying in the streets. For three days the ghastly scenes continued, till the huge and beautiful city was a shambles. When order was restored, citizens were tortured to make them reveal the goods that they had contrived to hide.
1363:, referred to in Pliny's Natural Histories. Apart from this, little is known about this initial settlement. The site, according to the founding myth of the city, was abandoned by the time Greek settlers from the city-state of Megara founded Byzantium (
1432:
which stipulated tribute in exchange for independent status allowed it to enter Roman rule unscathed. This treaty would pay dividends retrospectively as Byzantium would maintain this independent status, and prosper under peace and stability in the
2994:, bear the names of the places of origin of their inhabitants. However, many people escaped again from the city, and there were several outbreaks of plague, so that in 1459 Mehmed allowed the deported Greeks to come back to the city.
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the Conqueror. Justinian was also concerned with other aspects of the city's built environment, legislating against the abuse of laws prohibiting building within 100 ft (30 m) of the sea front, in order to protect the view.
3085:
stayed in print for only seven months. Female writers who openly expressed their desires were viewed as immodest, but this changed slowly as journals began to publish more "women's sections". In the 1880s, Matteos Mamurian invited
1508:
who said that Severus had destroyed "a strong Roman outpost and a base of operations against the barbarians from Pontus and Asia". He would later rebuild Byzantium towards the end of his reign, in which it would be briefly renamed
3193:) and its urban infrastructure was moreover a marvel throughout the Middle Ages, keeping alive the art, skill and technical expertise of the Roman Empire. In the Ottoman period Islamic architecture and symbolism were used. Great
1629:
and on 18 May 332 he announced that, as in Rome, free distributions of food would be made to the citizens. At the time, the amount is said to have been 80,000 rations a day, doled out from 117 distribution points around the city.
1041:
for 'Constantinopolitan Rome'). As the city became the sole remaining capital of the Roman Empire after the fall of the West, and its wealth, population, and influence grew, the city also came to have a multitude of nicknames.
2663:. Then the two of them slipped away with many of the nobility and embarked for Asia. By the next day the Doge and the leading Franks were installed in the Great Palace, and the city was given over to pillage for three days.
3977:"The Chronicle of Theophones Confessor: Byzantine and Near Eastern History AD 284-813". Translated with commentary by Cyril Mango and Roger Scott. AM 6030 pg 316, with this note: Theophanes' precise date should be accepted.
2753:, where one of the Comneni had already with Georgian support established an independent seat of empire. Nicaea and Epirus both vied for the imperial title, and tried to recover Constantinople. In 1261, Constantinople was
4407:
4214:. Quote: "On leaving the Dardanelles we come to the Bay of Casthenes, ... and the promontory of the Golden Horn, on which is the town of Byzantium, a free state, formerly called Lygos; it is 711 miles from Durazzo,..."
1399:
set up their dwellings at the place where the rivers Kydaros and Barbyses have their estuaries, one flowing from the north, the other from the west, and merging with the sea at the altar of the nymph called Semestre"
2941:, which was not in good shape even though it was avoided in the pillage by strict orders. Displeased by the pillaging, Mehmed II ordered it to end, for it will be the capital of his empire. He then ordered that an
5911:
Strauss, Johann. "Twenty Years in the Ottoman capital: the memoirs of Dr. Hristo Tanev Stambolski of Kazanlik (1843–1932) from an Ottoman point of view." In: Herzog, Christoph and Richard Wittmann (editors).
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As the largest and wealthiest city in Europe during the 4th–13th centuries and a center of culture and education of the Mediterranean basin, Constantinople came to be known by prestigious titles such as
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Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China, Vol I: Preliminary Essay on the Intercourse Between China and the Western Nations Previous to the Discovery of the Cape Route
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of the city. However, since an insufficient number of Muslims accepted his invitation, the settlement of 30 abandoned neighborhoods with the inhabitants of formerly conquered areas became necessary.
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2221:, the admiral of the Byzantine fleet, alerted the emperor Michael, who promptly put the invaders to flight; but the suddenness and savagery of the onslaught made a deep impression on the citizens.
957:. The name appears to have been quickly forgotten and abandoned, and the city reverted to Byzantium/Byzantion after either the assassination of Caracalla in 217 or, at the latest, the fall of the
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805:) and two seas (the Mediterranean and the Black Sea). Although besieged on numerous occasions by various armies, the defenses of Constantinople proved impenetrable for nearly nine hundred years.
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Korolija Fontana-Giusti, Gordana 'The Urban Language of Early Constantinople: The Changing Roles of the Arts and Architecture in the Formation of the New Capital and the New Consciousness' in
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captured the city which remained an independent, yet subordinate, city under the Athenians, and later to the Spartans after 411 BC. A farsighted treaty with the emergent power of Rome in
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Stanford and Ezel Shaw (1977): History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Vol II, p. 386; Robinson (1965), The First Turkish Republic, p. 298
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carried out extensive repairs of the Theodosian walls, which had been damaged by frequent and violent attacks; this work was financed by a special tax on all the subjects of the Empire.
3217:, and made it a prime center of Christianity alongside Rome. This contributed to cultural and theological differences between Eastern and Western Christianity eventually leading to the
714:". From the mid-5th century to the early 13th century, Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe. The city became famous for its architectural masterpieces, such as
8802:
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1095:
In the language of other peoples, Constantinople was referred to just as reverently. The medieval Vikings, who had contacts with the empire through their expansion in eastern Europe (
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2194:, but, after the death of Bardas, she was released to live in the palace of St Mamas; she also had a rural residence at the Anthemian Palace, where Michael was assassinated in 867.
1447:, also known as the Church of Theotokos Pammakaristos (Greek: Θεοτόκος ἡ Παμμακάριστος, "All-Blessed Mother of God"), is one of the most famous Greek Orthodox Byzantine churches in
930:. The later Byzantines of Constantinople themselves would maintain that the city was named in honor of two men, Byzas and Antes, though this was more likely just a play on the word
1417:
crossing into Europe as Byzantium was situated at the narrowest point in the Bosphorus strait. Persian rule lasted until 478 BC when as part of the Greek counterattack to the
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tribesmen crossed the unguarded frontier and moved into Anatolia. By 1080, a huge area had been lost to the Empire, and the Turks were within striking distance of Constantinople.
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citadel, and building a new palace. Mehmed issued orders across his empire that Muslims, Christians, and Jews should resettle the city, with Christians and Jews required to pay
2305:
issued a decree in 726 against images, and ordered the destruction of a statue of Christ over one of the doors of the Chalke, an act that was fiercely resisted by the citizens.
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based in the city, referred to as "His Most Divine All-Holiness the Archbishop of Constantinople New Rome and Ecumenical Patriarch". In Greece today, the city is still called
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2313:, which condemned the worship of images, after which many treasures were broken, burned, or painted over with depictions of trees, birds or animals: One source refers to the
1268:, instead of other transliterations to Latin script that had been used in Ottoman times and the city came to be known as Istanbul and its variations in most world languages.
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The Christian Orthodox city of Constantinople was now under Ottoman control. As tradition followed for the region, Ottoman soldiers had three days to pillage the city. When
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origin founded between the 13th and 11th centuries BC. The site, according to the founding myth of the city, was abandoned by the time Greek settlers from the city-state of
5697:
Inalcik, Halil. "The Policy of Mehmed II toward the Greek Population of Istanbul and the Byzantine Buildings of the City." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 23, (1969): 229–249. p. 236
2491:. The Venetians had factories on the north side of the Golden Horn, and large numbers of westerners were present in the city throughout the 12th century. Toward the end of
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However, following the death of an Emperor, they became known also for plunder in the Imperial palaces. Later in the 11th century the Varangian Guard became dominated by
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consisted of a double wall lying about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the west of the first wall and a moat with palisades in front. Constantinople's location between the
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in Constantinople – the image of Christ Pantocrator on the walls of the upper southern gallery, Christ being flanked by the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist; circa 1261
1560:
Another coin struck by Constantine I in 330–333 to commemorate the foundation of Constantinople and to also reaffirm Rome as the traditional centre of the Roman Empire
1731:. After the construction of the Theodosian Walls, Constantinople consisted of an area approximately the size of Old Rome within the Aurelian walls, or some 1,400 ha.
2579:) on the Golden Horn. Nevertheless, the destruction wrought by the 1197 fire paled in comparison with that brought by the Crusaders. In the course of a plot between
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The city acted as a defence for the eastern provinces of the old Roman Empire against the barbarian invasions of the 5th century. The 18-meter-tall walls built by
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the wrist; and to form gangs to engage in night-time muggings and street violence. At last these disorders took the form of a major rebellion of 532, known as the
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2885: with: the history of Constantinople during the Ottoman era in general and during the Republican era in the 1920s, not just during the 1450s. You can help by
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During Justinian I's reign, the city's population reached about 500,000 people. However, the social fabric of Constantinople was also damaged by the onset of the
710:. On 11 May 330, it was renamed Constantinople and dedicated to Constantine. Constantinople is generally considered to be the center and the "cradle of Orthodox
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frontiers, his court supplied from the rich gardens and sophisticated workshops of Roman Asia, his treasuries filled by the wealthiest provinces of the Empire.
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Constantine had altogether more colourful plans. Having restored the unity of the Empire, and, being in the course of major governmental reforms as well as of
1467:, but the city enjoyed relative peace and steady growth as a prosperous trading city lent by its remarkable position. The site lay astride the land route from
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Possibly from the largest city in the world with 500,000 inhabitants to just 40,000–70,000: The Inheritance of Rome, Chris Wickham, Penguin Books Ltd. 2009,
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when Heraclius realized that the city could no longer be supplied from Egypt as a result of the Persian wars: the population fell substantially as a result.
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3968:"The Chronicle of John Malalas", Bk 18.86 Translated by E. Jeffreys, M. Jeffreys, and R. Scott. Australian Association of Byzantine Studies, 1986 vol 4.
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3433:, who found easier targets to the west rather than the richer provinces to the east in Asia. From the 5th century, the city was also protected by the
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was anchored in front of the Imperial palace, and the Patriarch offered prayers for the success of the enterprise. After the victory, in 534, the
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reportedly saved several churches from being dismantled for their valuable building materials; by sending money to the Latins "to buy them off" (
1966:
Throughout the late Roman and early Byzantine periods, Christianity was resolving fundamental questions of identity, and the dispute between the
6762:
2925:, the Romanesque style tower was built as Christea Turris (Tower of Christ) in 1348 during an expansion of the Genoese colony in Constantinople.
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by the Ottoman Empire in 1453, remaining under its control until the early 20th century, after which it was renamed Istanbul under the Empire's
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The Influence of Constantinople on Middle Byzantine Architecture (843–1204). A typological and morphological approach at the provincial level
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who traveled to the city in 1325 wrote of the bazaars "Astanbul" in which the "majority of the artisans and salespeople in them are women".
2016:
Constantine himself until the 11th century. When the city fell to the Turks in 1453, the church was demolished to make room for the tomb of
9001:
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Constantinople was famous for its massive and complex fortifications, which ranked among the most sophisticated defensive architectures of
6000:
5588:
265:
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The officer given the task was killed by the crowd, and in the end the image was removed rather than destroyed: It was to be restored by
4908:
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Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites
2314:
1359:. This is the first major settlement that would develop on the site of later Constantinople, but the first known settlements was that of
5618:
5391:
4851:
4613:, vol. 164 (Stuttgart 2005), column 442, there is no evidence for the tradition that Constantine officially dubbed the city "New Rome" (
4495:
10428:
10411:
9068:
9048:
8790:
6882:
6133:
5547:
5488:
742:
was founded in the 5th century and contained artistic and literary treasures before it was sacked in 1204 and 1453, including its vast
7526:
4363:
Necdet Sakaoğlu (1993/94a): "İstanbul'un adları" . In: 'Dünden bugüne İstanbul ansiklopedisi', ed. Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı, Istanbul.
10892:
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10127:
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9589:
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723:
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6 km (2.3 sq mi) enclosed within Constantinian Walls 14 km (5.4 sq mi) enclosed within Theodosian Walls
2892:
10323:
9684:
6993:
6506:
6039:
3726:
2531:
2240:. They were known for their ferocity, honour, and loyalty. It is said that, in 1038, they were dispersed in winter quarters in the
1660:. The new senate-house (or Curia) was housed in a basilica on the east side. On the south side of the great square was erected the
7836:
6860:
6078:
1880:
10902:
10172:
7482:
6877:
6496:"East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. – 1643 C.E."
5842:
2336:
The iconoclast controversy returned in the early 9th century, only to be resolved once more in 843 during the regency of Empress
2213:
chiefs: Two hundred small vessels passed through the Bosporus and plundered the monasteries and other properties on the suburban
604:
6437:
1541:
presents a representation of the city of Constantinople as tribute to an enthroned Mary and Christ Child in this church mosaic.
10652:
10177:
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4188:
writes: "To identity them all needs a good deal more credulity and imagination than is required for their Roman counterparts."
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8446:
7003:
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6279:
6249:
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2008:, I have outdone thee!" Hagia Sophia was served by 600 people including 80 priests, and cost 20,000 pounds of gold to build.
1256:
rule, while western languages mostly continued to refer to the city as Constantinople until the early 20th century. In 1928,
7725:
2628:
provoked a riot, it is presumed, to intimidate Alexios IV, but whose only result was the destruction of the great statue of
926:
origin. The founding myth of the city has it told that the settlement was named after the leader of the Megarian colonists,
706:
was selected to serve as the new capital of the Roman Empire, and the city was renamed Nova Roma, or 'New Rome', by Emperor
10328:
10187:
9475:
8436:
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8365:
7163:
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1691:, lined with colonnades. As it descended the First Hill of the city and climbed the Second Hill, it passed on the left the
6786:
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and others were active traders in Constantinople, making a living out of shipping goods between the Crusader Kingdoms of
1764:
The importance of Constantinople increased, but it was gradual. From the death of Constantine in 337 to the accession of
1265:
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4697:
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8607:
8114:
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Greatrex, Geoffrey. “The Nika Riot: A Reappraisal.” The Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. 117, 1997, pp. 60–86. JSTOR,
4647:
3505:
1384:. Hesychius also gives alternate versions of the city's founding legend, which he attributed to old poets and writers:
743:
7358:
6403:. Suomen kirkkohistoriallisen seuran toimituksia 202 (Publications of the Finnish Society of Church History No. 202).
3444:. Many scholars argue that these sophisticated fortifications allowed the east to develop relatively unmolested while
1707:, crowned with a halo of seven rays and looking toward the rising sun. From there, the Mese passed on and through the
10758:
9324:
8714:
7631:
7591:
6627:
6201:
6127:
6088:
5899:
5723:"Between the Islamic and Chinese Universal Empires: The Ottoman Empire, Ming Dynasty, and Global Age of Explorations"
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5363:
4982:
4820:
4765:
4480:
4106:
4082:
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2718:), he prevented the destruction of several churches. According to Talbot, these included the churches of Blachernae,
1805:
1418:
583:
577:
17:
8761:
8678:
8575:
8204:
2368:
In the late 11th century catastrophe struck with the unexpected and calamitous defeat of the imperial armies at the
1908:
of 532. It was converted into a mosque in 1453 when the Ottoman Empire commenced and was a museum from 1935 to 2020.
953:
and had it rebuilt in honor of his son Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (who succeeded him as Emperor), popularly known as
514:
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8648:
8287:
7755:
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2639:
In February 1204, the people rose again: Alexios IV was imprisoned and executed, and Murzuphlos took the purple as
415:
135:
8778:
8690:
8597:
7720:
5260:
175:
10793:
10615:
9147:
8915:
8653:
8232:
8217:
7626:
6907:
6799:, a project aimed at creating computer reconstructions of the Byzantine monuments located in Istanbul in 1200 AD.
3906:
2813:
in the north-west of the city became the main Imperial residence, with the old Great Palace on the shores of the
2198:
1888:
is the oldest surviving map of the city, and the only one that predates the Turkish conquest of the city in 1453.
