Akbar - Knowledge

2045: 3190: 558: 2516: 1464: 2766:, in 1558. Shortly afterwards, Akbar's army completed its annexation of Kabul, and to further secure the north-western boundaries of his empire, it proceeded to Qandahar. The city capitulated without resistance on 18 April 1595, and the ruler Muzaffar Hussain joined Akbar's court. Subsequent to this, Bairam Khan sent an envoy to the court of Tahmasp I in an effort to maintain peaceful relations with the Safavids. This gesture was reciprocated and a cordial relationship prevailed between the two empires during the remainder of the first two decades of Akbar's reign. The death of Tahmasp I in 1576 resulted in civil war and instability in the Safavid empire, and diplomatic relations between the two empires ceased for more than a decade. They were restored only in 1587 following the accession of 1594: 70: 4606:, p. 222: "Bihari Mal gave rich dowry to his daughter and sent his son Bhagwan Das with a contingent of Rajput soldiers to escort his newly married sister to Agra as per Hindu custom. Akbar was deeply impressed by the highly dignified, sincere and princely conduct of his Rajput relations. He took Man Singh, the youthful son of Bhagwant Das into the royal service. Akbar was fascinated by the charm and accomplishments of his Rajput wife; he developed real love for her and raised her to the status of chief queen. She came to exercise profound impact on socio-cultural environment of the entire royal household and changed the lifestyle of Akbar. Salim (later Jahangir), heir to the throne, was born of this wedlock on 30th August, 1569." 1528: 2461:

opinions of the majority of commoners in the imperial court. The interaction between Hindu and Muslim nobles in the imperial court resulted in an exchange of thoughts and a blending of the two cultures. Newer generations of the Mughal line also represented a merger of Mughal and Rajput blood, thereby strengthening ties between the two. As a result, the Rajputs became the strongest allies of the Mughals, and Rajput soldiers and generals fought for the Mughal army under Akbar, leading it in several campaigns, including the conquest of Gujarat in 1572. Akbar's policy of religious tolerance ensured that employment in the imperial administration was open to all on merit, irrespective of creed, strengthening his imperial rule.

3716: 2928: 7788:, p. 49: "When the world-conquering armies had been deputed, the Shāhinshāh proceeded stage by stage. On the day that he reached Sirohī, Mādhū* Singh and a number of men were sent to fetch that nursling of fortune's garden, Shahzāda Sultān Daniel, who had been conveyed from Ajmīr to Amber, so that he might be brought back to Ajmīr, and might come under the shadow of the Presence. In order to do honour to Rajah Bhagwān Das, his auspicious sister, who held high rank in the imperial harem, was sent off in order so that she might be present at the mourning for her brother Bhūpat, who had fallen in the battle of Sarnāl." 3158: 3122: 1524:. Baz Bahadur temporarily regained control of Malwa until, in the next year, Akbar sent another Mughal army to invade and annexe the kingdom. Malwa became a province of the nascent imperial administration of Akbar's regime. Baz Bahadur survived as a refugee at various courts until, eight years later in 1570, he took service under Akbar. When Adham Khan confronted Akbar following another dispute in late 1561, the emperor threw him from a terrace into the palace courtyard at Agra. Still alive, Adham Khan was dragged up and thrown to the courtyard once again by Akbar to ensure his death. 2731: 1586: 1354: 4589:, p. 223: "Akbur, after this conquest, made pilgrimage to Khwaja Moyin-ood-Deen Chishty at Ajmere and returned to Agra; from whence he proceeded to visit the venerable Sheikh Sulim Chishty, in the village of Seekry. As all the king's children had hitherto died, he solicited the Sheikh's prayers, who consoled him, by assuring him he would soon have a son, who would live to a good old age. Shortly after, his favourite sooltana, being then pregnant, on Wednesday the 17th of Rubbee-ool-Awul, in the year 997 was delivered of a son, who was called Sulim." 3106:. Virtues in Din-i-Ilahi included generosity, forgiveness, abstinence, prudence, wisdom, kindness, and piety. Celibacy was respected, chastity enforced, the slaughter of animals was discouraged, and there were no sacred scriptures or a priestly hierarchy. A leading noble of Akbar's court, Aziz Koka, wrote a letter to him from Mecca in 1594 arguing that the discipleship promoted by Akbar amounted to nothing more than a desire on Akbar's part to portray his superiority regarding religious matters. To commemorate Din-e-Ilahi, Akbar changed the name of 3608:). Akbar insisted that the Raja should submit to him personally; it was also suggested that his daughter should be married to him as a sign of complete submission. Her marriage is considered one of the most important events in the history of the Mughal Empire. She became his first wife to have given birth to Akbar's sons. In 1564, she delivered twins named Mirza Hassan and Mirza Hussain and in 1569, she was honoured with the title of 'Mariam-uz-Zamani' after giving birth to their third and first surviving son, Prince Salim (the future emperor 2810: 1548:—Akbar's brother and the Mughal ruler of Kabul—several Uzbek chieftains were slain and the rebel leaders trampled to death under elephants. Simultaneously, the Mirzas, a group of Akbar's distant cousins who held important fiefs near Agra, rebelled and were defeated by Akbar. In 1566, Akbar moved to meet the forces of his brother, Muhammad Hakim, who had marched into the Punjab with the intention of seizing the imperial throne. Following a brief confrontation, Muhammad Hakim accepted Akbar's supremacy and retreated back to Kabul. 2168:. The village continued to remain the primary unit of revenue assessment. Cultivated areas were measured and taxed through fixed rates—on the basis of prices prevailing the imperial court—based on the type of crop and productivity. This system burdened the peasantry because prices at the imperial court were often higher than those in the countryside. Akbar also introduced a decentralised system of annual assessment, which resulted in corruption among local officials. The system was abandoned in 1580 and replaced with the 1706: 2968:

increasingly came under the influence of pantheistic Sufi mysticism from the early 1570s, his outlook shifted from orthodox Islam as traditionally professed, to a new concept of Islam that transcended the limits of Islam. Consequently, during the latter half of his reign, he adopted a policy of tolerance towards the Shias and declared a prohibition on Shia-Sunni conflict, and the empire remained neutral in matters of internal sectarian conflict. In 1579, the Mughal Emperor Akbar referred to himself as:

2392:. The coins were issued in both round and square shapes, including a unique 'mehrab' (lozenge) shaped coin. Akbar's portrait type gold coin (Mohur) is generally attributed to his son, Prince Salim (later Emperor Jahangir), who had rebelled and then sought reconciliation by minting and presenting his father with gold Mohurs bearing Akbar's portrait. During the latter part of Akbar's reign, coins portrayed the concept of Akbar's newly promoted religion, with the Ilahi type and Jalla Jalal-Hu types. 3447: 3054: 11046: 1766:, forced his return to Gujarat. Akbar crossed Rajputana and reached Ahmedabad in 11 days—a journey that normally took six weeks. The outnumbered Mughal army won a decisive victory on 2 September 1573. Akbar slew the rebel leaders and erected a tower out of their severed heads. The conquest and subjugation of Gujarat proved highly profitable for the Mughals; after expenses, the territory yielded a revenue of more than five million rupees annually to Akbar's treasury. 7800:, p. 242:"The Rajah from right thinking and elevated fortune considered that he should bring himself of the ruck of landholders and make himself one of the distinguished ones of the Court. In order to effect this purpose he thought of a special alliance, to wit that he should by means of those who had the right of entree introduce his eldest daughter, in whose forehead shone the lights of chastity and intellect, among the attendants on the glorious pavilion." 3650:. In 1564, he sent presents to the court with a request that his daughter be married to Akbar. Miran's request acceded and an order was issued. Itimad Khan was sent with Miran's ambassadors. Miran welcomed Itimad with honour and despatched his daughter with him. A large number of nobles accompanied her. The marriage took place in September 1564 when she reached Akbar's court. As a dowry, Mubarak Shah ceded Bijagarh and Handia to his imperial son-in-law. 3620: 3361:, was always ready to risk his life, regardless of political consequences". He often plunged on his horse into flooded rivers during the rainy seasons and safely crossed them. He rarely indulged in cruelty and is said to have been affectionate towards his relatives. He pardoned his brother Hakim, who had rebelled. On rare occasions, he dealt cruelly with offenders, such as his maternal uncle Muazzam and his foster-brother Adham Khan, who was twice 2370: 2410: 2635: 1810: 3674:

celebrated the occasion by holding extravagant feasts for fifteen days. On the day of the wedding, the ulema, saints, and nobles were honoured with rewards. Mahmud offered 30,000 rupees in cash and kind to Itimad Khan and sent his daughter with a grand dowry and an entourage. She came to Ajmer and waited upon Akbar. The gifts of Sultan Mahmud, carried by the delegation, were presented to the ladies of the imperial harem.

3429:, and Jesuit missionaries, apart from contemporary accounts by Brahminical and Muslim orthodoxy. Existing sects and denominations, as well as various religious figures who represented popular worship felt they had a claim to him. The diversity of these accounts is attributed to the fact that his reign resulted in the formation of a flexible centralised state accompanied by personal authority and cultural heterogeneity. 1902: 1282: 10928: 781:, and aunts, in particular, Kamran Mirza's wife. He spent his youth learning to hunt, run, and fight, and although he never learned to read or write, when he retired in the evening, he would have someone read to him. On 20 November 1551, Humayun's youngest brother, Hindal Mirza, died in a battle against Kamran Mirza's forces. Upon hearing the news of his brother's death, Humayun was overwhelmed with grief. 4572:, p. 437: "Ruqayya-Sultan Begam, the daughter of Mirza Hindal and wife of His Majesty Arsh-Ashyani , had passed away in Akbarabad. She was His Majesty's chief wife. Since she did not have children, when Shahjahan was born His Majesty Arsh-Ashyani entrusted that 'unique pearl of the caliphate' to the begam's care, and she undertook to raise the prince. She departed this life at the age of eighty-four." 2269: 1640:, he possessed the highest ritual status of all the Rajput kings and chieftains in India. The Mughals viewed defeating Udai Singh as essential to asserting their imperial authority among the Rajputs. During this period of his reign, Akbar was still devoted to Islam and sought to impress the superiority of his faith over what were regarded by contemporaries as the most prestigious warriors in Hinduism. 7776:, p. 543: "An order was issued that when this celestial star should be a month old, his cradle should be conveyed to the town of Amber and the care of him committed to the Rani, the wife of Rajah Bara Mal ... The making over Daniel to this Rani would seem to imply that the mother of Daniel was related to her; it might also strengthen the tradition that the Rani's daughter was Jahangir's mother." 3149:, which formed the essence of Din-i-Ilahi, was adopted by Akbar not merely for religious purposes, but as a part of general imperial administrative policy. This also formed the basis for Akbar's policy of religious tolerance. At the time of Akbar's death in 1605, there were no signs of discontent among his Muslim subjects, and even theologians like Abdu'l Haq accepted that close ties remained. 3263: 3349:

like a sea shimmering in the sunlight. His eyelashes are very long. His eyebrows are not strongly marked. His nose is straight and small though not insignificant. His nostrils are widely open as though in derision. Between the left nostril and the upper lip there is a mole. He shaves his beard but wears a moustache. He limps in his left leg though he has never received an injury there.

3657:. The marriage took place in 1570 when Akbar came to this part of the country. Kalyan made a homage to Akbar and requested that his brother's daughter be married to him. Akbar accepted his proposal, and the marriage was arranged. He also married Bhanmati, daughter of Bhim Raj, another brother of Rai Kalyan Mal. He also married Nathi Bai, daughter of Rawal Har Rai, the ruler of 1725:. Akbar first moved against Gujarat, which lay in the crook of the Mughal provinces of Rajputana and Malwa. Gujarat possessed areas of rich agricultural production in its central plain, an impressive output of textiles and other industrial goods, and the busiest seaports of India. Akbar intended to link the maritime state with the massive resources of the Indo-Gangetic plains. 1413:, 50 miles (80 km) north of Delhi. Soon after the battle, Mughal forces occupied Delhi and then Agra. Akbar made a triumphant entry into Delhi, where he stayed for a month. Then, he and Bairam Khan returned to Punjab to deal with Sikandar Shah Suri, who had become active again. In the next six months, the Mughals won another major battle against Sikander, who fled east to 762: 1663:. The fall of Chittor was proclaimed by Akbar as "the victory of Islam over infidels ." In his Fathnama (dispatches announcing victory) issued on 9 March 1575 conveying his news of victory, Akbar wrote: "With the help of our blood-thirsty sword we have erased the signs of infidelity in their minds and destroyed the temples in those places and all over Hindustan." 2184:), under which revenue was calculated as one-third of the average produce of the previous ten years, to be paid to the state in cash. This system was later refined, taking into account local prices and grouping areas with similar productivity into assessment circles. Remission was given to peasants when the harvest failed during times of flood or drought. The 1564:

slain at the Fall of Chauragarh, the mountain fortress of the Gonds. The Mughals seized immense wealth, including an uncalculated amount of gold and silver, jewels, and 1,000 elephants. Kamala Devi, a younger sister of Durgavati, was sent to the Mughal harem. The brother of Durgavati's deceased husband was installed as the Mughal administrator of the region.

