522:
1513:
589:
172:
129:
1124:. Further discoveries followed, and commercial development was quickly initiated by concession holders who returned 50 percent of their profits to the Libyan government in taxes. In the petroleum market, Libya's advantages lay not only in the quantity but also in the high quality of its crude product. Libya's proximity and direct linkage to Europe by sea were further marketing advantages. The discovery and exploitation of petroleum turned the vast, sparsely populated, impoverished country into an independently wealthy nation with potential for extensive development and thus constituted a major turning point in Libyan history.
1312:
1374:
2789:
547:
1298:
the colonial powers. As a quiet but firm ruler, he played a unifying role both in Libya, between the various strains of Islam and the plethora of Libyan tribes, and across the region. He is remembered as "uncompromising" against his enemies, no matter the consequences of his actions. The obituary posted by
Associated Press in 1983 recalled that he stripped thirty members of the royal household of their privileges and rights, exiled seven princes and ruled in favor of the execution of one of his nephew who had murdered a trusted royal adviser.
971:, and was seen to include significant mechanisms for the protection of human rights. Ultimately, the document established an institutional apparatus that promoted transparency and safeguards against antidemocratic power accumulation. In particular, the Constitution envisioned mechanisms to guarantee accountability in the exercise of public functions and equality of all Libyan citizens before the law. At the time it was produced, it was received as a positive and forward-thinking model of good governance and balance of powers for the region.
1088:
508:
1162:
1485:
1525:
494:
115:
1216:
812:
3194:
1578:
president and vice president served for a fixed two-year term. At the end of this term, the King was free to reappoint the president or replace them with someone else while the vice presidents faced re-election. The term of office for a senator was eight years. A senator could not serve for consecutive terms but could be reappointed in the future. Half of all the senators were to be replaced every four years.
1001:
Gaddafi's circle, he suffered a stroke that led him to seek medical treatment in the UK in 1988. He then travelled to Europe with his second son, Prince
Mohammed El Hassan El Rida El Senussi, and died in 1992 in London surrounded by his family. When, on 18 June 1992, the last will of the late Crown Prince was read at a press conference at the presence of the press and of his five children,
1548:. The king also appointed and dismissed ministers based on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Council of Ministers were responsible for the direction of the internal and external affairs of the country and the council were accountable to the House of Representatives. Once a prime minister was removed from office this automatically resulted in dismissal of all the other ministers.
1394:
929:
1207:
display in a high school art exhibit showed pictures of the leading rules of Egypt; on one side were the "bad" rulers, on the other the "good" rulers. The bad rulers began with the
Pharaoh Cheops, who enslaved his people to build the pyramids, and ended with Farouk. The good rulers began with the idealistic Pharaoh Ikhnaton and ended with, of course, Gamal Abdel Nasser.
1600:
1788:
Representatives under the slogan "The return to the unamended
Constitution of the founding fathers of 1951 to ensure the unity of the Libyan nation". A conclusive statement authored by the organizers reiterated the necessity to regard the 1951 Constitution as the sole means to achieve political reunification in Libya.
956:, or upper house, consisted of eight representatives from each of the three provinces. Half of the senators were nominated by the king, who also had the right to veto legislation and to dissolve the lower house. Local autonomy in the provinces was exercised through provincial governments and legislatures.
2484:
1131:
As development of petroleum resources progressed in the early 1960s, Libya launched its first Five-Year Plan, 1963–68. One negative result of the new wealth from petroleum, however, was a decline in agricultural production, largely through neglect. Internal Libyan politics continued to be stable, but
1059:
In 1953, Libya concluded a twenty-year treaty of friendship and alliance with the United
Kingdom under which the latter received military bases in exchange for financial and military assistance. The next year, Libya and the United States signed an agreement under which the United States also obtained
1795:
In general, growing interest in the viability and relevance of that solution both on the ground and internationally was recorded in
February 2016 by Declan Walsh, a New York Times reporter who spent considerable time in Libya. The increasing volume of social media pages and activities on the subject
1783:
In July 2015, support to restore the implementation of the 1951 Constitution and to encourage the return of the
Monarchy was publicly expressed by several members of the Constitution Drafting Assembly (CDA), the committee tasked with writing a new constitution, through a petition circulated through
1767:
Since
Muammar Gaddafi's four-decade rule ended in 2011, Libya has struggled to establish basic institutions and rule of law. The 1951 Constitution as amended in 1963 has been at the center of political debate over the past years. In fact, the document continues to be widely regarded as an important
1585:
following the constitutional change on 25 April 1963. Women had previously not been able to vote. The number of deputies in the house was determined on the basis of one deputy for twenty thousand people. Elections were held every four years unless parliament was dissolved earlier. The deputies were
1297:
In 2013 the
African Union commemorated King Idris' legacy as an African hero and the architect of Libya's independence from Italy's colonial rule in a public event. In fact, Idris remains widely regarded as the father of an independent and unified Libya who led the country through its resistance to
1211:
In response to anti-Western agitation in 1964, Libya's essentially pro-Western government requested the evacuation of
British and American bases before the dates specified in the treaties. Most British forces were in fact withdrawn in 1966, although the evacuation of foreign military installations,
1000:
seized power under the leadership of Muammar Gaddafi on 1 September 1969, the Crown Prince, who was then ruling the country on behalf of King Idris was imprisoned for two years and subsequently reduced to complete isolation during the following seven years under house arrest. Publicly humiliated by
951:
as chief of state, with succession to his designated male heirs (Art. 44 and 45 of the 1951 Constitution). Substantial political power resided with the king. The executive arm of the government consisted of a prime minister and Council of Ministers designated by the king but also responsible to the
1787:
In August 2015 a Cyrenaican federalist party, the National Federal Bloc, asked the Parliament to endorse the 1951 Constitution as a legitimate Constitution for the whole country. The party held a meeting in Bayda attended by Cyrenaican authorities as well as by members of the Tobruk-based House of
988:
was deported. Second, provincial ties continued to be more important than national ones, and the federal and provincial governments were constantly in dispute over their respective spheres of authority. A third problem derived from the lack of a direct heir to the throne. To remedy this situation,
1194:
in forming a joint consultative committee aimed at economic cooperation among North African states. Although it supported Arab causes, including the Moroccan and Algerian independence movements, Libya took little active part in the Arab-Israeli dispute or the tumultuous inter-Arab politics of the
1771:
Growing support on the ground in Libya that a Constitutional monarchy based on the pre-revolutionary constitution should be reinstated as a force for stability, unity, and just governance has emerged since 2011. Libyan exiles, as well as prominent political actors and local groups, have publicly
1577:
The Senate was made up of twenty-four members appointed by the King. A seat in the Senate was restricted to Libyan nationals of at least forty years. The King appointed the President of the Senate, with the Senate itself electing two vice presidents which the King would then need to approve. The
1220:
1791:
Notably, on 4 June 2015 Daniel Kawczynski, a member of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee in the British Parliament, published a piece advocating for the return of the 1951 Constitution as amended in 1963 in line with the growing grassroots support registered in the major cities across Libya.
