Democratic Kampuchea

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describe their work assignments in Democratic Kampuchea. Then the prisoners would relate their supposed treasonous activities in chronological order. The third section of the confession text described prisoners' thwarted conspiracies and supposed treasonous conversations. In the end, the confessions would list a string of traitors who were the prisoners' friends, colleagues, or acquaintances. Some lists contained over a hundred names. People whose names were on the confession list were often called in for interrogation. Typical confessions ran into thousands of words in which the prisoner would interweave true events in their lives with imaginary accounts of their espionage activities for the

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differences on victim's bodies, providing the logic and impetus for violence. To save face and preserve one's social status within the Khmer Rouge hierarchy, Hinton argues that first, violence was practised by cadres to avoid shame or loss of face; and second, that shamed cadres could restore their face through perpetrating violence. At the level of individuals, the need for social approval and belonging to a community, even one as twisted as the Khmer Rouge, contributed to obedience, motivating violence within Cambodia.

745: 1430:. The Khmer Rouge was determined to turn the country into a nation of peasants in which the corruption and "parasitism" of city life would be completely uprooted. In addition, Pol Pot wanted to break up the "enemy spy organisations" that allegedly were based in the urban areas. Finally, it seems that Pol Pot and his hard-line associates on the CPK Political Bureau used the forced evacuations to gain control of the city's population and to weaken the position of their factional rivals within the communist party. 2173:

revolutionary ruralism. The government of the People's Republic of China did not protest the killings of ethnic Chinese in Cambodia. The policies of the Khmer Rouge towards Sino-Cambodians seem puzzling in light of the fact that the two most powerful people in the regime and presumably the originators of the racist doctrine, Pol Pot and Nuon Chea, both had mixed Chinese-Cambodian ancestry. Other senior figures in the Khmer Rouge state apparatus, such as Son Sen and Ta Mok, also had Chinese ethnic heritage.

1634:(KPRA) to be elected by secret ballot in direct general elections and a State Praesidium to be selected and appointed every five years by the KPRA. The KPRA met only once, a three-day session in April 1976. However, members of the KPRA were never elected, as the Central Committee of the CPK appointed the chairman and other high officials both to it and to the State Praesidium. Plans for elections of members were discussed, but the 250 members of the KPRA were in fact appointed by the upper echelon of CPK. 676: 1378:. Tensions between Cambodia and Vietnam were growing due to differences in communist ideology and the incursion of Vietnamese military presence within Cambodian borders. The context of war destabilised the country and displaced Cambodians while making available to the Khmer Rouge the weapons of war. The Khmer Rouge leveraged on the devastation caused by the war to recruit members and used this past violence to justify the similarly, if not more, violent and radical policies of the regime. 6250: 2328: 2772: 3193: 2201: 1201: 694: 3088: 47: 1975:

rest of the population. Refugees agree that, even during times of severe food shortages, members of the grassroots elite had adequate, if not luxurious, supplies of food. One refugee wrote that "pretty new bamboo houses" were built for Khmer Rouge cadres along the river in Phnom Penh. Members of the Central Committee could go to China for medical treatment, and the highest echelons of the party had access to imported luxury products.

1780:(FANK) officers and of their families, without trial or fanfare to eliminate Khmer Rouge enemies. The RAK's next priority was to consolidate into a national army the separate forces that were operating more or less autonomously in the various zones. The Khmer Rouge units were commanded by zonal secretaries who were simultaneously party and military officers, some of whom were said to have manifested " 1664:", and its daily work was conducted from Office 870 in Phnom Penh. For almost two years after the takeover, the Khmer Rouge continued to refer to itself as simply Angkar. It was only in a March 1977 speech that Pol Pot revealed the CPK's existence. It was also around that time that it was confirmed that Pol Pot was the same person as Saloth Sar, who had long been cited as the CPK's general secretary. 3036: 3222:

influence of Khmer Rouge cadres in Cambodia's politics has led to a neglect of the teaching of Khmer Rouge history to Cambodian children. The lack of a strong mandate to teach Khmer Rouge history despite international pressure has led to a proliferation of literary and visual production to memorialise the genocide and create sites through which the past can be remembered by future generations.

2992:, the government was able to begin to split the Khmer Rouge movement by making peace offers to lower level officials. The Khmer Rouge was the only member of the CGDK to continue fighting following the reconciliation process. The other two political organizations that made up the CGDK alliance ended armed resistance and became a part of the political process that began with elections in 1993. 5475: 5397: 2867:(KNUFNS). This was a heterogeneous group of communist and noncommunist exiles who shared an antipathy to the Pol Pot regime and a virtually total dependence on Vietnamese backing and protection. The KNUFNS provided the semblance, if not the reality, of legitimacy for Vietnam's invasion of Democratic Kampuchea and for its subsequent establishment of a satellite regime in Phnom Penh. 2220:(Comrade Duch) to run its security apparatus. When the Khmer Rouge took power in 1975, Duch moved his headquarters to Phnom Penh and reported directly to Son Sen. At that time, a small chapel in the capital was used to incarcerate the regime's prisoners, who totaled fewer than two hundred. In May 1976, Duch moved his headquarters to its final location, a former high school known as 2508:

successfully pushing the country to pursue rapprochement with Thailand and open communication with the U.S. to combat Vietnamese influence in the region. After Mao died in September 1976, Pol Pot praised him and Cambodia declared an official period of mourning. In November 1976, Pol Pot travelled secretly to Beijing, seeking to retain his country's alliance with China after the

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but Pol Pot proclaimed this a "victory" even greater than that of 17 April 1975. For several years, the Vietnamese government sought in vain to establish peaceful relations with the Khmer Rouge regime, but the Khmer Rouge leaders were intent on war. Behind this seeming insanity clearly lay the assumption that China would support the Khmer Rouge militarily in such a conflict.

2611:. The Chinese were the only country allowed to retain their old Phnom Penh embassy. All other diplomats were made to live in assigned quarters on the Boulevard Monivong. This street was barricaded off and the diplomats were not permitted to leave without escorts. Their food was brought to them and provided through the only shop that remained open in the country. 1382:

Khmer Rouge brutality suggest that the Khmer Rouge had been radicalised during the war years and later turned this radical understanding of society and violence onto their countrymen. This backdrop of violence and brutality arguably also affected everyday Cambodians, priming them for the violence that they themselves perpetrated under the Khmer Rouge regime.

1488:(KPRA), contained 250 members "representing workers, peasants, and other working people and the Kampuchean Revolutionary army." One hundred and fifty KPRA seats were allocated for peasant representatives; fifty, for the armed forces; and fifty, for worker and other representatives. The legislature was to be popularly elected for a five-year term. Its 2768:, Poulo Wai was a part of Vietnam since the 18th century and the island was under Cambodian administrative management in 1939 in accordance with the decisions of French colonists. Vietnam has recognized Poulo Wai as part of Cambodia since 1976, and the recognition is seen as a sign of goodwill by Vietnam to preserve its relationship with Cambodia. 1935:), and to avoid traditional signs of deference such as bowing or folding the hands in salutation. They were also encouraged to talk about themselves in the plural "we" rather than the singular "I". Aspects of life from the Khmer Republic such as art, television, mail, books, movies, music, and personal vehicles were prohibited. 2675:

to suggest that Duch was a fearsome individual who preyed on and seized upon the weaknesses of others. All in all, the historical context of civil war, coupled with the ideological ferment in Cambodian intellectuals returning from France, set the stage for the Khmer Rouge revolution and the violence that it would propagate.

1872:(group), consisted of ten to fifteen nuclear families whose activities were closely supervised by a three-person committee. The committee chairman was selected by the CPK. This grassroots leadership was required to note the social origin of each family under its jurisdiction and to report it to persons higher up in the 2644:. Turning to look at the roots of the ideology which guided the Khmer Rouge intellectuals behind the revolution, it becomes evident that the roots of such radical thought can be traced to an education in France that started many of the top Khmer Rouge officials on the road to thinking that communism demanded violence. 2841:'s Eastern Zone uprising, Radio Phnom Penh declared that if each Cambodian soldier killed thirty Vietnamese, only 2 million troops would be needed to eliminate the entire Vietnamese population of 50 million. It appears that the leadership in Phnom Penh was seized with immense territorial ambitions, i.e., to recover 1389:

recognition of Democratic Kampuchea, Sihanouk returned again to Cambodia at the end of 1975. A year after the Khmer Rouge takeover, Sihanouk resigned in mid-April 1976 (made retroactive to 2 April 1976) and was placed under house arrest, where he remained until 1979, and the Khmer Rouge remained in sole control.

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Chandler, David (1 February 2014). "Buddhism in a Dark Age: Cambodian Monks under Pol Pot. By Ian Harris. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2013. 242 pp. $ 22.00 (paper). – Pourquoi les Khmers Rouges . By Henri Locard. Paris: Éditions Vendémiaire, 2013. 343 pp. €20.00 (paper). – The Elimination:

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as the legitimate government of Cambodia, claiming that it was a puppet state propped up by Vietnamese forces. China funneled military aid to the Khmer Rouge, which in the 1980s proved to be the most capable insurgent force, while the U.S. publicly supported a non-Communist alternative to the PRK; in

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Peace still eluded the war-ravaged nation, however, and although the insurgency set in motion by the Khmer Rouge proved unable to topple the new Vietnamese-controlled regime in Phnom Penh, it did nonetheless keep the country in a permanent state of insecurity. The new administration was propped up by

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Faced with growing Khmer Rouge belligerence, the Vietnamese leadership decided in early 1978 to support internal resistance to the Pol Pot regime, with the result that the Eastern Zone became a focus of insurrection. War hysteria reached bizarre levels within Democratic Kampuchea. In May 1978, on the

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Like their Chinese counterparts, the Cambodian communists had great faith in the inventive power and the technical aptitude of the masses, and they constantly published reports of peasants' adapting old mechanical parts to new uses. Similar to Mao's regime, which had attempted unsuccessfully to build

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After 1973, these were organised into "low-level cooperatives" in which land and agricultural implements were lent by peasants to the community but remained their private property. "High-level cooperatives", in which private property was abolished and the harvest became the collective property of the

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Thus, individuals were judged and their social status was based on these adapted Khmer Rouge conceptions of hierarchy which were predominantly political in nature. Within this framework, the Khmer Rouge constructed essentialised categories of identity which crystallised difference and inscribed these

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The Christian and Muslim communities, considered part of a pro-Western cosmopolitan sphere, were fiercely persecuted for hindering Cambodian culture and society. The Roman Catholic cathedral of Phnom Penh was completely razed. The Khmer Rouge forced Muslims to eat pork, which they regard as forbidden

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Noticeably, many of the authors of second wave memoirs draw out extended family trees in the beginning of their accounts in an attempt to document their family history. Additionally, some authors also note that despite them remembering events vividly, their memories were augmented by their relatives

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Written to generate more awareness about the Khmer Rouge regime, these adult memoirs take into account the political climate in Cambodia before the regime and tend to call for justice to be served to the perpetrators of the regime. Being the first survivor accounts to reach global audiences, memoirs

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However, beyond these two public sites, there has not been much activity promoted by the Cambodian government to remember the genocide that occurred. This, in part, is due to numerous Khmer Rouge cadres remaining in political power in the wake of the collapse of the Khmer Rouge regime. The continued

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Funding shortfalls plagued the operation, and the government said that due to the poor economy and other financial commitments, it could afford only limited funding for the tribunal. Several countries, including India and Japan, came forward with extra funds, but by January 2006, the full balance of

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Since 1990 Cambodia has gradually recovered, demographically and economically, from the Khmer Rouge regime, although the psychological scars affect many Cambodian families and émigré communities. The current government teaches little about Khmer Rouge atrocities in schools. Cambodia has a very young

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For the moment, however, the Vietnamese invasion had accomplished its purpose of deposing an unlamented and particularly violent dictatorship. A new administration of ex-Khmer Rouge fighters under the control of Hanoi was quickly established (who are ruling till present), and it set about competing,

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After a seventeen-day campaign, Phnom Penh fell to the advancing Vietnamese on 7 January 1979. Pol Pot and the main leaders initially took refuge near the border with Thailand. After making deals with several governments, they were able to use Thailand as a safe staging area for the construction and

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Foreign trade was almost completely halted, though there was a limited revival in late 1976 and early 1977. China was the most important trading partner, but commerce amounting to a few million dollars was also conducted with France, the United Kingdom, and with the United States through a Hong Kong

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The executive branch of government also was chosen by the KPRA. It consisted of a state presidium "responsible for representing the state of Democratic Kampuchea inside and outside the country." It served for a five-year term, and its president was head of state. Khieu Samphan was the only person to

