20:
211:
and
Borokhula. Members of the kheshig outranked almost any other military officers in the Mongol Empire. As it was extremely well paid, the vocation was a popular one, and the numbers of Kheshig grew rapidly, to the extent that they were only normally on duty for three days in succession. In light of
113:
for the emperors and other important nobles. They were divided into two groups: the day guard (Torguud) and the night guard (Khevtuul). They were distinct from the regular army and would not go to battle with them, instead staying back on guard duty. Their supreme commander was called the
198:
At first, this consisted of 70 day guards (Torguud or tunghaut) and 80 night guards (khevtuul). During the reign of
Genghis, it seems to have been divided into four groups, commanded by the four generals
357:. The name "khevtuul", literally means "ones that are lying" on something like a bed or floor in the Mongolian language, implying that they have something to do with night time.
2144:
1200:
267:
of a monarch, his successors did not inherit them. Instead, the kheshigs of deceased
Emperors took care of their lords' families and assisted households. But
1128:
125:, its impacts on Mongol controlled-areas led to the creation of imperial guards like the Keshik. Kheshig was the term used for the palace guards of the
1195:
153:
tribes was a common occurrence thanks to the ever-shifting loyalties and conflicting interests at play within Mongol tribal politics. The father of
2071:
1534:
898:
434:(clarified fermented mare's milk makers). Under Kublai Khan, the Kipchaks formed special guards corps, and the Qanqli guard was formed in 1308.
195:
people. After the defeat of Wang Khan in 1203, Genghis established the kheshig. The kheshig consisted mainly of sworn personal followers.
893:
1678:
290:, of which half were Chinese and the other half ethnically mixed. By the 1300s even the Keshig were flooded with Chinese recruits. The
339:(Tunghaut) are the day guard of the Mongol khans. They were always close to their rulers during their conquests or daily-life. Famous
1446:
1438:
925:
1686:
1742:
874:
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706:
563:
820:
216:. Membership in the kheshig was regarded as a supreme honor and was an alternative to the necessity of hostage taking for
1769:
1718:
1694:
1493:
1459:
1143:
2154:
1477:
1430:
864:
220:. In the early days the guard was composed of 1,000 men. By the middle of Genghis Khan's reign, they had expanded to a
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1654:
1638:
847:
393:
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1542:
1467:
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777:
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were initially 6,500 strong but by the end of the dynasty it had become 100,000 strong. They were divided into
161:, for example, was unwittingly poisoned by one of his enemies. The risk was especially high at night since the
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1841:
1812:
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1185:
1158:
1153:
527:
1622:
1420:
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532:
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1412:
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726:
688:
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350:
837:
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1604:
1587:
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1501:
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1247:
769:
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of the
Kheshig, and were tasked with protecting the emperors and rulers while they slept in their
1552:
173:
could easily penetrate the walls and kill the subject inside. As a result, the Mongol monarch in
2149:
1190:
911:
256:
2159:
1933:
1877:
1210:
403:
organized them into the imperial guard. Their descendants formed the modern
Mongolian tribe,
761:
1833:
1825:
1305:
762:
482:, are believed to be descendants of the Kheshig who originated in the surrounding areas of
8:
2134:
2081:
1035:
225:
957:
213:
76:
1903:
1235:
1175:
1270:
870:
843:
773:
740:
702:
559:
1817:
1777:
1230:
732:
The
Cambridge History of China, Volume 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368
694:
The
Cambridge History of China, Volume 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368
502:
471:
307:
232:
1911:
730:
722:
692:
684:
268:
130:
129:
in India, and also for the matchlocks and sabres, which were changed weekly from
126:
1180:
604:
506:
487:
392:. At first, they served the Mongol monarchs as auxiliaries in battle after the
188:
1924:
1898:
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1985:
1916:
1223:
1041:
934:
522:
448:
444:
98:
45:
1980:
413:
19:
1885:
1325:
1242:
1218:
1133:
1067:
990:
970:
460:
221:
181:
154:
102:
94:
49:
1330:
93:"favored", "blessed") were the imperial guard and shock troops for Mongol
2051:
2000:
1960:
1929:
1030:
279:
208:
134:
322:. The Keshig was converted into an administrative organisation instead.
165:
that Mongol nomads traditionally sleep in lacked a solid wall, and so a
2096:
2005:
1355:
1340:
1077:
498:
479:
397:
110:
235:. As the Empire expanded rapidly, Genghis Khan's successors recruited
1965:
1955:
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1300:
1295:
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244:
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204:
272:
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1310:
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475:
431:
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375:
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who watched the King's person at night were also called
Keshikchi.