1779:
Interviewed by Al-Hayat in April 2014, then-Libyan Minister of Foreign Affairs Mohamed Abdelaziz stated that the return of the Constitutional Monarchy within the institutional limits set up by the 1951 Constitution before the 1963 amendments could serve as a unifying symbol for the nation and a
1206:
The presence of Egyptian teachers explains why so many classrooms show the influence of Egyptian propaganda. Pupils do crayon drawings of Egyptian troops winning victories over Israel or Britain. In Benghazi, Libya, a complete course in Egyptian history is given to secondary school students. A
1218:
1174:
1264:, defeated in June by Israel. Also, Idris first broached the idea of taking collective action to increase the price of oil on the world market. Libya, nonetheless, continued its close association with the West, while Idris' government steered an essentially conservative course at home.
1289:
The coup pre-empted King Idris' instrument of abdication dated 4 August 1969 to take effect 2 September 1969 in favour of the Crown Prince, who had been appointed regent following the king's departure for Turkey. Following the overthrow of the monarchy the country was renamed the
160:
1103:
was founded in 1955 by royal decree in Benghazi. Foreign powers, notably Britain and the United States, provided development aid. Steady economic improvement occurred, but the pace was slow, and Libya remained a poor and underdeveloped country heavily dependent on foreign aid.
1499:
needed to be sanctioned and promulgated by the king. It was also the king's responsibility to open and close the sessions of Parliament, it is also his responsibility to dissolve the House of Representatives in line with the constitution. The king was head of the kingdom's
161:
1799:
Prince Mohammed el-Senussi has acknowledged the growing enthusiasm towards the reinstatement of the 1951 Constitution and the Constitutional Monarchy. He has consistently stressed that he would be honored to return and serve his country if the Libyan people demanded it.
1232:
between Israel and its Arab neighbors sparked violent demonstrations including attacks on the United States and British embassies and oil company offices. Members of the Jewish community were also attacked, prompting the emigration of almost all remaining Libyan Jews.
159:
158:
1219:
1181:
In regional affairs, Libya enjoyed the advantage of not having aggravated boundary disputes with its neighbors. Libya was one of the thirty founding members of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), established in 1963, and in November 1964 participated with
1064:, near Tripoli, considered a strategically valuable installation in the 1950s and early 1960s. Reservations set aside in the desert were used by British and American military aircraft based in Europe as practice firing ranges. Libya forged close ties with
979:
Several factors, rooted in Libya's history, affected the political development of the newly independent country. They reflected the differing political orientations of the provinces and the ambiguities inherent in Libya's monarchy. First, after the first
1494:
The King was defined by the constitution as the supreme head of state. Before he is able to assume constitutional powers the King would need to take an oath before a joint session of the Senate and the House of Representatives. All laws passed by
1136:
secured adoption by parliament of a bill, endorsed by the king, that abolished the federal form of government, establishing in its place a unitary, monarchical state with a dominant central government. By legislation, the historical divisions of
157:
984:, which was held on 19 February, political parties were abolished. The National Congress Party, which had campaigned against a federal form of government, was defeated throughout the country. The party was outlawed, and
1217:
1149:
were to be eliminated and the country divided into ten new provinces, each headed by an appointed governor. The legislature revised the constitution in 1963 to reflect the change from a federal to a
155:
1323:
Although the king and the crown prince died in exile and most of the younger generation of Libyans were born after the monarchy, the Senussi dynasty has enjoyed somewhat of a comeback during the
1286:
for medical treatment. The revolutionaries arrested the army chief of staff and the head of security in the kingdom. After hearing about the coup, King Idris dismissed it as "unimportant".
1987:
156:
1099:
As part of a broad assistance package, the UN Technical Assistance Board agreed to sponsor a technical aid program that emphasized the development of agriculture and education. The
1773:
1202:
exercised an increasing influence, particularly among the younger Libyan generation that were influenced by the influx of Egyptian teachers into Libya. As one report suggests:
1776:
and its affiliated groups in Libya advocate for the reinstatement of the 1951 Constitution and the return of the Senussi monarchy under Mohammed El Senussi's leadership.
2587:
1803:
A 2024 Pollfish opinion poll of 100 respondents found that 48 per cent of Libyans support the restoration of monarchy in Libya against 52 per cent who oppose it.
1331:. Opposition demonstrators to Colonel Gaddafi used the old tricolour flag of the monarchy, some carried portraits of the king, and played the old national anthem
5157:
5273:
2390:
1060:
military base rights, subject to renewal in 1970, in return for economic aid to Libya. The most important of the United States installations in Libya was
5268:
2510:
1780:"political umbrella" that would guarantee the legitimacy of Libya's institutions in the face of calls for a federal solution and sectarian conflict.