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Even Phnom Penh's hospitals were emptied of their patients. The Khmer Rouge provided transportation for some of the aged and the disabled, and they set up stockpiles of food outside the city for the refugees; however, the supplies were inadequate to sustain the hundreds of thousands of people on the

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underestimated the tenacity of the Khmer Rouge, however, and was obliged to commit an additional 58,000 reinforcements in December. On 6 January 1978, Giap's forces began an orderly withdrawal from Cambodian territory. The Vietnamese apparently believed they had "taught a lesson" to the Cambodians,

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estimated that the Khmer Rouge executed over 1.38 million people. If deaths from disease and starvation are counted, as many as 2.5 million people died as a result of Khmer Rouge rule. This included most of the country's minority populations. For instance, the country's ethnic Vietnamese population

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downplays the importance of personalities in explaining the Democratic Kampuchea phenomenon, noting that Democratic Kampuchea leaders were never considered evil by prewar contemporaries. This view is challenged by some including Rithy Phan, who after interviewing Duch, the head of Tuol Sleng, seems

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Specifically, Hinton spoke to two ideological palimpsests that the Khmer Rouge used. First, the Khmer Rouge tapped on the Khmer notion of disproportionate revenge to motivate a resonant equivalent—class rage against previous oppressors. Hinton uses the example of revenge in the Cambodian context to

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The regime recruited children to spy on adults. The pliancy of the younger generation made them, in Angkar's words, the "dictatorial instrument of the party." In 1962 the communists had created a special secret organisation, the Democratic Youth League, that, in the early 1970s, changed its name to

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Aside from teaching basic mathematical skills and literacy, the major goal of the new educational system was to instill revolutionary values in the young. For a regime at war with most of Cambodia's traditional values, this meant that it was necessary to create a gap between the values of the young

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Family ties were important, both because of the culture and because of the leadership's intense secretiveness and distrust of outsiders, especially of pro-Vietnamese communists. Different ministries, such as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Industry, were controlled and exploited

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The Khmer Rouge dismantled the legal and judicial structures of the Khmer Republic. There were no courts, judges, laws or trials in Democratic Kampuchea. The "people’s courts" stipulated in Article 9 of the constitution were never established. The old legal structures were replaced by re-education,

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In the meantime, as 1978 wore on, Cambodian bellicosity in the border areas surpassed Hanoi's threshold of tolerance. Vietnamese policy makers opted for a military solution and, on 22 December, Vietnam launched its offensive with the intent of overthrowing Democratic Kampuchea. A force of 120,000,

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Although the Khmer Rouge implemented an "agriculture first" policy in order to achieve self-sufficiency, they were not, as some observers have argued, "back-to-nature" primitivists. Although the 1970–75 war and the evacuation of the cities had destroyed or idled most industry, small contingents of

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occurred, more explanations must be had for the widespread violence that was carried out by Cambodians against Cambodians. Anthropologist Alexander Hinton's research project to interview perpetrators of violence during the Khmer Rouge regime sheds some light on the question of collective violence.

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The torture system at Tuol Sleng was designed to make prisoners confess to whatever crimes they were charged with by their captors. In their confessions, the prisoners were asked to describe their personal backgrounds. If they were party members, they had to say when they joined the revolution and

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Health facilities in the years 1975 to 1979 were abysmally poor. Many physicians either were executed or were prohibited from practicing. It appears that the party and the armed forces elite had access to Western medicine and to a system of hospitals that offered reasonable treatment, but ordinary

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rather than distributing it to the local population. In the Northern Zone and in the Central Zone, there seem to have been more executions than there were victims of starvation. Little reliable information emerged on conditions in the Northeastern Zone, one of the most isolated parts of Cambodia.

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The situation of the "old people" under Khmer Rouge rule was more ambiguous. Refugee interviews reveal cases in which villagers were treated as harshly as the "new people", enduring forced labour, indoctrination, the separation of children from parents, and executions; however, they were generally

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Troops from one zone were frequently sent to another zone to enforce discipline. These efforts to discipline zonal secretaries and their dissident or ideologically impure cadres gave rise to the purges that were to decimate RAK ranks, to undermine the morale of the victorious army, and to generate

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The Khmer Rouge continued to use Sihanouk as a figurehead for the government until 2 April 1976 when Sihanouk resigned as head of state. Sihanouk remained under comfortable, but insecure, house arrest in Phnom Penh, until late in the war with Vietnam he departed for the United States where he made

1974:

Despite the ideological commitment to radical equality, CPK members, local-level leaders of poor peasant backgrounds who collaborated with Angkar, and the armed forces constituted a clearly recognizable elite. They had a higher standard of living and received special privileges not enjoyed by the

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Although the Southwestern Zone was one original centre of power of the Khmer Rouge, and cadres administered it with strict discipline, random executions were relatively rare, and "new people" were not persecuted if they had a cooperative attitude. In the Western Zone and in the Northwestern Zone,

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The medical care available to them was primitive or nonexistent. Families often were separated because people were divided into work brigades according to age and sex and sent to different parts of the country. "New people" were subjected to unending political indoctrination and could be executed

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The number of people, including refugees, living in the urban areas on the eve of the communist victory probably was somewhat more than 3 million, out of the total population of roughly 8 million. As mentioned, despite their rural origins, the refugees were considered "new people"—that is, people

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1 billion in interest-free economic and military aid came from China. The relationship between the Chinese and Cambodian governments was nevertheless marred by mutual suspicion and China had little influence on Pol Pot's domestic policies. It had a greater influence on Cambodia's foreign policy,

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According to Craig Etcheson, an authority on Democratic Kampuchea, members of the revolutionary army lived in self-contained colonies, and they had a "distinctive warrior-caste ethos." Armed forces units personally loyal to Pol Pot, known as the "Unconditional Divisions", were a privileged group

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The "new people" were treated as forced labourers. They were constantly moved, were forced to do the hardest physical labour, and worked in the most inhospitable, fever-ridden parts of the country, such as forests, upland areas, and swamps. "New people" were segregated from "old people", enjoyed

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The working class was a negligible factor because of the evacuation of the urban areas and the idling of most of the country's few factories. The one important working class group in pre-revolutionary Cambodia—labourers on large rubber plantations—traditionally had consisted mostly of Vietnamese

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The "rights and duties of the individual" were briefly defined in Article 12. They included none of what are commonly regarded as guarantees of political human rights except the statement that "men and women are equal in every respect." The document declared, however, that "all workers" and "all

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The birth of Democratic Kampuchea and its propensity for violence must be understood against this backdrop of war that likely played a contributing factor in hardening the population against such violence and simultaneously increasing their tolerance and hunger for it. Early explanations for the

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To a larger extent than memoirs from the first wave, these memoirs reconstruct the significance of their authors' experiences before they left Cambodia. Having grown up away from Cambodia, these individuals use their memoirs predominantly as a platform to come to terms with their lost childhood

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Killing Fields are two major sites open to the public which are preserved from the Khmer Rouge years and serve as sites of memory of the Cambodian genocide. The Tuol Sleng was a high school building that was transformed into an interrogation and torture centre called S-21 during the Khmer Rouge

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The KPNLF, while lacking in military strength compared to the Khmer Rouge, commanded a sizable civilian following (up to 250,000) amongst refugees near the Thai-Cambodian border that had fled the Khmer Rouge regime. Funcinpec had the benefit of traditional peasant Khmer loyalty to the crown and

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Not content with ruling Cambodia, the Khmer Rouge leaders also dreamed of reviving the Angkorian empire of a thousand years earlier, which ruled over large parts of what today are Thailand and Vietnam. This involved launching military attacks into southern Vietnam in which thousands of unarmed

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On taking power, the Khmer Rouge spurned both the Western states and the Soviet Union as sources of support. Instead, China became Cambodia's main international partner. With Vietnam increasingly siding with the Soviet Union over China, the Chinese saw Pol Pot's government as a bulwark against

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At the beginning of the Khmer Rouge's rule in 1975, there were 425,000 ethnic Chinese in Cambodia. By the end in 1979, there were 200,000. In addition to being a proscribed ethnic group by the government, the Chinese were predominantly city-dwellers, making them vulnerable to the Khmer Rouge's

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Because of their age-old resentment of the urban and rural elites, many of the poorest peasants probably were sympathetic to Khmer Rouge's goals. In the early 1980s, visiting Western journalists found that the issue of peasant support for the Khmer Rouge was an extremely sensitive subject that

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Under the Khmer Rouge, the encroachment of the public sphere into that which was once private space made constant group-level interactions. Within these spaces, cultural models such as face, shame, and honour were adapted to Khmer Rouge notions of social status and bound up with revolutionary

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As in literature, there has been a proliferation of films on the Cambodian genocide. Most of the films are produced in documentary style, frequently with the aim to reveal what really happened during the Khmer Rouge years and to memorialise those who lived through the genocide. Film director

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and "parasitism" of city life would be completely uprooted. Communalisation was implemented by putting men, women and children to work in the fields, which disrupted family life. The regime claimed to have "liberated" women through this process and according to Zal Karkaria "appeared to have

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The following month, Pol Pot, Nuon Chea, and Ieng Sary travelled secretly to Hanoi in May, where they proposed a Friendship Treaty between the two countries. In the short term, this successfully eased tensions. Although the Vietnamese evacuated Poulo Wai in August, incidents continued along

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fell on 17 April 1975. Sihanouk was given the symbolic position of Head of State for the new government of Democratic Kampuchea and, in September 1975, returned to Phnom Penh from exile in Beijing. After a trip abroad, during which he visited several communist countries and recommended the

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had outlined in his 1959 doctoral dissertation. Currency was abolished, and domestic trade or commerce could be conducted only through barter. Rice, measured in tins, became the most important medium of exchange, although people also bartered gold, jewelry, and other personal possessions.

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ensued that led to annihilation of about 25% of the country's population, with much of the killing being motivated by Khmer Rouge ideology which urged "disproportionate revenge" against rich and powerful oppressors. Victims included such class enemies as rich capitalists, professionals,

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Article 20 of the 1976 constitution of Democratic Kampuchea guaranteed religious freedom, but it also declared that "all reactionary religions that are detrimental to Democratic Kampuchea and the Kampuchean People are strictly forbidden." About 85 percent of the population followed the

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mission that took place from 1991 to 1995 sought to end violence in the country and establish a democratic system of government through new elections. The 1990s saw a marked decline in insurgent activity, though the Khmer Rouge later renewed their attacks against the government. As

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a new steel industry based on backyard furnaces during the Great Leap Forward, the Khmer Rouge sought to move industry to the countryside. Significantly, the seal of Democratic Kampuchea displayed not only sheaves of rice and irrigation sluices, but also a factory with smokestacks.

1539:) that were given numbers. Number One, appropriately, encompassed the Samlot region of the Northwestern Zone (including Battambang Province), where the insurrection against Sihanouk had erupted in early 1967. With this exception, the damban appear to have been numbered arbitrarily. 2164:

were massacred by the Khmer Rouge under the justification that they "used to exploit the Cambodian people". The Chinese were stereotyped as traders and moneylenders, and therefore were associated with capitalism. Among the Khmer, the Chinese were also resented for their lighter

271: 1850:

Although conditions varied from region to region, a situation that was, in part, a reflection of factional divisions that still existed within the CPK during the 1970s, the testimony of refugees reveals that the most salient social division was between the politically suspect

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published in English as a way to remember the past. The first wave of Khmer Rouge memoirs began appearing in the late 1970s and 1980s. Soon after the first wave of survivors escaped or were rescued from Cambodia, survivor accounts in English and French began to be published.

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operation of new redoubts in the mountain and jungle fastness of Cambodia's periphery, Pol Pot and other Khmer Rouge leaders regrouped their units, issued a new call to arms, and reignited a stubborn insurgency against the regime in power as they had done in the late 1960s.

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From the Khmer Rouge perspective, the country was free of foreign economic domination for the first time in its 2,000-year history. By mobilising the people into work brigades organised in a military fashion, the Khmer Rouge hoped to unleash the masses' productive forces.

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Through the 1970s, and especially after mid-1975, the party was also shaken by factional struggles. There were even armed attempts to topple Pol Pot. The resultant purges reached a crest in 1977 and 1978 when thousands, including some important KCP leaders, were executed.

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said that in 1979, "I encouraged the Chinese to support Pol Pot. Pol Pot was an abomination. We could never support him, but China could." Brzezinski has denied this, writing that the Chinese were aiding Pol Pot "without any help or encouragement from the United States."

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regime; today the site still contains many of the torture and prison cells which were created during the Khmer Rouge years. Choeng Ek was a mass grave site outside Phnom Penh where prisoners were taken to be killed; today the site is a memorial for those who died there.