2036:. Kandahar was secured in 1595 with the arrival of a garrison headed by the Mughal general, Shah Bayg Khan. The reconquest of Kandahar did not overtly disturb Mughal-Persian relations. Akbar and the Persian Shah continued to exchange ambassadors and presents. However, the power equation between the two had now changed in favour of the Mughals. 4478:, which had a full moon) and was originally named Badr ud-din ("The full moon of religion"). According to Smith, the recorded date of birth was changed at the time of Akbar's circumcision ceremony in March 1546 to throw off astrologers and sorcerers, and his name was accordingly changed to Jalal ud-din ("Splendour of Religion") 1872:, a renowned minister in Akbar's court, was also given military command. The expedition failed, and on their retreat from the mountains, Birbal and his entourage were ambushed and killed by Afghans at the Malandarai Pass in February 1586. Akbar immediately fielded new armies to reinvade the Yusufzai lands under the command of 7722:, p. 186: "The most influential queen of the Mughal Emperor Akbar (1542–1605), and mother of Emperor Jahangir, was the beautiful Empress Mariam-uz- Zamani, commonly known as Jodha Bai ... Akbar allowed his favourite and most loved wife to build ships for trade and Haj pilgrims at the Khizri Darwaza on the River Ravi." 8117:, p. 661: "One of the occurrences was the birth of Ārām Bānū Begam.* On 12 Dai, 22 December 1584, divine month, and the 19th degree of Sagittarius, and according to the calculation of the Indians, one degree and 54 minutes, that night-gleaming jewel of fortune appeared and glorified the harem of the Shāhinshāh." 1833:, and returned to India. He then pardoned his brother, who took up de facto control of the Mughal administration in Kabul; Bakht-un-Nissa continued to be the official governor. In 1585, after Muhammad Hakim died, Kabul passed into the hands of Akbar and was officially incorporated as a province of the Mughal Empire. 7334:, pp. 288–289: "Akbar arranged for discussions ... involving not only mainstream Hindu and Muslim philosophers ... Arguing with Jains, Akbar would remain sceptical of their rituals, and yet become convinced by their argument for vegetarianism and end up deploring the eating of all flesh" 3336:

Akbar was said to have been a wise emperor and a sound judge of character. His son and heir, Jahangir, wrote effusive praise of Akbar's character in his memoirs, and dozens of anecdotes to illustrate his virtues. According to Jahangir, Akbar was "of the hue of wheat; his eyes and eyebrows were black,

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in 1573 during his campaign in Gujarat, in the course of which the Mahdavi leader Bandagi Miyan Sheik Mustafa was arrested and brought in chains to the court for debate and released after eighteen months. Akbar was reportedly angered by acts of embezzlement by many high level Muslim clerics. As Akbar

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The imperial Mughal entourage stayed in Mecca and Medina for nearly four years and attended the Hajj four times. In 1582, the Ottoman authorities forced them to return to India. Historian Naimur Rahman Farooqi has suggested that their expulsion may explain why Akbar broke relations with the Hijaz and

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were required to provide loans and agricultural implements in times of need, and to encourage farmers to plough as much land as possible and sow high-quality seeds. In turn, the zamindars were given a hereditary right to collect a share of the produce. Peasants had a hereditary right to cultivate the

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to rebel. He was defeated by the Mughal army in the Punjab and forced to submit. Akbar forgave him and gave him the option of either continuing in his court or resuming his pilgrimage; Bairam chose the latter. Bairam Khan was assassinated on his way to Mecca, by a group of Afghans led by Mubarak Khan

3525:, and his wife Sultanam Begum. In 1551, Hindal Mirza died fighting in a battle against Kamran Mirza's forces. Upon hearing the news of his brother's death, Humayun was overwhelmed with grief. Hindal's daughter Ruqaiya married Akbar about the time of his first appointment, at age nine, as governor of 3348:

One could easily recognize even at first glance that he is King. He has broad shoulders, somewhat bandy legs well-suited for horsemanship, and a light brown complexion. He carries his head bent towards the right shoulder. His forehead is broad and open, his eyes so bright and flashing that they seem

3245:. Santichandra, disciple of Suri, was sent to the Emperor, who in turn left his disciples Bhanuchandra and Siddhichandra in the court. Akbar invited Hiravijaya Suri's successor Vijayasena Suri to his court who visited him between 1593 and 1595. Akbar's religious tolerance was not followed by his son 3089:

with them. These discussions, initially restricted to Muslims, were acrimonious and resulted in the participants shouting at and abusing each other. Upset by this, Akbar opened the Ibadat Khana to people of all religions as well as atheists, resulting in the scope of the discussions broadening, even

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At the time of Akbar's ascension in 1556, the Portuguese had established several fortresses and factories on the western coast of the subcontinent, and largely controlled navigation and sea trade in that region. As a consequence, all other trading entities were subject to the terms and conditions of

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Prior to Akbar's reign, marriages between Hindu princesses and Muslim kings failed to produce stable relations between the families involved; the women were lost to their families and did not return after marriage. Akbar departed from that practice, providing that the Hindu Rajputs who married their

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After Adham Khan's death, Akbar distributed authority among specialised ministerial posts relating to different aspects of imperial governance to prevent any one noble from becoming too powerful. When a powerful clan of Uzbek chiefs broke out in rebellion in 1564, Akbar routed them in Malwa and then

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for refuge, leaving behind his harem, treasure, and war elephants. Despite initial success, Akbar was ultimately displeased with the aftermath of the campaign; his foster brother retained all of the spoils and followed through with the Central Asian practice of slaughtering the surrendered garrison,

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Akbar was not tall, but powerfully built and very agile. He was also noted for various acts of courage. One such incident occurred on his way back from Malwa to Agra when Akbar was 19 years old. Akbar rode alone in advance of his escort and was confronted by a tigress who, along with her cubs, came

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who lived in the region of Sikri near Agra. Believing the area to be lucky, Akbar had a mosque constructed there for the use of the priest. Subsequently, he celebrated the victories over Chittor and Ranthambore by laying the foundations of a new walled capital, 23 miles (37 km) west of Agra in

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was required to maintain a certain number of cavalrymen and twice that number of horses. The number of horses was greater because they had to be rested and rapidly replaced in times of war. Akbar employed strict measures to ensure that the quality of the armed forces was maintained at a high level;

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Akbar had the surviving defenders and 30,000 non-combatants massacred and their heads displayed upon towers erected throughout the region to demonstrate his authority. Akbar remained in Chittorgarh for three days, then returned to Agra, where, to commemorate the victory, he set up statues of Jaimal

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to include much of the Indian subcontinent through Mughal military, political, cultural, and economic dominance. To unify the vast Mughal state, Akbar established a centralised system of administration and adopted a policy of conciliating conquered rulers through marriage and diplomacy. To preserve

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She commanded a high rank in the imperial harem and was a recipient of many privileges. She was an intellectual woman who held a considerable influence in Akbar's court and is known as the prime driving force for Akbar's promotion of secularism and religious neutrality. She was also a great female

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Akbar was impressed with his scholarly approach. He held several inter-faith dialogues among philosophers of different religions. The arguments of Jains against eating meat persuaded him to become a vegetarian. Akbar also issued many imperial orders that were favourable for Jain interests, such as

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The political effect of these alliances was significant. While some Rajput women who entered Akbar's harem converted to Islam, they were generally provided full religious freedom; their relatives, who continued to remain Hindu, formed a significant part of the nobility and served to articulate the

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daughters or sisters to him would be treated equally to his Muslim fathers- and brothers-in-law, except that they would not be allowed to dine or pray with him or take Muslim wives. Akbar also made those Rajputs members of his court. Some Rajputs considered marriage to Akbar a sign of humiliation.

1845:, a military chieftain who had seized Badakhshan and Balkh from Akbar's distant Timurid relatives, and whose troops challenged the northwestern frontiers of the Mughal Empire. The Uzbeks also subsidised Afghan tribes on the border that were hostile to the Mughals. The tribes felt challenged by the 1817:

Following his conquests of Gujarat and Bengal, Akbar was preoccupied with domestic concerns. He did not leave Fatehpur Sikri on a military campaign until 1581, when Punjab was again invaded by his brother, Mirza Muhammad Hakim. Akbar expelled his brother to Kabul and waged a campaign to remove him

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warrior queen of the Gonds. Akbar did not personally lead the campaign because he was preoccupied with the Uzbek rebellion, leaving the expedition in the hands of Asaf Khan, the Mughal governor of Kara. Durgavati committed suicide after her defeat at the Battle of Damoh, while Raja Vir Narayan was

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that depicts the various Hindu holy days and includes a section devoted to the various dynasties that ruled India, dating its oldest portion to 500 CE and its newest to the 18th century. It contains a story about Akbar in which he is compared to the other Mughal rulers. The section, titled "Akbar

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Another of his wives was Bhakkari Begum, the daughter of Sultan Mahmud of Bhakkar. On 2 July 1572, Akbar's envoy Itimad Khan reached Mahmud's court to escort his daughter to Akbar. Itimad Khan brought a dress, a bejewelled scimitar belt, a horse with a saddle and reins, and four elephants. Mahmud

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In 1562, Akbar married the former wife of Abdul Wasi, the son of Shaikh Bada, lord of Agra. Akbar was enamored with her beauty and ordered Abdul Wasi to divorce her. Another of his wives was Gauhar-un-Nissa Begum, the daughter of Shaikh Muhammad Bakhtiyar and the sister of Shaikh Jamal Bakhtiyar.

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His son Jahangir and grandson Shahjahan maintained many of Akbar's concessions, such as the ban on cow slaughter, having only vegetarian dishes on certain days of the week, and drinking only Ganges water. When Akbar was in Punjab, 200 miles away from the Ganges, water was sealed in large jars and

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Akbar's effort to evolve a meeting point among the representatives of various religions was not successful, as each of them attempted to assert the superiority of their respective religions by denouncing other religions. The debates at the Ibadat Khana grew more acrimonious and, contrary to their

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region, which formed the border between the two empires. Military strategists of the time considered the region to be militarily significant due to its geography. The city, which was administered by Bairam Khan at the time of Akbar's accession, was invaded and captured by the Persian ruler Husain

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Other Rajput kingdoms also established matrimonial alliances with Akbar, but Akbar did not insist upon matrimony as a precondition for forming alliances. When Akbar met with the Hada leader, Surjan Hada, to effect an alliance, Surjan accepted on the condition that Akbar could not marry any of his

1868:. In return, Abdullah Khan agreed to refrain from supporting, subsidising, or offering refuge to the Afghan tribes hostile to the Mughals. Akbar, in turn, began a series of campaigns to pacify the Yusufzais and other rebels. Akbar ordered Zain Khan to lead an expedition against the Afghan tribes. 1734:

for warring with Gujarat was that the rebel Mirzas, who had previously been driven out of India, were now operating out of a base in southern Gujarat. Moreover, Akbar had received invitations from cliques in Gujarat to oust the reigning king, which further served as justification for his military

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In January 1564, an assassin shot an arrow at Akbar, which pierced his right shoulder, as he was returning from a visit to the Dargah of Hazrat Nizamuddin near Delhi. The Emperor ordered the apprehended assassin, a slave of Mirza Sharfuddin—a noble in Akbar's court whose recent rebellion had been

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As with Malwa, Akbar entered into a dispute with his vassals over the conquest of Gondwana. Asaf Khan was accused of keeping most of the treasures and sending back only 200 elephants to Akbar. When summoned to give accounts, he fled Gondwana. He went first to the Uzbeks, then returned to Gondwana