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1335:
1290:
1285:
1062:
1000:
467:
340:
303:
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60:
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370:
were a battle guard of the
Khagans. The word Khorchin refers to
2041:
2015:
2010:
1345:
1315:
1275:
1025:
985:
980:
975:
965:
659:
The
Government of China Under Mongolian Rule: A Reference Guide
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456:
452:
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315:
248:
170:
166:
1471:(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27)
430:
prisoners served the Mongols in North China as warriors and
298:
or guards, each recruited from a particular ethnicity. Most
2036:
1990:
1350:
1280:
501:
are also believed to be their descendants, who now inhabit
491:
404:
354:
236:
162:
2076:
580:
History of the Mongols: From the 9th to the 19th Century
212:
this, the word kheshig refers favor or blessing in the
555:
Chingiz Khan: The Life and Legacy of an Empire Builder
1201:
List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
863:
Sneath, David; Kaplonski, Christopher (2010-05-01).
794:
Genghis Khan's greatest general Subutai the valiant
2145:Military units and formations of the Mongol Empire
374:bearers. Scholars believe that the Mongolian clan
1196:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
807:Sino-Russian relations in the seventeenth century
286:. Kublai created a new Imperial guard force, the
2126:
187:had an imperial guard, Torguud. According to an
1616:(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64)
862:
721:
683:
593:A history of Russia, Central Asia, and Mongolia
224:(10,000 men) commanded by Nayagha, an uncle of
80:
478:origin that played important roles throughout
919:
1099:
463:through his father and mother respectively.
282:retained the use of the traditional Mongol
90:
926:
912:
314:and Europeans/Middle Easterners including
149:The assassination of the leaders of rival
121:Because the Mongol Empire spanned most of
302:were Chinese, while a few were Mongols,
18:
899:Mongol State Structure and Organization
819:Adams, William Henry Davenport (1892).
2127:
1546:(1277 / 1283 / 1287)
1505:(1236 / 1240 / 1252)
361:
343:was in the kheshig in his early years.
263:units. Since the kheshig was personal
109:. Their primary purpose was to act as
1865:
1376:
1098:
945:
907:
835:
818:
759:
551:
231:The Kheshig was originally consisted
1377:
1129:Administrative divisions and vassals
1396:
839:The Afghan Nobility and the Mughals
177:typically had personal guards. The
13:
426:. Sometime after 1216 Kipchak and
133:'s armoury for the royal use. The
14:
2171:
933:
887:
866:The History of Mongolia (3 Vols.)
455:, who was a direct descendant of
394:Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria
23:Enthronization of a Mongol ruler.
410:Ever-faithful Russian life-guard
330:
946:
856:
829:
812:
799:
786:
753:
715:
677:
672:Archivum Eurasiae medii aeivi .
646:The New Encyclopædia Britannica
621:Daily life in the Mongol empire
447:shared similar heritage to the
416:formed a unit of Russians near
101:, particularly for rulers like
768:. Osprey Publishing. pp.
664:
651:
639:
626:
613:
598:
585:
572:
545:
412:. One of Kublai's successors,
1:
2116:Timeline of the Mongol Empire
1813:Division of the Mongol Empire
634:The great armies of antiquity
552:Haqqi, Anwarul Haque (2010).
538:
528:Military of the Mongol Empire
191:, their descendants could be
533:Society of the Mongol Empire
7:
1063:Manghit / Mangudai
516:
87:Khishig, Keshik, Khishigten
10:
2176:
1866:
1842:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
842:. Vikas Publishing House.
737:Cambridge University Press
699:Cambridge University Press
438:
384:. They consisted fully of
144:
2155:Protective security units
2113:
2024:
1943:
1876:
1872:
1861:
1805:
1754:
1657:(1223 / 1236–40)
1603:
1580:
1563:(1257 / 1284–88)
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1403:
1392:
1372:
1263:
1209:
1186:Byzantine–Mongol Alliance
1121:
1117:
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1009:
956:
952:
941:
424:Kipchak and Qanqli guards
81:
56:
41:
34:
29:
822:Warriors of the Crescent
325:
271:took most of his father
2140:Former guards regiments
1139:Invasions and conquests
1058:Paiza / Gerege
278:For his own bodyguards
1796:(1260 / 1301)
1524:(1274 / 1281)
1191:Franco-Mongol alliance
764:Soldiers of the Dragon
24:
497:The modern Mongolian
443:Many elements in the
318:and even one unit of
22:
16:Mongol imperial guard
1687:Serbia and Bulgaria
836:Joshi, Rita (1985).