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The Khmer Rouge government did away with all former Cambodian traditional administrative divisions. Instead of provinces, Democratic Kampuchea was divided into geographic zones, derived from divisions established by the Khmer Rouge when they fought against the ill-fated

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could be applied to the national cause in Cambodia. The premise of class struggle sowed the ideological seeds for violence and made violence appear all the more necessary for the revolution to succeed. In addition, because many of the top Khmer Rouge officials such as

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In 1997, Cambodia established a Khmer Rouge Trial Task Force to create a legal and judicial structure to try the remaining leaders for war crimes and other crimes against humanity, but progress was slow, mainly because the Cambodian government of ex-Khmer Rouge Cadre

1525:); the Northern Zone, Northeastern Zone, Northwestern Zone, Central Zone, Eastern Zone, Western Zone, and Southwestern Zone. There were also two other regional-level units: the Kracheh Special Region Number 505 and, until 1977, the Siemreab Special Region Number 106. 276: 3074:– known as Duch and ex-commandant of the notorious S-21 prison – went on trial for crimes against humanity on 17 February 2009. It was the first case involving a senior Pol Pot cadre, three decades after the end of a regime blamed for 1.7 million deaths in Cambodia. 270: 2041:. Pol Pot considered Youth League alumni as his most loyal and reliable supporters and used them to gain control of the central and the regional CPK apparatus. The powerful Khieu Thirith, minister of social action, was responsible for directing the youth movement. 275: 273: 3200:

The violent legacy of the Khmer Rouge regime and its aftermath continue to haunt Cambodia today. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid by the world to the atrocities of the Khmer Rouge, especially in light of the Cambodia Tribunal. In Cambodia, the

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recounting those events to them as they grew up. Most significantly, the publication of the second wave of memoirs coincides with the Cambodia Tribunal and could be a response to the increased international attention paid to the atrocities of the Khmer Rouge.

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consisting of combined armor and infantry units with strong artillery support, drove west into the level countryside of Cambodia's southeastern provinces. Together, the Vietnamese army and the National Salvation Front struck at the Khmer Rouge on 25 December.

2793:—the colonial-era demarcation of maritime borders between the two countries—and the negotiations broke down. In late September, however, a few days before Pol Pot was forced to resign as prime minister, air links were established between Phnom Penh and Hanoi. 309: 2458:

By building a nationwide system of irrigation canals, dams, and reservoirs, the leadership believed it would be possible to produce rice on a year-round basis. It was the "new people" who suffered and sacrificed the most to complete these ambitious projects.

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unsympathetic to Democratic Kampuchea. Some doubtless passed as "old people" after returning to their native villages, but the Khmer Rouge seem to have been extremely vigilant in recording and keeping track of the movements of families and of individuals.

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and customs. Their communities, which traditionally had existed apart from Khmer villages, were broken up. Forty thousand Cham were killed in two districts of Kampong Cham Province alone. Thai minorities living near the Thai border also were persecuted.

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ranging across the country, and Sihanouk's reputation, the Khmer Rouge were able to present themselves as a peace-oriented party in a coalition that represented the majority of the people. Thus, with large popular support in the countryside, the capital

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Province in the early 1960s, and he may have had a substantial Khmer Loeu following. Predominantly animist peoples, with few ties to the Buddhist culture of the lowland Khmers, the Khmer Loeu had resented Sihanouk's attempts to "civilise" them.

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that his youthful guards, having been separated from their families and given a thorough indoctrination, were encouraged to play cruel games involving the torture of animals. Having lost parents, siblings, and friends in the war and lacking the

2455:" component to economic policy. That ancient kingdom had grown rich and powerful because it controlled extensive irrigation systems that produced surpluses of rice. Agriculture in modern Cambodia depended, for the most part, on seasonal rains. 2392:

to establish their authority as a potent centre. In so doing, the Khmer Rouge escalated the suspicion and instability inherent within such patronage networks, setting the stage for distrust and competition on which political purges were based.

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In May 2006, Justice Minister Ang Vong Vathana announced that Cambodia's highest judicial body approved 30 Cambodian and U.N. judges to preside over the genocide tribunal for some surviving Khmer Rouge leaders. The chief Khmer Rouge torturer

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At approximately the same time, villages in Vietnam's border areas underwent renewed attacks. In turn, Vietnam launched air strikes against Cambodia. From 18 to 30 April 1978, Cambodian troops, after invading the Vietnamese province of

1773:, the RAK had 230 battalions in 35 to 40 regiments and in 12 to 14 brigades. The command structure in units was based on three-person committees in which the political commissar ranked higher than the military commander and his deputy. 2044:

Hardened young cadres, many little more than twelve years of age, were enthusiastic accomplices in some of the regime's worst atrocities. Sihanouk, who was kept under virtual house arrest in Phnom Penh between 1976 and 1978, wrote in

1816:. Post-revolutionary society, as defined by the 1976 constitution of Democratic Kampuchea, consisted of workers, peasants, and "all other Kampuchean working people." No allowance was made for a transitional stage such as China's 2067:

people, especially "new people", were expected to use traditional plant and herbal remedies that were of debatable usefulness. Some bartered their rice rations and personal possessions to obtain aspirin and other simple drugs.

1327:(CGDK) with two non-communist guerrilla factions, broadening the exiled government of Democratic Kampuchea. The exiled government renamed itself the National Government of Cambodia in 1990, in the run-up to the UN-sponsored 3358:. The film uses clay figures and archival footage to re-create the atrocities of the Khmer Rouge regime. Beyond Panh, many other individuals (both Cambodians and non-Cambodians) have made films about the Khmer Rouge years. 2028:

The Khmer Rouge regarded traditional education with undiluted hostility. After the fall of Phnom Penh, they executed thousands of teachers. Those who had been educators prior to 1975 survived by hiding their identities.

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Immediately following the Khmer Rouge victory in 1975, there were skirmishes between their troops and Vietnamese forces. Many incidents occurred in May 1975. The Cambodians launched attacks on the Vietnamese islands of

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Hinton's analysis of top-down initiatives shows that perpetrators in the Khmer Rouge were motivated to kill because Khmer Rouge leaders were effectively able to "localize their ideologies" to appeal to their followers.

304: 2904:, an old cadre of Pol Pot and Ieng Sary from their student days in Paris and one of the 21 attendees at the 1960 KPRP Second Congress. The seat was retained under the name 'Democratic Kampuchea' until 1982 and then ' 1575:), the latter usually containing several hundred people. This pattern was roughly similar to that which existed under Sihanouk and the Khmer Republic, but inhabitants of the villages were organized into groups ( 2385:

illustrate how closely violence can be tied to and explained by the Buddhist notion of karma, which dictates that there is a cycle of cause and effect in which one's past actions will affect one's future life.

2825:, Vietnam. In September, border fighting resulted in as many as 1,000 Vietnamese civilian casualties. The following month, the Vietnamese counter-attacked in a campaign involving a force of 20,000 personnel. 2796:

With Pol Pot back at the forefront of the regime in 1977, the situation rapidly deteriorated. Incidents escalated along all of Cambodia's borders. Khmer Rouge forces attacked villages in the border areas of

1357:

as the head of state. Sihanouk, opposing the new government, entered into an alliance with the Khmer Rouge against them. Taking advantage of Vietnamese occupation of eastern Cambodia, massive United States

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population and by 2005 three-quarters of Cambodians were too young to remember the Khmer Rouge years. The younger generations would only know the Khmer Rouge through word-of-mouth from parents and elders.

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peasants, appeared in 1974. "Communities", introduced in early 1976, were a more advanced form of high-level cooperative in which communal dining was instituted. State-owned farms also were established.

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Farley, Chris (1 April 1997). "The Pol Pot Regime: race, power and genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–79 By BEN KIERNAN (New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1996) 477pp. £25.00".

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serve in this office, which he assumed after Sihanouk's resignation. The judicial system was composed of "people's courts", the judges for which were appointed by the KPRA, as was the executive branch.

2723:

The Khmer Rouge regime was one of the most brutal in recorded history, especially considering how briefly it ruled the country. Based on an analysis of mass grave sites, the DC-Cam Mapping Program and

1776:

Cambodia was divided into zones and special sectors by the RAK, the boundaries of which changed slightly over the years. Within these areas, the RAK's first task was the peremptory execution of former

264: 3306:(2009). Published in large part by Cambodian survivors who were children during the period, these memoirs trace their journey from a war-torn Cambodia to their new lives in other parts of the world. 2995:

In 1997, Pol Pot ordered the execution of his right-hand man Son Sen for attempting peace negotiations with the Cambodian government. In 1998, Pol Pot himself died, and other key Khmer Rouge leaders

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causing the death of over 500 civilians and intruded into Vietnamese border provinces. In late May, at about the same time that the United States launched an airstrike against the oil refinery at

1916:, like many in Southeast Asia, has a complex system of usages to define speakers' rank and social status. These usages were abandoned, and people were forbidden to speak any language other than 1450:

peasants" were "masters" of their factories and fields. An assertion that "there is absolutely no unemployment in Democratic Kampuchea" rings true in light of the regime's massive use of force.

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As events in the 1980s progressed, the main preoccupations of the new regime were survival, restoring the economy, and combating the Khmer Rouge insurgency by military and by political means.

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The Cambodian genocide has spawned a host of literary publications in the wake of the Khmer Rouge regime's fall. Most significant to the history of the Khmer Rouge are the numerous survivor

7379: 2668:(also known as Duch) were educators and intellectuals, they were unable to connect with the masses and were alienated upon their return to Cambodia, further fuelling their radical thought. 1404:

The conditions of the evacuation and the treatment of the people involved often depended on which military units and commanders were conducting the specific operations. Pol Pot's brother –

2424:

that carried out immediate collectivisation of the Chinese countryside in 1958. During the early 1970s, the Khmer Rouge established "mutual assistance groups" in the areas they occupied.

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A Survivor of the Khmer Rouge Confronts His Past and the Commandant of the Killing Fields. By Rithy Panh with Christophe Bataille. New York: Other Press, 2012. 271 pp. $ 22.95 (cloth)".

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CPK members occupied committee posts at the higher levels. Subdistrict and village committees were often staffed by local poor peasants, and, very rarely, by "new people." Cooperatives (

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led by General Lon Nol. There were seven zones, namely the Northwest, the North, the Northeast, the East, the Southwest, the West and the center, plus two Special Regions, i.e. the

2941: 2292:"Economic saboteurs:" many of the former urban dwellers (who had not starved to death in the first place) were deemed to be guilty by virtue of their lack of agricultural ability. 2084:. The country's 40,000 to 60,000 Buddhist monks, regarded by the regime as social parasites, were defrocked and forced to work in the rural co-operatives and irrigation projects. 2805:. Brutal murders of Thai villagers, including women and children, were the first widely reported concrete evidence of Khmer Rouge atrocities. There were also incidents along the 6021:

Daniel Bultmann: Irrigating a Socialist Utopia: Disciplinary Space and Population Control under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–1979, Transcience, Volume 3, Issue 1 (2012), pp. 40–52

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Cartwright, Hon. Dame Silvia (Rose), (Born 7 Nov. 1943), Governor-General of New Zealand, 2001–06; Trial Chamber Judge, Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, 2006–14

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In May, Cambodian and Vietnamese representatives met in Phnom Penh in order to establish a commission to resolve border disagreements. The Vietnamese refused to recognize the

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Despite its ideological iconoclasm, many historical monuments were left undamaged by the Khmer Rouge; for Pol Pot's government, like its predecessors, the historic state of

1924:

were introduced, and everyday vocabulary was altered to encourage a more collectivist mentality. People were encouraged to call each other "friend", or "comrade" (in Khmer,

1419:

The foreign community, about 800 people, was quarantined in the French embassy compound, and by the end of the month the foreigners were taken by truck to the Thai border.

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In practice, the military strength of the non-KR groups within Cambodia was minimal, though their funding and civilian support was often greater than the Khmer Rouge. The

3690:"The Pol Pot Regime: race, power and genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–79 By BEN KIERNAN (New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1996) 477pp. £25.00" 2900:

The UN General Assembly voted by a margin of 71 to 35 for the Khmer Rouge to retain their seat at the UN, with 34 abstentions and 12 absentees. The seat was occupied by

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In deportations that became markers of the beginning of their rule, the Khmer Rouge demanded and then forced the people to leave the cities and live in the countryside.

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territory during 1977 and 1978, the promise to "maintain close and friendly relations with all countries sharing a common border" bore little resemblance to reality.

1401:—populated by 2.5 million people —was soon nearly empty. The roads out of the city were clogged with evacuees. Similar evacuations occurred throughout the nation. 2020:

The Khmer Rouge regime was also characterized by "totalitarian puritanism" with any sex before marriage being punishable by death in many cooperatives and zones.