1772:
backed the reinstatement of the Senussi Monarchy under the leadership of Prince Mohammed el-Senussi as an attractive political option in Libya. The
917:
5293:
2890:
3429:
3419:
3384:
3374:
3354:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
1995:
989:
Idris in 1953 designated his sixty-year-old brother to succeed him. When the original heir apparent died, the king appointed his nephew, Prince
1236:
Although Libya was clearly on record as supporting Arab causes in general, the country did not play an important role in Arab politics. At the
2626:
2049:
630:
1784:
social media as well as through a formal letter issued by Ali Hussain Bubaker, then-mayor of Baida, an important city in the east of Libya.
4205:
4033:
3948:
3687:
1687:
Following a change in the constitution abolishing the federal makeup of the country in 1963 the three provinces were reorganised into ten
1619:, which are the three historic regions of Libya. Autonomy in the provinces was exercised through provincial governments and legislatures.
3214:
1501:
840:
3160:
2246:
1128:, initially passed in 1955, was amended in 1961 and again in 1965 to increase the Libyan government's share of the revenues from oil.
5288:
2875:
2351:
4102:
3182:
527:
2075:
4420:
513:
3692:
2756:
2658:
719:
5283:
4472:
4027:
2133:
4437:
2280:
171:
3657:
2917:
2902:
1817:
1545:
792:
326:
2194:
128:
4925:
2454:
4930:
2694:
1571:
1557:
1496:
1013:
In its foreign policy, the Kingdom of Libya was recognized as belonging to the conservative traditionalist bloc in the
401:
371:
2214:
4195:
2290:
2059:
4740:
2927:
2776:
2766:
1636:
1608:
759:
588:
1992:
Democracy Reporting International is a non-partisan, independent, not-for-profit organisation registered in Berlin
4138:
3682:
3135:
2912:
296:
266:
1512:
4717:
4220:
2746:
833:
699:
4554:
2922:
2897:
2819:
2714:
981:
782:
739:
670:
17:
905:
435:
5208:
4190:
4178:
3697:
3175:
2907:
1812:
1273:
942:
5278:
5071:
4985:
4880:
4795:
4712:
4210:
4082:
3937:
2829:
2615:
1890:
997:
1916:
5218:
5133:
4722:
4620:
3190:
2985:
2885:
2651:
2101:
4910:
5188:
4875:
4810:
4800:
4785:
4120:
4067:
3977:
2809:
1033:
826:
749:
568:
5010:
2429:
1132:
the federal form of government had proven inefficient and cumbersome. In April 1963, Prime Minister
5253:
4630:
4610:
4575:
4528:
4482:
3834:
3650:
3084:
3008:
2149:
600:
2600:
1337:. Two of the surviving Senussi exiles were planning to return to Libya to support the protestors.
1311:
5263:
5258:
4508:
4200:
4183:
4173:
4148:
3992:
3718:
3168:
2980:
2814:
2771:
1488:
1458:
1346:
1237:
897:
772:
258:
247:
1952:
1036:
providing for Libyan independence in 1951 and raised the status of its office at Tripoli from a
5228:
5143:
4990:
4702:
4635:
4503:
4452:
4384:
4284:
4274:
4072:
4007:
3814:
3743:
3198:
2741:
2689:
2125:
2119:
1719:
867:
729:
620:
255:
244:
5213:
5193:
5173:
5036:
5000:
4955:
4900:
4692:
4687:
4462:
4409:
4234:
4143:
4112:
4052:
4002:
3784:
3774:
3102:
3049:
3013:
2975:
2937:
2844:
2644:
2588:"Prince Mohammed el Senussi says Libyans must solve own problems in Independence Day address"
1755:
1688:
1379:
1324:
1316:
1125:
1112:
This situation changed suddenly and dramatically in June 1959 when research prospectors from
134:
4364:
1373:
904:
that came into existence upon independence on 24 December 1951 and lasted until a bloodless
5198:
5117:
5081:
5031:
4890:
4815:
4600:
4477:
4269:
4044:
4022:
4017:
3982:
3924:
3003:
2970:
2942:
2788:
2719:
2709:
1725:
1707:
675:
660:
540:
499:
2023:
8:
5223:
5168:
5005:
4995:
4980:
4970:
4935:
4865:
4780:
4750:
4697:
4414:
4168:
4163:
4062:
4057:
3824:
3779:
3738:
3643:
2932:
2704:
2348:
1862:
1743:
1737:
1599:
1476:
1350:
1333:
1278:
The monarchy came to an end on 1 September 1969 when a group of military officers led by
1100:
1092:
1002:
879:
650:
148:
5122:
4945:
4940:
4905:
4885:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4825:
4820:
4765:
4672:
4518:
4389:
4279:
4259:
4215:
4158:
4153:
4130:
4097:
4087:
4077:
3959:
3054:
3023:
2880:
2839:
2824:
2797:
1731:
1713:
1651:
1612:
1582:
1199:
345:
1353:
with legislative power being exercised by the monarch in conjunction with parliament.
114:
5148:
5138:
5101:
4975:
4960:
4835:
4805:
4775:
4770:
4745:
4682:
4677:
4667:
4538:
4487:
4374:
4369:
4092:
3728:
3713:
3097:
3089:
3069:
2863:
2849:
2724:
2398:
2286:
2254:
2129:
2055:
1749:
1701:
1529:
1037:
1021:
679:
236:
947:
Under the constitution of October 1951, the federal monarchy of Libya was headed by
5164:
5128:
5046:
4870:
4640:
4585:
4548:
4523:
4513:
4447:
4399:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4299:
4294:
3987:
3733:
3128:
3037:
3018:
2958:
2676:
2051:
From Deep State to Islamic State: The Arab Counter-revolution and Its Jihadi Legacy
1607:
Following independence until 1963, the Kingdom was organised into three provinces:
1533:
1133:
1061:
1045:
990:
885:
577:
422:
357:
315:
216:
65:
1032:; both countries maintained military base rights in Libya. The U.S. supported the
5041:
4790:
4760:
4755:
4615:
4605:
4570:
4560:
4543:
4379:
4334:
4249:
3967:
3942:
3789:
3059:
2998:
2734:
2699:
2536:
2355:
1666:
1616:
1567:
1279:
953:
909:
858:
640:
386:
211:
51:
5183:
4965:
4950:
4915:
4655:
4650:
4533:
4467:
4339:
3997:
3972:
3877:
3794:
3748:
3144:
3109:
3079:
3074:
1641:
1432:
1422:
1029:
985:
968:
957:
948:
913:
285:
185:
1768:
instrument and a solid base towards the solution of Libya's political crisis.