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were enlisted to patrol roads and ensure the safety of traders. Other active measures taken included the construction and protection of routes of commerce and communications. Akbar made concerted efforts to improve roads to facilitate the use of wheeled vehicles through the Khyber Pass, the most

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Akbar firmly entrenched the authority of the Mughal Empire in India and beyond, after it had been threatened by the Afghans during his father's reign, establishing its military and diplomatic superiority. During his reign, he created a secular and liberal government with an emphasis on cultural

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Despite his pact with the Uzbeks, Akbar nurtured a secret hope of reconquering Central Asia, but Badakshan and Balkh remained firmly part of the Uzbek dominion. Abdullah Khan died in 1598 and the last of the rebellious Afghan tribes were subdued by 1600. Additionally, he Roshaniyya movement was

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Royal begums (ladies), along with the families of Mughal amirs, were brought from Kabul to India at the time, "so that men might become settled and be restrained in some measure from departing to a country to which they were accustomed", according to Fazl. Akbar made clear that he would stay in

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born on 22 December 1584. His next wife was the daughter of Shams Chak, a Kashmiri. The marriage took place on 3 November 1592. In 1593, he married the daughter of Qazi Isa and the cousin of Najib Khan. Najib told Akbar that his uncle had made his daughter a present for him. Akbar accepted his

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seized Kandahar and expelled its Mughal governor. The recovery of Kandahar had not been a priority for Akbar, but after his military activity in the northern frontiers, he moved to restore Mughal control. At the time, the region was also under threat from the Uzbeks, but the Emperor of Persia,

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Order's dervish lodge in the Hijaz. Akbar's attempts to build Mughal presence in Mecca and Medina reassured the local Sharifs of the Mughal Empire's ability to provide financial support, lessening their dependency upon Ottoman bounties. Mughal-Ottoman trade also flourished during this period;

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in 1585. Historians have advanced several reasons for the move, including an insufficient or poor quality water supply at Fatehpur Sikri, Akbar's campaigns in the northwest areas of the Empire or loss of interest. In 1599, Akbar moved his capital back to Agra, where he ruled until his death.

1960:, the river capital of the region. Jani Beg mustered a large army to meet the Mughals. The outnumbered Mughal forces defeated the Sindhi forces at the Battle of Sehwan. After suffering further defeats, Jani Beg surrendered to the Mughals in 1591, and in 1593, paid homage to Akbar in Lahore. 2745:

and the Mughals had a long history of diplomatic relations. The Safavid ruler Tahmasp I provided refuge to Humayun when he was forced to flee the Indian subcontinent following his defeat by Sher Shah Suri. However, the Safavids differed from the Sunni Mughals and Ottomans in following the

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Akbar's government prioritized commercial expansion, encouraging traders, providing protection and security for transactions, and levying a low custom duty to stimulate foreign trade. It also required that local administrators provide restitution to traders for goods stolen while in their

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requested that his daughter be married to Akbar. Akbar granted his request. Rai Loukaran and Rajah Birbar, servants of the Rajah, were sent from Dihalpur to do the honour of conveying his daughter. The two delivered her to Akbar's court where the marriage took place on 12 July 1577.

3590:, and became one of Akbar's chief consorts. She gradually became one of his influential wives and was said to possess uncommon beauty. Shortly after marriage, Akbar named her 'Wali Nimat Begum' (Blessings/Gift of God). Their marriage took place when Akbar was on his way back from 1818:

from power. At the same time, Akbar's nobles were resisting leaving India to administer the Empire's holdings in Afghanistan; they were, according to Abul Fazl "afraid of the cold of Afghanistan". Likewise, Hindu officers in the Mughal army were inhibited by the traditional

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Akbar accepted the offer of diplomacy, but the Portuguese continually asserted their authority and power in the Indian Ocean; Akbar expressed concern when he was required to request a permit from the Portuguese before any ships from the Mughal Empire could depart for the

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to the Safavid throne. Diplomatic relations continued to be maintained between the Safavid and Mughal courts until the end of Akbar's reign. Qandahar continued to remain in Mughal possession, and the Hindukush was the empire's western frontier for several decades until

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has cited examples of the co-existence of Jain and Mughal architecture, calling Akbar "the architect of modern India" and stating that "he had great respect" for Jainism. In 1584, 1592, and 1598, Akbar declared "Amari Ghosana", which prohibited animal slaughter during

3787:" of a sage who immolated himself on seeing the first Mughal ruler Babur, who is described as the "cruel king of Mlecchas (Muslims)". Akbar is described as "a miraculous child", and the text notes that he would not follow the previous "violent ways" of the Mughals. 2196:, who also served as a revenue officer under Sher Shah Suri, in a detailed memorandum submitted to the emperor in 1582–1583. Other local methods of assessment continued in some areas. Lands which were fallow or uncultivated were assessed at concessional rates. 1678:

Rajputs and reputed to be the most powerful fortress in India. However, it fell only after a couple of months. At that point, most of the Rajput kings had submitted to the Mughals; only the clans of Mewar continued to resist. Udai Singh's son and successor,

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tribes, which had risen up under the Roshaniyyas, were subjugated; and he leaders of the movement were captured and driven into exile. Jalaluddin, the son of the Roshaniyya movement's founder, Bayazid, was killed in 1601 in a fight with Mughal troops near

3354:

out from the shrubbery across his path. When the tigress charged the emperor, he was alleged to have dispatched the animal with his sword in a solitary blow. His approaching attendants found the emperor standing quietly by the side of the dead animal.

2433:, and an early member of Akbar's court, allied with Akbar by giving his daughter, Mariam-uz-Zamani—who would go on to be Akbar's favorite wife—in marriage to Akbar. Bharmal was made a noble of high rank in the imperial court, and subsequently, his son 2309:

translated and participated in native festivals. Akbar established the library of Fatehpur Sikri exclusively for women, and he decreed the establishment of schools for the education of both Muslims and Hindus throughout the realm. He also encouraged

1836:

The Kabul expedition was the beginning of a long period of activity over the northern frontiers of the empire. For thirteen years, beginning in 1585, Akbar remained in the north, shifting his capital to Lahore while he dealt with challenges from

2626:; the rebels sought to overthrow Akbar and put his brother Mirza Muhammad Hakim on the Mughal throne. Akbar successfully defeated the rebels, but he became more cautious about inviting guests to his court, seeking advice from his counselors. 1390:, called a council of war to marshall the Mughal forces, none of Akbar's chieftains approved. Bairam Khan was ultimately able to prevail over the nobles and it was decided that the Mughals would march against the strongest of the Sur rulers, 1479:. However, Akbar's disputes with his regent, Bairam Khan, temporarily put an end to the expansion. The young emperor, at the age of eighteen, wanted to take a more active part in managing the Empire's affairs. Urged on by his foster mother, 4500:, p. 67: "It may be recalled that as an adolescent, Akbar had earned the title of Ghazi by beheading the defenseless infidel Himu. Under Akbar and Jahangir 'five or six hundred thousand human beings were killed,' says emperor Jahangir" 3819:, who said that, due to his religious tolerance, "Akbar had so weakened Islam through his policies that it could not be restored to its dominant position in the affairs". A common thread among Pakistani historians is criticism of Akbar's 2234:

were divided into 33 classes. The top three commanding ranks, ranging from 7,000 to 10,000 troops, were normally reserved for princes. Ranks between 10 and 5,000 were assigned to other members of the nobility. The empire's permanent

3144:

Scholars have also argued that the theory that Din-i-Ilahi was a new religion is a misconception that arose because of erroneous translations of Abul Fazl's work by later British historians. It has been accepted that the policy of

1377:

support, but Mughal rule was still precarious when Akbar took the throne. When the Surs reconquered Agra and Delhi following the death of Humayun, Akbar's young age and the lack of military assistance from the Mughal stronghold of

2553:

in 1572, the Portuguese, recognising the superior strength of the Mughal army, chose to adopt diplomacy instead of war. The Portuguese Governor, upon the request of Akbar, sent him an ambassador to establish friendly relations.

2102:

of Ahmadnagar, Berar, and Khandesh under Prince Daniyal. "By the time of his death in 1605, Akbar controlled a broad sweep of territory from the Bay of Bengal to Qandahar and Badakshan. He touched the western sea in Sind and at

1409:. Urged by Bairam Khan, who re-marshalled the Mughal army before Hemu could consolidate his position, Akbar marched on Delhi to reclaim it. His army, led by Bairam Khan, defeated Hemu and the Sur army on 5 November 1556 at the 3768:, are popular in India. He and his Hindu wife, Mariam-uz-Zamani are widely popular, as the latter is believed to have been the prime inspiration and driving force for Akbar's promotion of secularism and universal benevolence. 2580:. The Portuguese, in turn, issued passes for members of Akbar's family to go on Hajj to Mecca. The Portuguese made mention of the extraordinary status of the vessel and the special status to be accorded to its occupants. 3677:

His eleventh wife was Qasima Banu Begum, the daughter of Arab Shah. The marriage took place in 1575. A fest was held, at which the high officers and other pillars of the state were present. In 1577, the Rawal Askaran of

1988:, and defeated a coalition of local chieftains in battle. They were required to acknowledge Mughal supremacy and attend Akbar's court. As a result, the modern-day Pakistani and Afghan parts of Baluchistan, including the 3811:, in a study of the image of Akbar in Pakistani textbooks, has observed that Akbar "is conveniently ignored and not mentioned in any school textbook from class one to matriculation", as opposed to the omnipresence of 3661:

in 1570. Rawal had sent a request that his daughter be married to Akbar. The proposal was accepted by Akbar. Raja Bhagwan Das was despatched on this service. The marriage ceremony took place after Akbar's return from

2684:(honorific robes) for the needy of Mecca and Medina. In October 1576, Akbar sent a delegation, which included his aunt Gulbadan Begum and his consort Salima, on Hajj by two ships, including an Ottoman vessel, from 3101:

Akbar's interaction with various religious theologians had convinced him that despite their differences, all religions had several good practices, which he sought to combine into a new religious movement known as

3165:

Akbar decreed that Hindus who had been forced to convert to Islam could reconvert to Hinduism without facing the death penalty. Akbar was well-liked by Hindus, who sang religious hymns to him and his eulogies.

1520:. Akbar personally rode to Malwa to confront Adham Khan and relieve him of command. Pir Muhammad Khan was then sent in pursuit of Baz Bahadur, but was beaten back by the alliance of the rulers of Khandesh and 2044: 1876:. Over the next six years, the Mughals contained the Yusufzai in the mountain valleys, forcing the submission of many chiefs in Swat and Bajaur. Dozens of forts were built and occupied to secure the region. 3567:. She was a poet and actively played a role in the politics of the Mughal court during Akbar's and Jahangir's reigns. She is regarded as the senior-most wife of Akbar. She died childless on 2 January 1613. 2972:

Emperor of Islam, Emir of the Faithful, Shadow of God on earth, Abul Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar Badshah Ghazi (whose empire Allah perpetuate), is a most just, most wise, and a most God-fearing ruler.

7448: 3706:

union as opposed to a formal marriage, representing the bride's lower status in her father's household, and serving as an expression of vassalage to an overlord. The dating of this event is not recorded.

2204:

land as long as they paid the land revenue. Revenue officials were guaranteed only three-quarters of their salary, with the remaining quarter dependent on their full realisation of the revenue assessed.

2618:, who objected to the remarks, but Akbar ordered their comments to be recorded. This event was followed by a rebellion of Muslim clerics in 1581 led by Mullah Muhammad Yazdi and Muiz-ul-Mulk, the chief 3823:

policy. Ali has stated that "Akbar is criticized for bringing Muslims and Hindus together as one nation and putting the separate identity of the Muslims in danger. This policy of Akbar contradicts the

8269:, p. 171: "His first child was a daughter, Fatima Banu Begum, but she died in infancy, and so did the first sons born to him, twins named Hasan and Husain, born in 1564; they lived only a month." 1555:, a thinly populated, hilly area in central India that was of interest to the Mughals because of its herd of wild elephants. The territory was ruled over by Raja Vir Narayan, a minor, and his mother, 4084: 2020:

In 1593, Akbar received the exiled Safavid prince, Rostam Mirza. Rostam Mirza pledged allegiance to the Mughals; he was granted a rank (mansab) of command over 5,000 men and received Multan as a

1739:, the capital, and other northern cities, and was proclaimed the lawful sovereign of Gujarat. By 1573, he had driven out the Mirzas who, after offering token resistance, fled for refuge in the 1709:

The court of young Akbar, aged 13, showing his first imperial act: the arrest of an unruly courtier, who was once a favourite of Akbar's father. Illustration from a manuscript of the Akbarnama.