31:
8504:
6774:
6743:
5662:
Lewis, Bernard. Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire. 1, University of Oklahoma Press, 1963. p. 6
4207:
2595:
was, despite papal excommunication, diverted in 1203 against Constantinople, ostensibly promoting the claims of
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8771:
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Constantine's foundation gave prestige to the Bishop of Constantinople, who eventually came to be known as the
3010:
1853:
1661:
1576:
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203:
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by the Sassanids and Avars in 626, Heraclius campaigned deep into Persian territory and briefly restored the
2101:
571:
402:
42:
9500:
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652:
in the late 5th century, Constantinople remained the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire (also known as the
10862:
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gave a list of groups introduced into the city with their respective origins. Even today, many quarters of
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Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies: London, 21–26 August, 2006, Volume 1
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3317:
2723:
2612:
2451:
Under the Komnenian dynasty (1081–1185), Byzantium staged a remarkable recovery. In 1090–91, the nomadic
2093:
medieval Byzantine Greek Orthodox church preserved as the Chora Museum in the Edirnekapı neighborhood of
2012:
1257:
665:
7541:
2913:
2340:, who restored the icons. These controversies contributed to the deterioration of relations between the
1936:
after their sack of Rome in 455, was brought to Constantinople and deposited for a time, perhaps in the
10738:
10684:
10423:
10295:
10285:
9985:
9865:
9743:
9674:
9562:
9531:
9374:
9314:
7811:
7581:
7229:
6683:
6473:
6359:
4630:
2826:, which in 1347 spread to Constantinople, exacerbated the people's sense that they were doomed by God.
2250:
2191:
1857:
447:
8479:
8360:
10598:
10122:
9978:
9763:
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9541:
8307:
8267:
8032:
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6727:
6706:
3659:
3649:
3599:
3297:
3169:, and many churches throughout the Slavic East. Also, alone in Europe until the 13th-century Italian
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assembled at Constantinople in 1096, but declining to put itself under Byzantine command set out for
1941:
1501:
1308:
950:
8471:
8399:
8052:
7224:
6642:
Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls: Byzantion, Konstantinupolis, Istanbul bis zum Beginn d. 17 Jh
6637:
6025:
Yule (1915), 46–49; see footnote No. 1 on p. 49 for discussion about the Byzantine diplomat sent to
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6297:
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to the capital. Military defeats, civil wars, earthquakes and natural disasters were joined by the
2806:
2765:
2330:
817:
476:
96:
8567:
7980:
7348:
7150:
6869:
1734:
1556:
1369:) in around 657 BC, across from the town of Chalcedon on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus.
10827:
10803:
10227:
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9659:
8282:
8262:
8222:
8165:
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6040:
Islamic Ritual Preaching (Khutbas) in a Contested Arena: Shi'is and Sunnis, Fatimids and Abbasids
4634:
3867:
3266:
2991:
2669:, historian of the Crusades, wrote that the sack of Constantinople is "unparalleled in history".
2345:
2124:
kept the city impenetrable from the land, while a newly discovered incendiary substance known as
2109:
1937:
1925:
1885:
1828:
1641:
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1054:
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871:
719:
392:
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6080:
Entre mémoire et pouvoir: L'espace syrien sous les derniers Omeyyades et les premiers Abbassides
2132:
to destroy the Arab fleets and keep the city supplied. In the second siege, the second ruler of
2108:
in 628, when the Persians surrendered all their conquests. However, further sieges followed the
2086:
37:"Constantinopolis" and "Konstantinoupolis" redirect here. For the town in ancient Osrhoene, see
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as having been transformed into a "fruit store and aviary". Following the death of her husband
2277:
In the 9th and 10th centuries, Constantinople had a population of between 500,000 and 800,000.
1967:
1800:), put up a memorial pillar to himself in the Forum of Taurus, and turned the ruined temple of
894:
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419:
68:
8529:
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7851:
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8312:
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6180:"The Relational Spiritual Geopolitics of Constantinople, the Capital of the Byzantine Empire"
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2502:
In artistic terms, the 12th century was a very productive period. There was a revival in the
2436:
1700:
1688:
1201:
980:
793:
reduced the land area that needed defensive walls. The city was built intentionally to rival
747:
707:
645:
352:
38:
7444:
7424:
6117:
5914:
Istanbul – Kushta – Constantinople: Narratives of Identity in the Ottoman Capital, 1830–1930
4164:
1033:) 'New Rome'. During this time, the city was also called 'Second Rome', 'Eastern Rome', and
10867:
10689:
10672:
10493:
10252:
10217:
10100:
10037:
10032:
9567:
9510:
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History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian
4393:
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3545:
3456:
3449:
3261:
educational institution that could trace its corporate origins to 425 AD, when the emperor
3258:
3077:
journal published and edited by a woman (Elpis Kesaratsian). Entering circulation in 1862,
2810:
2794:
2695:
2519:
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built the monastery of the Pantocrator (Almighty) with a hospital for the poor of 50 beds.
2302:
2298:
2285:
2183:
2176:
1993:
1816:
1696:
1444:
1372:
1062:
649:
397:
8385:
8375:
8332:
8180:
7902:
7657:
7371:
8:
9599:
9515:
9505:
9369:
9132:
9120:
9007:
8641:
8252:
7975:
7950:
7940:
7434:
7429:
7419:
7120:
7115:
7039:
6955:
6793: (archived September 15, 2006), documenting the monuments of Byzantine Constantinople
4185:
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3523:
3234:
3170:
3074:
3068:
3037:
2750:
2746:
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2560:
2556:
2369:
2214:
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2005:
1831:, which were not to be breached until the coming of gunpowder. Theodosius also founded a
1684:, a vaulted monument from which distances were measured across the Eastern Roman Empire.
1422:
1312:
778:
436:
7391:
7196:
6495:
3342:
3040:: "As for Hagia Sophia, the human mind can neither tell it nor make description of it."
2809:, the Empire had lost many of its key economic resources, and struggled to survive. The
2536:
1715:, and finally up the Seventh Hill (or Xerolophus) and through to the Golden Gate in the
1393: a narrow strip of the Thracian shore at the mouth of the Pontos,
10677:
10667:
10541:
10212:
10095:
10012:
9875:
9227:
9207:
9187:
9177:
8943:
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8370:
8005:
7912:
7806:
7571:
7546:
7409:
7317:
7267:
7095:
7067:
6765:- Very detailed article about the last days of Constantinople during the Ottoman siege.
6566:, (2012), Stephanie L. Hathaway and David W. Kim (eds), London: Continuum, pp 164–202.
6502:
6467:
6232:
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5750:
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4312:
3712:
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3479:
mounted with a golden statue of a man. The Chinese histories even related how the city
3406:
2933:
on the second day entered Constantinople through the Gate of Charisius (today known as
2596:
2460:
2444:
2270:
2229:
2152:
2137:
1997:
1959:
1848:
1677:
702:
In 324, after the Western and Eastern Roman Empires were reunited, the ancient city of
151:
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7044:
5834:
4133:
1492:
Mediterranean and Black Seas made it too valuable a settlement to abandon, as Emperor
1045:
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10733:
10638:
10571:
10551:
10519:
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10359:
10354:
10105:
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9192:
9182:
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8489:
8441:
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6423:
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2492:
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1921:
1772:, who hated the city and spent only one year there, nevertheless built the Palace of
1633:
1626:
1493:
1410:
1197:
1182:
970:
942:
923:
812:
took and devastated the city, and for several decades, its inhabitants resided under
8160:
7907:
7495:
7386:
6763:
1453, the fall of Constantinople: the end of one empire and the beginning of another
5379:
Tsiamis1, Costas; Poulakou-Rebelakou, Effie; Tsakris, Athanassios; Petridou, Eleni.
1797:
1645:
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9768:
9456:
9348:
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9202:
9116:
8901:
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8619:
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8127:
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2121:
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1955:
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1389:
It is said that the first Argives, after having received this prophecy from Pythia,
1241:
1174:
946:
813:
782:
653:
546:
316:
8170:
7710:
7652:
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7054:
6270:
The glory of Byzantium: art and culture of the Middle Byzantine era, A.D. 843–1261
4601:
Commemorative coins that were issued during the 330s already refer to the city as
2979:
1812:
built a new forum named after himself on the Mese, near the walls of Constantine.
10897:
10748:
10581:
10561:
10556:
10511:
10501:
10461:
10456:
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7168:
6809:
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6491:
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6334:
6046:
6004:
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4855:
4499:
4211:
3695:
Unnamed Mosque established during Byzantine times for visiting Muslim dignitaries
3585:
3540:
3434:
2660:
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2455:
reached the walls of Constantinople, where Emperor Alexius I with the aid of the
2419:
2326:
2237:
2218:
2040:
1819:
in 378, in which Valens and the flower of the Roman armies were destroyed by the
1622:
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958:
866:
845:
834:
759:
374:
8132:
8042:
7667:
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4946:
George Finlay, History of the Byzantine Empire, Dent, London, 1906, pp. 156–161.
4867:
3356:
2722:, and St. Michael at Anaplous. He also granted funds for the restoration of the
2571:
which burned the Latin Quarter and the area around the Gate of the Droungarios (
1656:
Constantine laid out a new square at the centre of old Byzantium, naming it the
829:
in Greece, making it an enclave inside the Ottoman Empire. The city was finally
10586:
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who wrote that Byzantians "spent their time at the market and the harbour". In
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2341:
2206:
2156:
2129:
1785:
1777:
1735:
337–529: Constantinople during the Barbarian Invasions and the fall of the West
1414:
1352:
1317:
1253:
1227:
1131:
1058:
999:
809:
790:
661:
370:
326:
253:
112:
Map of Constantinople in the Byzantine period, corresponding to the modern-day
82:
5738:
5096:
2937:
or Adrianople Gate), it is said that first thing he did was ride his horse to
107:
10821:
10506:
10383:
10349:
10087:
10022:
9995:
9880:
9495:
9435:
8846:
8185:
7955:
7381:
7282:
7105:
7026:
6756:
6540:
6377:
6313:
6049:
Paul E. Walker. University of Chicago. Anuario de Estuddios Medievales (2012)
5746:
4225:
3690:
3604:
3484:
3426:
3262:
3148:
3028:
2838:
2798:
2464:
2306:
2147:
1824:
1753:
1669:
1596:
1538:
1533:
1484:
1344:
1261:
1082:(the Great City) and was, in colloquial speech, commonly referred to as just
1066:
1014:
1011:
984:
387:
280:
267:
8047:
6553:
City of Caesar, City of God: Constantinople and Jerusalem in Late Antiquity.
5209:
4659:
Socrates II.13, cited by J B Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, p. 74.
4430:
3639:
3002:
2934:
2775:
2301:
movement caused serious political unrest throughout the Empire. The emperor
2063:, threatening Constantinople with attack from the west. Simultaneously, the
1504:. It was a move greatly criticized by the contemporary consul and historian
10267:
10242:
10222:
10027:
10005:
9860:
9108:
9103:
8937:
8719:
8519:
8142:
8104:
8037:
7682:
7596:
7536:
7234:
6945:
6930:
6159:
5119:
3664:
3609:
3445:
3430:
3229:
from 1054 onwards. Constantinople is also of great religious importance to
3153:
3036:, or the Church of Holy Wisdom. According to Russian 14th-century traveler
3033:
2938:
2922:
2719:
2684:
2644:
2548:
2428:
2261:
2246:
2168:
2160:
2090:
2011:
Justinian also had Anthemius and Isidore demolish and replace the original
2001:
1971:
1897:
1765:
1749:
1542:
1213:
1205:
1018:
1003:
992:
849:
794:
715:
657:
641:
561:
321:
311:
8870:
7576:
7272:
5381:"Epidemic waves of the Black Death in the Byzantine Empire (1347–1453 AD)"
3130:
claimed "more than 500 prostitutes" did business along the market street.
3054:
was built in the 6th century. It is the largest cistern found in Istanbul.
2031:
1823:
within a few days' march, the city looked to its defences, and in 413–414
1391: Blessed are those who will inhabit that holy city,
773:
Aerial view of Byzantine Constantinople and the Propontis (Sea of Marmara)
10768:
10743:
10237:
10047:
9814:
9420:
9405:
8509:
8461:
8416:
8000:
7985:
7662:
7601:
7462:
6940:
5123:
3644:
3476:
3429:
were, in essence, impregnable to the barbarians coming from south of the
3387:
3131:
2823:
2819:
2675:
2616:
2381:
2201:
was made on the city by a new principality set up a few years earlier at
2187:
2028:
between 541 and 542 AD. It killed perhaps 40% of the city's inhabitants.
1989:
1913:
1901:
1892:
1712:
1708:
1637:
1617:
1526:
1505:
1488:
1405:
The city maintained independence as a city-state until it was annexed by
1240:), meaning '(in)to the city'. This name was used in colloquial speech in
875:, the first known name of a settlement on the site of Constantinople was
853:
821:
786:
755:
565:
6783:
from the Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture
6556:
3285:
2873:
1564:
975:
10042:
9902:
9892:
9725:
9715:
9425:
6751:
6723:
6547:(in French) (2 ed.). Paris: Institut Français d'Etudes Byzantines.
5257:
4259:(2nd ed.). Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company. p. 177.
3737:
3518:
3194:
3178:
3115:
2377:
2373:
2318:
2125:
1980:
1976:
1917:
1905:
1789:
1728:
1692:
1657:
1434:
1096:
763:
555:
8342:
5210:
Stilbes, Constantine; Johannes M. Diethart; Wolfram Hörandner (2005).
4629:) by official decree, as reported by the 5th-century church historian
4316:
2790:
2690:
2515:
2510:
2280:
1440:
1397: where fish and stag graze on the same pasture,
238:
117:
10591:
10471:
9963:
9831:
9778:
9710:
8544:
8524:
5917:
5378:
4297:
Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
3858:
3475:, which mentioned its massive walls and gates as well as a purported
3441:
3367:
In the past the Bulgarian newspapers in the late Ottoman period were
3127:
3126:
street running across the city from east to west was a daily market.
3119:
3107:
2930:
2918:
2468:
2452:
2233:
2210:
2075:
2017:
1868:
1820:
1801:
1792:
were crowned and acclaimed at the Hebdomon. Theodosius I founded the
1608:
1592:
1584:
1571:
struck by Constantine I to commemorate the founding of Constantinople
1480:
1348:
1338:
1092:) 'the City' by Constantinopolitans and provincial Byzantines alike.
954:
931:
914:
906:
889:
703:
488:
155:
6179:
5722:
3348:
The first film made in Constantinople (and the Ottoman Empire) was,
3249:, sometimes known as the University of the Palace Hall of Magnaura (
1745:
1513:, fortifying it with a new city wall in his name, the Severan Wall.
945:(193–211), who razed the city to the ground in 196 for supporting a
816:
in a dwindling and depopulated city. In 1261, the Byzantine Emperor
769:
10117:
10017:
9968:
9826:
9758:
9546:
8122:
7922:
7188:
6852:
6815:
6262:(2013) compares Constantinople to 20 major world cities; pp 358–80.
6026:
4878:
4308:
3873:
3674:
3245:
There were many institutions in ancient Constantinople such as the
3111:
2983:
2814:
2704:
2484:
2456:
2225:
2133:
2094:
2071:
2067:
1929:
1872:
eastern Mediterranean and western Asia flowed into Constantinople.
1861:
1809:
1773:
1756:
who ruled over an undivided empire (detail from the Obelisk at the
1649:
1604:
1600:
1496:
later realized when he razed the city to the ground for supporting
1448:
1406:
1381:
1222:
1136:
1023:
988:
880:
681:
673:
242:
121:
8807:
5581:"fall of Constantinople | Facts, Summary, & Significance"
5075:
Freeman, Evan (2021). "Middle Byzantine Mosaics in Hagia Sophia".