5247:
4830:
4595:
4590:
4012:
3870:
3829:
3809:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3424:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3379:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3349:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3064:
2834:
2729:
2684:
2562:
2402:
2311:
2258:
1166:
1150:
1087:
1025:
689:
610:
465:
252:
120:
4359:
1161:
4920:
4442:
4404:
4304:
3887:
3149:
2990:
2218:
1671:
1563:
1537:
1517:
1484:
1245:
1142:
1081:
901:
816:
453:
195:
2620:
2462:
5152:
4661:
4457:
4349:
4344:
4264:
3855:
3839:
1229:
1014:
395:
380:
2631:
1586:
responsible for electing a speaker and two vice-speakers for the house.
4707:
4645:
4564:
3804:
3769:
1524:
1053:
241:
2215:"African Union commemorates King Idris : Libyan Embassy – London"
1005:
was formally appointed as the legitimate heir to the throne of Libya.
5066:
5056:
4625:
3932:
3819:
1693:
1328:
1138:
1121:
952:
Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of a bicameral legislature. The
2563:"التكتل الفيدرالي يدعو إلى اعتماد دستور 1951 ويحذر من عدم الاستجابة"
5203:
5086:
5076:
4895:
4394:
3666:
2391:"A Radical Idea to Rebuild a Shattered Libya: Restore the Monarchy"
2199:
1656:
1241:
1041:
961:
460:
190:
1120:) confirmed the location of major petroleum deposits at Zaltan in
1048:
in 1954. Both countries subsequently raised their missions to the
5096:
5051:
5026:
4580:
4289:
3907:
3860:
3799:
3723:
3677:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1049:
1252:, agreed to provide generous subsidies from oil revenues to aid
1212:
including Wheelus Air Base, was not completed until March 1970.
1198:
Nevertheless, the brand of Arab nationalism advanced by Egypt's
5178:
5091:
4354:
4254:
3897:
3753:
2601:
https://www.pollfish.com/dashboard/results/390307043/2098176591
2368:
1988:"Briefing Paper 28: Assessment of the 1951 Libyan Constitution"
1283:
1261:
1249:
1146:
1077:
1073:
1065:
3635:
3202:
2761:
2667:
2100:
Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress (1987),
1581:
Members of the House of Representatives were elected through
1257:
1253:
1117:
1069:
229:
2306:
1169:
in March 1957. Libya sought cordial relations with the West.
5061:
3902:
3892:
3882:
3865:
1113:
1393:
1315:
A young Benghazian carrying King Idris's photo during the
928:
2150:"Pragmatism and Rhetoric in Libya's Policy Toward Israel"
2636:
1327:, especially in the dynasty's traditional stronghold of
1282:
staged a coup d'état against King Idris while he was in
2358:(in Arabic). Libya's future. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
967:
The Constitution was drafted under the auspices of the
1697:
in Arabic) which were ruled by an appointed governor.
1084:
in 1955, but declined a Soviet offer of economic aid.
2511:"Libya Foreign Minister calls for return of monarchy"
2247:"King Idris, Ousted in '69 by Waddafi, Dies in Cairo"
1544:
The King was responsible for appointing and removing
1080:, and established full diplomatic relations with the
1774:
Movement for the Return of Constitutional Legitimacy
1267:
1177:
King Idris meeting Abdel Nasser, President of Egypt.
872:
1224:
Footage from Tripoli International Fairground, 1962
996:When a group of young officers and soldiers in the
2485:"مبادرة للعودة إلى الملكية في ليبيا.. لماذا الآن؟"
2455:"دعوة لمبايعة الأمير محمد السنوسي ملكًا على ليبيا"
1574:. Both chambers met and closed at the same time.
1095:'s first campus, founded by royal decree in 1955.
5245:
2076:"Heir to Libyan throne under Brussels spotlight"
1091:Al Manar Royal Palace in central Benghazi, the
1244:in September 1967, however, Libya, along with
5274:States and territories disestablished in 1969
3651:
3176:
2652:
834:
91:
57:
2282:Libya in Western Foreign Policies, 1911–2011
1107:
964:served alternately as the national capital.
81:
43:
2336:Libya: the new Arab kingdom of North Africa
2183:. Clinton, MA: Colonial Press. p. 137.
5269:States and territories established in 1951
3658:
3644:
3183:
3169:
2659:
2645:
2307:"The liberated east: Building a new Libya"
2117:
1740:, formerly part of Fezzan and Tripolitania
1676:243,500 sq mi (631,000 km)
1661:330,000 sq mi (850,000 km)
1646:106,500 sq mi (276,000 km)
1156:
841:
827:
170:
2021:
1306:
27:Kingdom in North Africa from 1951 to 1969
2361:
2278:
1598:
1523:
1511:
1483:
1310:
1214:
1172:
1160:
1086:
974:
927:
5294:20th-century disestablishments in Libya
2333:
2181:Nasser of Egypt: The Search For Dignity
1914:
1885:
1883:
1507:
1017:, of which it became a member in 1953.
14:
5246:
3693:List of current non-sovereign monarchs
2537:"ليبيا – العربية.نت | الصفحة الرئيسية"
2338:, Cornell University Press, p. 26
2124:, Cambridge University Press, p.
1857:
1855:
1682:
1562:The Kingdom's parliament consisted of
3923:
3639:
3164:
2640:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2147:
2047:
2178:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1915:Pickard, Duncan (5 September 2012).
1880:
1818:List of heads of government of Libya
1165:King Idris with U.S. vice-president
1852:
862:
82:
44:
24:
3688:List of current sovereign monarchs
2695:Islamic Tripolitania and Cyrenaica
2416:
2389:Walsh, Declan (24 February 2016).