1605:, which was strategically important as it was a rival centre of power that flanked the Indo-Gangetic plains. The Mughals had already established domination over parts of northern Rajputana in 2008:, the warlord who had conquered much of Western, Central, and parts of South Asia in the 14th century. However, the Safavids considered it to be an appanage of the Persian-ruled territory of 3069:

mysticism that was being preached in the country at that time. He moved away from orthodoxy, appointing to his court several people with liberal religious philosophies, including Abul Fazl,

1341:

once declared that "with the exception of Turkey, there is perhaps no country in which its guns has more means of securing the Government than ." Scholars and historians have used the term "

2150:

was in charge of the imperial household, including the harems, and supervised the functioning of the court and royal bodyguard. The judiciary was a separate organisation headed by a chief

1801:

and fled into exile. Daud Khan was later captured and executed by Mughal forces. His severed head was sent to Akbar, while his limbs were gibbeted at Tandah, the Mughal capital in Bengal.

3481:, is an official biographical account of Akbar written in Persian. It includes vivid and detailed descriptions of his life and times. The work was commissioned by Akbar, and written by 1929:, crowned himself as king, leading a resistance against the Mughal armies. In June 1589, Akbar travelled from Lahore to Srinagar to receive the surrender of Yaqub and his rebel forces. 3497:) of Akbar's royal court. The book reportedly took seven years to complete and the original manuscripts contained a number of paintings supporting the texts. The paintings are in the 7391: 4772: 5048: 1544:. He pardoned the rebellious leaders, hoping to conciliate them, but they rebelled again; Akbar quelled their second uprising. Following a third revolt, with the proclamation of 557: 10546:"Book Reviews: Naimur Rahman Farooqi, Mughal-Ottoman Relations: A Study of the Political and Diplomatic Relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556–1748, Delhi" 10025: 3417:

resulted in a series of religious attributions to him in terms of positions of assimilation, doubt, or uncertainty, which he either assisted himself or left unchallenged. Such

1617:. Beginning in 1561, the Mughals actively engaged the Rajputs in warfare and diplomacy. Most Rajput states accepted Akbar's suzerainty; however, the rulers of Mewar and Marwar— 2445:

daughters. Consequently, no matrimonial alliance was entered into, but Surjan was made a noble and placed in charge of Garh-Katanga. Two major Rajput clans remained aloof—the

3548:, and so he regarded Abdullah as a partisan of Kamran. Bairam Khan opposed the match until Nasir-al-Mulk persuaded him that he could not oppose it. Nasir-al-Mulk arranged an 9538:

History of the Arghuns and Tarkhans of Sindh, 1507–1593: An Annotated Translation of the Relevant Parts of Mir Ma'sums Ta'rikh-i-Sindh, with an Introduction & Appendices

3563:. She was at first betrothed to Bairam Khan by Humayun. After Bairam Khan died in 1561, Akbar married her in the same year. She was the foster mother of Akbar's second son, 3098:

purpose of leading to a better understanding among religions, instead led to greater bitterness among them, resulting in the discontinuance of the debates by Akbar in 1582.

4470:, record Akbar's birth name and date as Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar and 15 October 1542. However, based on recollections of Humayun's personal attendant Jauhar, historian 1785:

from Daud Khan, who fled to Bengal. Akbar then returned to Fatehpur Sikri and left his generals to finish the campaign. The Mughal army was subsequently victorious at the

792:, his first wife. Humayun gave Akbar command of Hindal's troops and conferred on the imperial couple all of Hindal's wealth. Akbar's marriage to Ruqaiya was solemnised in 1687:

in 1576. Akbar would celebrate his conquest of Rajputana by laying the foundation of a new capital, 23 miles (37 km) west-southwest of Agra, in 1569. It was called

8585: 4810: 2357:

throughout the frontier to secure the overland trade route with Persia and Central Asia. He also established an international trading business for his chief consort,

2024:. The Safavid prince and governor of Kandahar, Mozaffar Hosayn, also agreed to defect to the Mughals. Hosayn, who was in an adversary relationship with his overlord, 3533:, Punjab, when both of them were 14 years old. She was a senior-ranking wife of Akbar. She died childless in January 1626 and was buried next to her father's grave. 8630: 3225:

banning animal slaughter. Jain authors also wrote about their experience at the Mughal court in Sanskrit texts that are still largely unknown to Mughal historians.

2539:

and acquired its first access to the sea, but local officials informed Akbar that the Portuguese had begun to exert control in the Indian Ocean. Akbar obtained a

636:

peace and order in a religiously and culturally diverse empire, he adopted policies that won him the support of his non-Muslim subjects, including abolishing the

7349: 1713:

Akbar's next military objectives were the conquest of Gujarat and Bengal, which connected India with the trading centres of Asia, Africa, and Europe through the

4376: 643:

Under Akbar, Mughal India developed a strong and stable economy, which tripled in size and wealth, leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of an

2986:. Akbar suppressed the rebellion and handed out severe punishments to the Qazis. To further strengthen his position in dealing with the Qazis, Akbar issued a 2012:, and declared its association with the Mughal emperors to be a usurpation. In 1558, while Akbar was consolidating his rule over northern India, Safavid Shah 3189: 8365: 8719: 3085:) at Fatehpur Sikri, to which he invited theologians, mystics, and selected courtiers renowned for their intellectual achievements to discuss matters of 1797:, albeit as a fief of the Mughal Empire. A year later, however, Daud Khan rebelled and attempted to regain Bengal. He was defeated by the Mughal general 3357:

Abul Fazl, as well as Akbar's critic Badayuni, described him as having a commanding personality. He was notable for his command in battle, and, "like

3014:; in case of a difference of opinion among the Mujtahids, Akbar could select any one opinion and could also issue decrees that did not go against the 10691: 8792: 2515: 2692:

in 1577 and then proceeded to Mecca and Medina. Four more caravans were sent from 1577 to 1580, with gifts for the authorities of Mecca and Medina.

2550: 2341:

into Mughal India. He also strategically occupied the northwestern cities of Multan and Lahore in Punjab and constructed forts, such as the one at

1651:

and was also considered a key to holding the interior parts of Rajputana. Udai Singh retreated to the hills of Mewar, leaving two Rajput warriors,

3639:

Their dynasty was called Din Laqab they lived in Chandwar and Jalesar near Agra. He married the daughter of Jagmal Rathore, son of Rao Viramde of

3635:

patron of the architecture of her time. She died on 19 May 1623 in Agra and was buried in a grave close to her husband, Akbar, in Sikandra, Agra.

5753: 2722:

According to some accounts, Akbar expressed a desire to form an alliance with the Portuguese against the Ottomans, but nothing came of the idea.

1781:, the Mughal governor of Bihar, was ordered to chastise Daud Khan. Eventually, Akbar himself set out to Bengal, and in 1574, the Mughals seized 3094:

and the nature of God. This shocked orthodox theologians, who sought to discredit Akbar by circulating rumours of his desire to forsake Islam.

10212: 7512: 2864:, and influenced Akbar's policy of tolerance in matters of religion. Akbar's childhood tutors, including two Irani Shias, were largely above 2665: 3065:

Akbar was deeply interested in religious and philosophical matters. An orthodox Muslim at the outset, he later came to be influenced by the

1864:

In 1586, Akbar negotiated a pact with Abdullah Khan in which the Mughals agreed to remain neutral during the Uzbek invasion of Safavid-held

11395: 8307: 618:. He is generally considered one of the greatest emperors in Indian history and led a successful campaign to unify the various kingdoms of 7572: 7383: 3173:

and allowed Brahman priests to tie jewelled strings around his wrists by way of blessing. Following his lead, many nobles took to wearing

3024:

helped stabilise the religious situation in the empire. It also helped him eliminate the religious and political influence of the Ottoman

2947:

During the early part of his reign, Akbar adopted an attitude of suppression towards Muslim sects that were condemned by the orthodoxy as

1721:. Gujarat had also been a haven for rebellious Mughal nobles. In Bengal, the Afghans still held considerable influence under their ruler, 1691:, or the "City of Victory". Pratap Singh continued to attack the Mughals and was able to retain most of his kingdom during Akbar's reign. 811:, concealed his death to prepare for Akbar's succession. Akbar succeeded Humayun on 14 February 1556, while in the midst of a war against 10528: 9952: 9201: 4734: 1925:, refused to send his son as a hostage to the Mughal court. Yousuf Shah surrendered immediately to the Mughals, but another of his sons, 10156: 9911: 9342: 9232: 6458: 12487: 5040: 4219: 7109: 6350: 1463: 12452: 11380: 10784:

Martí Escayol, Maria Antònia. "Antoni de Montserrat in the Mughal Garden of good government European construction of Indian nature",

10009: 3386:'s memoirs, he was fond of fruits and had little liking for meat, which he stopped eating in his later years. In 1570, Akbar visited 2052:

of Akbar, minted in Asir, issued in the name of Akbar to commemorate the capture of Asirgarh Fort of the on 17 January 1601. Legend:

5646: 1667:

and Patta mounted on elephants at the gates of his fort. Thereafter, Udai Singh never ventured out of his mountain refuge in Mewar.

659:

attracted holy men of many faiths, poets, architects, and artisans, and became known as centres of the arts, letters, and learning.

9368: 8973: 4533: 663:

and Perso-Islamic culture began to merge and blend with indigenous Indian elements into a distinct style of Mughal arts, including

9306: 8292: 3405:, and had children raised in isolation, not allowed to be spoken to, and pointed out that as they grew older, they remained mute. 1483:, and other relatives, Akbar dismissed Bairam Khan following a dispute at court in the spring of 1560 and ordered him to leave on 12089: 11035: 4418: 9220:

Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556–1748

12467: 11985: 11335: 11330: 11203: 8623:

Sind under the Mughals: An Introduction to, translation of and commentary on the Mazhar-i Shahjahani of Yusuf Mirak (1044/1634)

6257: 2963:

saint. This reflected a restrictive attitude towards the Shia, which continued to persist until the early 1570s. He suppressed

2288:

1569, which was named Fatehpur ("Town of Victory") after the conquest of Gujarat in 1573, and subsequently came to be known as

1613:, and Nagor. Akbar sought to conquer Rajputana's heartlands, which had rarely previously submitted to the Muslim rulers of the 10573: 8463: 5100: 2146:

was in charge of intelligence gathering, and made recommendations to the emperor for military appointments and promotion. The

1405:, a minister and general of one of the Sur rulers, who had proclaimed himself Hindu emperor and expelled the Mughals from the 12432: 12427: 10807: 10793: 10685: 10619: 10492: 10473: 10413: 10394: 10349: 10287: 10268: 10240: 10186: 10150: 10115: 10019: 9998: 9977: 9938: 9905: 9884: 9851: 9830: 9809: 9788: 9756: 9732: 9657: 9616: 9565: 9526: 9472: 9450: 9414: 9336: 9184: 9162: 9138: 9117: 9095: 9024: 9003: 8961: 8940: 8921: 8897: 8873: 8854: 8828: 8786: 8665: 8610: 8579: 8569: 7638: 6935: 6415: 5911: 5823: 5763: 5338: 5070: 4845: 4820: 4758: 3301:(reputedly keeping thousands of hunting cheetahs during his reign and training many himself), and theologian. Believed to be 2856:, which advocated human sympathy and a liberal outlook. The Timurid ethos of religious tolerance persisted from the times of 2832:

was frowned upon. From the 15th century, a number of rulers in various parts of the country adopted a more liberal policy of

1593: 819:, the 14-year-old Akbar was enthroned by Bairam Khan on a newly constructed platform (which still stands) and was proclaimed 10317: 3294:. Other contemporary sources of Akbar's reign include the works of Badayuni, Shaikhzada Rashidi, and Shaikh Ahmed Sirhindi. 11539: 3205:

scholars and was impacted by their teachings. His first encounter with Jain rituals was when he saw a procession of a Jain

1948:

had remained under imperial control. In 1586, the Mughal governor of Multan tried and failed to secure the capitulation of

1660: 671:. Disillusioned with orthodox Islam and perhaps hoping to bring about religious unity within his empire, Akbar promulgated 625: 3794:, as well as the lasting legacy of "pluralism and tolerance" that "underlies the values of the modern republic of India", 8621: 4869: 3020:. Given the prevailing Islamic sectarian conflicts in various parts of the country at that time, it is believed that the 2070:

In 1593, Akbar began military operations against the Deccan Sultans, who had not submitted to his authority. He besieged

1972:

chiefs, under nominal Pani Afghan rule, had been persuaded to subordinate themselves to Akbar. In preparation for taking

1937:, which were Tibetan provinces adjacent to Kashmir, pledged their allegiance to Akbar. The Mughals also moved to conquer 1398:. Sikandar Shah Suri, his army weakened by earlier lost battles, withdrew to avoid combat as the Mughal army approached. 4642: 4189:

In the Motu Patlu episode "Motu Akbar The Great", John fools Motu into believing that he is playing Akbar in a Hit Film.