4849:
Early Medieval and Byzantine Civilization: Constantine to Crusades
4617:). It is possible that the Emperor called the city "Second Rome" (
4609:(London 1968), p. 133), or "Constantine's City". According to the
4027:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 508–512.
3027:
empire for over a thousand years and in some ways is the nexus of
2863:
1875:
1380:, while others say he was conceived by one of Zeus' daughters and
1279:
in the title of one of their most important leaders, the Orthodox
10483:
10369:
10310:
9809:
9783:
9461:
8636:
4994:
J M Hussey, The Byzantine World, Hutchinson, London, 1967, p. 92.
4722:
4295:
Georgacas, Demetrius John (1947). "The Names of Constantinople".
3742:
3488:
3202:
3166:
2633:
2397:
2260:
One of the most famous of the surviving Byzantine mosaics of the
2060:
2056:
1933:
1793:
1784:, probably for use when reviewing troops. All the emperors up to
1676:
for chariot-races, seating over 80,000 spectators, and the famed
1460:
1021:
to Byzantium in 330 and designated his new capital officially as
987:
in 330 to commemorate the establishment of Constantinople as the
88:
7930:
6796:
6618:
Rome, Constantinople, Moscow: Historical and Theological Studies
2543:
2487:
and the West, while also trading extensively with Byzantium and
2070:
overwhelmed the Prefecture of the East and penetrated deep into
2047:
Survival, 565–717: Constantinople during the Byzantine Dark Ages
1455:
Byzantium was never a major influential city-state like that of
10112:
9887:
9753:
7125:
6265:
4120:
3438:
3233:, as the conquest of Constantinople is one of the signs of the
3182:
3020:
2954:
2656:
2608:
2503:
2480:
2424:
2361:
2236:
warriors, which Basil formed into a new bodyguard known as the
2164:
2079:
2064:
1769:
1704:
1681:
1665:
1580:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1356:
1326:
1260:
from Arabic script to Latin script. After that, as part of the
1157:
884:
798:
696:
688:
684:
669:
159:
6818:
The Deesis and other Mosaics of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople
5693:
5691:
5610:
5174:
The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages: 950–1250
3820:
2683:
For the next half-century, Constantinople was the seat of the
2392:
2356:
1962:, completed by Roman emperor Valens in the late 4th century AD
1521:
1516:
5118:
There is a source for these events: the writer and historian
4709:
Margaret Barker, Times Literary Supplement 4 May 2007, p. 26.
3911:
3846:
3402:
3230:
2958:
2946:
2655:, but it was too late. He came out with the Patriarch to the
2488:
2440:
1838:
1395: where two pups drink of the gray sea,
1377:
1364:
1235:
1161:
1087:
1038:
1028:
927:
826:
234:
113:
60:
2329:
restored the veneration of images through the agency of the
1437:, for nearly three centuries until the late 2nd century AD.
10391:
8631:
6821:
5688:
4624:
3814:
2942:
2459:
annihilated their army. In response to a call for aid from
2351:
2292:
2202:
2186:(died 842), acted as regent during the minority of her son
1979:(from the battle-cry of "Conquer!" of those involved). The
1842:
1568:
1472:
802:
692:
4475:, Metuchen, N.J., & London:The Scarecrow Press, Inc.,
3784:
3173:, the Empire continued to produce sound gold coinage, the
2745:, where Theodore Lascaris set up an imperial court, or to
2148:
717–1025: Constantinople during the Macedonian Renaissance
1413:, who saw the site as the optimal location to construct a
1347:(272–337) in 324 on the site of an already-existing city,
1148:, 'City of the Caesar (Emperor)', from the Slavonic words
6060:"Μεγάλη διαδικτυακή εγκυκλοπαίδεια της Κωνσταντινούπολης"
4675:
3805:
3796:
2776:
1261–1453: Palaiologan Era and the Fall of Constantinople
738:
of the Land Walls; and opulent aristocratic palaces. The
538:
Capital of the Byzantine Empire 395–1204 AD; 1261–1453 AD
6564:
Intercultural Transmission in the Medieval Mediterranean
4766:"Opinion | The Hagia Sophia and Turkey's Neo-Ottomanism"
3991:(18th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1884:
Map of Constantinople (1422) by Florentine cartographer
1796:
to house the skull of the saint (today preserved at the
1264:
movement, Turkey started to urge other countries to use
820:
liberated the city, and after the restoration under the
6551:
Klein, Konstantin M.: Wienand, Johannes (2022) (eds.):
6186:. Boulder : University Press of Colorado: 97–153.
4283:. Paris: Institut Français d'Études Byzantines. p. 10f.
3106:
Even before Constantinople was founded, the markets of
2818:
and by relocating Greeks from the recently reconquered
922:, are not entirely clear, though some suggest it is of
6732:. London: Hakluyt Society. Accessed 21 September 2016.
6555:
De Gruyter, Berlin 2022, ISBN 978-3-11-071720-4. doi:
5821:
Tastes of Byzantium: The Cuisine of a Legendary Empire
5493:(Main ed.). Faber & Faber. pp. 187–203.
5457:
5455:
5453:
5258:"The Restoration of Constantinople under Michael VIII"
5004:
Freeman, Evan (2021). "Hagia Sophia's Deesis Mosaic".
4134:"Preserving The Intellectual Heritage--Preface • CLIR"
2749:, where Theodore Angelus did the same; others fled to
1355:, in around 657 BC, by colonists of the city-state of
750:
and had 100,000 volumes. The city was the home of the
6593:
Constantinople: City of the World's Desire, 1453–1924
6353:
6016:
Yule (1915), 46–48; see also footnote No. 1 on p. 49.
5552:(Main ed.). Faber & Faber. pp. 95–110.
3829:
3811:
3799:
3790:
3787:
3781:
3778:
2726:, which had been seriously damaged in an earthquake.
2707:, and monumental figures of Hera, Paris, and Helen."
2599:
brother-in-law of Philip, son of the deposed emperor
2249:
who preferred this way of life to subjugation by the
1723:
in the early 5th century, it was extended to the new
1703:
with a statue of Constantine himself in the guise of
1611:. Although it did have senators, they held the title
150:
Constantinople was founded on the former site of the
6777:
Select internet resources on the history and culture
6116:
Jeffreys, Elizabeth; Haarer, Fiona K., eds. (2006).
5835:"San Marco Basilica | cathedral, Venice, Italy"
4668:
J B Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, p. 75.
3817:
3802:
3793:
3592:
1680:. At the western entrance to the Augustaeum was the
1577:
sponsoring the consolidation of the Christian church
1010:"city of Constantine") after its refoundation under
10883:
Populated places disestablished in the 20th century
6469:
Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire
5984:
Ball (2016), pp. 152–153; see also endnote No. 114.
5450:
4618:
4171:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p.
3808:
3073:Constantinople was home to the first known Western
2511:
1185–1261: Constantinople during the Imperial Exile
2376:Diogenes was captured. The peace terms demanded by
6615:
6298:"The Catholic Church in Constantinople, 1204–1453"
6267:
6224:
5890:"The Formation of the Hellenic Christian Mind" by
5171:
4385:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names
4232:. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
3600:Church of Saint Thekla of the Palace of Blachernae
3511:
2636:, which stood in the principal forum facing west.
6661:The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople
6260:1913: In Search of the World Before the Great War
6166:, 2nd edition. London & New York: Routledge.
5944:(in French). Paris: Impr. nationale. p. 194.
5159:The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople
5146:The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople
4738:: see P Neville-Ure, Justinian and his Age, 1951.
1525:A simple cross: example of iconoclast art in the
1204:is the Ancient Egyptian obelisk of Egyptian King
1130:In East and South Slavic languages, including in
905:) in around 657 BC, across from the town of
10819:
6622:. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.
6490:
5783:A History of Armenian Women's Writing, 1880–1922
3331:The first film shown in Constantinople (and the
2741:The Byzantine nobility scattered, many going to
2607:had made no preparation. The Crusaders occupied
2567:On 25 July 1197, Constantinople was struck by a
1343:Constantinople was founded by the Roman emperor
27:Capital of the Eastern Roman and Ottoman empires
10878:Populated places established in the 4th century
5309:Talbot, "Restoration of Constantinople", p. 248
5284:Talbot, "Restoration of Constantinople", p. 247
4075:The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity
2945:meet him in Hagia Sophia in order to chant the
2864:1453–1930: Ottoman and Republican Kostantiniyye
1876:527–565: Constantinople in the Age of Justinian
1664:of the Emperor with its imposing entrance, the
9261:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
6115:
5992:
5990:
5674:"The Hagia Sophia and Turkey's Neo-Ottomanism"
5297:(Harvard University Press, 1959), p. 124 n. 26
5234:Diethart and Hörandner (2005). p. 24, line 387
4331:
4329:
4327:
4325:
3009:, 6th century mosaic flooring Constantinople,
2782:Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty
2532:The Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople
1835:near the Forum of Taurus, on 27 February 425.
1695:or law-court. Then it passed through the oval
1648:in Istanbul. It is one of the few churches in
1321:The four bronze horses that used to be in the
998:Byzantium took on the name of Constantinople (
600:1391 AD: First Ottoman siege of Constantinople
8886:
6837:
6636:
6164:Rome in the East: Transformation of an Empire
5305:
5303:
5178:. Cambridge University Press. 1986. pp.
4815:. University of Michigan Press. p. 114.
4381:
3499:
1248:, the more formal adaptation of the original
1123:(Great City of the Romans) and in Persian as
6759:from the "New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia".
6703:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
6398:
6274:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
6242:Constantinople: Their Last Great Siege, 1453
5941:Les Kurdes: étude sociologique et historique
5905:
4099:An Historical Geography of Europe, 1500–1840
2737:, contemporary 15th-century French miniature
1904:after the previous one was destroyed in the
1699:where there was a second Senate-house and a
1687:From the Augustaeum led a great street, the
637:
8900:
5987:
5611:"Encyclopedia Britannica | Britannica"
5415:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5250:
5214:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 16 line 184.
4322:
3437:, a 60-kilometer chain of walls across the
3401:, before that it was published in exile in
3137:
2435:(1118–1143) is shown on the left, with the
2393:1081–1185: Constantinople under the Komneni
2039:) that protected Constantinople during the
1517:324–337: The refoundation as Constantinople
1294:
1288:
1192:
1119:. In Arabic, the city was sometimes called
941:in the early 3rd century AD by the Emperor
74:
8893:
8879:
6844:
6830:
6610:
6266:Evans, Helen C.; Wixom, William D (1997).
6177:
5642:Constantinople: City of the World's Desire
5633:
5300:
4791:Scriptores originum Constantinopolitanarum
4717:
4715:
4681:
4017:Mango, Cyril (1991). "Constantinople". In
2659:before the Great Palace and addressed the
2522:mosaic of Saint Anthony, the desert Father
2364:(Greek: Μίλ(λ)ιον), a mile-marker monument
2000:to replace it with a new and incomparable
1652:that has not been converted into a mosque.
1421:, a Greek army led by the Spartan general
1332:
964:
106:
7832:Museum of Science and Technology in Islam
6771:– Pantokrator Monastery of Constantinople
6700:
6191:
5523:Constantinople 1453: The end of Byzantium
4162:
3338:L'Arrivée d'un train en gare de La Ciotat
2978:). Two centuries later, Ottoman traveler
2914:History of Istanbul § Ottoman Empire
1351:, which was settled in the early days of
1134:, Constantinople has been referred to as
918:, more commonly known by the later Latin
10888:Populated places of the Byzantine Empire
10848:20th-century disestablishments in Turkey
6677:
6658:
6577:
6382:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
5295:Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West
4975:Runor : historia, tydning, tolkning
4291:
4289:
4167:A History of Byzantine State and Society
3989:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary
3416:
3351:Ayastefanos'taki Rus Abidesinin Yıkılışı
3147:
3046:
3032:churches of the city, in particular the
3015:
3001:
2917:
2891:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2789:
2728:
2689:
2542:
2525:
2514:
2418:
2396:
2355:
2352:1025–1081: Constantinople after Basil II
2293:Iconoclast controversy in Constantinople
2279:
2255:
2151:
2140:, rendered decisive help. He was called
2085:
2035:Restored section of the fortifications (
2030:
1954:
1891:
1879:
1847:
1744:
1668:, and its ceremonial suite known as the
1632:
1563:
1555:
1532:
1520:
1439:
1316:
1196:
1044:
974:
860:
844:
768:
10833:320s establishments in the Roman Empire
10149:
6585:. Istanbul: Çituri Biraderler Basımevi.
6239:
6122:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 36.
5937:
5863:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5672:Calian, Florin George (25 March 2021).
5545:
5520:
5486:
5353:
5203:
5074:
5003:
4764:Calian, Florin George (25 March 2021).
4712:
4382:Everett-Heath, John (24 October 2019).
3412:
3185:prized throughout the Middle Ages. Its
2805:Although Constantinople was retaken by
14:
10820:
8432:Istanbul International Puppet Festival
7931:Yalı (Ottoman-era waterfront mansions)
6812:How and why Constantinople was founded
6589:
6465:
6446:
6417:
6376:
6354:Freely, John; Ahmet S. Cakmak (2004).
6332:
6295:
6184:Political Landscapes of Capital Cities
6076:
5671:
5347:
4909:"Exposition, Dedicated to Khan Tervel"
4810:
4763:
4611:Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum
4578:
4335:
4248:
4223:
4077:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 368.
3872:
3640:Monastery of the Christ the Benefactor
3058:
1220:The modern Turkish name for the city,
909:on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus.
752:Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
648:in 330. Following the collapse of the
617:Fourth Ottoman siege of Constantinople
605:Second Ottoman siege of Constantinople
545:c. 404/05-413 AD: Construction of the
210:
182:
158:, which today is known as Istanbul in
142:
10717:
10148:
9933:
9625:
9292:
8913:
8874:
6825:
6539:
6447:Harris, Jonathan (20 November 2014).
5812:
5721:Chen, Yuan Julian (11 October 2021).
5684:from the original on 5 November 2021.
5621:from the original on 9 September 2018
5514:
5334:
4443:
4359:
4357:
4299:(The Johns Hopkins University Press)
4286:
4072:
4047:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4008:
3986:
3890:
3650:Saint John the Forerunner by-the-Dome
3397:" was published in Constantinople by
3247:Imperial University of Constantinople
3189:were much imitated (for example, see
2228:received an unusual gift from Prince
1992:(Holy Peace). Justinian commissioned
1181:(the Threshold of the State), and in
1017:, who transferred the capital of the
852:built in AD 537, during the reign of
611:Third Ottoman siege of Constantinople
556:Nika Riots and Fire of Constantinople
10873:Populated places along the Silk Road
9934:
8366:Hagia Sophia Hurrem Sultan Bathhouse
6494:(2000) . Jerome S. Arkenberg (ed.).
6420:Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium
6418:Harris, Jonathan (9 February 2017).
6320:from the original on 18 October 2019
6222:
5845:from the original on 6 February 2021
5800:from the original on 28 October 2020
5779:
5720:
5700:
5397:from the original on 19 October 2020
5151:
5138:
5109:, Steven Lowe and Dmitriy V. Ryaboy.
4804:
4394:10.1093/acref/9780191882913.001.0001
4338:Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium
4254:
4192:(1989), Guildhall Publishing, p. 76n
4144:from the original on 20 October 2017
4052:. Infobase Publishing. p. 139.
4050:Christianity: Religions of the World
3942:, p. 103. University Press, Oxford.
3901:
3615:Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus
3455:Constantinople's fame was such that
3280:
2867:
2851:Constantinople was conquered by the
808:In 1204, however, the armies of the
746:which contained the remnants of the
668:, the Turkish capital then moved to
551:474 AD: Great Fire of Constantinople
89:
9636:
6936:Church of Saint Mary of the Mongols
6356:The Byzantine Monuments of Istanbul
6210:from the original on 9 January 2022
6136:from the original on 9 January 2022
6097:from the original on 9 January 2022
5938:Nikitin, Vasiliĭ Petrovich (1956).