2379:
2244:
2233:
1917:"Libya's constitution controversy"
1558:Parliament of the Kingdom of Libya
1497:Parliament of the Kingdom of Libya
1345:The United Kingdom of Libya was a
25:
5305:
2609:
2427:
2010:
1971:
1934:
1895:www.libyanconstitutionalunion.net
1268:1969 coup and end of the monarchy
1008:
5289:1969 disestablishments in Africa
4206:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3192:
2787:
2430:"The Case for Monarchy in Libya"
1836:Tripoli and Benghazi (1951–1963)
1392:
1372:
810:
587:
545:
520:
506:
492:
153:
127:
113:
3683:Imperial, royal and noble ranks
2891:Foreign relations under Gaddafi
2616:Kingdom of Libya's constitution
2594:
2580:
2555:
2529:
2503:
2477:
2447:
2342:
2334:Villard, Henry Serrano (1956),
2327:
2299:
2272:
2207:
2195:"1969: Bloodless coup in Libya"
2187:
2172:
2141:
2111:
2094:
1758:, formerly part of Tripolitania
1746:, formerly part of Tripolitania
1722:, formerly part of Tripolitania
1710:, formerly part of Tripolitania
1589:
1024:was in close alliance with the
936:
906:coup d'état on 1 September 1969
514:British Military Administration
3665:
2068:
2041:
1908:
1830:
1528:Left to right: Prime Minister
528:French Military Administration
13:
1:
2898:Government of National Accord
2279:Genugten, Saskia Van (2016).
1845:
1551:
1340:
1044:. Libya opened a legation at
982:Libyan general election, 1952
783:Government of National Accord
740:National Transitional Council
5284:1951 establishments in Libya
3698:List of monarchy referendums
2903:Government of National Unity
2118:Vandewalle, Dirk J. (2006),
1863:"Libya: الدستور الليبي 1951"
1813:Federation of Arab Republics
1734:, formerly part of Cyrenaica
1728:, formerly part of Cyrenaica
1704:, formerly part of Cyrenaica
1594:
1301:
943:Constitution of Libya (1951)
793:Government of National Unity
7:
2461:(in Arabic). Archived from
2154:Journal of Conflict Studies
2054:. Oxford University Press.
2048:Filiu, Jean-Pierre (2017).
1806:
1516:Prime Minister's office in
1195:1950s and the early 1960s.
873:
720:Libya under Muammar Gaddafi
10:
5310:
2349:Modern history in politics
2148:Abadi, Jacob (Fall 2000).
1555:
1271:
940:
923:
884:'Libyan Kingdom';
5110:
5019:
4733:
4496:
4430:
4242:
4233:
4129:
4111:
4043:
3958:
3916:
3848:
3762:
3706:
3673:
3210:
3122:
3045:
3036:
2966:
2957:
2871:
2862:
2805:
2796:
2785:
2675:
2666:
2295:– via Google Books.
2121:A history of modern Libya
2108:. Retrieved 14 July 2006.
2064:– via Google Books.
1796:has mirrored that trend.
1762:
1752:, formerly part of Fezzan
1716:, formerly part of Fezzan
1472:
1464:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1428:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1391:
1387:
1371:
1363:
1274:Libyan coup d'etat (1969)
1108:Development of the nation
1034:United Nations resolution
896:from 1951 to 1963, was a
750:General National Congress
471:
459:
449:
445:
432:
421:• Independence from
419:
415:
407:
392:
377:
367:
363:
351:
341:• 1951–1954 (first)
339:
335:
325:
321:
309:
305:
295:
291:
279:
275:
265:
235:
225:
204:
178:
169:
143:
109:
104:
34:
3835:Self-proclaimed monarchy
3009:National Oil Corporation
2928:House of Representatives
2106:U.S. Library of Congress
1823:
1572:House of Representatives
760:House of Representatives
402:House of Representatives
353:• 1968–1969 (last)
4103:Vatican City (Holy See)
1953:"Where next for Libya?"
1489:Royal Palace of Tripoli
1356:
1157:International relations
898:constitutional monarchy
894:United Kingdom of Libya
259:constitutional monarchy
248:constitutional monarchy
45:المملكة الليبية المتحدة
36:United Kingdom of Libya
4385:Islands of Refreshment
3815:Legitimacy (political)
2623:at worldstatesmen.org.
1891:"Libya's Constitution"
1604:
1541:
1521:
1491:
1320:
1307:2011 Libyan revolution
1238:Arab summit conference
1225:
1209:
1178:
1170:
1096:
933:
889:
874:Al-Mamlakah Al-Lībiyya
92:
58:
4196:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3785:Criticism of monarchy
3775:Abolition of monarchy
2923:High Council of State
2434:The National Interest
2354:6 August 2017 at the
2179:Wynn, Wilton (1959).
1637:Tripolitania province
1609:Tripolitania province
1602:
1527:
1515:
1487:
1325:2011 Libyan civil war
1314:
1223:
1204:
1176:
1164:
1126:Libya's petroleum law
1090:
1015:League of Arab States
975:Political development
932:King Idris I of Libya
931:
205:Common languages
4028:United Arab Emirates
3004:Great Man-Made River
2908:Presidential Council
2720:Italian Tripolitania
2715:Italian colonization
2024:"The Senussi Family"
1957:www.newstatesman.com
1508:Council of ministers
1292:Libyan Arab Republic
1052:level and exchanged
918:Libyan Arab Republic
916:and established the
676:Italian Tripolitania
671:Italian colonization
661:Ottoman Tripolitania
541:Libyan Arab Republic
500:Emirate of Cyrenaica
59:Regno Unito di Libia
5224:Trinidad and Tobago
5111:Commonwealth realms
4996:United Baltic Duchy
4139:Antigua and Barbuda
4131:Commonwealth realms
3825:Order of succession
2757:Libya under Gaddafi
2705:Hospitaller Tripoli
2590:. 24 December 2016.
2221:on 16 November 2018
2203:. 1 September 1969.