578:Henry Hoyle Howorth
451:. Such examples are
185:Toghoril (Wang Khan)
1934:Khagans of the Yuan
1663:Poland and Bohemia
1439:Khwarazmian Empire
1164:Society and economy
894:Great Mongol Empire
869:. Global Oriental.
792:Richard A. Gabriel
632:Richard A. Gabriel
378:is related to them.
362:Supplementary units
226:Bayan of the Baarin
1679:Holy Roman Empire
1134:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug
760:Peers, CJ (2006).
670:Otto Harrassowitz
657:David M. Farquhar
608:Marco Polo's China
214:Mongolian language
25:
2122:
2121:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2104:
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1856:
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1852:
1834:Kaidu–Kublai war
1826:Berke–Hulagu war
1818:Toluid Civil War
1599:
1598:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1171:House of Borjigin
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
876:978-90-04-21635-8
746:978-0-521-24331-5
723:Twitchett, Dennis
708:978-0-521-24331-5
685:Twitchett, Dennis
565:978-81-908918-9-9
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66:
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1904:Töregene Khatun
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1326:Sarai Batu/Berke
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558:. Primus Books.
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503:Heshigten Banner
472:imperial dynasty
308:Tungusic peoples
275:'s old kheshig.
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1494:Southern China
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1478:Northern China
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1414:
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1236:House of Ögedei
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1176:House of Ögedei
1144:Destructiveness
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739:. p. 601.
729:, eds. (1994).
727:Franke, Herbert
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701:. p. 452.
691:, eds. (1994).
689:Franke, Herbert
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1225:
1224:Northern Yuan
1222:
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1220:
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1208:
1202:
1199:
1197:
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1149:Imperial Seal
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1042:Pax Mongolica
1039:
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964:
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961:
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944:
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936:
935:Mongol Empire
929:
924:
922:
917:
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891:
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872:
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849:9780706927528
845:
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824:
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815:
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805:Vincent Chen
802:
795:
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781:
775:
771:
766:
765:
756:
748:
742:
738:
735:. Cambridge:
734:
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728:
724:
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697:. Cambridge:
696:
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581:
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561:
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531:
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523:Mongol Empire
521:
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493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
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445:Mughal Empire
433:
429:
425:
422:
419:
415:
411:
408:
406:
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396:in 1236. The
395:
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331:Primary units
323:
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142:
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136:
132:
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124:
119:
117:
112:
108:
105:and his wife
104:
100:
99:Mongol Empire
96:
88:
78:
74:
69:Military unit
62:
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:Mongol Empire
44:
40:
37:
33:
28:
21:
2160:Royal guards
1886:Genghis Khan
1655:Kievan Rus'
1633:(1237–1300s)
1625:(1237–1300s)
1469:Western Xia
1431:Qara Khitai
1264:Major cities
1243:Golden Horde
1219:Yuan dynasty
1106:Organization
1072:
1040:
991:Khong Tayiji
865:
858:
838:
831:
821:
814:
806:
801:
793:
788:
763:
755:
731:
717:
693:
679:
671:
666:
658:
653:
645:
641:
633:
628:
620:
619:George Lane
615:
607:
600:
592:
587:
579:
574:
554:
547:
496:
465:
461:Genghis Khan
442:
423:
409:
381:
367:
346:
336:
299:
295:
291:
287:
277:
230:
197:
155:Genghis Khan
148:
135:royal guards
120:
115:
103:Genghis Khan
86:
72:
71:
50:Qing dynasty
35:
1961:Sartaq Khan
1930:Kublai Khan
1925:Möngke Khan
1899:Ögedei Khan
1878:Great Khans
1844:(1314–1318)
1836:(1268–1301)
1788:(1260–1323)
1772:(1253–1256)
1755:Middle East
1649:(1238–1239)
1590:(1221–1327)
1449:(1219–1256)
1441:(1219–1221)
1423:(1264–1308)
1415:(1207-1308)
1281:Azov (Azaq)
947:Terminology
351:night guard
280:Kublai Khan
2135:Bodyguards
2129:Categories
2097:Nogai Khan
1981:Özbeg Khan
1912:Güyük Khan
1806:Civil wars
1794:Palestine
1703:Lithuania
1623:Circassia
1356:Xacitarxan
1341:Soltaniyeh
1078:Darughachi
779:1846030986
539:References
480:Mughal era
414:Tugh Temür
398:Great Khan
382:Asud guard
269:Güyük Khan
233:Mongolians
111:bodyguards
1966:Orda Khan
1956:Batu Khan
1820:(1260–64)
1764:(1241–43)
1762:Anatolia
1737:(1287–88)
1729:(1285–86)
1721:(1264–65)
1713:(1259–60)
1705:(1258–59)
1681:(1241–42)
1673:(1241–42)
1665:(1240–41)
1641:(1229–36)
1631:Chechnya
1571:(1300–02)
1535:Southeast
1514:(1253–56)
1496:(1235–79)
1488:(1231–60)
1480:(1211–34)
1433:(1216–18)
1421:Sakhalin
1381:Campaigns
1331:Saray-Jük
1321:Samarkand
1296:Karakorum
1255:Ilkhanate
1013:Political
432:kharchins
205:Chormaqan
77:Mongolian
2092:Boroldai
2072:Khubilai
2052:Bo'orchu
2025:Military
1919:(regent)
1906:(regent)
1893:(regent)
1778:Baghdad
1727:Hungary
1671:Hungary
1614:Georgia
1561:Vietnam
1413:Siberia
1311:Maragheh
1211:Khanates
1159:Religion
1154:Military
1103:Politics
1053:Kurultai
1016:Military
517:See also
420:in 1330.