7011: 5742: 1990:, served as minister of social action. These two women were considered among the half-dozen most powerful personalities in Democratic Kampuchea. Son Sen's wife, 7712: 7016: 2368: 5835: 3625: 3497: 390: 7613: 2924: 7707: 1083: 3767: 2580: 2536: 1754: 6234: 1067: 5515:"Revolutionary and Antirevolutionary Genocides: A Comparison of State Murders in Democratic Kampuchea, 1975 to 1979, and in Indonesia, 1965 to 1966" 5491: 5236:

Summers, Laura (1 September 1985). "Book Review: Michael Vickery, Cambodia: 1975-1982 (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1984, 361 pp., £7.95 pbk.)".

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congratulated the Cambodian people for having "wiped out counterrevolutionary group of spies who had committed subversive activities and sabotage".

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and cultural differences. Hundreds of Chinese families were rounded up in 1978 and told that they were to be resettled, but were actually executed.

1855:", those driven out of the towns after the communist victory, and the more reliable "old people", the peasants who had remained in the countryside. 1416:

road. Even seriously injured hospital patients, many without any means of conveyance, were summarily forced to leave regardless of their condition.

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women who were married to foreigners were allowed to accompany their husbands, but Khmer men were not permitted to leave with their foreign wives.

1847:

later boasted to Sihanouk that "we will be the first nation to create a completely communist society without wasting time on intermediate steps."

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years, reconnect with their cultural roots which they cannot forget despite residing outside of Cambodia and tell this story for their children.

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China, the U.S., and other Western countries opposed an expansion of Vietnamese and Soviet influence in Indochina, and refused to recognize the

2515:

While Democratic Kampuchea held Cambodia's UN seat and was internationally recognized, only the following countries had an embassy in Cambodia:

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is a survivor of the Khmer Rouge's killing fields and is the most prolific producer of documentaries on the Khmer Rouge years. He has produced

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Massacres of ethnic Vietnamese and of their sympathizers by the Khmer Rouge intensified in the Eastern Zone after the May revolt. In November,

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The constitution did not mention regional or local government institutions. After assuming power, the Khmer Rouge abolished the old provinces (

1485: 519: 1229: 222: 5808: 5639: 7254: 6818: 6670: 5974:

From Sideshow to Genocide: Stories from the Cambodian Holocaust – virtual history of the Khmer Rouge plus a collection of survivor stories.

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Solomon Kane (trad. de l'anglais par François Gerles, préf. David Chandler), Dictionnaire des Khmers rouges, IRASEC, février 2007, 460 p. (

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Thus, prior to the Khmer Rouge's takeover of Phnom Penh in 1975 and the start of the Zero Years, Cambodia had already been involved in the

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Tens of thousands of Vietnamese were raped, mutilated, and murdered in regime-organised massacres. Most of the survivors fled to Vietnam.

1971:, or "memory sickness") could result in their receiving Angkar's "invitation" to be deindustrialised and to live in a concentration camp. 7662: 7467: 7147: 4786: 2933: 2160:

The state of the Chinese Cambodians was described as "the worst disaster ever to befall any ethnic Chinese community in Southeast Asia".

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were defaced and dumped into rivers and lakes. People who were discovered praying or expressing religious sentiments were often killed.

6082:

Hinton, Alexander Laban. "Why did they Kill? : Cambodia in the Shadow of Genocide." Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.

2216:, later the Deputy Prime Minister for Defense of Democratic Kampuchea, was in charge of the Santebal, and in that capacity he appointed 1296:

killed millions of its own people through mass executions, forced labour, and starvation, in an event which has come to be known as the

2786:

Cambodia's northeastern border. At the instigation of the Phnom Penh regime, thousands of Vietnamese also were driven out of Cambodia.

2512:

were arrested. From Beijing, he was then taken on a tour of China, visiting sites associated with Mao and the Chinese Communist Party.

323: 1733:

interrogation and security centres where former Khmer Republic officials and supporters as well as others were detained and executed.

1702:. These were known by numbers, which were assigned without a seemingly coherent pattern. Villages were also subdivided into 'groups' ( 7399: 7134: 6108: 3352:, two survivors of S-21 confront their former captors. In 2013, Panh released another documentary about the Khmer Rouge years titled 2556: 2520: 2242:—in practice this included almost everyone with an education, people who understood a foreign language, and even people who required 871: 7657: 7537: 7502: 7451: 7236: 6332: 3735: 3160: 2699:, cities were emptied, organised religion was abolished, and private property, money and markets were eliminated. An unprecedented 2608: 2552: 2516: 2204:

Remains of victims of the Khmer Rouge in the Kampong Trach Cave, Kiry Seila Hills, Rung Tik (Water Cave) or Rung Khmao (Dead Cave).

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was almost completely wiped out; nearly all ethnic Vietnamese who did not flee immediately after the takeover were exterminated.

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Vietnamese influence in Indochina. It is estimated that at least 90% of the foreign aid which the Khmer Rouge received came from

2281:

and other minorities in Eastern Highland, Cambodian Christians (most of whom were Catholic, and the Catholic Church in general),

2212:

was part of the Khmer Rouge organizational structure well before 17 April 1975, when the Khmer Rouge took control over Cambodia.

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led an unsuccessful coup d'état. There were now tens of thousands of Cambodian and Vietnamese exiles on Vietnamese territory.

2704:

intellectuals, police and government employees (including most of Lon Nol's leadership), along with ethnic minorities such as

7497: 6425: 6029: 6016: 6006: 5725: 5485: 5407: 5322: 5176: 5144: 4907: 4823: 4796: 4557: 4459: 4361: 4086: 3943: 3919: 3430: 3348: 3109: 3032:, despite its origins in the Vietnamese-backed regime of the 1980s, was reluctant to bring the Khmer Rouge leaders to trial. 1489: 64: 5560: 3139: 90: 7374: 7349: 6896: 6280: 6270: 2254:

and was also a fluent French speaker. Many artists, including musicians, writers, and filmmakers were executed. Some like

2138:, and 20 other minorities, which altogether constituted 15% of the population at the beginning of the Khmer Rouge's rule. 7687: 6317: 6184: 2964: 2038: 947: 7154: 3531: 1652:

All power belonged to the Standing Committee of CPK, the membership of which comprised the Secretary and Prime Minister

7697: 7542: 7231: 7169: 6771: 6504: 6499: 6224: 6121: 5919: 5612: 4263: 3435: 2013:

by powerful Khmer Rouge families. Administering the diplomatic corps was regarded as an especially profitable fiefdom.

1056: 420: 3146: 97: 7517: 7344: 7324: 7249: 7164: 7129: 7087: 6219: 6076: 6061: 6043: 5985: 5969: 5949: 5871: 5477:

Genocides by the Oppressed: Subaltern Genocide in Theory and Practice – Nicholas A. Robins, Adam Jones – Google Books

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Genocides by the Oppressed: Subaltern Genocide in Theory and Practice – Nicholas A. Robins, Adam Jones – Google Books

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Kuper, Leo; Staub, Ervin (1 September 1990). "The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence".

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The language was transformed in other ways. The Khmer Rouge invented new terms. People were told they must "forge" (

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is a British documentary directed by David Munro in 1979 which managed to raise 45 million pounds for Cambodians.

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While the historical context and ideological underpinnings of the Khmer Rouge regime provide reasons for why the

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The Democratic Kampuchea regime maintained close ties with China, its main backer, and to a lesser extent with

1586:) composed of ten to fifteen families. On each level, administration was directed by a three-person committee ( 68: 7124: 2009:

was given a job as English translator for Radio Phnom Penh although her fluency in the language was relative.

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in which "patriotic" landlord or bourgeois elements were permitted to play a role in socialist construction.

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In the late 1980s, little was known of Khmer Rouge policies toward the tribal peoples of the northeast, the

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the seeds of rebellion. In this way, the Khmer Rouge used the RAK to sustain and fuel its violent campaign.

1408:, who worked as a Republican journalist in the capital – was reported to have died during the evacuation of 7702: 7485: 7184: 7174: 6943: 6533: 6481: 6476: 6405: 6275: 6214: 3051: 2415: 2054:

of their elders, the Khmer Rouge youth also lacked the inhibitions that would have dampened their zeal for

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Jackson, Karl D. Cambodia: 1975–1978 Rendezvous with Death. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989

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Burton, Charles; Chandler, David P.; Kiernan, Ben (1984). "Revolution and Its Aftermath in Kampuchea".

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Many monks were executed; temples and pagodas were destroyed or turned into storehouses. Images of the

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Nonetheless, the task force began its work and took possession of two buildings on the grounds of the

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both domestically and internationally, with the Khmer Rouge as the legitimate government of Cambodia.

30:

This article is about Cambodia under the governance of the Khmer Rouge. For the regime generally, see

7677: 7547: 7419: 6560: 6461: 6305: 6290: 6142: 3443: 3420: 2432: 2389: 2231:, and eventually executed anyone suspected of belonging to several categories of supposed "enemies": 1843:. Khieu Samphan and Khieu Thirith "just smiled an incredulous and superior smile." Khieu Samphan and 876: 804: 5286: 3521: 3281:) (1977) were instrumental in bringing to the world the story of life under the Khmer Rouge regime. 1457:

principles in Article 21, the document's longest, in terms of "independence, peace, neutrality, and

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Several of Pol Pot's nephews and nieces were given jobs in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. One of

1442:, established in 1970) and promulgated the Constitution of Democratic Kampuchea on 5 January 1976. 4815:

ASEAN Resistance to Sovereignty Violation: Interests, Balancing and the Role of the Vanguard State

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both supported the non-KR insurgents covertly, with weapons, and military advisors in the form of

2491:. In 1977, in a message congratulating the Cambodian comrades on the 17th anniversary of the CPK, 1757:) force, which completed its conquest of Phnom Penh, Cambodia in April 1975, was renamed the RAK ( 104: 7667: 7354: 6859: 6679: 6456: 6383: 5812: 3102: 3012: 2420:

Democratic Kampuchea's economic policy was similar to, and possibly inspired by, China's radical

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Kang Kek Iew (Kaing Guek Eav or Duch) before the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia

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After the establishment of Democratic Kampuchea, the 68,000-member Khmer Rouge-dominated KPNLAF (

881: 57: 7572: 7567: 7507: 6958: 6901: 6847: 6842: 6720: 6710: 6420: 6415: 6373: 6249: 3835:"Khmer Rouge | Killing Fields | Pol Pot | Ieng Sary | Nuon Chea – Cambodian Information Center" 2629: 2555:. Democratic Kampuchea itself, on the other hand, established embassies in various countries: 1484:

Governmental institutions were outlined very briefly in the constitution. The legislature, the

981: 3593: 2829: 7082: 6953: 6627: 6592: 6555: 6519: 6390: 6363: 6258: 5280:"Failure Through Neglect: The Women's Policies of the Khmer Rouge in Comparative Perspective" 4485:"Breaking Decades of Silence: Sexual Violence During the Khmer Rouge - Global Justice Center" 3860: 2960: 2929: 2775:

Aerial surveillance photo showing two Khmer Rouge gunboats during the initial seizing of the

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conditions were harsh. Starvation was general in the latter zone because cadres sent rice to

1852: 1637: 1493: 1117: 1630:(CPK) promulgated the Constitution of Democratic Kampuchea. The constitution provided for a 7692: 7601: 7334: 7067: 6995: 6963: 6913: 6908: 6705: 6602: 6575: 6565: 6410: 6346: 6327: 2684: 2055: 1880:

little or no privacy, and received the smallest rice rations. When the country experienced

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Democratic Kampuchea's case before the Security Council. He eventually relocated to China.

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The Khmer Rouge was determined to turn the country into a nation of peasants in which the

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led many who studied in Paris to believe that Marxist political theory that was based on

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Next, the Khmer Rouge leadership built on local notions of power and patronage vis-à-vis

1766: 1375: 1340: 1323:, but failed to gain international recognition. In 1982, the Khmer Rouge established the 1308: 1102: 988: 834: 785: 5942:

The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–79

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The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia Under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–79

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The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–79

2818: 7359: 6938: 6928: 6690: 6660: 6650: 6570: 6471: 6207: 6162: 6071:. Westview special studies on South and Southeast Asia. Boulder, Colo: Westview, 1984. 6024:

Piergiorgio Pescali: "S-21 Nella prigione di Pol Pot". La Ponga Edizioni, Milan, 2015.

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Elizabeth J. Harris (31 December 2017), "8. Cambodian Buddhism after the Khmer Rouge",

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hierarchy. The number of "new people" may initially have been as high as 2.5 million.

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Ponchaud, François. Cambodia: Year Zero. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1978

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The second wave of memoirs, published in the 21st century, include Chanrithy Him's

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Today, examples of the torture methods used by the Khmer Rouge can be seen at the

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gained posthumous fame for their talents and are still popular with Khmers today.