2102:"Independent Libya"
1683:1963 reorganisation
1477:Mohammed El Senussi
1351:hereditary monarchy
1334:Libya, Libya, Libya
1101:University of Libya
1093:University of Libya
908:. The coup, led by
651:Hospitaller Tripoli
297:Crown Prince Regent
149:Libya, Libya, Libya
5279:Former Arab states
2918:Head of government
2395:The New York Times
2315:. 24 February 2011
2251:The New York Times
2245:AP (26 May 1983).
1652:Cyrenaica province
1613:Cyrenaica province
1605:
1603:Pre-1963 provinces
1583:universal suffrage
1542:
1522:
1492:
1419:First monarch
1380:Royal Coat of arms
1321:
1226:
1200:Gamal Abdel Nasser
1179:
1171:
1097:
934:
346:Mahmud al-Muntasir
5241:
5240:
5237:
5236:
4926:Piedmont-Sardinia
4678:Sip Song Chau Tai
4488:Thirteen Colonies
4229:
4228:
3633:
3632:
3158:
3157:
3118:
3117:
3032:
3031:
2953:
2952:
2886:Foreign relations
2858:
2857:
2747:Allied occupation
2725:Italian Cyrenaica
2632:Independent Libya
2627:Birth of a nation
2541:www.alarabiya.net
2369:"Libya Districts"
2135:978-0-521-85048-3
1838:Bayda (1963-1969)
1680:
1679:
1530:Abdul Majid Kubar
1482:
1481:
1429:Last monarch
1221:
1038:consulate general
993:, his successor.
883:
871:
851:
850:
804:
803:
700:Allied occupation
635:mid-7c–1510
561:
560:
557:
556:
553:
552:
533:
532:
281:• 1951–1969
162:
16:(Redirected from
5301:
5165:Irish Free State
4931:Poland–Lithuania
4240:
4239:
4191:Papua New Guinea
3921:
3920:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3637:
3636:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3162:
3161:
3138:
3131:
3043:
3042:
2994:
2964:
2963:
2869:
2868:
2803:
2802:
2791:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2638:
2637:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2465:on 31 March 2016
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2425:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2386:
2377:
2376:
2365:
2359:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2242:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2217:. Archived from
2211:
2205:
2204:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2115:
2109:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2019:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1994:. Archived from
1984:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1949:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1859:
1839:
1834:
1622:
1621:
1536:and Governor of
1450:1 September 1969
1442:24 December 1951
1396:
1376:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1222:
1134:Mohieddin Fikini
1062:Wheelus Air Base
1046:Washington, D.C.
892:), known as the
878:
876:
866:
864:
855:Kingdom of Libya
843:
836:
829:
817:Libya portal
815:
814:
813:
800:
773:Second Civil War
767:
710:Kingdom of Libya
597:
596:
591:
581:
563:
562:
549:
548:
537:
536:
524:
523:
510:
509:
496:
495:
489:
488:
473:
472:
441:1 September 1969
428:24 December 1951
358:Wanis al-Qaddafi
174:
164:
163:
131:
117:
99:
95:
89:
85:
84:
78:
77:
72:Kingdom of Libya
70:
69:
61:
55:
47:
46:
41:
32:
31:
21:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5254:Former kingdoms
5244:
5243:
5242:
5233:
5158:princely states
5106:
5042:Kingdom of Fiji
5015:
4761:Austria-Hungary
4729:
4492:
4426:
4225:
4211:Solomon Islands
4125:
4107:
4039:
3954:
3912:
3844:
3790:Democratization
3758:
3702:
3669:
3664:
3634:
3629:
3206:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3159:
3154:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3114:
3085:Public holidays
3028:
2992:
2949:
2854:
2792:
2783:
2777:2014–2020
2735:Libyan genocide
2700:Spanish Tripoli
2671:
2665:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2599:
2595:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2569:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2544:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2466:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2426:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2387:
2380:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2356:Wayback Machine
2347:
2343:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2277:
2273:
2263:
2261:
2243:
2234:
2224:
2222:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2116:
2112:
2099:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2082:. 21 April 2011
2074:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2022:Administrator.
2020:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1986:
1985:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1951:
1950:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1809:
1765:
1685:
1667:Fezzan province
1617:Fezzan province
1597:
1592:
1560:
1554:
1546:Prime Ministers
1532:, Crown Prince
1510:
1401:
1383:
1365:
1359:
1343:
1309:
1304:
1280:Muammar Gaddafi
1276:
1270:
1215:
1159:
1116:(later renamed
1110:
1011:
1003:Prince Mohammed
977:
945:
939:
926:
910:Muammar Gaddafi
863:المملكة الليبية
847:
811:
809:
798:
787:2016–2021
777:2014–2020
765:
754:2012–2014
744:2011–2012
730:First Civil War
724:1969–2011
714:1951–1969
704:1943–1951
694:1934–1943
684:1911–1934
674:
665:1551–1911
655:1530–1551
645:1510–1530
641:Spanish Tripoli
625:146 BC – mid-7C
611:Ancient history
579:
572:
546:
521:
507:
493:
438:
425:
398:
383:
354:
342:
312:
282:
251:
221:
200:
165:
154:
139:
138:
137:
132:
124:
123:
118:
100:
97:
90:
87:
83:المملكة الليبية
79:
75:
74:
73:
71:
63:
56:
49:
42:
39:
38:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5307:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5264:1960s in Libya
5261:
5259:1950s in Libya
5256:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5162:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5120:
5114:
5112:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4916:Ottoman Empire
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4876:Kartli-Kakheti
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4558:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4285:Central Africa
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4246:
4244:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4221:United Kingdom
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4135:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4117:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4049:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3878:Prince regnant
3875:
3874:
3873:
3863:
3858:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3795:Decolonization
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3749:Personal union
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3719:Constitutional
3716:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3663:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3640:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
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2767:Libyan Crisis
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2312:The Economist
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18:King of Libya
5214:South Africa
5209:Sierra Leone
5156:
4986:Two Sicilies
4921:Papal States
4721:
4660:
4553:
4419:
4329:
4179:Cook Islands
4032:
4018:Saudi Arabia
3947:
3050:Demographics
3014:Oil reserves
2976:Central Bank
2938:Human rights
2876:Constitution
2845:Subdivisions
2751:
2596:
2582:
2572:21 September
2570:. Retrieved
2566:
2557:
2547:21 September
2545:. Retrieved
2540:
2531:
2521:21 September
2519:. Retrieved
2514:
2505:
2493:. Retrieved
2488:
2479:
2467:. Retrieved
2463:the original
2458:
2449:
2439:21 September
2437:. Retrieved
2433:
2408:21 September
2406:. Retrieved
2394:
2373:statoids.com
2372:
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2329:
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2310:
2301:
2285:. Springer.