5591:from the original on 19 August 2020
5078:Smarthistory Guide to Byzantine Art
5007:Smarthistory Guide to Byzantine Art
3953:
3940:Count Marcellinus and His Chronicle
2797:enters Constantinople, painting by
1727:, reaching a total length of seven
584:Second Arab siege of Constantinople
24:
6509:from the original on 13 April 2020
5761:from the original on 17 April 2022
5030:Silk Road Seattle – Constantinople
4868:Past pandemics that ravaged Europe
4648:Notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae
4646:A description can be found in the
4428:
4410:from the original on 26 March 2023
4354:
4024:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
4005:
3506:List of people from Constantinople
3421:Constantinople's monumental center
2443:in the centre, and John's consort
2297:In the 8th and 9th centuries, the
1827:built the 18-metre (60-foot)-tall
1644:located in the outer courtyard of
1290:Κωνσταντινούπολις/Κωνσταντινούπολη
722:, which served as the seat of the
578:First Arab siege of Constantinople
542:330 AD: Founding of Constantinople
25:
10914:
10759:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
6748:History of the Later Roman Empire
6737:
6451:. Bloomsbury, 2nd edition, 2014.
6422:. Bloomsbury, 2nd edition, 2017.
6083:(in French). Brill. p. 235.
6029:who was named in Chinese sources.
5818:
5342:Crusades: The Illustrated History
5247:, Cambridge 1966 , vol 3, p. 123.
4813:Crusades: The Illustrated History
4236:from the original on 22 July 2010
3593:Churches, monasteries and mosques
2563:. The borders are very uncertain.
1419:Second Persian invasion of Greece
10893:Roman towns and cities in Turkey
10843:1930 disestablishments in Turkey
10798:
8853:
8852:
8840:
7468:Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque
6680:The Fall of Constantinople, 1453
6644:(in German). Tübingen: Wasmuth.
6109:
6070:
6052:
6032:
6019:
6010:
5978:
5948:
5931:
5884:
5857:
5827:
5546:Crowley, Roger (18 April 2013).
5487:Crowley, Roger (18 April 2013).
4698:Bibliothèque nationale de France
4460:The Dictionary of Misinformation
3774:
3700:
3660:Church of Saint Andrew in Krisei
3284:
2872:
2372:in Armenia in 1071. The Emperor
1719:. After the construction of the
1275:is still used by members of the
1266:Turkish names for Turkish cities
1258:the Turkish alphabet was changed
1156:('city'). This was presumably a
730:, where the emperors lived; the
209:
202:
181:
174:
141:
134:
9148:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
8970:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
8654:Getronagan Armenian High School
7627:Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum
7164:Fountain of Ahmed III (Üsküdar)
6399:Hanna-Riitta, Toivanen (2007).
6152:
5966:from the original on 5 May 2018
5773:
5727:Journal of Early Modern History
5714:
5665:
5656:
5603:
5573:
5539:
5480:
5423:
5372:
5356:Byzantium: The Decline and Fall
5325:
5312:
5287:
5278:
5237:
5228:
5164:
5129:
5112:
5085:
5068:
5059:
5042:
5023:
5014:
4997:
4988:
4967:
4958:
4949:
4940:
4931:
4901:
4884:
4861:
4842:
4829:
4799:History of the Byzantine Empire
4783:
4757:
4741:
4728:
4703:
4687:
4662:
4653:
4640:
4595:
4572:
4563:
4554:
4545:
4536:
4527:
4514:
4505:
4486:
4465:
4452:
4422:
4375:
4366:
4273:
4217:
4195:
4179:
4156:
4126:
4112:
4091:
3630:Monastery of Christ Pantepoptes
3512:Secular buildings and monuments
2182:Theodora, widow of the Emperor
2167:above the Imperial Gate in the
1170:), 'the city of the emperor '.
758:'s holiest relics, such as the
676:in 1930, the city is today the
656:; 330–1204 and 1261–1453), the
32:Constantinople (disambiguation)
10903:Capitals of the Ottoman Empire
10233:Great Palace of Constantinople
9974:Patriarchate of Constantinople
9293:
8772:Ulus Ashkenazi Jewish Cemetery
8515:Lütfi Kırdar Exhibition Center
8500:Cemil Topuzlu Open-Air Theatre
7592:Museum of the Princes' Islands
6803:Constantine and Constantinople
6007:. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
5869:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
5823:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 61–63.
5358:. Penguin Books. p. 217.
4973:Enoksen, Lars Magnar. (1998).
4723:https://doi.org/10.2307/632550
4579:Wasson, D. L. (9 April 2013).
4190:Byzantium: The Early Centuries
4097:Pounds, Norman John Greville.
4066:
4041:
3980:
3971:
3962:
3932:
3761:
3655:Church of Theotokos Kyriotissa
2427:from the upper gallery of the
2051:In the early 7th century, the
1854:Great Palace of Constantinople
695:, and the financial center of
418:, including fall of the city (
13:
1:
8767:Ulus Sephardi Jewish Cemetery
8684:Şişli Greek Orthodox Cemetery
8608:Surp Pırgiç Armenian Hospital
7726:Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar Museum
7303:Phanar Greek Orthodox College
6726:(1915). Henri Cordier (ed.),
5998:East Asian History Sourcebook
5354:Norwich, John Julius (1996).
4101:, p. 124. CUP Archive, 1979.
3925:
3576:Palace of the Porphyrogenitus
2410:
1546:
1426:
1293:) or simply just "the City" (
937:The city was briefly renamed
678:second largest city in Europe
572:First siege of Constantinople
10695:University of Constantinople
10276:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
9626:
9426:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
9115:Byzantine successor states (
7822:Museum of Heating Appliances
7741:Museum of Whirling Dervishes
7587:Museum of the Ancient Orient
7552:Istanbul Archaeology Museums
6989:Bulgarian St. Stephen Church
6851:
6775:Constantinoupolis on the web
5786:. Cambridge Scholars Press.
5212:Constantinus Stilbes Poemata
4625:
4473:Place Name changes 1900–1991
3959:Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 86.
3912:
3892:[kõːstantiːˈnɔpɔlɪs]
3859:
3748:Timeline of Istanbul history
3691:Monastery of the Pantokrator
3362:
3265:founded the Pandidacterium (
3255:Πανδιδακτήριον τῆς Μαγναύρας
3240:
3165:in Venice, the basilicas of
3021:Constantinople apple quinces
2834:became "the city of ruins".
2768:under the command of Caesar
1922:Temple treasure of Jerusalem
1900:was commissioned by Emperor
1758:Hippodrome of Constantinople
1323:Hippodrome of Constantinople
1210:Hippodrome of Constantinople
740:University of Constantinople
640:) became the capital of the
596:Reconquest of Constantinople
7:
10365:Saint Catherine's Monastery
9421:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
9416:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
8914:
8540:Ülker Sports and Event Hall
7802:Florence Nightingale Museum
7756:Sait Faik Abasıyanık Museum
7706:Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Museum
7004:Church of St. Mary Draperis
6659:Phillips, Jonathan (2005).
6557:City of Caesar, City of God
6336:Istanbul: The Imperial City
6296:Frazee, Charles A. (1978).
6178:Bogdanović, Jelena (2016).
5871:, Oxford University Press,
5711:Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 28
5020:Vasiliev 1952, pp. 343–344.
4977:. Historiska Media, Falun.
4694:Liber insularum Archipelagi
4605:(see, e.g., Michael Grant,
4436:Online Etymology Dictionary
4388:. Oxford University Press.
3874:[konstandiˈnupolis]
3620:Church of the Holy Apostles
3494:
3318:Media of the Ottoman Empire
3208:
3201:such as Constantinople and
2757:from its last Latin ruler,
2724:Church of the Holy Apostles
2651:, who had married into the
2251:new Norman kings of England
2100:While the city withstood a
2013:Church of the Holy Apostles
1940:, before being returned to
1804:into a coach house for the
1099:), used the Old Norse name
1057:, might have belonged to a
912:The origins of the name of
666:Turkish War of Independence
664:(1453–1922). Following the
10:
10919:
10853:Capitals of former nations
10754:Neo-Byzantine architecture
10718:
9375:Comes sacrarum largitionum
8659:Pangaltı Mkhitaryan School
8586:Pangaltı Armenian Cemetery
8581:Pangaltı Catholic Cemetery
7812:Kandilli Earthquake Museum
7632:Turkish Calligraphy Museum
6701:Treadgold, Warren (1997).
6684:Cambridge University Press
6474:Princeton University Press
6449:Byzantium and the Crusades
6360:Cambridge University Press
6193:10.5876/9781607324690.c003
5960:Barbarism and Civilization
5645:. Penguin History Travel,
4955:Finlay, 1906, pp. 174–175.
4811:Madden, Thomas F. (2004).
4631:Socrates of Constantinople
4619:
4585:World History Encyclopedia
4163:Treadgold, Warren (1997).
3847:
3500:People from Constantinople
3315:
3270:
3141:
3101:
3062:
2997:
2911:
2779:
2431:, Constantinople. Emperor
1946:Church of the Resurrection
1924:, looted by the Romans in
1858:Great Palace Mosaic Museum
1829:triple-wall fortifications
1794:Church of John the Baptist
1738:
1365:
1336:
1306:
1302:
1236:
1162:
1160:on a Greek phrase such as
1088:
1029:
968:
898:
560:537 AD: Completion of the
533:Timeline of Constantinople
448:Historic Areas of Istanbul
437:UNESCO World Heritage Site
61:
36:
29:
10781:
10724:
10713:
10634:
10534:
10492:
10437:
10382:
10337:
10324:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
10309:
10266:
10198:
10168:
10159:
10155:
10144:
10086:
9944:
9940:
9929:
9851:
9797:
9736:
9693:
9645:
9632:
9621:
9580:
9555:
9524:
9483:
9474:
9449:
9393:
9357:
9310:
9303:
9299:
9288:
9161:
9077:
9024:
8955:
8926:
8922:
8909:
8834:
8784:Balat Or-Ahayim Hastanesi
8752:
8669:
8566:
8557:
8470:
8407:
8394:
8341:
8203:
8151:
8113:
8080:
8071:
8018:
7921:
7883:
7874:
7792:
7764:
7691:
7645:
7517:
7508:
7481:
7453:
7400:
7357:
7339:
7330:
7258:
7210:
7187:
7149:
7086:
7053:
7025:
7016:
6979:
6921:
6868:
6859:
6787:Welcome to Constantinople
6757:History of Constantinople
6707:Stanford University Press
6678:Runciman, Steven (1990).
6528:, 1st edition. New York.
5739:10.1163/15700658-bja10030
5245:A History of the Crusades
4793:, ed T Preger I 105 (see
4336:Harris, Jonathan (2009).
3254:
2975:
2647:and offered the crown to
2315:church of the Holy Virgin
1309:History of Constantinople
1295:
1289:
1177:the city was also called
1152:('Caesar' or 'King') and
879:, a settlement likely of
537:
532:
524:
520:
510:
502:
494:
484:
469:
461:
453:
443:
434:
430:
411:
380:
366:
358:
348:
343:
335:
304:
296:
259:
249:
230:
128:
105:
58:
41:. For the newspaper, see
9898:Droungarios of the Fleet
7527:Art and Sculpture Museum
6596:. St. Martin's Griffin.
6545:Constantinople Byzantine
6077:Borrut, Antoine (2011).
5928:, 9781351805223. p. 267.
5388:Le Infezioni in Medicina
4854:August 26, 2015, at the
4522:Patria of Constantinople
4281:Constantinople byzantine
3754:
3733:Sieges of Constantinople
3723:Eparch of Constantinople
3686:Church of Saint Theodore
3625:Church of St. Polyeuctus
3399:Mikdad Midhad Bedir Khan
3382:Between 1908 (after the
3276:
3138:Architecture and coinage
3110:were mentioned first by
2961:rule in Constantinople.
2953:cathedral into a Muslim
2807:Michael VIII Palaiologos
2766:Michael VIII Palaiologos
2331:Second Council of Nicaea
2059:overwhelmed much of the
1409:in 512 BC into the
1353:Greek colonial expansion
1193:Modern names of the city
1127:(Throne of the Romans).
1035:Roma Constantinopolitana
840:
818:Michael VIII Palaiologos
515:Europe and North America
416:Sieges of Constantinople
190:Constantinople (Marmara)
10412:Early Byzantine mosaics
9774:Domestic of the Schools
8591:Şişli Armenian Cemetery
8457:Istanbul Tulip Festival
8447:Istanbul Music Festival
8243:Bet Yaakov (Heybeliada)
7817:Museum of Culinary Arts
7673:Walls of Constantinople
7637:Women's Museum İstanbul
7078:Cistern of the Hebdomon
7073:Cistern of 1001 Columns
6781:Info on the name change
6638:Müller-Wiener, Wolfgang
6590:Mansel, Philip (1998).
6466:Herrin, Judith (2008).
6240:Crowley, Roger (2005).
5839:Encyclopedia Britannica
5780:Rowe, Victoria (2003).
5585:Encyclopedia Britannica
5525:. Praeger. p. 32.
5521:Nicolle, David (2005).
4801:, 1952, vol I, p. 188).
4725:. Accessed 9 Nov. 2023.
4635:Names of Constantinople
4569:Cassius Dio, ix, p. 195
4560:Harris, 2007, pp. 44–45
4542:Harris, 2007, pp. 24–25
4340:. Bloomsbury Academic.
4279:Janin, Raymond (1964).
3491:in a peace settlement.
3326:
2761:, by the forces of the
2735:siege of Constantinople
2603:. The reigning emperor
1938:Church of St Polyeuctus
1886:Cristoforo Buondelmonti
1815:After the shock of the
1642:Eastern Orthodox Church
1333:Foundation of Byzantium
1277:Eastern Orthodox Church
1252:, during the period of
1189:(City of Constantine).
971:Names of Constantinople
965:Names of Constantinople
724:Ecumenical Patriarchate
720:Eastern Orthodox Church
718:, the cathedral of the
218:Constantinople (Turkey)
10729:Byzantine commonwealth
9491:Praetorian prefectures
9411:Logothetes tou genikou
9385:Quaestor sacri palatii
9380:Comes rerum privatarum
9153:Fall of Constantinople
9092:Sack of Constantinople
8708:Istanbul Greek dialect
8696:Balıklı Greek Hospital
8452:Istanbul Shopping Fest
8437:Istanbul Jazz Festival
8427:Istanbul Film Festival
8248:Bet Yaakov (Kuzguncuk)
8053:Polonezköy Nature Park
7966:Ibrahim Pasha Pavilion
7837:Natural History Museum
7721:Florya Atatürk Mansion
7701:Adam Mickiewicz Museum
7473:Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque
7225:Dolmabahçe Clock Tower
7174:Sultan Mahmut Fountain
6999:Church of Saint Benoit
6966:St. George’s Cathedral
6769:Monuments of Byzantium
6583:The Tourists' Istanbul
5892:Demetrios Constantelos
5447:, Channel 4 – History.
5135:Vasiliev 1952, p. 472.
5065:Vasiliev 1952, p. 261.
5056:: Finlay 1906, p. 111.
4937:Vasiliev 1952, p. 251.
4471:Room, Adrian, (1993),
3883:
3708:Ahmed Bican Yazıcıoğlu
3483:in the 7th century by
3422:
3157:
3144:Byzantine architecture
3055:
3023:
3013:
2949:thus transforming the
2926:
2802:
2786:Fall of Constantinople
2770:Alexios Strategopoulos
2738:
2699:
2681:
2585:Boniface of Montferrat
2576:
2564:
2540:
2523:
2448:
2416:
2365:
2289:
2265:
2172:
2097:
2043:
1963:
1909:
1889:
1864:
1761:
1672:. Nearby was the vast
1653:
1572:
1561:
1553:
1530:
1452:
1403:
1329:
1217:
1216:in the 4th century AD.