3666:. She was the mother of Princess Mahi Begum, who died on 8 April 1577. In 1570, Narhardas, a grandson of Rao Viramde of 3653:

He married another Rajput princess in 1570, Raj Kunwari, daughter of Kanha, the brother of Rai Kalyan Mal, the ruler of

1829:. He stayed there for three weeks and his brother fled into the mountains. Akbar left Kabul in the hands of his sister, 10084: 4357: 3559:, the daughter of Nur-ud-din Muhammad Mirza and his wife Gulrukh Begum, also known as Gulrang, the daughter of Emperor 1433:, after the defeat and flight of its Muslim ruler. The Mughals also besieged and defeated the Sur forces in control of 7345: 3598:. Raja Bharmal had conveyed to Akbar that he was being harassed by his brother-in-law Sharif-ud-din Mirza (the Mughal 2678:

In 1576, Akbar sent a contingent of pilgrims on Hajj, led by Khwaja Sultan Naqshbandi, with 600,000 rupees and 12,000

1789:

in 1575, which led to the annexation of Bengal and parts of Bihar that had been under the dominion of Daud Khan. Only

12437: 12123: 10719: 10522: 10435: 10375: 10311: 10094: 9074: 8447: 8422: 5422: 4879: 4442: 4409: 4271: 9248:

Farooqi, N. R. (2017). "An Overview of Ottoman Archival Documents and Their Relevance for Medieval Indian History".

2828:

Muslims. His early days were spent in the backdrop of an atmosphere in which liberal sentiments were encouraged and

1527: 69: 12031: 11712: 10862: 3402: 2664:

visited the Empire. These Ottoman admirals sought to end the growing threats of the Portuguese Empire during their

5252:, p. 104: "But the arch-enemy was neither Sikandar, who had become a spent force after Māchīwārā and Sirhind" 2610:

for his education. While debating at court, the Jesuits denigrated Islam and Muhammad. Their comments enraged the

11574: 11385: 11350: 11208: 2576:

directing Mughal administrative officials in Gujarat not to provoke the Portuguese in the territory they held in

1647:

in Mewar. The fortress-capital of Mewar was of strategic importance as it lay on the shortest route from Agra to

17: 11013: 12447: 12442: 11960: 11877: 11549: 11325: 9420: 8397: 3421:

accounts of Akbar traversed a wide range of denominational and sectarian spaces, including several accounts by

3305:, he was read to every day and had a remarkable memory. He created a library of over 24,000 volumes written in 10658: 3536:

His second wife was the daughter of Abdullah Khan Mughal. The marriage took place in 1557 during the siege of

2753:

One of the longest-standing disputes between the Safavids and the Mughals pertained to control of the city of

1568:

where he was pursued by Mughal forces. Finally, he submitted and Akbar restored him to his previous position.

12457: 11970: 8755: 8560: 8542: 8524: 4214: 3628: 2951:. In 1567, on the advice of Shaikh Abdu'n Nabi, he ordered the exhumation of Mir Murtaza Sharifi Shirazi – a 2840:

between Hindus and Muslims. These sentiments were earlier encouraged by the teachings of popular saints like

2292:

to distinguish it from other similarly named towns. The city was soon abandoned and the capital was moved to

9667:

Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1968). "The Nobility under Akbar and the Development of His Religious Policy, 1560–80".

2124:. Akbar reorganised the sections with a detailed set of regulations. The revenue department was headed by a 1747:, the commercial capital of the region, and other coastal cities soon capitulated to the Mughals. The king, 12482: 11914: 11193: 7132: 5074: 3715: 2794:

to Akbar requesting liberty to trade in his dominions on terms as good as those enjoyed by the Portuguese.

10675: 9638: 8776: 3529:. Akbar was also given the command of his uncle's army. Akbar's marriage with Ruqaiya was solemnised near 2868:

prejudices, and made a significant contribution to Akbar's later inclination towards religious tolerance.

12082: 11687: 11584: 11028: 10898: 9988: 9152: 8911: 8809: 5331:

The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 3: The Eastern Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries

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His twelfth wife was Bibi Daulat Shad. She was the mother of Princess Shakr-un-Nissa Begum, and Princess

3032: 1769:

After conquering Gujarat, the remaining centre of Afghan power was Bengal. In 1572, Sulaiman Khan's son,

10843: 10832: 10821: 4003:

August 1609)—daughter of Sekhavat Kachvahi Durjan Sal. Akbar took her as his own and had her married to

2661: 11784: 11766: 11554: 11045: 9583: 9388: 9362: 8907: 8883: 8838: 8554: 8536: 4331: 3890: 3670:, married his sister, Puram Bai, to Akbar in return for Akbar's support of Keshodas's claims on Merta. 2361:, who ran an extensive trade of indigo, spices, and cotton to Gulf nations through merchant's vessels. 1773:, succeeded him. Daud Khan defined Mughal rule, assuming the insignia of royalty and ordering that the 1700: 436: 75: 10589:

Syed, Jawad (2011). "Akbar's multiculturalism: lessons for diversity management in the 21st century".

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Medieval India from Contemporary Sources: Extracts from Arabic and Persian annals and European travels

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pieces from the Portuguese, hindering his efforts to establish a Mughal navy along the Gujarat coast.

1841:

tribes, which had driven his grandfather, Babur, out of Central Asia. The Uzbeks were organised under

12477: 11804: 11503: 11498: 11345: 11213: 11198: 10876: 10737: 8550: 8532: 8514: 8492: 3482: 3450: 3281: 2927: 2919:. He was also partial to Sufism; he proclaimed that "the wisdom of Vedanta is the wisdom of Sufism". 1532: 1338: 758:(in modern-day Sindh), where his parents had been given refuge by the local Hindu ruler Rana Prasad. 10773:

edited & Annotated by Haji Mu'in'd-Din Nadwi, Dr. Azhar 'Ali Dihlawi & Imtiyaz 'Ali 'Arshi (

8496: 8340: 7695:, p. 77: "The mother of Jahangir was a pious Hindu princess, the most favourite queen of Akbar" 5752:

Shah, Mir Hussain (2003). "Afghanistan". In Adle, Chahryar; Habib, Irfan; Baipakov, Karl M. (eds.).

12472: 12462: 12255: 11898: 11493: 11468: 11408: 11375: 11320: 10932: 10197: 9799: 3736: 3358: 2837: 2672: 1976:

from the Safavids, Akbar ordered the Mughal forces to conquer the rest of the Afghan-held parts of

1552: 1507:, and a Mughal commander, Pir Muhammad Khan, began the Mughal conquest of Malwa. The Afghan ruler, 1503:

In 1560, Akbar resumed military operations. A Mughal army under the command of his foster brother,

1458: 1410: 9865: 7520: 4361:, the story revolves around a young painter during Akbar's time who paints his own version of the 3862: 3844: 3731:, from which he never recovered. He is believed to have died on 26 October 1605. He was buried at 3691:

representation and on 3 July 1593, he visited Najib Khan's house and married Qazi Isa's daughter.

3157: 1601:

Having established Mughal rule over northern India, Akbar turned his attention to the conquest of

738:. Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar was born to them the next year on 25 October 1542 (the fifth day of 421: 416: 12235: 11832: 11776: 11605: 11473: 11463: 11355: 8739: 8657: 5326: 4742: 4255: 4076: 3816: 3217:, to Fatehpur Sikri. Hiravijaya accepted the invitation and travelled to the Mughal capital from 2509: 1758:

to commemorate his victories. But, a rebellion by Afghan nobles supported by the Rajput ruler of

9049: 8317: 3544:

did not approve of this marriage because Abdullah's sister was married to Akbar's uncle, Prince

3129:

Some modern scholars claim that Akbar did not initiate a new religion, instead introducing what

2491:

A monarch should be ever intent on conquest, otherwise his neighbours rise in arms against him.

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river, which he called "the water of immortality". Servants were stationed at Sorun, and later

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named Champa after a six-month-long fast. Impressed by her power and devotion, he invited her

2388:

Akbar introduced coins with decorative features, including floral motifs, dotted borders, and

1589:

Mughal Emperor Akbar shoots the Rajput warrior Jaimal during the Siege of Chittorgarh in 1568.

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The Emperor Akbar, a contribution towards the history of India in the 16th century (Vol. 2)

10823:

The Emperor Akbar, a contribution towards the history of India in the 16th century (Vol. 1)

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A History of India Under the Two First Sovereigns of the House of Taimur, Báber and Humáyun

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Akbar reformed the administration land revenues by adopting a system that had been used by

1830: 1751:, was caught hiding in a corn field; he was pensioned off by Akbar with a small allowance. 1684: 1545: 1516:

their wives and children, and many Muslim theologians and Sayyids, who were descendants of

1497: 921: 863: 789: 676: 644: 441: 235: 4393:, the third book in a sextet based on the six great Mughal Emperors of the Mughal Dynasty. 3177:(protection charms). He renounced beef and forbade the sale of all meats on certain days. 8: 11726: 11625: 11483: 11458: 11186: 11155: 10774: 10762:. Bibliotheca Indica Series (Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal) 1877–1887 Three Vols. ( 8506: 8367:

Taj – Divided By Blood: Naseeruddin Shah All Set To Play Emperor Akbar In New Web Series!

5638: 4525: 4282: 4251: 4083:, a documentary film about the emperor, in 1967, directed by Shanti S. Varma. It won the 4072: 4012: 3902: 3646:

His next marriage took place in 1564 to the daughter of Miran Mubarak Shah, the ruler of

3556: 3395: 2306: 1446: 1406: 1298: 803:, Humayun reconquered Delhi in 1555, leading an army partly provided by his Persian ally 668: 660: 615: 258: 10057: 9377: 9035: 8759: 2821:

Akbar, as well as his mother and other members of his family, are believed to have been

2417:, commonly known as Jodha Bai, giving birth to Prince Salim, the future emperor Jahangir 2120:

Akbar's system of central government was based on the system that had evolved since the

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Codrington, K. de B. (March 1943). "Portraits of Akbar, the Great Mughal (1542–1605)".

8951: 8703: 8518: 8502: 8312: 4121: 4095: 3583: 2603: 1826: 1622: 1391: 812: 9627: 4264:

is a 2017 Indian drama television series tracing Akbar's journey to the Mughal throne.

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In 1580, a rebellion broke out in the eastern part of Akbar's empire, and a number of

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has observed that the merchant Mildenhall was employed in 1600 to bear a letter from

2767: 2638: 2524: 2065: 1914: 1819: 1786: 1770: 1748: 1659:, in charge of the defence of his capital. Chittorgarh fell in February 1568 after a 1648: 1597:

Bullocks dragging siege-guns uphill during Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort in 1568

1342: 1331: 1170: 727: 715: 532: 400: 58: 9400: 6253: 5108: 3612:), the heir to the throne. She was also the foster mother of Akbar's favourite son, 3574:, commonly known by the misnomer Jodha Bai, was the daughter of the ruler of Amer, 3130: 2809: 2598:

were invited to visit the court of Akbar. The emperor had his scribes translate the

2239:

was small and the imperial forces mostly consisted of contingents maintained by the

11852: 11842: 11677: 11589: 11564: 11534: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11428: 11218: 10778: 10763: 10748: 10707: 10642: 10598: 10557: 10510: 10507:"Drudges, dancing girls, concubines: female slaves in the Rajput polity, 1500–1850" 10231:

Sangari, Kumkum (2007). "Akbar: The Name of a Conjuncture". In Grewal, J.S. (ed.).