2281:
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2250:
2225:21 September
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2219:the original
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2162:. Retrieved
2157:
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2086:21 September
2084:. Retrieved
2080:EURACTIV.com
2079:
2070:
2050:
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2033:21 September
2031:. Retrieved
2027:
2002:21 September
2000:. Retrieved
1996:the original
1991:
1963:21 September
1961:. Retrieved
1956:
1926:21 September
1924:. Retrieved
1920:
1910:
1900:21 September
1898:. Retrieved
1894:
1872:21 September
1870:. Retrieved
1867:www.wipo.int
1866:
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1564:two chambers
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1540:Taher Bakeer
1538:Tripolitania
1502:armed forces
1493:
1473:Pretender(s)
1459:Royal Palace
1398:
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1246:Saudi Arabia
1235:
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1130:
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1098:
1082:Soviet Union
1058:
1019:
1012:
995:
978:
966:
946:
937:Constitution
912:, overthrew
902:North Africa
893:
854:
852:
709:
631:Islamic rule
482:Succeeded by
481:
476:
454:Libyan pound
311:• 1962
144:
135:Coat of arms
29:
5153:British Raj
5125:(Sri Lanka)
5011:Württemberg
4723:South Yemen
4611:Maguindanao
4504:Afghanistan
4265:Barotseland
4201:Saint Lucia
4174:New Zealand
4083:Netherlands
3856:Chhatrapati
3840:Sovereignty
3780:Aristocracy
2971:Agriculture
2567:بوابة الوسط
2543:(in Arabic)
2491:(in Arabic)
2459:بوابة الوسط
2319:26 February
2164:21 February
1230:Six-Day War
1054:ambassadors
998:Libyan Army
797:2021–
764:2014–
615:3200–146 BC
578:History of
477:Preceded by
436:Coup d'état
396:Lower house
381:Upper house
368:Legislature
261:(1963–1969)
250:(1951–1963)
76:(1963–1969)
40:(1951–1963)
5248:Categories
5219:Tanganyika
5134:The Gambia
5062:Niuē-Fekai
5001:Yugoslavia
4901:Montenegro
4708:Upper Yafa
4703:Upper Asir
4340:Madagascar
4073:Luxembourg
3805:Government
3770:Abdication
3739:Hereditary
3667:Monarchies
3070:Literature
2993:(currency)
2830:Ecoregions
2515:Al-Monitor
1846:References
1720:Az Zawiyah
1552:Parliament
1468:Hereditary
1341:Government
1022:government
949:King Idris
914:King Idris
601:Prehistory
372:Parliament
237:Government
5189:Mauritius
5082:Rarotonga
5067:Nuku Hiva
5057:Mangareva
5032:Bora Bora
4911:Neuchâtel
4881:Lithuania
4786:Catalonia
4673:Sri Lanka
4626:Manchukuo
4601:Kurdistan
4555:Indonesia
4478:Talamanca
4438:Araucanía
4421:and other
4400:Wassoulou
4144:Australia
3820:Oligarchy
3055:Education
3024:Transport
2986:Companies
2881:Elections
2825:Districts
2798:Geography
2495:6 October
2469:6 October
2403:0362-4331
2259:0362-4331
1756:Tarabulus
1694:muhafazah
1595:Provinces
1465:Appointer
1455:Residence
1447:Abolition
1439:Formation
1329:Cyrenaica
1302:Aftermath
1139:Cyrenaica
1122:Cyrenaica
868:romanized
680:Cyrenaica
621:Roman era
226:Religion
105:1951–1969
98:(Italian)
5204:Rhodesia
5199:Pakistan
5118:Barbados
5087:Rimatara
5077:Rapa Iti
5006:Valencia
4981:Tavolara
4971:Scotland
4936:Portugal
4896:Moldavia
4781:Bulgaria
4776:Brittany
4751:Asturias
4631:Mongolia
4621:Maldives
4483:Trinidad
4473:Suriname
4431:Americas
4415:Zimbabwe
4410:Zanzibar
4395:Wituland
4370:Ngazidja
4365:Ndzuwani
4300:Ethiopia
4023:Thailand
4003:Malaysia
3983:Cambodia
3933:Eswatini
3729:Elective
3714:Absolute
3215:Pre-1943
3145:Category
3103:Olympics
3098:Football
3090:Religion
2933:Military
2864:Politics
2850:Wildlife
2352:Archived
2200:BBC News
1807:See also
1726:Benghazi
1708:Al Khums
1657:Benghazi
1625:Province
1570:and the
1364:King of
1242:Khartoum
1240:held at
1042:legation
962:Benghazi
569:a series
567:Part of
450:Currency
191:Benghazi
88:(Arabic)
5194:Nigeria
5169:Ireland
5097:Tahuata
5072:Raiatea
5052:Huahine
5027:Abemama
5020:Oceania
4991:Tuscany
4946:Romania
4941:Prussia
4906:Navarre
4886:Majorca
4866:Ireland
4861:Imereti
4856:Iceland
4851:Hungary
4846:Hanover
4841:Granada
4831:Germany
4826:Georgia
4821:Galicia