1078:(Queen of Cities) and
1070:
995:
857:
831:besieged and conquered
774:
712:Christian civilization
623:Fall of Constantinople
590:Sack of Constantinople
465:(i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
75:
10858:Constantine the Great
10429:Komnenian renaissance
10424:Macedonian period art
10329:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
10301:Walls of Thessaloniki
9401:Logothetes tou dromou
9016:Twenty Years' Anarchy
8980:Valentinianic dynasty
8975:Constantinian dynasty
7961:Hatice Sultan Mansion
7876:Palaces and pavilions
7557:Istanbul Contemporary
7349:Ertuğrul Tekke Mosque
7245:Nusretiye Clock Tower
7159:Fountain of Ahmed III
7131:Obelisk of Theodosius
7101:Column of Constantine
6878:Armenian Patriarchate
6333:Freely, John (1998).
5463:"History of Istanbul"
5269:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
5052:and removed again by
4964:Finlay, 1906, p. 379.
4255:Room, Adrian (2006).
4230:Catholic Encyclopedia
4205:, book IV, chapter XI
3987:Roach, Peter (2011).
3938:Croke, Brian (2001).
3571:Cistern of Philoxenos
3551:Obelisk of Theodosius
3459:even in contemporary
3420:
3386:) and 1914 (start of
3384:Young Turk Revolution
3151:
3090:to submit essays for
3063:Further information:
3050:
3019:
3011:Grand Imperial Palace
3005:
2921:
2793:
2732:
2693:
2671:
2546:
2529:
2518:
2422:
2400:
2359:
2311:church council in 754
2283:
2259:
2155:
2089:
2034:
1958:
1895:
1883:
1851:
1748:
1636:
1567:
1559:
1536:
1524:
1443:
1386:
1320:
1212:by the Roman emperor
1202:Obelisk of Theodosius
1200:
1048:
1002:: Κωνσταντινούπολις,
981:Column of Constantine
978:
861:Before Constantinople
848:
772:
748:Library of Alexandria
708:Constantine the Great
672:. Officially renamed
660:(1204–1261), and the
646:Constantine the Great
353:Constantine the Great
281:41.01250°N 28.98000°E
39:Constantia (Osrhoene)
10626:Units of measurement
10360:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
10253:Pammakaristos Church
10101:Corpus Juris Civilis
10052:Missionary activity
9511:Exarchate of Ravenna
9337:Imperial bureaucracy
8495:Bostancı Show Center
8033:Büyükada Nature Park
7996:Sadberk Hanım Museum
7936:Aynalıkavak Pavilion
7847:Museum of Psychiatry
7617:Sakıp Sabancı Museum
7612:Sadberk Hanım Museum
7202:Rüstem Pasha Medrese
6961:Pammakaristos Church
6816:Hagia Sophia Mosaics
6223:Bury, J. B. (1958).
4493:Britannica, Istanbul
3670:Pammakaristos Church
3546:Horses of Saint Mark
3413:International status
3215:Ecumenical Patriarch
3156:, currently a Mosque
2811:palace of Blachernae
2795:Mehmed the Conqueror
2710:The Nicaean emperor
2696:Pammakaristos Church
2520:Pammakaristos Church
2471:on its own account.
2325:in 780, the empress
2286:Pammakaristos Church
2224:In 980, the emperor
2192:monastery of Gastria
1994:Anthemius of Tralles
1817:Battle of Adrianople
1776:on the shore of the
1697:Forum of Constantine
1445:Pammakaristos Church
1373:Hesychius of Miletus
1063:Forum of Constantine
650:Western Roman Empire
644:during the reign of
165:Show map of Istanbul
30:For other uses, see
10863:History of Istanbul
10150:Culture and society
10013:Ecumenical councils
9516:Exarchate of Africa
9506:Quaestura exercitus
9370:Magister officiorum
9365:Praetorian prefects
9008:Byzantine Dark Ages
8530:Süreyya Opera House
8100:Karaköy Fish Market
7951:Esma Sultan Mansion
7941:Adile Sultan Palace
7852:Rahmi M. Koç Museum
7736:Museum of Innocence
7597:Ottoman Bank Museum
7567:İstanbul Toy Museum
7121:Forum of Theodosius
7116:Column of the Goths
6994:Church of St. Padua
6956:Little Hagia Sophia
6244:. Faber and Faber.
6066:on 5 December 2015.
5920:, 10 October 2018.
5678:The Armenian Weekly
5331:Hussey 1967, p. 70.
4881:, November 7, 2005.
4770:The Armenian Weekly
4753:Encyclopædia Romana
4551:Harris, 2007, p. 45
4462:, Ballantine, 1977.
4224:Vailhé, S. (1908).
4186:John Julius Norwich
4073:Parry, Ken (2010).
4048:Parry, Ken (2009).
3605:Church of Myrelaion
3524:Column of Justinian
3487:and how he exacted
3223:Western Catholicism
3069:Armenian newspapers
3059:Women in literature
3038:Stephen of Novgorod
2667:Sir Steven Runciman
2605:Alexios III Angelos
2561:Despotate of Epirus
2557:Empire of Trebizond
2370:Battle of Manzikert
2284:Mosaic of Jesus in
2026:Plague of Justinian
1948:or the New Church.
1313:History of Istanbul
1285:Konstantinoúpoli(s)
1226:, derives from the
1111:'city'), and later
277: /
193:Show map of Marmara
55:
10838:330 establishments
10567:Flags and insignia
10213:Baths of Zeuxippus
10096:Codex Theodosianus
9986:Oriental Orthodoxy
8944:Later Roman Empire
8820:Ulus Jewish school
8603:Surp Agop Hospital
8417:Feast of Sacrifice
8371:Mahmut Pasha Hamam
8361:Çemberlitaş Hamamı
8166:Abdi İpekçi Street
8006:Vahdettin Pavilion
7807:ITU Science Center
7751:Pierre Loti Museum
7746:Orhan Kemal Museum
7547:Galatasaray Museum
7445:Süleymaniye Mosque
7410:Atik Valide Mosque
7318:Tayyare Apartments
7268:Aqueduct of Valens
7250:Yıldız Clock Tower
7096:Column of Arcadius
6808:5 May 2018 at the
6526:Sword and Scimitar
6503:Fordham University
6440:2021-05-30 at the
6258:Emerson, Charles.
6233:Dover Publications
6045:2015-07-01 at the
6003:2016-10-09 at the
5865:Kazhdan, Alexander
5615:www.britannica.com
5467:istanbultarihi.ist
5263:2020-11-27 at the
5039:, Daniel C. Waugh.
5035:2006-09-17 at the
4873:2017-10-07 at the
4858:, Kenneth W. Harl.
4789:Source for quote:
4607:The climax of Rome
4498:2007-12-18 at the
4372:Harris, 2007, p. 5
4210:2017-01-01 at the
4019:Kazhdan, Alexander
3713:Byzantine calendar
3423:
3296:. You can help by
3163:St Mark's Basilica
3158:
3056:
3024:
3014:
2927:
2803:
2739:
2700:
2626:Alexios Murzuphlos
2597:Alexios IV Angelos
2565:
2541:
2524:
2449:
2417:
2366:
2360:A fragment of the
2290:
2271:Book of the Eparch
2266:
2173:
2159:(886–912) adoring
2098:
2044:
1998:Isidore of Miletus
1964:
1960:Aqueduct of Valens
1910:
1890:
1865:
1841:, a prince of the
1806:Praetorian Prefect
1762:
1717:Constantinian Wall
1678:Baths of Zeuxippus
1654:
1573:
1562:
1554:
1531:
1529:Church in Istanbul
1453:
1330:
1218:
1208:re-erected in the
1071:
1055:Çemberlitaş, Fatih
1008:Kōnstantinoupolis;
996:
858:
775:
687:and lying in both
485:Reference no.
286:41.01250; 28.98000
221:Show map of Turkey
53:
10815:
10814:
10777:
10776:
10734:Byzantine studies
10709:
10708:
10705:
10704:
10520:Alexander Romance
10378:
10377:
10355:Nea Moni of Chios
10218:Blachernae Palace
10140:
10139:
10136:
10135:
10106:Code of Justinian
9954:Eastern Orthodoxy
9925:
9924:
9921:
9920:
9847:
9846:
9721:Scholae Palatinae
9617:
9616:
9613:
9612:
9582:Foreign relations
9576:
9575:
9470:
9469:
9284:
9283:
9280:
9279:
9083:(1204–1453)
8868:
8867:
8847:Turkey portal
8830:
8829:
8742:Zografeion Lyceum
8553:
8552:
8490:BJK Akatlar Arena
8442:Istanbul Marathon
8422:Istanbul Biennial
8386:Vezneciler Hamamı
8376:Süleymaniye Hamam
8199:
8198:
8014:
8013:
7946:Cantemir Pavilion
7903:Dolmabahçe Palace
7893:Beylerbeyi Palace
7870:
7869:
7731:İsmet İnönü House
7678:Yedikule Fortress
7542:Fenerbahçe Museum
7504:
7503:
7372:Dolmabahçe Mosque
7367:Altunizade Mosque
7326:
7325:
7313:Soğukçeşme Sokağı
7298:Pera Palace Hotel
7278:Divanyolu Caddesi
7230:Etfal Clock Tower
7111:Column of Marcian
7012:
7011:
6716:978-0-8047-2630-6
6693:978-1-84413-080-1
6670:978-1-84413-080-1
6651:978-3-8030-1022-3
6603:978-0-312-18708-8
6572:978-1-4411-3908-5
6534:978-0-306-82555-2
6483:978-0-691-13151-1
6458:978-1-78093-767-0
6429:978-1-4742-5465-6
6410:978-952-5031-41-6
6391:978-0-7538-1881-7
6384:. Phoenix Press.
6369:978-0-521-77257-0
6346:978-0-14-024461-8
6281:978-0-8109-6507-2
6251:978-0-571-22185-1
6172:978-0-415-72078-6
5878:978-0-19-504652-6
5793:978-1-904303-23-7
5559:978-0-571-29820-4
5500:978-0-571-29820-4
5431:"The Black Death"
5243:Steven Runciman,
5221:978-3-598-71235-7
5189:978-0-521-26645-1
5099:on 29 August 2005
4896:978-0-670-02098-0
4533:Thucydides, I, 94
4429:Harper, Douglas.
4403:978-0-19-188291-3
4347:978-082-643-086-1
4266:978-0-7864-2248-7
3998:978-0-521-15253-2
3910:
3861:Kōnstantinoúpolis
3856:
3848:Κωνσταντινούπολις
3681:Toklu Dede Mosque
3536:Column of Marcian
3481:had been besieged
3461:Chinese histories
3314:
3313:
3235:End time in Islam
3227:Eastern Orthodoxy
3199:Byzantine centers
3191:Caernarfon Castle
2910:
2909:
2842:captured the city
2712:John III Vatatzes
2649:Theodore Lascaris
2493:Manuel I Komnenos
2142:Saviour of Europe
1595:, rather than an
1494:Septimius Severus
1487:, and had in the
1121:Rūmiyyat al-Kubra
943:Septimius Severus
680:, straddling the
631:
630:
528:
527:
480:
62:Κωνσταντινούπολις
44:Konstantinoupolis
18:Konstantinoupolis
16:(Redirected from
10910:
10802:
10715:
10714:
10658:Imperial Library
10604:Byzantine Greeks
10345:Daphni Monastery
10296:Panagia Chalkeon
10291:Hagios Demetrios
10258:Prison of Anemas
10208:Basilica Cistern
10166:
10165:
10157:
10156:
10146:
10145:
10001:West Syriac Rite
9991:Alexandrian Rite
9942:
9941:
9935:Religion and law
9931:
9930:
9866:Maritime themata
9822:Palaiologan army
9675:Military manuals
9643:
9642:
9634:
9633:
9623:
9622:
9481:
9480:
9457:Megas logothetes
9308:
9307:
9301:
9300:
9290:
9289:
9163:By modern region
9084:
9031:
9030:(717–1204)
8962:
8924:
8923:
8911:
8910:
8902:Byzantine Empire
8895:
8888:
8881:
8872:
8871:
8856:
8855:
8845:
8844:
8843:
8620:Western Armenian
8564:
8563:
8405:
8404:
8351:Bayezid II Hamam
8078:
8077:
8058:Taksim Gezi Park
7981:Küçüksu Pavilion
7976:Khedive's Palace
7971:Ihlamur Pavilion
7881:
7880:
7607:Rezan Has Museum
7515:
7514:
7491:Sancaklar Mosque
7392:Teşvikiye Mosque
7377:Nusretiye Mosque
7337:
7336:
7308:Prison of Anemas
7197:Caferağa Medrese
7179:Tophane Fountain
7068:Şerefiye Cistern
7063:Basilica Cistern
7035:Büyük Valide Han
7023:
7022:
6866:
6865:
6846:
6839:
6832:
6823:
6822:
6720:
6697:
6674:
6655:
6633:
6621:
6612:Meyendorff, John
6607:
6586:
6579:Mamboury, Ernest
6548:
6522:Ibrahim, Raymond
6518:
6516:
6514:
6492:Hirth, Friedrich
6487:
6462:
6433:
6414:
6395:
6373:
6350:
6329:
6327:
6325:
6292:
6290:
6288:
6273:
6255:
6236:
6230:
6219:
6217:
6215:
6195:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6113:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6102:
6074:
6068:
6067:
6062:. Archived from
6056:
6050:
6036:
6030:
6023:
6017:
6014:
6008:
5994:
5985:
5982:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5971:
5956:"Constantinople"
5952:
5946:
5945:
5935:
5929:
5909:
5903:
5888:
5882:
5881:
5861:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5831:
5825:
5824:
5816:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5805:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5718:
5712:
5709:
5698:
5695:
5686:
5685:
5669:
5663:
5660:
5654:
5639:Mansel, Philip.
5637:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5607:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5577:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5566:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5518:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5484:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5459:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5442:
5433:. Archived from
5427:
5421:
5420:
5414:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5396:
5385:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5351:
5345:
5338:
5332:
5329:
5323:
5316:
5310:
5307:
5298:
5291:
5285:
5282:
5276:
5254:
5248:
5241:
5235:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5177:
5168:
5162:
5155:
5149:
5142:
5136:
5133:
5127:
5116:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5095:. Archived from
5089:
5083:
5082:
5072:
5066:
5063:
5057:
5046:
5040:
5027:
5021:
5018:
5012:
5011:
5001:
4995:
4992:
4986:
4971:
4965:
4962:
4956:
4953:
4947:
4944:
4938:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4915:. Archived from
4905:
4899:
4888:
4882:
4865:
4859:
4846:
4840:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4808:
4802:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4761:
4755:
4745:
4739:
4732:
4726:
4719:
4710:
4707:
4701:
4691:
4685:
4679:
4673:
4666:
4660:
4657:
4651:
4644:
4638:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4603:Constantinopolis
4599:
4593:
4592:
4591:on 28 June 2021.