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transported to him. He referred to the Ganges water as the "water of immortality".

3134: 2591: 2414: 2358: 2346: 2091: 2082:. A subsequent revolt forced Akbar to take the fort in August 1600. Akbar occupied 2009: 1918: 1865: 1842: 1671: 1633: 824: 816: 711: 598: 278: 10545: 5078: 1326:

and effectively employed them during various conflicts. He sought the help of the

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ambush against the galleys of Seydi Ali Reis (Akbar's allies) in the Indian Ocean

2468:

and might have played a role in his coming to Akbar's court. Tansen converted to

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The History of Aryan Rule in India from the earliest times to the death of Akbar

9708: 9632:. Broadway Travellers. Translated by Payne, C. H. London: Harper & Brothers. 3382:, to dispatch water, in sealed jars, to wherever he was stationed. According to 3031:

Throughout his reign, Akbar was a patron of influential Muslim scholars such as

1705: 12412: 12386: 12184: 12159: 12046: 12036: 12011: 11980: 11893: 11647: 11569: 11544: 11403: 11360: 11145: 11105: 11085: 10995: 10900:

The commentary of Father Monserrate, S.J., on his journey to the court of Akbar

10561: 9861: 9742: 9579: 9053: 9045: 8846: 4339: 4155: 4134: 4114: 3695: 3418: 3374:

mentions that during his travels and while at home, Akbar drank water from the

3362: 3338: 3322: 3318: 3298: 2932: 2829: 2742: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2289: 2193: 2165: 1873: 1755: 1740: 1688: 1652: 1556: 1327: 1315: 719: 688: 656: 620: 512: 187: 90: 9948: 9680: 9382:. Translated by Robinson, Lydia G. Chicago: The Open Court Publishing Company. 8727:. Vol. II. Translated by Lowe, W. H. Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal. 7863:

Ma'asir al-Umara by Nawab Shams-ud-Daulah Shahnawaz Khan – Volume II (Persian)

3887:

28 October 1627)—with Mariam-uz-Zamani Begum—He succeeded Akbar to the throne.

3446: 1909:

While Akbar was in Lahore dealing with the Uzbeks, he sought to subjugate the

1449:, in contrast to his grandfather and father, who reigned as transient rulers. 12406: 12295: 12118: 12098: 11955: 11365: 11265: 11130: 11125: 11110: 11049: 10837:. Translated by Annette Susannah Beveridge. Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta. 10826:. Translated by Annette Susannah Beveridge. Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta. 9718: 9279:"Six Ottoman Documents on Mughal-Ottoman Relations During The Reign of Akbar" 9261: 9172: 9148: 8747: 8699: 7172:. This letter is preserved in Cambridge University Library. p. ff.5b–8b. 6945: 4835: 4768: 4632: 4467: 4369: 4228: 4051: 4008: 3954: 3908: 3791: 3784: 3699: 3654: 3613: 3600: 3330: 3053: 2880: 2763: 2599: 2532: 2280: 2253: 2236: 2087: 2017:

himself beleaguered by the Ottoman Turks, was unable to send reinforcements.

1969: 1854: 1790: 1718: 1656: 1618: 1285: 632: 446: 200: 195: 9364:

History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India, Till the Year A.D. 1612

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region. At the initial meeting of the Mughals and the Portuguese during the

1496:

Lohani, whose father had been killed while fighting with the Mughals at the

1471:

with Mughal chieftains and nobleman, accompanied by his guardian Bairam Khan

827:

for "King of Kings"). Bairam Khan ruled on his behalf until he came of age.

614:, who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in the 12350: 12345: 12270: 12250: 12245: 12240: 11975: 11794: 11751: 11637: 11630: 11615: 11280: 11255: 11150: 11115: 10759: 8953:

Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance – and Why They Fall

8649: 7902:

Khandesh under the Mughals, 1601–1724 A.D.: mainly based on Persian sources

7142: 6454: 4244: 4193: 4139: 4016: 3587: 3579: 3575: 3545: 3522: 3413:

During Akbar's reign, the ongoing process of inter-religious discourse and

3370: 3206: 3086: 3078: 3058: 3016: 2956: 2865: 2546: 2498: 2434: 2004:) had connections with the Mughals from the time of the Empire's ancestor, 1922: 1910: 1822:. To encourage them, Akbar provided them with pay eight months in advance. 1798: 1644: 1637: 1434: 1319: 778: 774: 747: 735: 157: 9766: 9014: 8764:

The Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review and Oriental and Colonial Record

5041:"Remembering Akbar the Great: Facts about the most liberal Mughal emperor" 3517:

Akbar's first wife and one of the chief consorts was his cousin, Princess

3464: 2959:, arguing that a "heretic" could not be buried so close to the grave of a 2218:

Akbar organised his army and the nobility by means of a system called the

1857:

and were motivated by a new religious leader, Bayazid, the founder of the

1475:

By 1559, the Mughals had launched a drive to the south into Rajputana and

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The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present

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About the time of nine-year-old Akbar's first appointment as governor of

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National Film Award for Best Educational/Motivational/Instructional Film

3125:

Silver square rupee of Akbar, Lahore mint, struck in Aban month of Ilahi

2328:

territories. To minimise such incidents, bands of highway police called

2090:

in 1599, and took it on 17 January 1601, when Miran Bahadur Shah of the

694:

Akbar was succeeded as emperor by his son, Prince Salim, later known as

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Bahshaha Varnan", is written in Sanskrit and describes his birth as a "

3748:

integration. He also introduced several reforms, including prohibiting

3667: 3640: 3582:. They got married on 6 February 1562 at the imperial military camp in 3506: 3494: 3414: 3214: 2940: 2876: 2841: 2776: 2772: 2747: 2602:

and granted the Jesuits freedom to preach the Gospel. One of his sons,

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in southern Sindh. Akbar responded by sending a Mughal army to besiege

1858: 1778: 1759: 1629: 1504: 1480: 1383: 1307:

system, establishing a hierarchical scale of military and civil ranks.

800: 769:

During the extended period of Humayun's exile, Akbar was brought up in

743: 191: 105: 8986: 8892:. Vol. II (Revised ed.). New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications. 3905:

for the first few years, he returned to his mother's care before 1575.

3619: 3401:

To defend his stance that speech arose from hearing, he carried out a

1913:

to secure the frontier provinces. In 1585, he sent an army to conquer

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Muzaffar, H. Syed; Kumar, Anil; Usmani, B. D.; Gupta, Pramod (2022).

9774: 9704: 4474:

holds that Akbar was born on 23 November 1542 (the fourteenth day of

4404: 4239: 4224: 4047: 4004: 3873:

29 October 1564) (twin with Hassan Mirza)—with Mariam-uz-Zamani Begum

3790:

Citing Akbar's melding of the disparate "fiefdoms" of India into the

3728: 3530: 3505:, whose use of portraiture in its illustrations was an innovation in 3455: 3441: 3387: 3337:

and his complexion rather dark than fair". Antoni de Montserrat, the

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and then promoted based on merit and the favour of the emperor. Each

2222:. Under this system, each officer in the army was assigned a rank (a 2083: 2013: 1930: 1736: 1602: 1430: 1323: 1303: 804: 793: 755: 161: 9498: 9442:

Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and High Roads to Empire, 1500–1700

9404: 8691: 8295:. London : British Film Institute – via Internet Archive. 3501:, and included works of masters of the imperial workshop, including 3398:, which were Madana-mohana, Govindaji, Gopinatha, and Jugal Kisore. 2508:

the Portuguese, which was resented by rulers and traders, including

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Akbar also encouraged the improvement and extension of agriculture.

1334:

and Italians, in procuring advanced firearms and artillery. Akbar's

30:

This article is about the third Mughal emperor. For other uses, see

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Tantrism in the Society of Jesus – from Tibet to the Vaticcan today

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portrayed the emperor in the 2020 Indian comedy television series,

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His third wife and one of his three chief consorts was his cousin,

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Akbar sponsored religious debates between different Muslim groups (

2754: 2660:. In 1569, during the early years of Akbar's rule, Ottoman Admiral 2634: 2473: 2380: 2337:

popular route frequented by traders and travellers journeying from

2200: 2095: 2001: 1973: 1846: 1809: 1517: 1468: 1386:, Prince Mirza Suleiman—aggravated the situation. When his regent, 1288:

under Akbar's rule (yellow) after the end of his military campaigns

731: 695: 684: 426: 128: 50: 10788:, ed. Shormistha Panja et al., Orient Blackswan, New Delhi, 2009. 8204: 3329:; the library was staffed by many scholars, translators, artists, 1670:

The fall of Chittorgarh was followed up by a Mughal attack on the

12310: 12209: 12199: 12149: 11672: 11070: 10988: 10631:"Setting the Record Wrong: A Sanskrit Vision of Mughal Conquests" 9669:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

9065:

Deefholts, Margaret; Deefholts, Glenn; Acharya, Quentine (2006).

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were the highest paid military service in the world at the time.

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aired on Zee TV, in which the role of Akbar was played by actor

3754:, legalising widow remarriage, and raising the age of marriage. 3280:

Akbar's reign was chronicled extensively by his court historian

2695:

During this period, Akbar financed the pilgrimages of many poor

2156:, who was also responsible for religious beliefs and practices. 1984:

led an attack on the stronghold of Sibi, which was northeast of

1901: 1281: 12320: 12189: 11667: 10927: 9557:

E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume 4

8821:

Poetry of Kings: The Classical Hindi Literature of Mughal India

4974: 4972: 4729: 4727: 4437: 4151: 3977:

1 January 1653)—with Bibi Daulat Shad—Married to Shahrukh Mirza

3820: 3778: 3761: 3694:

At some point, Akbar took into his harem Rukmavati, a daughter

3537: 3375: 3341: 3170: 3074: 3004: 2988: 2948: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2825: 2735: 2708: 2696: 2689: 2680: 2669: 2668:. During his reign, Akbar six documents addressing the Ottoman 2623: 2572: 2567: 2541: 2476:, apparently on the eve of his marriage with Akbar's daughter. 2465: 2293: 2268: 1989: 1985: 1957: 1953: 1934: 1890: 1881: 1838: 1560: 1491:. Bairam Khan left for Mecca, but on his way, was persuaded by 1422: 1418: 1414: 1362: 1335: 5964:"Qadi | Definition, Islam, & Facts | Britannica" 2955:

buried in Delhi – because of the grave's proximity to that of

2699:

from the Mughal Empire and also funded the foundations of the

12325: 12305: 11231: 11065: 9604:

The Jahangirnama : memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India

9154:

Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls

6449:. Vol. IV. Cambridge: The University Press. p. 14. 4126: 4040: 3663: 3605: 3591: 3560: 3490: 3422: 3194: 3091: 3070: 2994: 2978: 2960: 2904: 2857: 2853: 2845: 2822: 2782: 2712: 2685: 2615: 2563: 2469: 2464:

Akbar's daughter Meherunnissa was rumoured to be enamored of

2450: 2338: 2104: 2099: 2049: 2021: 2005: 1938: 1782: 1744: 1610: 1606: 1541: 1488: 1426: 1379: 1366: 889: 770: 739: 723: 680: 648: 637: 606:, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar succeeded his father, 170: 9843:

The Indian diaspora in Central Asia and its trade, 1550–1900

8629:(PhD). Australian National university. pp. 78, 79, 81. 8527:(2000 reproduction ed.). Calcutta: The Asiatic Society. 4969: 4724: 4325:

A fictionalised Akbar plays an important supporting role in

3919:

19 March 1605)—with a concubine—Fostered by Mariam-uz-Zamani

3262: 3057:

Akbar holds a religious assembly of different faiths in the

2230:, which he was required to supply to the imperial army. The 2142:, appointed from among the leading nobles of the court. The 1825:

In August 1581, Akbar seized Kabul and took up residence at

1804: 799:

Following chaos over the succession of Sher Shah Suri's son

12144: 11652: 8654:

Mughal India: Studies in Polity, Ideas, Society and Culture

4293: 3426: 3310: 3210: 3202: 3066: 2983: 2952: 2703: 2619: 2611: 2559: 2152: 1754:

Akbar then returned to Fatehpur Sikiri, where he built the

1484: 1402: 1370: 1297:

Akbar's military campaigns consolidated Mughal rule in the

652: 218: 10340:

The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art, and Culture

8678:(September–October 1992). "Akbar in Pakistani Textbooks". 4254:

played the role of Akbar in ABP News' documentary series,

3827:

and therefore makes him an unpopular figure in Pakistan."