4811:Finland
4801:Corsica
4796:Cilicia
4766:Bavaria
4756:Austria
4741:Albania
4713:Vietnam
4656:Sarawak
4646:Qu'aiti
4581:Kathiri
4544:Dapitan
4519:Bukhara
4468:Miskito
4390:Tunisia
4380:Shilluk
4290:Dahomey
4280:Burundi
4270:Bagirmi
4250:Adamawa
4169:Jamaica
4164:Grenada
4149:Bahamas
4113:Oceania
4063:Denmark
4058:Belgium
4053:Andorra
3968:Bahrain
3943:Morocco
3938:Lesotho
3917:Current
3908:Pharaoh
3861:Emperor
3800:Dynasty
3754:Regency
3734:Federal
3724:Diarchy
3678:Monarch
3129:Outline
3094:Sports
3038:Culture
3019:Tourism
2959:Economy
2820:Climate
2810:Borders
2752:Kingdom
2710:Ottoman
2685:Ancient
2677:History
1744:Misrata
1738:Gharian
1642:Tripoli
1628:Capital
1433:Idris I
1423:Idris I
1414:Details
1399:Idris I
1192:Tunisia
1188:Algeria
1184:Morocco
1050:embassy
958:Tripoli
924:History
886:Italian
882:
870::
799:present
766:present
605:
434:•
408:History
394:•
379:•
286:Idris I
267:Monarch
253:Unitary
242:Federal
217:Italian
186:Tripoli
179:Capital
147: "
145:Anthem:
66:Italian
5229:Uganda
5179:Malawi
5144:Guyana
5123:Ceylon
5102:Tahiti
5092:Rurutu
5047:Hawaii
4976:Serbia
4961:Saxony
4951:Russia
4836:Greece
4816:France
4806:Cyprus
4791:Crimea
4771:Bosnia
4746:Aragon
4734:Europe
4698:Taiwan
4668:Sikkim
4651:Ryukyu
4636:Najran
4534:Chehab
4514:Bengal
4463:Mexico
4448:Brazil
4375:Rwanda
4355:Maravi
4255:Ankole
4243:Africa
4235:Former
4216:Tuvalu
4159:Canada
4154:Belize
4098:Sweden
4088:Norway
4078:Monaco
4045:Europe
3998:Kuwait
3993:Jordan
3978:Brunei
3973:Bhutan
3925:Africa
3898:Sultan
3849:Titles
3763:Topics
3150:Portal
3060:Health
2999:Energy
2991:Dinar
2815:Cities
2670:
2489:عربي21
2401:
2289:
2257:
2132:
2058:
1763:Legacy
1732:Darnah
1714:Awbari
1568:Senate
1566:, the
1520:(1965)
1284:Turkey
1262:Jordan
1260:, and
1250:Kuwait
1190:, and
1147:Fezzan
1145:, and
1078:Turkey
1074:Greece
1066:France
954:Senate
859:Arabic
571:on the
411:
387:Senate
331:
301:
271:
212:Arabic
96:
86:
62:
52:Arabic
48:
5184:Malta
5174:Kenya
5149:India
5139:Ghana
4966:Savoy
4956:Samos
4871:Italy
4718:Yemen
4693:Tibet
4688:Syria
4641:Nepal
4616:Mahra
4596:Kumul
4591:Korea
4586:Khiva
4565:Qajar
4549:Hejaz
4539:China
4524:Burma
4453:Haiti
4443:Aztec
4360:Mwali
4350:Maore
4330:Libya
4325:Kongo
4320:Kaffa
4315:Gumma
4310:Gomma
4305:Ghana
4295:Egypt
4275:Bornu
4260:Aussa
4121:Tonga
4093:Spain
4013:Qatar
3988:Japan
3203:Libya
3199:Years
3136:Index
3110:Women
3080:Music
3075:Media
2690:Roman
2668:Libya
2621:Libya
1824:Notes
1750:Sabha
1702:Bayda
1672:Sabha
1631:Area
1534:Hasan
1518:Bayda
1366:Libya
1258:Syria
1254:Egypt
1118:Exxon
1070:Italy
1040:to a
580:Libya
423:Italy
316:Hasan
230:Islam
196:Bayda
5129:Fiji
4683:Sulu
4662:Shan
4606:Laos
4571:Iraq
4561:Iran
4529:Cebu
4509:Asir
4497:Asia
4458:Inca
4405:Yeke
4345:Mali
4335:Luba
4184:Niue
4034:list
4008:Oman
3960:Asia
3949:list
3903:Shah
3893:Tsar
3888:khan
3883:Raja
3866:King
3707:Type
3625:2024
3620:2023
3615:2022
3610:2021
3605:2020
3600:2019
3595:2018
3590:2017
3585:2016
3580:2015
3575:2014
3570:2013
3565:2012
3560:2011
3555:2010
3550:2009
3545:2008
3540:2007
3535:2006
3530:2005
3525:2004
3520:2003
3515:2002
3510:2001
3505:2000
3500:1999
3495:1998
3490:1997
3485:1996
3480:1995
3475:1994
3470:1993
3465:1992
3460:1991
3455:1990
3450:1989
3445:1988
3440:1987
3435:1986
3430:1985
3425:1984
3420:1983
3415:1982
3410:1981
3405:1980
3400:1979
3395:1978
3390:1977
3385:1976
3380:1975
3375:1974
3370:1973
3365:1972
3360:1971
3355:1970
3350:1969
3345:1968
3340:1967
3335:1966
3330:1965
3325:1964
3320:1963
3315:1962
3310:1961
3305:1960
3300:1959
3295:1958
3290:1957
3285:1956
3280:1955
3275:1954
3270:1953
3265:1952
3260:1951
3255:1950
3250:1949
3245:1948
3240:1947
3235:1946
3230:1945
3225:1944
3220:1943
2943:LGBT
2772:2011
2574:2017
2549:2017
2523:2017
2497:2017
2471:2017
2441:2017
2410:2017
2399:ISSN
2321:2011
2287:ISBN
2266:2017
2255:ISSN
2227:2017
2166:2018
2130:ISBN
2088:2017
2056:ISBN
2035:2017
2004:2017
1965:2017
1928:2017
1902:2017
1874:2017
1615:and
1357:King
1349:and
1248:and
1228:The
1114:Esso
1028:and
1020:The
960:and
880:lit.
853:The
734:2011
678:and
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