4587:. Archived from
4581:"Constantinople"
4576:
4570:
4567:
4561:
4558:
4552:
4549:
4543:
4540:
4534:
4531:
4525:
4518:
4512:
4509:
4503:
4490:
4484:
4469:
4463:
4456:
4450:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4379:
4373:
4370:
4364:
4361:
4352:
4351:
4333:
4320:
4293:
4284:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4226:"Constantinople"
4221:
4215:
4199:
4193:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4170:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4130:
4124:
4116:
4110:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4014:
4003:
4002:
3984:
3978:
3975:
3969:
3966:
3960:
3957:
3951:
3936:
3919:
3915:
3905:
3903:
3894:
3889:
3884:Cōnstantīnopolis
3876:
3871:
3864:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3773:
3765:
3581:Prison of Anemas
3566:Palace of Lausus
3531:Basilica Cistern
3472:New Book of Tang
3457:it was described
3343:Lumière Brothers
3322:Cinema of Turkey
3309:
3306:
3288:
3281:
3272:
3256:
3065:Armenian Culture
3052:Basilica Cistern
2977:
2905:
2902:
2896:
2876:
2868:
2657:Golden Milestone
2641:Alexios V Doukas
2630:Athena Promachos
2601:Isaac II Angelos
2581:Philip of Swabia
2553:Empire of Nicaea
2537:Eugène Delacroix
2415:
2412:
2403:Byzantine Empire
2242:Thracesian Theme
2215:Princes' Islands
2122:Theodosian Walls
2037:Theodosian Walls
1741:Palace of Lausus
1721:Theodosian Walls
1670:Palace of Daphne
1551:
1548:
1511:Augusta Antonina
1498:Pescennius Niger
1431:
1428:
1368:
1367:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1239:
1238:
1185:, it was called
1165:
1164:
1091:
1090:
1032:
1031:
939:Augusta Antonina
900:
814:Latin occupation
783:Theodosian Walls
754:and guardian of
744:Imperial Library
654:Byzantine Empire
547:Theodosian Walls
530:
529:
474:
317:Byzantine Empire
292:
291:
289:
288:
287:
282:
278:
275:
274:
273:
270:
222:
213:
212:
206:
194:
185:
184:
178:
166:
145:
144:
138:
110:
100:
92:
91:
86:
78:
76:Constantinopolis
72:
64:
63:
56:
52:
21:
10918:
10917:
10913:
10912:
10911:
10909:
10908:
10907:
10818:
10817:
10816:
10811:
10808:
10773:
10749:Cyrillic script
10720:
10701:
10646:
10630:
10530:
10512:Digenes Akritas
10488:
10433:
10374:
10338:Other locations
10333:
10305:
10262:
10194:
10183:Cross-in-square
10151:
10132:
10082:
9936:
9917:
9843:
9793:
9789:Varangian Guard
9732:
9706:East Roman army
9701:Late Roman army
9689:
9628:
9609:
9572:
9551:
9520:
9466:
9445:
9441:Epi ton deeseon
9431:Epi tou eidikou
9389:
9353:
9295:
9276:
9263:
9166:
9164:
9157:
9143:Palaiologan era
9085:
9082:
9073:
9044:Nikephorian era
9032:
9029:
9020:
8963:
8961:(330–717)
8960:
8951:
8931:
8918:
8905:
8899:
8869:
8864:
8841:
8839:
8826:
8748:
8665:
8549:
8535:Kuruçeşme Arena
8505:Cemal Reşit Rey
8466:
8390:
8381:Tahtakale Hamam
8356:Cağaloğlu Hamam
8343:Hammams (baths)
8337:
8268:Hesed Le Avraam
8195:
8176:İstiklal Avenue
8147:
8109:
8067:
8010:
7991:Maslak Pavilion
7917:
7866:
7827:Museum of Media
7788:
7779:Military Museum
7774:Aviation Museum
7760:
7687:
7641:
7622:SantralIstanbul
7562:İstanbul Modern
7532:Doğançay Museum
7500:
7477:
7449:
7420:Selimiye Mosque
7396:
7353:
7322:
7293:Mısır Apartment
7254:
7206:
7183:
7169:German Fountain
7145:
7082:
7049:
7008:
6975:
6917:
6855:
6850:
6810:Wayback Machine
6791:Wayback Machine
6740:
6735:
6717:
6694:
6671:
6652:
6630:
6604:
6512:
6510:
6484:
6459:
6442:Wayback Machine
6430:
6411:
6392:
6370:
6347:
6323:
6321:
6286:
6284:
6282:
6252:
6213:
6211:
6204:
6155:
6150:
6149:
6139:
6137:
6130:
6114:
6110:
6100:
6098:
6091:
6075:
6071:
6058:
6057:
6053:
6047:Wayback Machine
6037:
6033:
6024:
6020:
6015:
6011:
6005:Wayback Machine
5996:Hirth (2000) ,
5995:
5988:
5983:
5979:
5969:
5967:
5954:
5953:
5949:
5936:
5932:
5910:
5906:
5889:
5885:
5879:
5862:
5858:
5848:
5846:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5819:Dalby, Andrew.
5817:
5813:
5803:
5801:
5794:
5778:
5774:
5764:
5762:
5719:
5715:
5710:
5701:
5696:
5689:
5670:
5666:
5661:
5657:
5638:
5634:
5624:
5622:
5609:
5608:
5604:
5594:
5592:
5579:
5578:
5574:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5544:
5540:
5533:
5519:
5515:
5505:
5503:
5501:
5485:
5481:
5471:
5469:
5461:
5460:
5451:
5440:
5438:
5437:on 25 June 2008
5429:
5428:
5424:
5408:
5407:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5383:
5377:
5373:
5366:
5352:
5348:
5339:
5335:
5330:
5326:
5320:Emperor Michael
5317:
5313:
5308:
5301:
5292:
5288:
5283:
5279:
5265:Wayback Machine
5255:
5251:
5242:
5238:
5233:
5229:
5222:
5208:
5204:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5156:
5152:
5143:
5139:
5134:
5130:
5117:
5113:
5102:
5100:
5093:"The Pechenegs"
5091:
5090:
5086:
5073:
5069:
5064:
5060:
5047:
5043:
5037:Wayback Machine
5028:
5024:
5019:
5015:
5002:
4998:
4993:
4989:
4972:
4968:
4963:
4959:
4954:
4950:
4945:
4941:
4936:
4932:
4922:
4920:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4889:
4885:
4875:Wayback Machine
4866:
4862:
4856:Wayback Machine
4847:
4843:
4834:
4830:
4823:
4809:
4805:
4788:
4784:
4774:
4772:
4762:
4758:
4749:"The Nika Riot"
4746:
4742:
4733:
4729:
4720:
4713:
4708:
4704:
4692:
4688:
4684:, pp. 100.
4682:Bogdanović 2016
4680:
4676:
4667:
4663:
4658:
4654:
4645:
4641:
4600:
4596:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4550:
4546:
4541:
4537:
4532:
4528:
4519:
4515:
4510:
4506:
4500:Wayback Machine
4491:
4487:
4470:
4466:
4457:
4453:
4448:
4444:
4427:
4423:
4413:
4411:
4404:
4380:
4376:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4334:
4323:
4294:
4287:
4278:
4274:
4267:
4253:
4249:
4239:
4237:
4222:
4218:
4212:Wayback Machine
4203:Pliny the Elder
4200:
4196:
4184:
4180:
4161:
4157:
4147:
4145:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4117:
4113:
4096:
4092:
4085:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4046:
4042:
4035:
4015:
4006:
3999:
3985:
3981:
3976:
3972:
3967:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3937:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3898:Ottoman Turkish
3887:
3866:
3834:
3830:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3727:List of eparchs
3703:
3698:
3595:
3590:
3586:Valens Aqueduct
3541:Bucoleon Palace
3514:
3502:
3497:
3435:Anastasian Wall
3415:
3365:
3329:
3324:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3294:needs expansion
3279:
3243:
3211:
3152:Columns of the
3146:
3140:
3104:
3092:Arevelian Mamal
3071:
3061:
3007:Eagle and Snake
3000:
2916:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2890:
2883:needs expansion
2877:
2866:
2788:
2778:
2763:Nicaean emperor
2661:Varangian Guard
2653:Angelos dynasty
2622:protovestiarius
2615:protecting the
2613:defensive chain
2513:
2413:
2395:
2354:
2295:
2238:Varangian Guard
2232:of Kiev: 6,000
2150:
2049:
2041:medieval period
1878:
1852:Mosaics of the
1743:
1737:
1549:
1519:
1429:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1341:
1335:
1315:
1307:Main articles:
1305:
1195:
973:
967:
959:Severan dynasty
947:rival contender
872:Natural History
867:Pliny the Elder
863:
843:
835:successor state
760:Crown of Thorns
728:Imperial Palace
638:see other names
627:
439:
407:
375:Interwar period
331:
285:
283:
279:
276:
271:
268:
266:
264:
263:
226:
225:
224:
223:
220:
219:
216:
215:
214:
197:
196:
195:
192:
191:
188:
187:
186:
169:
168:
167:
164:
163:
148:
147:
146:
124:
101:
97:Ottoman Turkish
94:
87:
80:
73:
66:
49:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10916:
10906:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10885:
10880:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10840:
10835:
10830:
10828:Constantinople
10813:
10812:
10810:
10809:
10807:
10806:
10796:
10791:
10785:
10782:
10779:
10778:
10775:
10774:
10772:
10771:
10766:
10761:
10756:
10751:
10746:
10741:
10736:
10731:
10725:
10722:
10721:
10711:
10710:
10707:
10706:
10703:
10702:
10700:
10699:
10698:
10697:
10687:
10682:
10681:
10680:
10670:
10665:
10660:
10655:
10649:
10647:
10645:
10644:
10641:
10635:
10632:
10631:
10629:
10628:
10623:
10618:
10613:
10608:
10607:
10606:
10596:
10595:
10594:
10589:
10579:
10574:
10569:
10564:
10559:
10554:
10549:
10544:
10538:
10536:
10532:
10531:
10529:
10528:
10523:
10516:
10515:
10514:
10504:
10498:
10496:
10490:
10489:
10487:
10486:
10481:
10480:
10479:
10474:
10469:
10459:
10454:
10449:
10443:
10441:
10435:
10434:
10432:
10431:
10426:
10421:
10416:
10415:
10414:
10404:
10399:
10394:
10388:
10386:
10380:
10379:
10376:
10375:
10373:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10357:
10352:
10347:
10341:
10339:
10335:
10334:
10332:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10315:
10313:
10307:
10306:
10304:
10303:
10298:
10293:
10288:
10283:
10281:Byzantine Bath
10278:
10272:
10270:
10264:
10263:
10261:
10260:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10235:
10230:
10225:
10220:
10215:
10210:
10204:
10202:
10200:Constantinople
10196:
10195:
10193:
10192:
10191:
10190:
10185:
10175:
10169:
10163:
10153:
10152:
10142:
10141:
10138:
10137:
10134:
10133:
10131:
10130:
10125:
10120:
10115:
10110:
10109:
10108:
10098:
10092:
10090:
10084:
10083:
10081:
10080:
10075:
10074:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10058:
10050:
10045:
10040:
10035:
10030:
10025:
10020:
10015:
10010:
10009:
10008:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9983:
9982:
9981:
9976:
9971:
9966:
9961:
9959:Byzantine Rite
9950:
9948:
9938:
9937:
9927:
9926:
9923:
9922:
9919:
9918:
9916:
9915:
9910:
9905:
9900:
9895:
9890:
9885:
9884:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9863:
9857:
9855:
9849:
9848:
9845:
9844:
9842:
9841:
9839:Grand domestic
9836:
9835:
9834:
9829:
9819:
9818:
9817:
9812:
9805:Komnenian army
9801:
9799:
9795:
9794:
9792:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9740:
9738:
9734:
9733:
9731:
9730:
9729:
9728:
9723:
9718:
9713:
9703:
9697:
9695:
9691:
9690:
9688:
9687:
9682:
9680:Military units
9677:
9672:
9667:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9650:Battle tactics
9646:
9640:
9630:
9629:
9619:
9618:
9615:
9614:
9611:
9610:
9608:
9607:
9602:
9597:
9592:
9586:
9584:
9578:
9577:
9574:
9573:
9571:
9570:
9565:
9559:
9557:
9553:
9552:
9550:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9528:
9526:
9522:
9521:
9519:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9498:
9493:
9487:
9485:
9478:
9472:
9471:
9468:
9467:
9465:
9464:
9459:
9453:
9451:
9447:
9446:
9444:
9443:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9408:
9403:
9397:
9395:
9391:
9390:
9388:
9387:
9382:
9377:
9372:
9367:
9361:
9359:
9355:
9354:
9352:
9351:
9346:
9345:
9344:
9342:Medieval Greek
9334:
9333:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9311:
9305:
9297:
9296:
9286:
9285:
9282:
9281:
9278:
9277:
9275:
9274:
9269:
9264:
9259:
9257:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9236:
9235:
9230:
9220:
9215:
9210:
9205:
9200:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9169:
9167:
9162:
9159:
9158:
9156:
9155:
9150:
9145:
9140:
9113:
9112:
9111:
9101:
9100:
9099:
9097:Fourth Crusade
9088:
9086:
9078:
9075:
9074:
9072:
9071:
9066:
9061:
9056:
9054:Macedonian era
9051:
9046:
9041:
9035:
9033:
9025:
9022:
9021:
9019:
9018:
9013:
9012:
9011:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8987:Theodosian era
8984:
8983:
8982:
8977:
8966:
8964:
8956:
8953:
8952:
8950:
8949:
8948:
8947:
8934:
8932:
8927:
8920:
8919:
8907:
8906:
8898:
8897:
8890:
8883:
8875:
8866:
8865:
8863:
8862:
8850:
8835:
8832:
8831:
8828:
8827:
8825:
8824:
8823:
8822:
8812:
8811:
8810:
8800:
8799:
8798:
8788:
8787:
8786:
8776:
8775:
8774:
8769:
8758:
8756:
8750:
8749:
8747:
8746:
8745:
8744:
8739:
8737:Phanar College
8734:
8732:Halki seminary
8724:
8723:
8722:
8712:
8711:
8710:
8700:
8699:
8698:
8688:
8687:
8686:
8675:
8673:
8667:
8666:
8664:
8663:
8662:
8661:
8656:
8646:
8645:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8624:
8623:
8622:
8612:
8611:
8610:
8605:
8595:
8594:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8572:
8570:
8561:
8555:
8554:
8551:
8550:
8548:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8476:
8474:
8468:
8467:
8465:
8464:
8462:Sugar Festival
8459:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8413:
8411:
8402:
8392:
8391:
8389:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8347:
8345:
8339:
8338:
8336:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8209:
8207:
8201:
8200:
8197:
8196:
8194:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8157:
8155:
8149:
8148:
8146:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8119:
8117:
8111:
8110:
8108:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8086:
8084:
8075:
8069:
8068:
8066:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8028:Belgrad Forest
8024:
8022:
8016:
8015:
8012:
8011:
8009:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7927:
7925:
7919:
7918:
7916:
7915:
7910:
7908:Topkapı Palace
7905:
7900:
7898:Çırağan Palace
7895:
7889:
7887:
7878:
7872:
7871:
7868:
7867:
7865:
7864:
7862:Zoology Museum
7859:
7857:Railway Museum
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7798:
7796:
7790:
7789:
7787:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7770:
7768:
7762:
7761:
7759:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7716:Atatürk Museum
7713:
7708:
7703:
7697:
7695:
7689:
7688:
7686:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7649:
7647:
7643:
7642:
7640:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7523:
7521:
7512:
7506:
7505:
7502:
7501:
7499:
7498:
7496:Şakirin Mosque
7493:
7487:
7485:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7459:
7457:
7451:
7450:
7448:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7435:Çamlıca Mosque
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7415:Bayezid Mosque
7412:
7406:
7404:
7398:
7397:
7395:
7394:
7389:
7387:Ortaköy Mosque
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7363:
7361:
7355:
7354:
7352:
7351:
7345:
7343:
7334:
7328:
7327:
7324:
7323:
7321:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7264:
7262:
7256:
7255:
7253:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7240:Maiden's Tower
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7216:
7214:
7208:
7207:
7205:
7204:
7199:
7193:
7191:
7185:
7184:
7182:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7155:
7153:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7143:
7141:Walled Obelisk
7138:
7136:Serpent Column
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7092:
7090:
7084:
7083:
7081:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7059:
7057:
7051:
7050:
7048:
7047:
7042:
7040:Büyük Yeni Han
7037:
7031:
7029:
7020:
7014:
7013:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6985:
6983:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6971:Zoodochus Pege
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6927:
6925:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6874:
6872:
6863:
6857:
6856:
6849:
6848:
6841:
6834:
6826:
6820:
6819:
6813:
6800:
6797:Byzantium 1200
6794:
6784:
6778:
6772:
6766:
6760:
6754:
6744:Constantinople
6739:
6738:External links
6736:
6734:
6733:
6721:
6715:
6698:
6692:
6675:
6669:
6656:
6650:
6634:
6628:
6608:
6602:
6587:
6575:
6560:
6549:
6541:Janin, Raymond
6537:
6519:
6488:
6482:
6463:
6457:
6444:
6428:
6415:
6409:
6396:
6390:
6378:Gibbon, Edward
6374:
6368:
6351:
6345:
6330:
6302:Balkan Studies
6293:
6280:
6263:
6256:
6250:
6237:
6220:
6202:
6175:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6128:
6108:
6089:
6069:
6051:
6031:
6018:
6009:
5986:
5977:
5947:
5930:
5904:
5883:
5877:
5867:, ed. (1991),
5856:
5826:
5811:
5792:
5772:
5733:(5): 422–456.