390:Caucasus
376:Khorchin
368:Khorchin
349:are the
347:Khevtuul
320:Russians
312:Kipchaks
265:appanage
245:Armenian
241:Georgian
218:noblemen
209:Bo'orchu
201:Mukhulai
175:Mongolia
82:Хишигтэн
63:(ranged)
2062:Boroqul
2057:Guo Kan
2047:Negudar
2032:Subutai
1932: (
1770:Alamut
1743:Serbia
1735:Poland
1719:Thrace
1711:Poland
1647:Alania
1512:Yunnan
1447:Persia
1405:Central
1384:Battles
1291:Bolghar
1286:Bukhara
1271:Almalik
1073:Kheshig
1001:Tarkhan
648:, p.111
636:, p.337
610:, p.166
595:, p.396
582:, p.399
505:within
476:Pashtun
449:Mongols
439:Descent
341:Subutai
337:Torguud
304:Koreans
261:Russian
257:Italian
237:Persian
193:Torghut
159:Yesugei
145:History
123:Eurasia
97:in the
95:royalty
85:; also
73:Kheshig
61:Cavalry
42:Country
30:Kheshig
2042:Muqali
2016:Ghazan
2011:Arghun
2001:Hulegu
1891:Tolui
1867:People
1828:(1262)
1786:Syria
1780:(1258)
1745:(1291)
1697:(1242)
1689:(1242)
1605:Europe
1588:India
1569:Burma
1555:(1293)
1544:Burma
1522:Japan
1503:Tibet
1486:Korea
1346:Tabriz
1316:Qarshi
1276:Avarga
1122:Topics
1026:Jarlig
986:Jinong
981:Khanum
976:Khatun
966:Khagan
958:Titles
873:
846:
809:, p.34
796:, p.37
776:
772:–165.
743:
705:
674:, p.36
623:, p.97
562:
488:Keshik
484:Zamand
428:Qanqli
401:Kublai
372:quiver
284:Keshig
273:Ögedei
253:Korean
179:Kerait
151:Mongol
139:Persia
116:Cherbi
57:Branch
36:Keshik
2087:Kadan
2082:Bayan
2067:Jelme
2006:Abaqa
1996:Kebek
1976:Toqta
1971:Berke
1951:Jochi
1944:Khans
1581:South
1553:Java
1306:Majar
1248:Wings
1068:Tümen
1048:Yassa
1031:Örtöö
996:Noyan
661:p.272
511:China
470:, an
457:Timur
453:Babur
386:Alans
326:Units
316:Alans
292:suwei
288:suwei
222:tumen
171:spear
167:sword
107:Börte
2037:Jebe
1991:Duwa
1460:East
1397:Asia
1351:Ukek
1301:Dadu
1109:Life
1036:Orda
971:Khan
871:ISBN
844:ISBN
774:ISBN
741:ISBN
703:ISBN
560:ISBN
492:Iran
486:and
466:The
459:and
418:Dadu
405:Asud
355:yurt
259:and
249:Alan
182:khan
91:lit.
2077:Aju
770:164
509:in
490:in
474:of
300:wei
296:wei
169:or
163:ger
137:in
2131::
725:;
687:;
513:.
494:.
310:,
306:,
255:,
251:,
247:,
243:,
239:,
228:.
207:,
203:,
157:,
118:.
89:;
79::
1936:)
927:e
920:t
913:v
879:.
852:.
782:.
749:.
711:.
568:.
75:(
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