2189: 2051: 1293: 1254: 1205: 1092: 796: 380: 373: 5365:"State Violence in Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979) and Retribution (1979–2004)" 3689: 2742: 1986:, was head of the Association of Democratic Khmer Women and her younger sister, 1319:(UN). In response, Vietnamese-backed communists created a rival government, the 7472: 7037: 6700: 6665: 6491: 6192: 5514: 5094: 4066: 3705: 3542: 3513: 3508: 3489: 3477: 3465: 3425: 2842: 2700: 2652: 2637: 2340: 2263: 2246:. However, ironically, Pol Pot himself was a university-educated man (albeit a 2153: 2088: 1917: 1913: 1682: 1454: 1438:

The Khmer Rouge abolished the Royal Government of National Union of Kampuchea (

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Western historians claim that the motives were political, based on deep-rooted

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as the sole commander of the Khmer Rouge forces; he was detained in 1999 for "

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officials of the People's Republic of Kampuchea were not inclined to discuss.

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doctrine in its purest form: women produced, therefore they had been freed".

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Anyone with connections to the former government or with foreign governments.

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Visites guidées au Kampuchéa Démocratique (1975–1978) – Marie Aberdam. Dans

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and seven others. It was known also as the "Centre", the "Organisation" or "

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To The End Of Hell: One Woman's Struggle to Survive Cambodia's Khmer Rouge.

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Far more than the Chinese communists, the Khmer Rouge pursued the ideal of

2247: 2239: 2217: 1797: 1420: 1405: 824: 383: 6310: 6049:

Chandler, David P. "A History of Cambodia." Boulder: Westview Press, 1992.

5717: 5312: 5168: 4451: 2098: 7286: 7271: 6918: 6147: 5640:""Nếu không có bộ đội tình nguyện Việt Nam, sẽ không có điều kỳ diệu ấy"" 5314:

Final solutions : mass killing and genocide in the twentieth century

4031:

When the war was over: the voices of Cambodia's revolution and its people

3800: 3414: 2860: 2776: 2771: 2750: 2746: 2717: 2572: 2528: 2492: 2488: 2463:

workers were allowed to return to the urban areas to reopen some plants.

2282: 2278: 2274: 2145: 2135: 2108: 1909: 1809: 1805: 1646: 1466: 1266: 252: 31: 4502: 2822: 6796: 5066: 5021: 4705: 4649: 4615: 4415: 3838: 3324: 3206: 3192: 3063: 2713: 2625: 2352: 2344: 2305: 2221: 2181: 2177: 2166: 1901: 1832: 1813: 1409: 1398: 1385: 1364: 886: 481: 340: 6036:

Vanished Stories from Cambodia's New People Under Democratic Kampuchea

5683: 3936:

The killing of Cambodia: geography, genocide and the unmaking of space

2883:

a substantial Vietnamese military force and civilian advisory effort.

2327: 2200: 1761:). This name dated back to the peasant uprising that broke out in the 6827: 5998: 5613:"Counting Hell: The Death Toll of the Khmer Rouge Regime in Cambodia" 3289: 3000: 2971:

units, who taught sabotage techniques in camps just inside Thailand.

2945: 2761: 2633: 2335:

Seventeen thousand people passed through Security Prison 21 (now the

2077: 2006: 1998: 1921: 1836: 1657: 861: 6086: 5050: 5005: 4736: 4688: 4671: 4633: 4399: 3087: 1839:

in a single step, as China had attempted in the late 1950s with the

1769:

in 1967. Under its long-time commander and then Minister of Defense

46: 6988: 6117: 4856: 4566: 2989: 2937: 2889: 2853: 2814: 2798: 2596: 2348: 2209: 2103:

Many of those who refused were killed. Christian clergy and Muslim

2081: 1979: 1949:) a new revolutionary character, that they were the "instruments" ( 1801: 1690: 1474: 1312: 1250: 763: 529: 5809:"UNITED NATIONS ADVANCE MISSION IN CAMBODIA (UNAMIC) – Background" 1835:, who was gravely ill. Zhou warned them not to attempt to achieve 7301: 5665: 3066:, nominated seven judges for a trial of the Khmer Rouge leaders. 3029: 3004: 2985: 2838: 2696: 2657: 2604: 2560: 2548: 2321: 2304:. The museum occupies the former grounds of a high school turned 2259: 2243: 2228: 2213: 2005:

although she had not graduated from secondary school. A niece of

1991: 1960:) of the Angkar, and that nostalgia for pre-revolutionary times ( 1844: 1781: 1770: 1746: 1653: 1470: 1350: 1278: 1258: 1037: 866: 505: 409: 6056:. Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Documentation Center of Cambodia, 2007. 4604:, ‘'P&E World Tour'’, 27 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2019 1285:

in 1979, it was disestablished in 1982 with the creation of the

7077: 6869: 6152: 5937:

Seng Ty: The Years of Zero: Coming of Age Under the Khmer Rouge

3231: 3008: 2846: 2592: 2452: 2180:. Pol Pot established an insurgent base in the tribal areas of 2149: 2115: 1881: 1873: 1661: 829: 819: 7291: 7261: 6730: 5978:

First They Killed My Father: A Daughter of Cambodia Remembers

5310: 4264:"The Khmer Way Of Exile: Lessons From Three Indochinese Wars" 3035: 2678: 2500: 1908:

On the surface, society in Democratic Kampuchea was strictly

1439: 1344: 814: 699: 5776:"Opinion | Pol Pot's Evil Had Many Faces; China Acted Alone" 7276: 7200: 7142: 5881:

Ciorciari, John D. (2014). "China and the Pol Pot Regime".

5590: 5131:, Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 315–324, 4832: 4073:, Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 315–324, 2806: 2600: 2588: 2576: 2540: 2532: 2504: 2104: 1618:, assumed local government responsibilities in some areas. 1478: 5127:

Jackson, Karl D., ed. (31 December 2014), "Bibliography",

1994:, served as minister for culture, education and learning. 4024: 4022: 3661:"Cambodia – COALITION GOVERNMENT OF DEMOCRATIC KAMPUCHEA" 3618:"Khmer Rouge's Slaughter in Cambodia Is Ruled a Genocide" 2317: 2313: 4844: 4724: 4712: 4547: 4940: 4194: 4157: 4133: 4123: 4121: 4108: 4106: 4104: 3058:

just on the outskirts of Phnom Penh. In March 2006 the

6038:. Phnom Penh: Documentation Center of Cambodia, 2006. 6011:

Ho, M. (1991). The Clay Marble. Farrar Straus Giroux.

5866:. Boulder, San Francisco, and Oxford: Westview Press. 5437:"A Head for an Eye: Revenge in the Cambodian Genocide" 4552:. Documentation Center of Cambodia. 2007. p. 74. 4019: 2974: 2339:), before they were taken to sites (also known as the 1713:) of 15–20 households who were led by a group leader ( 1469:. In light of the regime's aggressive attacks against 5034: 4444:

Why Did They Kill? Cambodia in the Shadow of Genocide

4344:

Gellately, Robert; Kiernan, Ben, eds. (7 July 2003).

2952:

Sihanouk's widespread popularity in the countryside.

5864:

Brother Number One: A Political Biography of Pol Pot

5712:. Singapore: ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute Singapore. 4928: 4884: 4872: 4582: 4382:

Pike, Douglas; Kiernan, Ben (1997). "Reviewed Work:

4320: 4308: 4218: 4206: 4145: 4118: 4101: 3883: 3871: 4540: 3901: 3802:

Sihanouk : prince of light, prince of darkness

3535: 3525: 3007:in exchange for immunity from prosecution, leaving 2760:, Vietnamese forces seized the Cambodian island of 2396: 1982:similar of the Sihanouk-era elite. Pol Pot's wife, 1966: 1955: 1944: 1930: 1867: 1796:According to Pol Pot, Cambodia was made up of four 1719: 1708: 1697: 1613: 1607: 1593: 1587: 1581: 1570: 1559: 1548: 1534: 1520: 1509: 288: 250: 71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5474:Robins, Nicholas A.; Jones, Adam (27 April 2016). 5396:Robins, Nicholas A.; Jones, Adam (25 April 2016). 3798: 2363: 2126:The Khmer Rouge banned by decree the existence of 1696:The regions were subdivided into smaller areas or 5637: 4177:"FREEDOM VIRTUALLY ENDS GENOCIDE AND MASS MURDER" 4028: 3736:"Cambodians Designate Sihanouk as Chief for Life" 3015:." The organization essentially ceased to exist. 2821:causing 3,157 civilian deaths in the province of 1269:. It was established following the Khmer Rouge's 7644: 4958: 4343: 3966: 3906:, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 190–224, 2890:The Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea 2849:region, which they regarded as Khmer territory. 1453:The constitution defined Democratic Kampuchea's 3933: 1755:Khmer People's National Liberation Armed Forces 1334: 1300:. The killings ended when the Khmer Rouge were 5836:"Killing Fields torturer on trial in Cambodia" 5709:New Foundations for Asian and Pacific Security 5587:"Cambodian Genocide Program | Yale University" 4616:"The Political Nature of Democratic Kampuchea" 2932:approved $ 5 million in aid to the republican 2865:Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation 1496:" apparently were not allowed to participate. 1273:, effectively ending the United States-backed 7713:States and territories disestablished in 1982 6812: 6102: 6054:A History of Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979) 4549:A History of Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979) 2483:during the latter's visit to Cambodia in 1978 2479:Pol Pot meeting with Romanian Marxist leader 1884:in 1977, the "new people" suffered the most. 1859:immigrants and thus was politically suspect. 1302:ousted from Phnom Penh by the Vietnamese army 1223: 5345:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5238:Millennium: Journal of International Studies 4761:"China Is Urged to Confront Its Own History" 4008:, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007, 3272: 3258: 3248: 2906:Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea 2896:Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea 2033:and the values of the nonrevolutionary old. 1892:allowed to remain in their native villages. 1676:Administrative zones of Democratic Kampuchea 1325:Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea 739:Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea 6069:The Rise and Demise of Democratic Kampuchea 5561:"Documentation Center of Cambodia (DC-Cam)" 5473: 5395: 5161:The Rise and Demise of Democratic Kampuchea 4442:Hinton, Alexander Laban (6 December 2004). 4381: 3116:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1961: 1950: 1939: 1925: 1714: 1703: 1632:Kampuchean People's Representative Assembly 1602: 1576: 1565: 1554: 1543: 1529: 1515: 1504: 1486:Kampuchean People's Representative Assembly 1307:The Khmer Rouge subsequently established a 282: 244: 178: 154: 7708:States and territories established in 1975 6819: 6805: 6109: 6095: 5964:University of Washington Press; June 2000 5833: 5519:Comparative Studies in Society and History 5349:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5317:. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. 4991: 4961:Cambodia, 1975–1978: rendezvous with death 4602:"The Killing Fields: Genocide in Cambodia" 4065:Jackson, Karl D., ed. (31 December 2014), 3650:. New Haven: Yale University Press, p. xix 3590:Cambodia, 1975–1978: Rendezvous with Death 2679:Operationalising ideology through violence 2624:The Khmer Rouge was heavily influenced by 2358: 2224:, which could hold up to 1,500 prisoners. 1230: 1216: 322: 5880: 5435:Hinton, Alexander Laban (1 August 1998). 4963:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 4850: 4838: 4746: 4730: 4718: 4687: 4482: 3640: 3180:Learn how and when to remove this message 2619: 1612:), similar in jurisdictional area to the 131:Learn how and when to remove this message 6826: 5861: 5689: 5199: 5158: 5122: 5120: 4862: 4572: 4508: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4261: 4060: 4058: 3805:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 3212: 3191: 3034: 2915:, former U.S. National Security Advisor 2770: 2474: 2367: 2326: 2199: 1740: 1671: 1636: 1542:The damban were divided into districts ( 5980:(HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., 2000) 5834:Schuettler, Darren (17 February 2009). 5235: 5126: 4784: 4669: 4613: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4064: 4000:"Cartwright, Hon. Dame Silvia (Rose)", 3683: 3681: 3587: 3361:Year Zero: The Silent Death of Cambodia 3060:Secretary General of the United Nations 2347:, where most were executed (often with 2001:'s daughters was appointed head of the 1866:The lowest unit of social control, the 1461:." It pledged the country's support to 1392: 14: 7645: 5740: 5705: 5434: 5311:Valentino, Benjamin A., 1971– (2004). 5079: 4526:"Cambodia's brutal Khmer Rouge regime" 4441: 3867:from the original on 21 February 2009. 3687: 3592:. Princeton University Press. p. 3018: 2988:disengaged from direct involvement in 2107:were executed. One hundred and thirty 1514:) and replaced them with seven zones ( 7718:Former polities of the Indochina Wars 7683:Former countries in Cambodian history 6800: 6116: 6090: 5909: 5706:Larson, Joyce E. (31 December 1980). 5693: 5117: 4946: 4934: 4890: 4878: 4866: 4811: 4758: 4742: 4663: 4588: 4576: 4512: 4422: 4332: 4326: 4314: 4270: 4239:Genocide A Comprehensive Introduction 4236: 4224: 4212: 4200: 4163: 4151: 4139: 4127: 4112: 4055: 3889: 3877: 3541: 3507: 3476: 3431:Mass killings under communist regimes 3349:S-21: The Khmer Rouge Killing Machine 2944:, the armed wing of the pro-Sihanouk 2731: 2227:The Khmer Rouge government arrested, 1528:The zones were divided into regions ( 1315:and retained Kampuchea's seat at the 1292:From 1975 to 1979, the Khmer Rouge's 5638:suckhoedoisong.vn (9 January 2009). 5512: 4370: 4295:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim240100033 3861:"A brief history of the Khmer Rouge" 3678: 3114:adding citations to reliable sources 3081: 3054:(RCAF) High Command headquarters in 2828:Vietnamese defense minister General 2470: 2121: 69:adding citations to reliable sources 40: 6034:Beang, Pivoine, and Wynne Cougill. 5912:Pol Pot: The History of a Nightmare 5741:Becker, Elizabeth (17 April 1998). 5589:. 16 September 2013. Archived from 4805: 4778: 4670:Jackson, Karl D. (1 January 1978). 4014:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u10356 3543:[preahriəciənaːcakkampuciə] 2975:The end of the CGDK and Khmer Rouge 2308:that was operated by Comrade Duch. 2039:Communist Youth League of Kampuchea 1253:state from 1975 to 1979, under the 24: 7663:1979 disestablishments in Cambodia 5930: 5811:. 11 February 2009. Archived from 5615:. 15 November 2013. Archived from 4752: 4446:. University of California Press. 3837:. 28 February 2010. Archived from 3768:"PHNOM PENH SAYS SIHANOUK RESIGNS" 3628:from the original on 13 April 2019 3411:(Vietnamese occupation, 1979–1989) 1353:and the National Assembly deposed 25: 7729: 5370:. 30 October 2013. Archived from 4262:Etcheson, Craig (November 1990). 3478:[kampuciəprɑːciətʰipataj] 3003:surrendered to the government of 2351:, to save bullets) and buried in 1823:Sihanouk writes that in 1975 he, 1689:no 505 and (before mid-1977) the 1667: 1271:capture of the capital Phnom Penh 555: 543:Khmer Rouge capture of Phnom Penh 296:"Victorious Seventeenth of April" 27:1975–1979 state in Southeast Asia 6671:Courtship, marriage, and divorce 6248: 5159:Etcheson, Craig (11 July 2019). 4483:Tkachenko, Maryna (8 May 2019). 4033:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 3225: 3086: 2435:, specifically the version that 2397:Violence as an individual action 1645:(CPK), the political arm of the 1199: 795: 743: 725: 692: 674: 583:Vietnamese capture of Phnom Penh 520:People's Representative Assembly 328:Location of Democratic Kampuchea 300: 291:Dâb Prămpir Mésa Môha Choŭkchoăy 262: 221: 205: 45: 7658:1975 establishments in Cambodia 6168:French protectorate of Cambodia 5944:Yale University Press; 2nd ed. 5827: 5801: 5768: 5734: 5699: 5658: 5631: 5605: 5579: 5553: 5506: 5467: 5428: 5389: 5357: 5304: 5272: 5229: 5193: 5152: 5073: 5028: 4985: 4952: 4924:2015/2 (n° 162), pages 139 à 15 4913: 4896: 4607: 4594: 4518: 4476: 4255: 4230: 4169: 3993: 3960: 3938:. Aldershot, England: Ashgate. 3927: 3895: 3853: 3827: 3792: 3760: 3336:The Land of the Wandering Souls 3330:Cambodia: Between War and Peace 3247:(published 1987), Pin Yathay's 3042:(formerly Security Prison S-21) 2936:, led by former prime minister 2863:announced the formation of the 2364:Violence as a collective action 2343:), outside Phnom Penh, such as 1621: 1433: 56:needs additional citations for 7325:Azerbaijan People's Government 6225:Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998) 6220:People's Republic of Kampuchea 5563:. 28 July 2011. Archived from 5513:Fein, Helen (1 October 1993). 5285:. 26 July 2011. Archived from 4959:Jackson, Karl D., ed. (1989). 4266:. Coastal Carolina University. 3728: 3653: 3610: 3581: 3559: 3527:Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchéa 3483: 3459: 3409:People's Republic of Kampuchea 3047:funding was not yet in place. 2925:People's Republic of Kampuchea 2503:, and in 1975 alone, at least 2188:There were also high rates of 2118:was a key point of reference. 1321:People's Republic of Kampuchea 1057:Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998) 1028:People's Republic of Kampuchea 721:People's Republic of Kampuchea 13: 1: 3552: 3300:On the Wings of a White Horse 2162:Cambodians of Chinese descent 1265:(CPK), commonly known as the 1123:Cambodian–Thai border dispute 5895:10.1080/14682745.2013.808624 5480:. Indiana University Press. 5402:. Indiana University Press. 5250:10.1177/03058298850140020921 5203:The Journal of Asian Studies 4759:Levin, Dan (30 March 2015). 4672:"Cambodia 1977: Gone to Pot" 3052:Royal Cambodian Armed Forces 2416:Economic history of Cambodia 2208:A security apparatus called 2023: 1978:They also had a tendency to 1759:Kampuchea Revolutionary Army 1643:Communist Party of Kampuchea 1628:Communist Party of Kampuchea 1492:was held on 20 March 1976. " 1335:Background and establishment 1263:Communist Party of Kampuchea 570:Start of Vietnamese invasion 36:Communist Party of Kampuchea 34:. For the ruling party, see 18:Khmer Rouge rule of Cambodia 7: 7365:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad 5862:Chandler, David P. (1992). 4388:Political Science Quarterly 3971:. Boston: South End Press. 3799:Osborne, Milton E. (1994). 3536: 3526: 3437:First They Killed My Father 3367: 3317: 3295:First They Killed My Father 2614: 2152:, were forced to adopt the 2070: 1967: 1956: 1945: 1931: 1868: 1778:Khmer National Armed Forces 1736: 1720: 1709: 1698: 1614: 1608: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1571: 1560: 1549: 1535: 1521: 1510: 1329:1991 Paris Peace Agreements 1068:United Nations Transitional 1062:1991 Paris Peace Agreements 1033:exiled coalition government 289: 251: 10: 7734: 7688:Former socialist republics 5854: 5666:"Không tìm thấy nội dung!" 5095:10.1177/030639689703800410 4241:. Routledge. p. 192. 4029:Becker, Elizabeth (1986). 3706:10.1177/030639689703800410 3474:Kâmpŭchéa Prâchéathĭbâtéyy 3257:) (1979), Laurence Picq's 3203:Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum 3040:Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum 2893: 2737:villagers were massacred. 2569:People's Republic of China 2525:People's Republic of China 2413: 2409: 2337:Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum 2331:Skulls of Genocide victims 2302:Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum 1791: 1338: 613:None (money was abolished) 29: 7698:Republicanism in Cambodia 7599: 7460: 7392: 7317: 7224: 7193: 7107: 7096: 7025: 7004: 6835: 6758: 6641: 6541: 6532: 6452: 6443: 6354: 6345: 6266: 6257: 6246: 6128: 5531:10.1017/s0010417500018715 5215:10.1017/s0021911813002295 5137:10.1515/9781400851706.315 4922:Relations internationales 4812:Laura, Southgate (2019). 4791:. Yale University Press. 4079:10.1515/9781400851706.315 3967:Vickery, Michael (1984). 3912:10.1515/9780824861766-009 3648:How Pol Pot came to Power 3588:Jackson, Karl D. (1989). 3517: 3493: 3469: 3421:Cambodian genocide denial 3077: 2433:economic self-sufficiency 2195: 2061: 1962: 1951: 1940: 1926: 1715: 1704: 1603: 1577: 1566: 1555: 1544: 1530: 1516: 1505: 1255:totalitarian dictatorship 939:Independence and conflict 897:Nguyễn Kingdom's invasion 759: 653: 643: 635: 617: 609: 605: 592: 579: 566: 552: 539: 535: 525: 515: 511: 499: 487: 475: 471: 461: 457: 445: 433: 429: 419: 415: 403: 399: 389: 366: 356: 346: 333: 321: 283: 245: 239: 201: 196: 179: 155: 147: 6271:Administrative divisions 6215:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 5453:10.1525/ae.1998.25.3.352 4354:10.1017/cbo9780511819674 3934:Tyner, James A. (2008). 3452: 3404:List of socialist states 3302:(2005) and Kilong Ung's 3298:(2000), Oni Vitandham's 3286:When Broken Glass Floats 3217:Choueng Ek Killing Field 2911:According to journalist 2695:Under the leadership of 2642:Khmer racial superiority 2111:mosques were destroyed. 1727: 1428:resentment of the cities 1023:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 284:ដប់ប្រាំពីរមេសាមហាជោគជ័យ 7375:North Korea (1947–1948) 7370:North Korea (1946–1947) 5914:. London: John Murray. 4489:globaljusticecenter.net 4346:The Specter of Genocide 3537:Braḥ Rājāṇācakr Kambujā 3013:crimes against humanity 2390:Wolters’ mandala polity 2359:Explaining the violence 1749:of Cambodia (1976–1979) 1691:Siemreap Special Region 1656:, his Deputy Secretary 1490:first and only election 1283:Vietnam took Phnom Penh 7097:Current and historical 6505:Special Economic Zones 6500:Science and technology 5997:(With Introduction by 5910:Short, Philip (2004). 4994:Contemporary Sociology 4614:Frieson, Kate (1988). 4287:The SHAFR Guide Online 3688:Farley, Chris (1997). 3417:(Second Indochina War) 3273: 3259: 3249: 3218: 3197: 3129:"Democratic Kampuchea" 3043: 2961:Reagan administrations 2782: 2630:French Communist Party 2620:Ideological influences 2484: 2373: 2332: 2205: 1750: 1677: 1649: 80:"Democratic Kampuchea" 7673:Communism in Cambodia 5718:10.1355/9789814377065 5169:10.4324/9780429314292 4785:Kiernan, Ben (2008). 4511:, pp. 130, 133; 4452:10.1525/9780520937949 3567:"Cambodia – Religion" 3518:ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា 3216: 3195: 3038: 2930:Reagan administration 2774: 2478: 2414:Further information: 2371: 2330: 2203: 2017:within the military. 