5713:
5699:
5687:
5664:
5655:
5632:
5602:
5572:
5558:
5549:Constantinople
5538:
5531:
5513:
5499:
5490:Constantinople
5479:
5449:
5422:
5390:(3): 193–201.
5371:
5364:
5346:
5333:
5324:
5311:
5299:
5286:
5277:
5275:(1993), p. 246
5249:
5236:
5227:
5220:
5202:
5188:
5163:
5150:
5137:
5128:
5111:
5084:
5067:
5058:
5041:
5022:
5013:
4996:
4987:
4966:
4957:
4948:
4939:
4930:
4900:
4883:
4860:
4841:
4828:
4821:
4803:
4795:A. A. Vasiliev
4782:
4756:
4751:, part of the
4740:
4736:Secret History
4727:
4711:
4702:
4686:
4674:
4661:
4652:
4639:
4594:
4571:
4562:
4553:
4544:
4535:
4526:
4513:
4504:
4485:
4464:
4451:
4442:
4421:
4402:
4374:
4365:
4353:
4346:
4321:
4309:10.2307/283503
4285:
4272:
4265:
4247:
4216:
4194:
4178:
4155:
4125:
4118:Janin (1964),
4111:
4090:
4083:
4065:
4058:
4040:
4033:
4004:
3997:
3979:
3970:
3961:
3952:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3895:
3877:
3870:pronunciation:
3868:Medieval Greek
3840:
3767:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3720:
3718:Byzantine silk
3715:
3710:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3635:Lips Monastery
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3561:Walled Obelisk
3558:
3556:Serpent Column
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3414:
3411:
3364:
3361:
3333:Ottoman Empire
3328:
3325:
3312:
3311:
3291:
3289:
3278:
3275:
3271:Πανδιδακτήριον
3267:Medieval Greek
3242:
3239:
3210:
3207:
3197:were built in
3142:Main article:
3139:
3136:
3103:
3100:
3088:Srpouhi Dussap
3060:
3057:
2999:
2996:
2957:, solidifying
2912:Main article:
2908:
2907:
2880:
2878:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2853:Ottoman Empire
2777:
2774:
2632:, the work of
2593:Fourth Crusade
2589:Doge of Venice
2512:
2509:
2497:were massacred
2394:
2391:
2353:
2350:
2294:
2291:
2207:Askold and Dir
2157:Emperor Leo VI
2149:
2146:
2130:Byzantine navy
2110:Arab conquests
2055:and later the
2048:
2045:
1944:in either the
1877:
1874:
1798:Topkapı Palace
1736:
1733:
1646:Topkapı Palace
1518:
1515:
1415:pontoon bridge
1411:Persian Empire
1387:
1337:Main article:
1334:
1331:
1304:
1301:
1273:Constantinople
1250:Constantinople
1194:
1191:
1187:Gosdantnubolis
1168:Vasileos Polis
1163:Βασιλέως Πόλις
1059:triumphal arch
969:Main article:
966:
963:
862:
859:
842:
839:
810:Fourth Crusade
791:Sea of Marmara
662:Ottoman Empire
634:Constantinople
629:
628:
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625:
619:
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603:1394–1402 AD:
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371:Late antiquity
368:
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327:Ottoman Empire
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254:Marmara Region
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10653:Encyclopedias
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10577:Hellenization
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10535:Everyday life
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10507:Acritic songs
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10350:Hosios Loukas
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10023:Monophysitism
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9996:Armenian Rite
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9913:Naval battles
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9460:
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9439:
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9436:Protasekretis
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9064:Komnenian era
9062:
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9057:
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9047:
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9037:
9036:
9034:
9028:
9023:
9017:
9014:
9009:
9005:
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9002:Heraclian era
9000:
8998:
8997:Justinian era
8995:
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8364:
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8324:
8321:
8319:
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8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8283:Jewish Museum
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
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8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8210:
8208:
8206:
8202:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8186:Taksim Square
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8171:Bağdat Avenue
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8158:
8156:
8154:
8150:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
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8121:
8120:
8118:
8116:
8112:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8090:Arasta Bazaar
8088:
8087:
8085:
8083:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8070:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
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8017:
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7999:
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7992:
7989:
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7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7956:Feriye Palace
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7928:
7926:
7924:
7920:
7914:
7913:Yıldız Palace
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7890:
7888:
7886:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7873:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7842:Postal Museum
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
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7737:
7734:
7732:
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7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7711:Aşiyan Museum
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
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7696:
7694:
7690:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
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7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
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7656:
7654:
7653:Anadoluhisarı
7651:
7650:
7648:
7644:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
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7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7582:Mosaic Museum
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7572:İşbank Museum
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
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7411:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7403:
7399:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7382:Laleli Mosque
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7364:
7362:
7360:
7356:
7350:
7347:
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7329:
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7309:
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7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7283:Galata Bridge
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7265:
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7257:
7251:
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7233:
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7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7220:Beyazıt Tower
7218:
7217:
7215:
7213:
7209:
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7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7106:Column of Leo
7104:
7102:
7099:
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7033:
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7028:
7027:Caravanserais
7024:
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7015:
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7000:
6997:
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6990:
6987:
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6629:9780881411348
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6435:online review
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6203:9781607324690
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6160:Ball, Warwick
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6129:9780754657408
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6090:9789004185616
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5365:9780140114492
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5318:Geanakoplos,
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5304:
5296:
5293:Geanakoplos,
5290:
5281:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5259:
5253:
5246:
5240:
5231:
5223:
5217:
5213:
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5191:
5185:
5181:
5176:
5175:
5167:
5160:
5157:J. Phillips,
5154:
5147:
5144:J. Phillips,
5141:
5132:
5125:
5121:
5115:
5098:
5094:
5088:
5080:
5079:
5071:
5062:
5055:
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5017:
5009:
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5000:
4991:
4984:
4983:91-88930-32-7
4980:
4976:
4970:
4961:
4952:
4943:
4934:
4919:on 7 May 2016
4918:
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4818:
4814:
4807:
4800:
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4792:
4786:
4771:
4767:
4760:
4754:
4750:
4747:James Grout:
4744:
4737:
4731:
4724:
4718:
4716:
4706:
4699:
4695:
4690:
4683:
4678:
4671:
4665:
4656:
4649:
4643:
4636:
4632:
4627:
4626:Deutera Rhōmē
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4598:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4575:
4566:
4557:
4548:
4539:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4517:
4511:Pliny, IV, xi
4508:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4489:
4482:
4481:0-8108-2600-3
4478:
4474:
4468:
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4455:
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4425:
4409:
4405:
4399:
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4360:
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4290:
4282:
4276:
4268:
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4258:
4251:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4198:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4174:
4169:
4168:
4159:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4107:0-521-22379-2
4104:
4100:
4094:
4086:
4084:9781444333619
4080:
4076:
4069:
4061:
4059:9781438106397
4055:
4051:
4044:
4036:
4034:0-19-504652-8
4030:
4026:
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4013:
4011:
4009:
4000:
3994:
3990:
3983:
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3956:
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3914:
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3863:
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3734:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3701:Miscellaneous
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
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3648:
3646:
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3618:
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3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3587:
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3579:
3577:
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3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
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3542:
3539:
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3529:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
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3468:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3427:Theodosius II
3419:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3323:
3319:
3308:
3299:
3295:
3292:This section
3290:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3274:
3268:
3264:
3263:Theodosius II
3260:
3259:Eastern Roman
3252:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3221:that divided
3220:
3216:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3181:becoming the
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3066:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3029:Byzantine art
3022:
3018:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2980:Evliya Çelebi
2973:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2904:
2894:
2888:
2884:
2881:This section
2879:
2875:
2870:
2869:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:Ottoman Turks
2835:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2800:
2799:Fausto Zonaro
2796:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2670:
2668:
2664:
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2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2521:
2517:
2508:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2465:First Crusade
2462:
2458:
2454:
2447:on the right.
2446:
2445:Empress Irene
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2423:12th-century
2421:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2390:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2363:
2358:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2307:Constantine V
2304:
2300:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2112:, first from
2111:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2078:, son of the
2077:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1928:and taken to
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1887:
1882:
1873:
1870:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1825:Theodosius II
1822:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1754:Roman emperor
1752:was the last
1751:
1747:
1742:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1711:and then the
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1597:urban prefect
1594:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1544:
1540:
1539:Constantine I
1535:
1528:
1523:
1514:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1485:Mediterranean
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1430: 150 BC
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:Constantine I
1340:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1300:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1262:Turkification
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1246:Kostantiniyye
1243:
1237:εἰς τὴν πόλιν
1233:
1232:eis tin Polin
1229:
1225:
1224:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1068:
1067:Constantine I
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1015:Constantine I
1013:
1012:Roman emperor
1009:
1005:
1001:
994:
990:
986:
985:Constantine I
982:
977:
972:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
916:
910:
908:
904:
896:
895:Ancient Greek
892:
891:
886:
882:
878:
874:
873:
868:
865:According to
855:
851:
847:
838:
836:
832:
828:
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
771:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
726:; the sacred
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
624:
620:
618:
614:
612:
608:
606:
602:
599:
597:
593:
591:
587:
585:
581:
579:
575:
573:
569:
567:
563:
559:
557:
553:
550:
548:
544:
541:
540:
536:
531:
523:
519:
516:
513:
511:UNESCO region
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
490:
487:
483:
478:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
449:
446:
444:Official name
442:
438:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
414:
410:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
385:
383:
379:
376:
372:
369:
365:
361:
357:
354:
351:
347:
342:
338:
334:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
309:
307:
303:
300:Imperial city
299:
295:
290:
262:
258:
255:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
233:
229:
205:
177:
161:
157:
153:
137:
127:
123:
119:
115:
109:
104:
98:
84:
77:
70:
69:Ancient Greek
57:
51:
47:
45:
40:
33:
19:
10518:
10286:Hagia Sophia
10268:Thessalonica
10243:Hagia Sophia
10223:Chora Church
10199:
10161:Architecture
10038:Great Schism
10028:Paulicianism
10006:Miaphysitism
9861:Karabisianoi
9165:or territory
9125:Thessalonica
9109:Latin Empire
9104:Frankokratia
9079:
9039:Isaurian era
9026:
8957:
8942:
8938:Roman Empire
8928:
8857:
8838:
8720:Apoyevmatini
8520:Naum Theatre
8318:Ohel Ya'akov
8181:Çiçek Pasajı
8143:Zorlu Center
8133:İstinye Park
8105:Spice Bazaar
8095:Grand Bazaar
8043:Gülhane Park
8038:Emirgan Park
7784:Naval Museum
7683:Yoros Castle
7668:Rumelihisarı
7235:Galata Tower
6951:Hagia Triada
6946:Hagia Sophia
6931:Chora Church
6747:
6728:
6702:
6679:
6660:
6641:
6617:
6591:
6582:
6563:
6552:
6544:
6525:
6513:10 September
6511:. Retrieved
6498:
6468:
6448:
6419:
6400:
6381:
6355:
6335:
6322:. Retrieved
6305:
6301:
6285:. Retrieved
6269:
6259:
6241:
6226:
6214:18 September
6212:. Retrieved
6183:
6163:
6153:Bibliography
6138:. Retrieved
6118:
6111:
6099:. Retrieved
6079:
6072:
6064:the original
6054:
6034:
6021:
6012:
5980:
5968:. Retrieved
5959:
5950:
5940:
5933:
5913:
5907:
5886:
5868:
5859:
5847:. Retrieved
5838:
5829:
5820:
5814:
5802:. Retrieved
5782:
5775:
5763:. Retrieved
5730:
5726:
5716:
5677:
5667:
5658:
5640:
5635:
5623:. Retrieved
5614:
5605:
5593:. Retrieved
5584:
5575:
5563:. Retrieved
5548:
5541:
5522:
5516:
5504:. Retrieved
5489:
5482:
5470:. Retrieved
5466:
5439:. Retrieved
5435:the original
5425:
5411:cite journal
5399:. Retrieved
5387:
5374:
5355:
5349:
5341:
5336:
5327:
5319:
5314:
5294:
5289:
5280:
5272:
5268:
5252:
5244:
5239:
5230:
5211:
5205:
5193:. Retrieved
5173:
5166:
5158:
5153:
5145:
5140:
5131:
5122:in her work
5120:Anna Comnena
5114:
5101:. Retrieved
5097:the original
5087:
5077:
5070:
5061:
5044:
5025:
5016:
5006:
4999:
4990:
4974:
4969:
4960:
4951:
4942:
4933:
4921:. Retrieved
4917:the original
4912:
4903:
4886:
4863:
4844:
4836:
4831:
4812:
4806:
4798:
4790:
4785:
4773:. Retrieved
4769:
4759:
4752:
4743:
4735:
4730:
4705:
4693:
4689:
4677:
4669:
4664:
4655:
4642:
4620:Δευτέρα Ῥώμη
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4589:the original
4584:
4574:
4565:
4556:
4547:
4538:
4529:
4520:
4516:
4507:
4488:
4472:
4467:
4459:
4458:Tom Burham,
4454:
4445:
4434:
4424:
4412:. Retrieved
4384:
4377:
4368:
4337:
4300:
4296:
4280:
4275:
4256:
4250:
4240:12 September
4238:. Retrieved
4229:
4219:
4202:
4197:
4189:
4181:
4166:
4158:
4146:. Retrieved
4137:
4128:
4119:
4114:
4098:
4093:
4074:
4068:
4049:
4043:
4022:
3988:
3982:
3973:
3964:
3955:
3939:
3934:
3913:Ḳosṭanṭīnīye
3860:
3763:
3665:Nea Ekklesia
3610:Chora Church
3470:
3464:
3454:
3446:Ancient Rome
3431:Danube river
3424:
3392:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3366:
3357:Fuat Uzkınay
3349:
3347:
3336:
3330:
3302:
3298:adding to it
3293:
3244:
3219:Great Schism
3212:
3159:
3154:Hagia Sophia
3123:
3114:and then by
3105:
3095:
3091:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3042:
3034:Hagia Sophia
3025:
3006:
2976:σουργούνιδες
2966:
2963:
2939:Hagia Sophia
2928:
2923:Galata Tower
2901:October 2021
2898:
2887:adding to it
2882:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2804:
2740:
2720:Rouphinianai
2716:exonesamenos
2715:
2709:
2701:
2694:Dome of the
2685:Latin Empire
2682:
2672:
2665:
2645:Hagia Sophia
2638:
2620:
2611:, broke the
2566:
2549:Latin Empire
2530:
2501:
2477:
2450:
2429:Hagia Sophia
2367:
2335:
2296:
2276:
2269:
2267:
2262:Hagia Sophia
2247:Anglo-Saxons
2223:
2196:
2181:
2175:In the 730s
2174:
2169:Hagia Sophia
2161:Jesus Christ
2141:
2128:allowed the
2116:and then in
2105:
2099:
2091:Chora Church
2050:
2023:
2010:
2002:Hagia Sophia
1986:
1977:"Nika" riots
1972:monophysites
1965:
1950:
1912:The emperor
1911:
1898:Hagia Sophia
1896:The current
1866:
1837:
1814:
1766:Theodosius I
1763:
1750:Theodosius I
1686:
1662:Great Palace
1655:
1616:
1612:
1599:. It had no
1591:possessed a
1589:
1574:
1543:Hagia Sophia
1510:
1454:
1404:
1388:
1371:
1360:
1342:
1284:
1272:
1270:
1249:
1245:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1214:Theodosius I
1206:Thutmose III
1186:
1178:
1172:
1167:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1034:
1022:
1019:Roman Empire
1007:
997:
993:Roman Empire
938:
936:
919:
913:
911:
902:
888:
876:
870:
864:
850:Hagia Sophia
807:
776:
716:Hagia Sophia
701:
658:Latin Empire
642:Roman Empire
633:
632:
582:717–718 AD:
576:674–678 AD:
562:Hagia Sophia
322:Latin Empire
312:Roman Empire
305:Part of
152:Greek colony
120:district of
50:
43:
10868:Holy cities
10769:Megali Idea
10744:Byzantinism
10447:Agriculture
10238:Hagia Irene
10071:Kievan Rus'
10048:Mount Athos
9871:Cibyrrhaeot
9815:Vestiaritai
9670:Mercenaries
9547:Catepanates
9406:Sakellarios
9325:Family tree
9250:Mesopotamia
9069:Angelid era
9049:Amorian era
8510:Hagia Irene
8313:Neve Shalom
8298:Kemerburgaz
8258:Caddebostan
8063:Yıldız Park
8001:Tiled Kiosk
7986:Malta Kiosk
7663:Riva Castle
7602:Pera Museum
7463:Arap Mosque
7430:Blue Mosque
7425:Eyüp Sultan
7341:Art Nouveau
6941:Hagia Irene
6724:Yule, Henry
6663:. Pimlico.
6499:Fordham.edu
6339:. Penguin.
6287:19 February
5804:22 November
5565:29 November
5506:29 November
5472:28 November
5340:T. Madden,
5195:19 February
5124:The Alexiad
4839:63 and 165.
4835:Justinian,
4734:Procopius'
4483:pp. 46, 86.
3645:Hagia Irene
3452:collapsed.
3388:World War I
3132:Ibn Batutta
3122:'s age the
2824:Black Death
2820:Peloponnese
2676:iconostasis
2617:Golden Horn
2577:Odun Kapısı
2569:severe fire
2439:and infant
2437:Virgin Mary
2414: 1180
2382:Michael VII
2309:convoked a
2197:In 860, an
2188:Michael III
2138:Khan Tervel
1990:Hagia Irene
1914:Justinian I
1902:Justinian I
1782:Golden Gate
1729:Roman miles
1725:Golden Gate
1713:Forum Bovis
1709:Forum Tauri
1701:high column
1640:is a Greek
1638:Hagia Irene
1618:clarissimus
1550: 1000
1527:Hagia Irene
1506:Cassius Dio
1489:Golden Horn
1325:, today in
1132:Kievan Rus'
1125:Takht-e Rum
1080:Megalopolis
1076:Basileuousa
989:new capital
983:, built by
822:Palaiologos
787:Golden Horn
756:Christendom
736:Golden Gate
566:Justinian I
284: /
260:Coordinates
46:(newspaper)
10822:Categories
10764:Third Rome
10690:University
10673:Philosophy
10663:Inventions
10526:Historians
10494:Literature
10477:Varangians
10319:San Vitale
10248:Hippodrome
10228:City Walls
10128:Mutilation
10123:Hexabiblos
10043:Bogomilism
10033:Iconoclasm
9903:Megas doux
9893:Greek fire
9876:Aegean Sea
9749:Kleisourai
9726:Excubitors
9716:Bucellarii
9568:Despotates
9537:Kleisourai
9476:Provincial
9320:Coronation
9294:Governance
9059:Doukid era
8992:Leonid era
8803:Newspapers
8762:Cemeteries
8715:Newspapers
8679:Cemeteries
8627:Newspapers
8576:Cemeteries
8559:Minorities
8263:Haydarpaşa
8238:Bet Nissim
8233:Bet Israel
8228:Bet Avraam
8205:Synagogues
8048:Maçka Park
7658:Edirnekapı
7440:New Mosque
7288:Hippodrome
7260:Miscellany
7045:Kürkçü Han
6752:J. B. Bury
6324:18 October
6140:9 November
6101:9 November
5926:1351805223
5849:15 October
5595:15 October
5441:3 November
5401:18 October
5103:27 October
4913:Programata
4431:"Istanbul"
4303:: 347–67.
3948:0198150016
3926:References
3888:pronounced
3833:-stan-tin-
3738:Third Rome
3519:Augustaion
3485:Mu'awiya I
3369:Makedoniya
3316:See also:
3195:bathhouses
3187:city walls
3179:Diocletian
3116:Theopompus
2986:, such as
2935:Edirnekapı
2780:See also:
2759:Baldwin II
2733:The final
2698:, Istanbul
2559:, and the
2378:Alp Arslan
2348:Churches.
2319:Blachernae
2299:iconoclast
2288:, Istanbul
2184:Theophilus
2126:Greek fire
2118:717 to 718
2114:674 to 678
2106:status quo
1981:Nika Riots
1926:AD 70
1918:Belisarius
1906:Nika riots
1869:barbarians
1867:After the
1833:University
1790:Basiliscus
1739:See also:
1693:Praetorium
1674:Hippodrome
1658:Augustaeum
1435:Pax Romana
1244:alongside
1117:Miklagarth
1107:'big' and
1101:Miklagarðr
1097:Varangians
1049:This huge
837:, Turkey.
764:True Cross
732:Hippodrome
470:Designated
362:11 May 330
272:28°58′48″E
269:41°00′45″N
10592:Octoechos
10472:Silk Road
9964:Hesychasm
9832:Paramonai
9779:Hetaireia
9711:Foederati
9600:Diplomacy
9595:Diplomats
9501:Provinces
9330:Empresses
9133:Trebizond
8929:Preceding
8791:Languages
8779:Hospitals
8691:Hospitals
8598:Hospitals
8568:Armenians
8545:Zorlu PSM
8525:Ora Arena
8409:Festivals
8396:Festivals
8288:Kal Kados
8253:Burgazada
8218:Ashkenazi
8161:Nişantaşı
8153:Districts
7923:Pavilions
7577:Miniatürk
7483:Modernist
7402:Classical
7273:Çukurcuma
7151:Fountains
7018:Monuments
6903:Kuzguncuk
6314:2241-1674
6308:: 33–49.
5918:Routledge
5755:244587800
5747:1385-3783
4923:28 August
4775:7 January
4615:Nova Roma
3907:romanized
3902:قسطنطينيه
3854:translit.
3772:English:
3677:Monastery
3477:clepsydra
3442:peninsula
3395:Newspaper
3393:Kurdistan
3363:Newspaper
3359:in 1914.
3345:in 1896.
3341:, by the
3305:July 2019
3241:Education
3128:Procopius
3120:Justinian
3108:Byzantion
2931:Mehmed II
2893:talk page
2837:When the
2751:Trebizond
2481:Venetians
2469:Jerusalem
2453:Pechenegs
2234:Varangian
2211:Varangian
2076:Heraclius
2068:Sassanids
2018:Mehmet II
1942:Jerusalem
1856:, now in
1821:Visigoths
1802:Aphrodite
1780:near the
1778:Propontis
1609:quaestors
1593:proconsul
1585:Euphrates
1502:claimancy
1481:Black Sea
1479:from the
1423:Pausanias
1366:Βυζάντιον
1349:Byzantium
1339:Byzantium
1281:patriarch
1271:The name
1113:Miklagard
1065:built by
1053:found in
1024:Nova Roma
1004:romanized
955:Caracalla
951:civil war
932:Byzantion
920:Byzantium
915:Byzantion
907:Chalcedon
903:Byzántion
899:Βυζάντιον
890:Byzantium
854:Justinian
779:antiquity
704:Byzantium
621:1453 AD:
615:1422 AD:
609:1411 AD:
594:1261 AD:
588:1204 AD:
495:Extension
398:Byzantine
156:Byzantium
90:قسطنطينيه
10685:Scholars
10678:Rhetoric
10668:Medicine
10643:Learning
10542:Calendar
10419:Painters
10118:Basilika
10056:Bulgaria
10018:Arianism
9969:Hayhurum
9946:Religion
9908:Admirals
9827:Allagion
9759:Droungos
9665:Generals
9627:Military
9590:Treaties
9496:Dioceses
9315:Emperors
9228:Sardinia
9208:Dalmatia
9188:Bulgaria
9178:Anatolia
9137:Theodoro
9131: /
9127: /
9119: /
8859:Category
8703:Language
8615:Language
8223:Bakırköy
8123:Akmerkez
8073:Shopping
7766:Military
7189:Madrasas
7055:Cisterns
6870:Armenian
6861:Churches
6853:Istanbul
6806:Archived
6640:(1977).
6614:(1996).
6581:(1953).
6543:(1964).
6524:(2018).
6507:Archived
6438:Archived
6380:(2005).
6318:Archived
6208:Archived
6162:(2016).
6134:Archived
6095:Archived
6043:Archived
6027:Damascus
6001:Archived
5964:Archived
5843:Archived
5798:Archived
5765:28 March
5759:Archived
5682:Archived
5619:Archived
5589:Archived
5392:Archived
5322:, p. 124
5261:Archived
5256:Talbot,
5033:Archived
4898:(p. 260)
4879:BBC News
4871:Archived
4852:Archived
4837:Novellae
4700:, Paris.
4496:Archived
4414:19 March
4408:Archived
4234:Archived
4208:Archived
4142:Archived
3675:Stoudios
3495:See also
3450:the west
3439:Thracian
3373:Napredŭk
3209:Religion
3112:Xenophon
3075:Armenian
2992:Çarşamba
2984:Istanbul
2951:Orthodox
2815:Bosporus
2755:captured
2705:Lysippos
2587:and the
2485:Outremer
2457:Kipchaks
2407:Manuel I
2387:Turkoman
2344:and the
2338:Theodora
2333:in 787.
2230:Vladimir
2226:Basil II
2134:Bulgaria
2095:Istanbul
2072:Anatolia
1970:and the
1968:orthodox
1930:Carthage
1862:Istanbul
1810:Arcadius
1774:Hebdomon
1650:Istanbul
1605:tribunes
1601:praetors
1537:Emperor
1475:and the
1449:Istanbul
1407:Darius I
1382:Poseidon
1223:İstanbul
1183:Armenian
1146:Carigrad
1142:Царьград
1137:Tsargrad
1051:keystone
1030:Νέα Ῥώμη
961:in 235.
924:Thracian
887:founded
881:Thracian
789:and the
762:and the
682:Bosporus
674:Istanbul
570:626 AD:
554:532 AD:
506:765.5 ha
462:Criteria
457:Cultural
381:Cultures
245:, Turkey
243:Istanbul
231:Location
122:Istanbul
10794:Outline
10739:Museums
10639:Science
10616:Slavery
10572:Gardens
10552:Cuisine
10484:Dynatoi
10452:Coinage
10439:Economy
10407:Mosaics
10370:Mystras
10311:Ravenna
10173:Secular
10061:Moravia
9810:Pronoia
9784:Akritai
9769:Tagmata
9744:Themata
9685:Revolts
9655:Battles
9563:Kephale
9532:Themata
9462:Mesazon
9304:Central
9240:Maghreb
9193:Corsica
9183:Armenia
9173:Albania
8916:History
8815:Schools
8727:Schools
8649:Schools
8642:Marmara
8637:Jamanak
8485:Babylon
8333:Yeniköy
8323:Ortaköy
8293:Karaite
8278:Italian
8273:Istipol
8128:Cevahir
8082:Bazaars
7885:Palaces
7794:Science
7693:History
7646:Castles
7510:Museums
7359:Baroque
7332:Mosques
7088:Columns
6908:Samatya
6883:Beyoğlu
6789:at the
6746:, from
5970:9 April
5653:. p. 1.
5625:4 April
4985:p. 135.
4670:et seqq
4021:(ed.).
3909::
3743:Thracia
3489:tribute
3390:) the "
3335:) was,
3203:Antioch
3175:solidus
3167:Ravenna
3102:Markets
3096:Tsaghik
3079:Kit'arr
2998:Culture
2988:Aksaray
2959:Islamic
2634:Phidias
2573:Turkish
2473:John II
2461:Alexius
2433:John II
2374:Romanus
2346:Eastern
2342:Western
2303:Leo III
2219:Oryphas
2177:Leo III
2065:Persian
2061:Balkans
2057:Bulgars
2006:Solomon
1934:Vandals
1932:by the
1627:Pontica
1583:or the
1483:to the
1461:Corinth
1303:History
1254:Ottoman
1242:Turkish
1230:phrase
1179:Asitane
1175:Persian
1089:ἡ Πόλις
1061:at the
991:of the
949:in the
869:in his
477:session
403:Ottoman
367:Periods
359:Founded
349:Builder
344:History
239:Beyoğlu
118:Beyoğlu
10898:Thrace
10804:Portal
10719:Impact
10599:People
10547:Cities
10397:Enamel
10178:Sacred
10113:Ecloga
9979:Saints
9888:Dromon
9764:Bandon
9754:Tourma
9737:Middle
9660:Beacon
9542:Bandon
9525:Middle
9394:Middle
9349:Senate
9272:Thrace
9255:Serbia
9233:Sicily
9218:Greece
9203:Cyprus
9121:Epirus
9117:Nicaea
9027:Middle
8904:topics
8796:Ladino
8671:Greeks
8472:Venues
8400:venues
8328:Yanbol
8303:Maalem
8213:Ahrida
8191:Kanyon
8138:Kanyon
7455:Gothic
7212:Towers
7126:Milion
6981:Others
6923:Greeks
6913:Taksim
6898:Kartal
6893:Galata
6713:
6690:
6667:
6648:
6626:
6600:
6570:
6532:
6480:
6455:
6426:
6407:
6388:
6366:
6343:
6312:
6278:
6248:
6200:
6170:
6126:
6087:
5924:
5898:
5875:
5790:
5753:
5745:
5649:
5556:
5529:
5497:
5362:
5344:, 113.
5218:
5186:
5182:–508.
5161:, 155.
5148:, 144.
4981:
4894:
4819:
4633:: See
4479:
4400:
4344:
4317:283503
4315:
4263:
4148:9 June
4121:passim
4105:
4081:
4056:
4031:
3995:
3946:
3857:
3463:, the
3375:, and
3257:), an
3183:bezant
3171:florin
3083:Guitar
2955:mosque
2747:Epirus
2743:Nicaea
2609:Galata
2591:, the
2539:, 1840
2504:mosaic
2463:, the
2425:mosaic
2405:under
2362:Milion
2323:Leo IV
2209:, two
2199:attack
2165:Mosaic
2120:. The
2080:exarch
1770:Valens
1705:Helios
1682:Milion
1666:Chalke
1623:Asiana
1615:, not
1613:clarus
1581:Danube
1477:seaway
1469:Europe
1465:Sparta
1457:Athens
1357:Megara
1327:Venice
1296:Η Πόλη
1158:calque
1105:mikill
1103:(from
885:Megara
799:Europe
781:. The
734:; the
697:Turkey
689:Europe
685:strait
670:Ankara
489:356bis
412:Events
250:Region
160:Turkey
93:
79:
65:
10789:Index
10621:Death
10611:Women
10582:Music
10562:Dress
10557:Dance
10502:Novel
10462:Trade
10457:Mints
10402:Glass
10392:Icons
10188:Domes
10066:Serbs
9881:Samos
9694:Early
9484:Early
9358:Early
9267:Syria
9245:Malta
9223:Italy
9213:Egypt
9198:Crete
9129:Morea
8958:Early
8808:Şalom
8308:Mayor
8115:Malls
8020:Parks
7537:Elgiz
6888:Fatih
6750:, by
5751:S2CID
5395:(PDF)
5384:(PDF)
5054:Leo V
5050:Irene
4313:JSTOR
3880:Latin
3843:Greek
3755:Notes
3407:Egypt
3403:Cairo
3377:Pravo
3277:Media
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