1744: 1687:Kratie Special Region 1675: 1640: 1626:In January 1976, the 1369:fell on 17 April 1975 1118:2003 Phnom Penh riots 877:Cambodian–Spanish War 872:Siamese-Cambodian War 347:Common languages 7653:Democratic Kampuchea 7602:History of socialism 6333:World Heritage Sites 6203:Democratic Kampuchea 5846:on 20 February 2009. 5593:on 16 September 2013 5441:American Ethnologist 4237:Jones, Adam (2006). 3624:. 15 November 2018. 3505:Khmer pronunciation: 3470:កម្ពុជាប្រជាធិបតេយ្យ 3274:Cambodge, annee zero 3196:Skulls at Tuol Sleng 3110:improve this section 2859:On 3 December 1978, 2647:Influences from the 2640:as well as ideas of 2632:and the writings of 2056:revolutionary terror 1393:Evacuation of cities 1371:to the Khmer Rouge. 1243:Democratic Kampuchea 1113:Khmer Rouge Tribunal 1003:Democratic Kampuchea 892:Loss of Mekong Delta 180:កម្ពុជាប្រជាធិបតេយ្យ 174:Democratic Kampuchea 65:improve this article 7703:Totalitarian states 7625: / 7538:Estonia (1918–1919) 7432:Hungary (1949–1989) 6623:Social organization 6173:Japanese occupation 5840:Mail & Guardian 5815:on 11 February 2009 5619:on 15 November 2013 5129:Cambodia, 1975-1978 4600:Landsiedel, Peter, 4528:. 19 September 2007 4071:Cambodia, 1975–1978 3969:Cambodia, 1975–1982 3841:on 28 February 2010 3646:Kiernan, B. (2004) 3399:History of Cambodia 3389:First Indochina War 3355:The Missing Picture 3250:L'Utopie meurtrière 3245:A Cambodian Odyssey 3019:Recovery and trials 2969:Special Air Service 2917:Zbigniew Brzezinski 2766:Republic of Vietnam 2250:) with a taste for 2192:during the regime. 1767:Battambang province 1376:Third Indochina War 1341:Cambodian Civil War 1309:government-in-exile 1206:Cambodia portal 1161:Humanitarian crisis 1084:Khmer Rouge PGNUNSC 989:Cambodian Civil War 926:Japanese occupation 914:French protectorate 882:Cambodian–Dutch War 7629:12.250°N 105.600°E 7503:Byelorussia (1919) 6510:Telecommunications 6208:Cambodian genocide 6163:Post-Angkor period 5962:Cambodia 1975–1982 5780:The New York Times 5747:The New York Times 5696:, pp. 296–98. 5377:on 30 October 2013 4949:, pp. 332–33. 4841:, pp. 216–17. 4765:The New York Times 4203:, pp. 345–46. 4166:, pp. 324–25. 4142:, pp. 323–24. 3904:Cambodian Buddhism 3773:The New York Times 3741:The New York Times 3622:The New York Times 3509:[kampuciə] 3445:The Killing Fields 3384:Agrarian socialism 3288:(published 2000), 3279:Cambodia Year Zero 3265:Beyond the Horizon 3219: 3198: 3044: 2817:, carried out the 2783: 2732:Fall and aftermath 2485: 2422:Great Leap Forward 2378:Cambodian genocide 2374: 2333: 2238:Professionals and 2206: 1841:Great Leap Forward 1784:characteristics". 1751: 1678: 1650: 1298:Cambodian genocide 1128:2013–2014 protests 1016:Cambodian genocide 994:Fall of Phnom Penh 963:Cambodian campaign 852:Post-Angkor period 840:Đại Việt–Khmer War 377:socialist republic 258:"Majestic Kingdom" 7608: 7607: 7595: 7594: 7591: 7590: 7388: 7387: 7130:Congo-Brazzaville 7026:Regional variants 6794: 6793: 6754: 6753: 6588:Human trafficking 6528: 6527: 6487:Natural resources 6439: 6438: 6426:Political parties 6369:Foreign relations 6341: 6340: 6230:State of Cambodia 6067:Etcheson, Craig. 6030:978-88-97823-30-8 6017:978-0-374-41229-6 6007:978-0-9555729-5-1 5960:Michael Vickery: 5782:. 22 April 1998. 5727:978-981-4377-06-5 5644:suckhoedoisong.vn 5487:978-0-253-22077-6 5409:978-0-253-22077-6 5324:978-0-8014-6717-2 5178:978-0-429-31429-2 5146:978-1-4008-5170-6 4908:978-2-916063-27-0 4825:978-1-5292-0221-2 4798:978-0-300-14299-0 4559:978-99950-60-04-6 4461:978-0-520-93794-9 4386:by Ben Kiernan". 4363:978-0-521-52750-7 4088:978-1-4008-5170-6 3945:978-0-7546-7096-4 3921:978-0-8248-6176-6 3665:countrystudies.us 3341:documentary films 3269:Francois Ponchaud 3190: 3189: 3182: 3164: 2701:genocide campaign 2649:French Revolution 2481:Nicolae Ceaușescu 2471:Foreign relations 2252:French literature 2122:Ethnic minorities 2003:Calmette Hospital 1564:), and villages ( 1465:struggles in the 1349:In 1970, Premier 1249:in 1976) was the 1240: 1239: 1133:COVID-19 pandemic 948:Post-independence 769: 768: 755: 754: 751: 750: 709: 708: 501:• 1976–1979 477:• 1975–1976 447:• 1976–1979 435:• 1975–1976 405:• 1975–1979 391:General Secretary 314: 278: 141: 140: 133: 115: 16:(Redirected from 7725: 7678:Communist states 7640: 7639: 7637: 7636: 7635: 7630: 7626: 7623: 7622: 7621: 7618: 7458: 7457: 7315: 7314: 7105: 7104: 7100:socialist states 6979:African-American 6821: 6814: 6807: 6798: 6797: 6774: 6767: 6539: 6538: 6495: 6477:Economic history 6450: 6449: 6352: 6351: 6264: 6263: 6252: 6188: 6111: 6104: 6097: 6088: 6087: 5925: 5906: 5883:Cold War History 5877: 5848: 5847: 5842:. Archived from 5831: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5805: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5772: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5703: 5697: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5557: 5551: 5550: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5494:on 27 April 2016 5490:. Archived from 5471: 5465: 5464: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5416:on 25 April 2016 5412:. Archived from 5393: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5376: 5369: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5344: 5336: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5291: 5284: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5156: 5150: 5149: 5124: 5115: 5114: 5083:Race & Class 5077: 5071: 5070: 5032: 5026: 5025: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4956: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4926: 4917: 4911: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4860: 4854: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4818:. Policy Press. 4809: 4803: 4802: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4756: 4750: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4691: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4611: 4605: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4522: 4516: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4439: 4420: 4419: 4379: 4368: 4367: 4341: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4279: 4268: 4267: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4116: 4110: 4099: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4062: 4053: 4052: 4026: 4017: 4016: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3694:Race & Class 3685: 3676: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3657: 3651: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3563: 3546: 3545: 3539: 3529: 3519: 3511: 3506: 3495: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3471: 3463: 3394:French Indochina 3379:Communism portal 3276: 3262: 3255:Murderous Utopia 3252: 3185: 3178: 3174: 3171: 3165: 3163: 3122: 3090: 3082: 2913:Elizabeth Becker 2819:Ba Chúc massacre 2753:, following the 2256:Ros Serey Sothea 1970: 1968:chheu satek arom 1965: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1942: 1934: 1929: 1928: 1871: 1763:Samlout District 1723: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1706: 1701: 1641:The flag of the 1617: 1611: 1606: 1605: 1597: 1591: 1585: 1580: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1546: 1538: 1533: 1532: 1524: 1519: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1507: 1463:anti-imperialist 1355:Norodom Sihanouk 1311:in neighbouring 1294:one-party regime 1232: 1225: 1218: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1166:Military history 1156:Economic history 1073: 1072:(UNTAC, 1992–93) 930:Cambodia in 1945 919:French Indochina 799: 789: 771: 770: 747: 746: 729: 728: 713: 712: 696: 695: 678: 677: 671: 670: 655: 654: 626: 596:CGDK established 575:21 December 1978 440:Norodom Sihanouk 336:and largest city 326: 316: 315: 294: 286: 285: 280: 279: 256: 248: 247: 225: 209: 191: 187: 186: 182: 181: 171: 167: 166: 158: 157: 145: 144: 136: 129: 125: 122: 116: 114: 73: 49: 41: 21: 7733: 7732: 7728: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7723: 7722: 7643: 7642: 7634:12.250; 105.600 7633: 7631: 7627: 7624: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7604: 7587: 7568:Slovakia (1919) 7468:Alsace-Lorraine 7456: 7384: 7313: 7220: 7189: 7098: 7092: 7021: 7000: 6831: 6825: 6795: 6790: 6777: 6770: 6763: 6750: 6736:Public holidays 6637: 6613:Sex trafficking 6524: 6493: 6435: 6401:Law enforcement 6337: 6318:Protected areas 6253: 6244: 6240:Modern Cambodia 6186: 6124: 6115: 6085: 5933: 5931:Further reading 5928: 5922: 5874: 5857: 5852: 5851: 5832: 5828: 5818: 5816: 5807: 5806: 5802: 5792: 5790: 5774: 5773: 5769: 5759: 5757: 5739: 5735: 5728: 5704: 5700: 5692:, p. 110; 5688: 5684: 5674: 5672: 5664: 5663: 5659: 5649: 5647: 5646:(in Vietnamese) 5636: 5632: 5622: 5620: 5611: 5610: 5606: 5596: 5594: 5585: 5584: 5580: 5570: 5568: 5567:on 28 July 2011 5559: 5558: 5554: 5511: 5507: 5497: 5495: 5488: 5472: 5468: 5433: 5429: 5419: 5417: 5410: 5394: 5390: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5358: 5338: 5337: 5325: 5309: 5305: 5295: 5293: 5292:on 26 July 2011 5289: 5282: 5278: 5277: 5273: 5234: 5230: 5198: 5194: 5179: 5157: 5153: 5147: 5125: 5118: 5078: 5074: 5051:10.2307/2759110 5038:Pacific Affairs 5033: 5029: 5006:10.2307/2072322 4990: 4986: 4971: 4957: 4953: 4945: 4941: 4933: 4929: 4918: 4914: 4901: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4865:, p. 128; 4861: 4857: 4849: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4810: 4806: 4799: 4783: 4779: 4769: 4767: 4757: 4753: 4745:, p. 300; 4741: 4737: 4729: 4725: 4717: 4713: 4689:10.2307/2643186 4668: 4664: 4654: 4652: 4634:10.2307/2760458 4621:Pacific Affairs 4612: 4608: 4599: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4575:, p. 134; 4571: 4567: 4560: 4546: 4545: 4541: 4531: 4529: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4507: 4503: 4493: 4491: 4481: 4477: 4462: 4440: 4423: 4400:10.2307/2657976 4380: 4371: 4364: 4342: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4299: 4297: 4281: 4280: 4271: 4260: 4256: 4249: 4235: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4185: 4183: 4175: 4174: 4170: 4162: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4126: 4119: 4111: 4102: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4063: 4056: 4041: 4027: 4020: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3979: 3965: 3961: 3946: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3900: 3896: 3888: 3884: 3876: 3872: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3844: 3842: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3813: 3797: 3793: 3783: 3781: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3751: 3749: 3748:. 26 April 1975 3734: 3733: 3729: 3686: 3679: 3669: 3667: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3645: 3641: 3631: 3629: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3604: 3586: 3582: 3572: 3570: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3549: 3504: 3488: 3484: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3374:Cambodia portal 3370: 3320: 3260:Au-delà du ciel 3228: 3186: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3123: 3121: 3107: 3091: 3080: 3056:Kandal province 3021: 2977: 2902:Thiounn Prasith 2898: 2892: 2764:. According to 2734: 2725:Yale University 2681: 2672:Michael Vickery 2622: 2617: 2473: 2418: 2412: 2402:consciousness. 2399: 2366: 2361: 2198: 2190:sexual violence 2124: 2073: 2064: 2052:Buddhist values 2026: 1888:without trial. 1794: 1739: 1730: 1670: 1624: 1436: 1395: 1347: 1339:Main articles: 1337: 1236: 1200: 1198: 1180: 1137: 1093:Modern Cambodia 1075: 1071: 1069: 1044: 906:Colonial period 901: 846: 835:Khmer–Cham wars 787: 780: 744: 738: 726: 720: 703: 693: 685: 675: 621: 598: 585: 572: 559: 545: 502: 490: 478: 448: 436: 406: 337: 329: 317: 301: 297: 295: 287: 281: 263: 259: 257: 249: 235: 234: 233: 230: 226: 218: 217: 214: 210: 192: 189: 188: 184: 177: 176: 172: 169: 168: 160: 153: 152: 137: 126: 120: 117: 74: 72: 62: 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7731: 7721: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7668:Atheist states 7665: 7660: 7655: 7606: 7605: 7600: 7597: 7596: 7593: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7548:Hungary (1919) 7545: 7540: 7535: 7534: 7533: 7528: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7494: 7493: 7488: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7464: 7462: 7455: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7423: 7422: 7417: 7415:Czech Republic 7410:Czechoslovakia 7407: 7402: 7396: 7394: 7390: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7350:Inner Mongolia 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7330:East Turkestan 7327: 7321: 7319: 7312: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7258: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7239: 7234: 7228: 7226: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7197: 7195: 7191: 7190: 7188: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7151: 7150: 7145: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7111: 7109: 7102: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7029: 7027: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7019: 7014: 7012:United Kingdom 7008: 7006: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6993: 6992: 6991: 6983: 6982: 6981: 6971: 6969:United Kingdom 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6893: 6892: 6879: 6874: 6873: 6872: 6862: 6857: 6856: 6855: 6845: 6839: 6837: 6833: 6832: 6824: 6823: 6816: 6809: 6801: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6788: 6783: 6776: 6775: 6768: 6760: 6759: 6756: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6647: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6579: 6578: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6542: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6520:Transportation 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6453: 6447: 6441: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6433: 6431:Prime Minister 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6355: 6349: 6343: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6314: 6313: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6286:Climate change 6283: 6278: 6273: 6267: 6261: 6255: 6254: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6211: 6210: 6200: 6195: 6193:Khmer Republic 6190: 6182: 6181: 6180: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6134: 6132: 6126: 6125: 6114: 6113: 6106: 6099: 6091: 6084: 6083: 6080: 6065: 6052:Dy, Khamboly. 6050: 6047: 6032: 6022: 6019: 6009: 5991:Denise Affonço 5988: 5975: 5972: 5958: 5955: 5952: 5938: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5921:978-0719565694 5920: 5907: 5878: 5872: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5826: 5800: 5767: 5733: 5726: 5698: 5682: 5670:www.cpv.org.vn 5657: 5630: 5604: 5578: 5552: 5525:(4): 796–823. 5505: 5486: 5466: 5447:(3): 352–377. 5427: 5408: 5388: 5356: 5323: 5303: 5271: 5244:(2): 253–254. 5228: 5209:(1): 286–288. 5192: 5177: 5151: 5145: 5116: 5089:(4): 108–110. 5072: 5027: 4984: 4969: 4951: 4939: 4937:, p. 332. 4927: 4912: 4895: 4893:, p. 363. 4883: 4881:, p. 362. 4871: 4869:, p. 361. 4855: 4853:, p. 221. 4851:Ciorciari 2014 4843: 4839:Ciorciari 2014 4831: 4824: 4804: 4797: 4777: 4751: 4749:, p. 220. 4747:Ciorciari 2014 4735: 4733:, p. 215. 4731:Ciorciari 2014 4723: 4721:, p. 217. 4719:Ciorciari 2014 4711: 4662: 4628:(3): 419–421. 4606: 4593: 4591:, p. 364. 4581: 4579:, p. 367. 4565: 4558: 4539: 4517: 4515:, p. 358. 4501: 4475: 4460: 4421: 4369: 4362: 4331: 4329:, p. 293. 4319: 4317:, p. 313. 4307: 4269: 4254: 4247: 4229: 4227:, p. 346. 4217: 4215:, p. 349. 4205: 4193: 4181:www.hawaii.edu 4168: 4156: 4154:, p. 319. 4144: 4132: 4130:, p. 326. 4117: 4115:, p. 292. 4100: 4087: 4067:"Bibliography" 4054: 4039: 4018: 3992: 3977: 3959: 3944: 3926: 3920: 3894: 3892:, p. 287. 3882: 3880:, p. 273. 3870: 3852: 3826: 3811: 3791: 3780:. 5 April 1976 3759: 3727: 3700:(4): 108–110. 3677: 3652: 3639: 3609: 3602: 3580: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3482: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3449: 3441: 3433: 3428: 3426:Killing Fields 3423: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3369: 3366: 3319: 3316: 3227: 3224: 3188: 3187: 3094: 3092: 3085: 3079: 3076: 3020: 3017: 2976: 2973: 2908:' until 1993. 2894:Main article: 2891: 2888: 2843:Kampuchea Krom 2830:Võ Nguyên Giáp 2733: 2730: 2680: 2677: 2653:class struggle 2638:Vladimir Lenin 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2472: 2469: 2451:There was an " 2444:intermediary. 2411: 2408: 2398: 2395: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2341:Killing Fields 2294: 2293: 2290: 2287:Buddhist monks 2267: 2264:Sinn Sisamouth 2236: 2197: 2194: 2154:Khmer language 2128:ethnic Chinese 2123: 2120: 2072: 2069: 2063: 2060: 2025: 2022: 1914:Khmer language 1882:food shortages 1831:went to visit 1793: 1790: 1738: 1735: 1729: 1726: 1683:Khmer Republic 1669: 1668:Administrative 1666: 1623: 1620: 1455:foreign policy 1435: 1432: 1394: 1391: 1360:carpet bombing 1336: 1333: 1317:United Nations 1289:in its place. 1275:Khmer Republic 1245:(renamed from 1238: 1237: 1235: 1234: 1227: 1220: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1182: 1181: 1179: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1139: 1138: 1136: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1066: 1064: 1059: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1025: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1013: 999: 998: 997: 996: 986: 985: 984: 977:Khmer Republic 973: 972: 971: 970: 965: 960: 958:Sihanouk Trail 955: 944: 941: 940: 936: 935: 934: 933: 923: 922: 921: 908: 907: 903: 902: 900: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 858: 855: 854: 848: 847: 845: 844: 843: 842: 837: 832: 822: 817: 811: 808: 807: 801: 800: 792: 791: 782: 781: 774: 767: 766: 761: 757: 756: 753: 752: 749: 748: 741: 731: 730: 723: 710: 707: 706: 697: 689: 688: 686:Khmer Republic 679: 667: 666: 661: 651: 650: 647: 641: 640: 637: 633: 632: 619: 615: 614: 611: 607: 606: 603: 602: 599: 593: 590: 589: 588:7 January 1979 586: 580: 577: 576: 573: 567: 564: 563: 562:5 January 1976 560: 553: 550: 549: 546: 540: 537: 536: 533: 532: 527: 526:Historical era 523: 522: 517: 513: 512: 509: 508: 503: 500: 497: 496: 491: 488: 485: 484: 479: 476: 473: 472: 469: 468: 465: 463:Prime Minister 459: 458: 455: 454: 449: 446: 443: 442: 437: 434: 431: 430: 427: 426: 423: 417: 416: 413: 412: 407: 404: 401: 400: 397: 396: 393: 387: 386: 368: 364: 363: 358: 354: 353: 348: 344: 343: 338: 335: 331: 330: 327: 319: 318: 299: 261: 237: 236: 227: 220: 219: 211: 204: 203: 202: 199: 198: 194: 193: 148: 139: 138: 53: 51: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7730: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7641: 7638: 7603: 7598: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7519: 7518:Crimea (1919) 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7463: 7459: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7391: 7381: 7380:South Vietnam 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7320: 7316: 7308: 7307:North Vietnam 7305: 7304: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7223: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7192: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7112: 7110: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7095: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7024: 7018: 7017:United States 7015: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7003: 6997: 6994: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6980: 6977: 6976: 6975: 6974:United States 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6854: 6853:New Australia 6851: 6850: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6834: 6829: 6822: 6817: 6815: 6810: 6808: 6803: 6802: 6799: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6773: 6769: 6766: 6762: 6761: 6757: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6731:Ornamentation 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6681: 6680:royal cuisine 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6640: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6561:Ethnic groups 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6531: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6442: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6344: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6291:Deforestation 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6256: 6251: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6185:Sihanouk era 6183: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6143:Early history 6141: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6112: 6107: 6105: 6100: 6098: 6093: 6092: 6089: 6081: 6078: 6077:0-86531-650-3 6074: 6070: 6066: 6063: 6062:99950-60-04-3 6059: 6055: 6051: 6048: 6045: 6044:99950-60-07-8 6041: 6037: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5986:0-06-019332-8 5983: 5979: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5970:974-7100-81-9 5967: 5963: 5959: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5950:0-300-09649-6 5947: 5943: 5940:Ben Kiernan: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5923: 5917: 5913: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5889:(2): 215–35. 5888: 5884: 5879: 5875: 5873:0-8133-0927-1 5869: 5865: 5860: 5859: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5830: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5771: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5737: 5729: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5702: 5695: 5691: 5690:Chandler 1992 5686: 5671: 5667: 5661: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5618: 5614: 5608: 5592: 5588: 5582: 5566: 5562: 5556: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5509: 5493: 5489: 5483: 5479: 5478: 5470: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5431: 5415: 5411: 5405: 5401: 5400: 5392: 5373: 5366: 5360: 5352: 5348: 5342: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5307: 5288: 5281: 5275: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5232: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5196: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5155: 5148: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5123: 5121: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5076: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5039: 5031: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4970:0-691-07807-6 4966: 4962: 4955: 4948: 4943: 4936: 4931: 4925: 4923: 4916: 4909: 4905: 4899: 4892: 4887: 4880: 4875: 4868: 4864: 4863:Chandler 1992 4859: 4852: 4847: 4840: 4835: 4827: 4821: 4817: 4816: 4808: 4800: 4794: 4790: 4789: 4781: 4766: 4762: 4755: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4732: 4727: 4720: 4715: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4666: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4622: 4617: 4610: 4603: 4597: 4590: 4585: 4578: 4574: 4573:Chandler 1992 4569: 4561: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4543: 4527: 4521: 4514: 4510: 4509:Chandler 1992 4505: 4490: 4486: 4479: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4365: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4328: 4323: 4316: 4311: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4265: 4258: 4250: 4248:0-415-35384-X 4244: 4240: 4233: 4226: 4221: 4214: 4209: 4202: 4197: 4182: 4178: 4172: 4165: 4160: 4153: 4148: 4141: 4136: 4129: 4124: 4122: 4114: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4090: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4061: 4059: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4040:0-671-41787-8 4036: 4032: 4025: 4023: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3978:0-89608-189-3 3974: 3970: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3937: 3930: 3923: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3891: 3886: 3879: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3840: 3836: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3812:0-8248-1638-2 3808: 3804: 3803: 3795: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3769: 3763: 3747: 3743: 3742: 3737: 3731: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3684: 3682: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3649: 3643: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3605: 3603:0-691-02541-X 3599: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3568: 3562: 3558: 3544: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3515: 3510: 3503: 3499: 3491: 3486: 3479: 3475: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3365: 3363: 3362: 3357: 3356: 3351: 3350: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3337: 3332: 3331: 3326: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3267:) (1984) and 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3236: 3233: 3226:In literature 3223: 3215: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3194: 3184: 3181: 3173: 3170:December 2022 3162: 3159: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3131: – 3130: 3126: 3125:Find sources: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3095:This section 3093: 3089: 3084: 3083: 3075: 3073: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3031: 3025: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2997:Khieu Samphan 2993: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2855: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2831: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2803:Aranyaprathet 2800: 2794: 2792: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2773: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2757: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2738: 2729: 2726: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2686: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2662:Khieu Samphan 2659: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2482: 2477: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2438: 2437:Khieu Samphan 2434: 2429: 2425: 2423: 2417: 2407: 2403: 2394: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2370: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2329: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2240:intellectuals 2237: 2234: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2202: 2193: 2191: 2186: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2119: 2117: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2100: 2092: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2068: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2042: 2040: 2034: 2030: 2021: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1988:Khieu Thirith 1985: 1984:Khieu Ponnary 1981: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1963:ឈឺសតិអារម្មណ៍ 1958: 1947: 1936: 1933: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1903: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1883: 1877: 1875: 1870: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1854: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1829:Khieu Thirith 1826: 1825:Khieu Samphan 1821: 1819: 1818:New Democracy 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1789: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1748: 1743: 1734: 1725: 1722: 1711: 1700: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1674: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1619: 1616: 1610: 1599: 1596: 1590: 1584: 1573: 1562: 1553:), communes ( 1551: 1540: 1537: 1526: 1523: 1512: 1501: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1441: 1431: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1400: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1377: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1346: 1342: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1221: 1219: 1214: 1213: 1211: 1210: 1207: 1197: 1196: 1191: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1146: 1145: 1141: 1140: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1079:1993 election 1077: 1074: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1049:Peace process 1048: 1047: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1005: 1004: 1001: 1000: 995: 992: 991: 990: 987: 983: 980: 979: 978: 975: 974: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 950: 949: 946: 945: 943: 942: 938: 937: 931: 927: 924: 920: 917: 916: 915: 912: 911: 910: 909: 905: 904: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 862:Chaktomuk era 860: 859: 857: 856: 853: 850: 849: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 827: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 812: 810: 809: 806: 805:Early history 803: 802: 798: 794: 793: 790: 784: 783: 778: 773: 772: 765: 762: 760:Today part of 758: 742: 740: 737: 733: 732: 724: 722: 719: 715: 714: 711: 705: 702: 698: 691: 690: 687: 684: 680: 673: 672: 669: 668: 665: 662: 660: 657: 656: 652: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 597: 591: 587: 584: 578: 574: 571: 565: 561: 557: 551: 548:17 April 1975 547: 544: 538: 534: 531: 528: 524: 521: 518: 514: 510: 507: 504: 498: 495: 494:Khieu Samphan 492: 486: 483: 480: 474: 470: 466: 464: 460: 456: 453: 452:Khieu Samphan 450: 444: 441: 438: 432: 428: 424: 422: 421:Head of state 418: 414: 411: 408: 402: 398: 394: 392: 388: 385: 382: 378: 375: 372: 369: 365: 362: 361:State atheism 359: 355: 352: 349: 345: 342: 339: 332: 325: 320: 293: 292: 255: 254: 242: 238: 232: 224: 216: 208: 200: 195: 175: 164: 151: 146: 143: 135: 132: 124: 121:November 2023 113: 110: 106: 103: 99: 96: 92: 89: 85: 82: – 81: 77: 76:Find sources: 70: 66: 60: 59: 54:This article 52: 48: 43: 42: 37: 33: 19: 7610: 7478:Baranya–Baja 7447:Soviet Union 7427:East Germany 7244: 7125:Burkina Faso 6651:Architecture 6618:Social class 6598:Prostitution 6551:Demographics 6467:Child labour 6379:Human rights 6202: 6178:Puppet state 6158:Khmer Empire 6068: 6053: 6035: 5994: 5977: 5961: 5941: 5911: 5886: 5882: 5863: 5844:the original 5839: 5829: 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