3394:, and gave permission for four temples to be built by the 2922: 1694: 1310:

Organisational reforms were accompanied by innovations in

12154: 10786:

Word, Image, Text: Studies in Literary and Visual Culture

10406:

A Lamp for the Dark World: Akbar, India's Greatest Mughal

10196:

Safdar, Aiysha; Khan, Muhammad Azam (January–June 2021).

9064: 7865:. Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta. pp. 564, 566. 7194: 4055:(The Great Mughal), in which his character was played by 3241:. He removed the Jazia tax from Jain pilgrim places like 3133:

has called a transtheistic outlook, derived from tantric

2814: 2595: 10007: 6124: 5261: 3368:

He is said to have been extremely moderate in his diet.

2353:. He also constructed a network of smaller forts called 761: 10831:

Augustus, Frederick (1890). Gustav von Buchwald (ed.).

9877:

Jaisalmer: The City of Golden Sands and Strange Spirits

8913:

Mughal Religious Policies, the Rajputs & the Deccan

8216: 4270:

played the role of Akbar in the Colors television show

3028:

over his subjects, thus ensuring their loyalty to him.

1382:—which was in the midst of an invasion by the ruler of 10198:"History of Indian Ocean – A South Indian perspective" 6161: 6159: 6157: 5004: 5002: 3735:

in Sikandra, Agra, which lies a kilometer next to the

2000:

Kandahar (also known as the ancient Indian kingdom of

1963: 1511:, was defeated at the Battle of Sarangpur and fled to 807:. A few months later, Humayun died. Akbar's guardian, 640:

and appointing them to high civil and military posts.

10747:(Kanpur-Lucknow: Nawal Kishore) 1881–83 Three Vols. ( 9200:. Vol. II. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. 8491: 7499: 7304: 7302: 7289: 7287: 6539:

Akbar's letter of invitation in John Correia-Afonso,

6348: 4937: 4858:

Quote: "Akbar, The greatest Mughal emperor of India."

3169:

Akbar practised several Hindu customs. He celebrated

2813:

Portrait of the Mughal Emperor Akbar invocation of a

2725: 2330: 2186: 2178: 2170: 10771:

Tarikh-i-Akbari (Better known as Tarikh-i-Qandahari)

9933:. Vol. II (2nd ed.). Sterling Publishers. 8549: 8138: 8126: 8114: 8090: 8078: 8066: 7785: 7573:"Art Access: Indian, Himalayan, and Southeast Asian" 4146:

Akbar and Birbal were portrayed in the Hindi series

3727:

On 3 October 1605, Akbar fell ill from an attack of

2629: 2028:, was granted a rank of 5,000 men, and his daughter 8996:

The Emperor's writings: Memories of Akbar the great

8531: 7980: 7968: 7932: 7928: 7926: 7887: 7797: 7773: 7746: 7668: 7457: 7102:"Din-i Ilahi – Britannica Online Encyclopedia" 6154: 6030: 6028: 5728: 5726: 5724: 4999: 4565: 4563: 4154:in the late 1990s where Akbar's role was played by 2707:merchants loyal to Akbar are known to have reached 2305:Akbar was a patron of the arts and culture. He had 2032:was married to Akbar's grandson, the Mughal prince 1361:Akbar's father Humayun had regained control of the 10344:. Translated by Attwood, Corinne. Reaktion Books. 10337: 9751:. Vol. 3 pt. 1. University of Chicago Press. 9485:(September–October 1992). "Akbar and Technology". 8513: 7299: 7284: 6045: 6043: 5899: 4718: 4466:Official sources, such as contemporary biographer 3800:included him in its list of top 25 world leaders. 3521:, the only daughter of his paternal uncle, Prince 2982:, declaring Akbar to be a heretic, were issued by 1445:India, reintroducing the historical legacy of the 1345:" to analyse the success of the Mughals in India. 10609: 8050: 8048: 7652: 7650: 7633:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 194. 7070: 5141: 3344:who visited his court, described him as follows: 3090:extending into areas such as the validity of the 2252:horses were regularly inspected and usually only 1628:Udai Singh was descended from the Sisodia ruler, 1425:in the Punjab. In 1558, Akbar took possession of 1394:, in Punjab. Delhi was left under the regency of 1301:. Akbar introduced organisational changes to the 12404: 9087:Our Oriental Heritage: The Story of Civilization 8571:Invasion of the Genes: Genetic Heritage of India 8305: 8144: 7923: 7595: 6745: 6743: 6025: 5721: 5521: 5519: 4560: 4200:channel's critically acclaimed historical drama 3995:He had also adopted several children including: 3855:5 November 1564) (twin with Hussain Mirza)—with 2484: 1896: 1813:Plate and helmet of the personal armour of Akbar 1777:be proclaimed in his name, rather than Akbar's. 10610:Thackeray, Frank W.; Findling, John E. (2012). 10550:The Indian Economic & Social History Review 9930:Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India 9822:Domesticity and Power in the Early Mughal World 9544: 8464:"Ruler of the World (Empire of the Moghul, #3)" 8250: 8248: 7913: 7911: 7860: 7540: 7538: 6658: 6656: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6040: 4989: 4987: 4586: 4508: 4506: 3953:21 November 1569)—with Bibi Salima—Fostered by 3432: 3161:The great Mogul discoursing with a Humble Fakir 2992:, or declaration, that was signed by all major 2496: – Akbar, quoted in Abu'l Fazl (c. 1590). 1452: 10889:India at the death of Akbar: An economic study 10282:. Vol. II. University of Michigan Press. 9540:. Institute of Sindhology, University of Sind. 8045: 7757: 7755: 7715: 7713: 7647: 7579:. The Art Institute of Chicago. Archived from 7453:. Dalcassian Publishing Company. January 1901. 7248: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 4046:Akbar was portrayed in the award-winning 1960 2797:Akbar was also visited by the French explorer 2373:Silver coin of Akbar with inscriptions of the 2136:land. The head of the military was called the 1764:as well as the renewed intrigues of the Mirzas 12083: 11029: 10277: 10263:. Vol. I. University of Michigan Press. 10258: 9535: 9519:Religion, State and Society in Medieval India 9371:. Calcutta: R. Cambrey & Co. p. 169. 8278: 8016: 8004: 7992: 7875: 7024: 7022: 7020: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6909: 6907: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6740: 6308: 6306: 6084: 6082: 5795: 5516: 5370: 4626: 4624: 4368:Akbar is mentioned as 'Raja Baadshah' in the 4117:, with Rao also portraying the role of Akbar. 2711:after journeying upriver through the port of 2583:Akbar was unsuccessful in purchasing compact 2128:, responsible for finances and management of 1535:, son of Bairam Khan, being received by Akbar 10706: 10543: 10278:Saran, Richard; Ziegler, Norman P. (2001b). 10259:Saran, Richard; Ziegler, Norman P. (2001a). 9780:Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India 9741: 9393:Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 8889:Medieval India: from Sultanat to the Mughals 8866:Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals 8290: 8245: 8156: 7908: 7535: 7130: 6845: 6653: 6611: 6284: 6234: 6148: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5678: 5676: 5536: 5534: 5469: 5467: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5297: 4984: 4503: 2645:In 1555, while Akbar was still a child, the 2545:(permit) from the Portuguese to sail in the 2275:(Hall of Private Audience) in Fatehpur Sikri 796:, Punjab, when they were both 14 years old. 726:. There, he met and married the 14-year-old 389: 10907: 10591:Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences 10501: 10424:The Religious Policy of the Mughal Emperors 9037:The Modern Traveller: a popular description 8235: 8233: 8231: 8150: 7752: 7710: 7314: 6569: 6446:The Cambridge history of the British Empire 6351:"Profile: Tansen – the mesmerizing maestro" 5747: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5026: 4630: 4413:as a "great general" available in the game. 3901:12 May 1599)—with a concubine—Entrusted to 3623:Portrait of Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar with 2243:. Persons were normally appointed to a low 1992:coast, became a part of the Mughal Empire. 1735:expedition. In 1572, Akbar moved to occupy 1683:, was later defeated by the Mughals at the 1348: 483: 12090: 12076: 11036: 11022: 10896: 10710:; Davis, Donald G., eds. (1994). "India". 10195: 9970:People, Taxation and Trade in Mughal India 9328:The Ottoman Empire and the World Around It 9177:The Mughal World: India's Tainted Paradise 9012: 8970: 8567: 8387: 7719: 7463: 7308: 7293: 7167: 7134:The Din-i-Ilahi, or, The Religion of Akbar 7017: 6964: 6952: 6904: 6880: 6863: 6303: 6136: 6079: 6003: 6001: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5454: 5321: 5284: 5282: 4959: 4957: 4931: 4621: 4615: 4582: 4580: 4578: 3550:assemblage of pleasure and banquet of joy, 3512: 2783:Relations with other contemporary kingdoms 2719:stopped sending Hajj caravans after 1581. 68: 10065: 9874: 9375: 8930: 8754: 8620:Akhtar, Muhammad Saleem (February 1983). 8338: 8222: 7944: 7692: 7475: 7430: 6349:Maryam Juzer Kherulla (12 October 2002). 5847: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5811: 5805: 5772: 5758:. Vol. V. UNESCO. pp. 276–277. 5699: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5673: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5531: 5464: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5380: 5347: 5333:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5294: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5186: 5135: 4895: 4840:, Encyclopaedia of britanica, p. 2, 4833: 4827: 4811:"Top 25 Political Icons: Akbar the Great" 4631:Ballhatchet, Kenneth A. (31 March 2023). 4599: 4597: 4595: 3702:, by his mistress, Tipu Gudi. This was a 3008:of the age, a higher rank than that of a 2441:also rose to high ranks in the nobility. 1905:Mughal Empire under Akbar's rule (yellow) 1805:Campaigns in Afghanistan and Central Asia 12097: 11229: 10885: 10860:by Flora Annie Steel, 1847–1929 -(ebook) 10841: 10830: 10819: 10628: 10332: 10171: 10103: 10082: 9860: 9600: 9545:Hindu Shah, Muhammad Qasim (1595–1612). 9357: 8974:The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 8714: 8412: 8228: 8198: 8174: 8102: 7848: 7836: 7808: 7806: 7680: 7613: 7601: 7487: 7469: 7436: 7370: 7343: 7155: 6809: 6797: 6785: 6773: 6749: 6722: 6177: 6112: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5799: 5755:History of Civilizations of Central Asia 5738: 5715: 5709: 5682: 5661: 5473: 5414:The Great Mughals and their India p. 149 5374: 5309: 5249: 5192: 5180: 5174: 4993: 4569: 4416:Akbar is the AI Personality of India in 4176:In 2013–15, a television series, called 3714: 3618: 3445: 3261: 3188: 3156: 3120: 3052: 2926: 2808: 2729: 2633: 2514: 2408: 2400: 2368: 2267: 2207: 2043: 1995: 1900: 1808: 1704: 1592: 1584: 1580: 1571: 1526: 1462: 1352: 1280: 760: 10845:Akbar and the Rise of the Mughal Empire 10408:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 10280:The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan 10261:The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan 10254:(in Hindi). Jain Vishwa Bharati, Ladnu. 10233:The State and Society in Medieval India 10230: 9553: 9435: 9321: 9276: 9247: 9216: 9193: 9067:The Way We Were: Anglo-Indian Cronicles 9060:. Vol. V. Charles Scribner's Sons. 8993: 8906: 8882: 8868:. Vol. I. Har-Anand Publications. 8863: 8837: 8731: 8437: 8291:Rajadhyaksha, Ashish (1 January 1999). 8162: 7899: 7625: 7567: 7565: 7556: 7544: 7195:Deefholts, Deefholts & Acharya 2006 7137:. University of Calcutta. p. 279. 7088: 7076: 7028: 6925: 6886: 6874: 6710: 6698: 6686: 6674: 6662: 6623: 6599: 6442: 6297: 6240: 6212: 6210: 6183: 6100: 6088: 6049: 6034: 6007: 5998: 5992: 5880: 5874: 5667: 5639:"Rana Pratap Singh | Indian ruler" 5564: 5546: 5525: 5498: 5479: 5410: 5398: 5288: 5279: 5273: 5216: 5210: 4963: 4954: 4901: 4808: 4804: 4802: 4687: 4575: 4554: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4419:Age of Empires III: The Asian Dynasties 4028: 3297:Akbar was a warrior, emperor, general, 3152: 2923:Association with the Muslim aristocracy 1695:Annexation of Western and Eastern India 1330:, as well as Europeans, especially the 1292: 730:, daughter of Shaikh Ali Akbar Jami, a 100:11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605 14: 12405: 10871: 10673: 10531:from the original on 22 September 2023 10482: 10421: 10403: 10296: 10249: 10235:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. 10135: 10124: 10040: 9986: 9972:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. 9967: 9955:from the original on 22 September 2023 9914:from the original on 22 September 2023 9893: 9625: 9521:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. 9467:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. 9345:from the original on 22 September 2023 9235:from the original on 22 September 2023 9126: 9083: 9044: 9033: 8795:from the original on 22 September 2023 8619: 8210: 8039: 7956: 7917: 7761: 7418: 7394:from the original on 20 September 2018 7320: 7218: 7182: 6635: 6575: 6564: 6381: 6336: 6324: 6312: 6272: 6165: 6061: 6019: 5980: 5832: 5688: 5625: 5582: 5570: 5510: 5431: 5222: 5204: 5198: 5152: 5150: 5020: 4775:from the original on 22 September 2023 4592: 4220:Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap 4015:of Marwar and Manbhavati Bai, wife of 3803:Akbar's legacy is largely negative in 3594:after offering prayers to the tomb of 3252: 3201:Akbar regularly held discussions with 3184: 3137:, and that Akbar did not use the word 3077:. In 1575, he built a hall called the 2115: 1077: 1073: 1063: 963: 853: 849: 722:, Humayun fled westward to modern-day 567:Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar 470:Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar 12071: 11017: 10576:from the original on 29 November 2022 10458: 10444: 10387:A Textbook of Medieval Indian History 10218:from the original on 18 December 2021 9926: 9717: 9574: 9513: 9481: 9459: 9423:from the original on 28 November 2022 9399: 9386: 9171: 9147: 9104: 9016:Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors 8916:. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House. 8818: 8807: 8774: 8600: 8299: 8266: 8186: 8054: 8028: 7803: 7731: 7656: 7424: 7412: 7254: 7206: 7064: 7052: 7011: 6987: 6975: 6958: 6913: 6898: 6857: 6833: 6587: 6552: 6527: 6515: 6503: 6491: 6479: 6430: 6405: 6342: 6278: 6254:"Coins of Akbar | Mintage World" 6189: 6073: 5938: 5926: 5903:Iran and the World in the Safavid Age 5900:Floor, Willem; Edmund Herzig (2012). 5886: 5868: 5857: 5851: 5732: 5703: 5613: 5576: 5552: 5458: 5386: 5237: 5168: 5162: 5129: 5008: 4978: 4948: 4925: 4913: 4867: 4675: 4663: 4603: 4512: 4023: 3249:, who later threatened Bhanuchandra. 2852:, and the verses of the Persian poet 2107:and was well astride central India." 1968:As early as 1586, about half a dozen 1944:Since 1574, the northern fortress of 1674:in 1568. Ranthambore was held by the 1625:—remained outside the imperial fold. 1276: 1229: 1226: 1216: 1204: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1174: 1168: 1158: 1146: 1136: 1132: 1120: 1117: 1107: 1095: 1085: 1081: 1057: 1047: 1035: 1025: 1021: 1009: 1003: 993: 981: 971: 967: 951: 945: 935: 919: 909: 905: 893: 887: 877: 861: 857: 734:teacher of Humayun's younger brother 597: 585:27 October 1605), popularly known as 10881:. Frederick A. Stokes Co., New York. 10588: 9839: 9703: 9666: 9647: 9636: 9223:. Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. 8949: 8636:from the original on 31 October 2022 8332: 7904:. Islamic Wonders Bureau. p. 4. 7824: 7562: 7376: 7344:Truschke, Audrey (29 October 2020). 7278: 7266: 6647: 6546: 6393: 6228: 6216: 6207: 6201: 5944: 5815:A History of Modern India: 1480–1950 5751: 5540: 4799: 4793: 4751:10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001 4698:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition 4536:from the original on 27 January 2013 4455: 4403:Akbar is featured in the video game 3957:—Married to Muzaffar Hussain Mirza, 2519:Death of Bahadur Shah of Gujarat at 2479: 10897:Monserrate, Father Antonio (1922). 10743:Edited with commentary by Muhammad 10612:Events That Formed the Modern World 10384: 10358: 10336:(2004). Waghmar, Burzine K. (ed.). 10052:(3812): 600–601. 21 November 1942. 10014:. Vol. 2. K. K. Publications. 9990:The library: an illustrated history 9818: 9797: 9773: 9204:from the original on 10 August 2023 9058:Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics 8674: 8648: 8254: 8239: 7812: 7704: 7331: 7242: 7230: 7040: 6999: 6930:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6821: 6761: 6734: 6461:from the original on 17 August 2023 6408:A Dictionary of Military Quotations 5950: 5156: 5147: 4809:Tharoor, Ishaan (4 February 2011). 4497: 4338:Akbar is also a major character in 3991:17 June 1624)—with Bibi Daulat Shad 3570:Akbar's fourth and favourite wife, 3474: 2804: 2734:The Akbari Mosque, overlooking the 1964:Subjugation of parts of Baluchistan 24: 10911:A short history of Akbar the Great 10730: 10694:from the original on 18 March 2023 10544:Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (June 1994). 10086:Dictionary of Islamic Architecture 9897:Cultural History of Medieval India 9112:. University of California Press. 8814:. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. 8345:The News International (newspaper) 8306:Vijayakar, Rajiv (6 August 2010). 6260:from the original on 5 August 2020 4310:Akbar is a principal character in 4223:, Akbar was at first portrayed by 4068:, he was portrayed by Himalyawala. 2726:Relations with the Safavid dynasty 2379:There is no god except Allah, and 493:One who nests on the divine throne 25: 12499: 12488:16th-century Mughal Empire people 12124:United Provinces of Agra and Oudh 10920: 10677:A Persian historiography in India 10661:from the original on 7 March 2022 10131:(2nd ed.). The Indian Press. 10028:from the original on 27 June 2023 9309:from the original on 2 March 2012 9069:. Calcutta Tiljallah Relief Inc. 8588:from the original on 8 April 2023 7352:from the original on 8 March 2018 7170:King's College Collection, MS 194 5649:from the original on 16 June 2018 4834:Britanica, Encyclopaedia (2024), 4700:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation 4443:List of people known as the Great 4410:Civilization IV: Beyond the Sword 4272:Dastaan-E-Mohabbat Salim Anarkali 4043:-language film about the emperor. 2630:Relations with the Ottoman Empire 2110: 2039: 1551:In 1564, Mughal forces began the 1322:. Akbar also took an interest in 815:to reclaim the Mughal throne. In 74:Akbar with a lion and a calf, by 12453:Indian people of Iranian descent 11044: 10926: 10852:. Oxford at the Clarendon Press. 10842:Malleson, Colonel G. B. (1899). 10454:. Oxford at The Clarendon Press. 10451:Akbar the Great Mogul, 1542–1605 10320:from the original on 3 July 2023 10252:Jain Dharma ke Prabhavak Acharya 10159:from the original on 1 July 2023 9536:Hasan Siddiqi, Mahmudul (1972). 8456: 8431: 8406: 8381: 8358: 8293:"Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema" 8284: 8272: 8260: 8192: 8180: 8168: 8132: 8120: 8108: 8096: 8084: 8072: 8060: 8033: 8022: 8010: 7998: 7986: 7974: 7962: 7950: 7938: 7893: 7881: 7869: 7854: 7842: 7830: 7818: 7791: 7779: 7767: 7740: 7732:Price, Mahor David, ed. (1829). 7725: 7698: 7686: 7674: 7662: 7619: 7607: 7550: 7505: 7493: 7481: 7441: 7406: 7364: 7337: 7325: 7272: 7260: 7236: 7224: 7212: 7200: 7188: 7176: 7161: 7149: 7131:Roychoudhury, Makhanlal (1941). 7124: 7112:from the original on 14 May 2008 7094: 7082: 7058: 7046: 7034: 7005: 6993: 6981: 6919: 6892: 6851: 6839: 6827: 6815: 6803: 6791: 6779: 6767: 6755: 6728: 6716: 6704: 6692: 6680: 6668: 6641: 6629: 6617: 6605: 6593: 6581: 6558: 6533: 6521: 6509: 6497: 6485: 6473: 6436: 6424: 6399: 6387: 6375: 6330: 6318: 6246: 5051:from the original on 6 June 2020 4645:from the original on 25 May 2023 4318:(2002) as well as in its sequel 3552:and a royal feast was provided. 3390:, regarded as the birthplace of 1921:, the reigning king of the Shia 1820:taboo against crossing the Indus 1417:. Akbar and his forces occupied 788:, he married Hindal's daughter, 556: 27:Mughal emperor from 1556 to 1605 11341:Suppression of Tilpat rebellion 10712:Encyclopedia of Library History 10635:South Asian History and Culture 10515:Slavery and South Asian History 9217:Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (1989). 8559:. Vol. III. Translated by 8484: 8341:"'Anarkali' screened at Mandwa" 7384:"Ahmedabad turned Akbar veggie" 6443:Dodwell, Henry H., ed. (1929). 6222: 6195: 6171: 6142: 6130: 6118: 6106: 6094: 6067: 6055: 6013: 5986: 5974: 5956: 5932: 5920: 5631: 5619: 5558: 5504: 5404: 5392: 5315: 5267: 5255: 5243: 5123: 5093: 5063: 5014: 4942: 4919: 4907: 4861: 4787: 4712: 4681: 4669: 4657: 4382:Akbar is the main character in 4093:played Akbar in the 1978 movie 3403:language deprivation experiment 1917:in the upper Indus basin after 370: 352: 334: 316: 287: 267: 247: 11878:List of tombs of Mughal Empire 11336:Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653) 11331:Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623) 10892:. Macmillan & Co., London. 10769:Haji Muhammad 'Arif Qandahari 10674:Waseem, Shah Mohammad (2003). 10181:. Cambridge University Press. 9825:. Cambridge University Press. 9367:. Vol. II. Translated by 8781:. Edinburgh University Press. 8605:. Roli Books Private Limited. 8541:. Vol. II. Translated by 8413:Robinson, Kim Stanley (2002). 7631:Islamic Gardens and Landscapes 5411:Collier, Dirk (1 March 2016). 4609: 4548: 4518: 4491: 4397: 3408: 3257: 3042: 1632:, who had fought Babur at the 701: 13: 1: 12468:Emperors of the Mughal Empire 10814:Letters from the Mughal court 10802:, Trafford Publishing, 2009, 10483:Somani, Ramavallabha (1990). 10306:. New Delhi: Orient Longman. 9745:; Van Kley, Edwin J. (1965). 9640:A History of Hindi Literature 9588:. Columbia University Press. 9179:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 9130:Firearms of the Islamic World 8574:. Strategic Book Publishing. 8523:. Vol. I. Translated by 8501:. Vol. I. Translated by 7900:Quddusi, Mohd. Ilyas (2002). 6926:Doniger, Wendy (March 2014). 6541:Letters from the Mughal Court 5142:Thackeray & Findling 2012 4871:The Saga of the Great Mughals 4485: 4262:Akbar Rakht Se Takht Ka Safar 4000: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3964: 3950: 3940: 3933: 3916: 3912: 3898: 3894: 3884: 3880: 3870: 3866: 3852: 3848: 3271: 2485:Relations with the Portuguese 2098:. Akbar then established the 1897:Conquests in the Indus Valley 1793:was left in the hands of the 631:Akbar gradually enlarged the 79: 12433:17th-century Indian monarchs 12428:16th-century Indian monarchs 10820:Augustus, Frederick (1890). 10647:10.1080/19472498.2012.693710 10517:. Indiana University Press. 9927:Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1984) . 9879:. New Delhi: HarperCollins. 9840:Levi, Scott Cameron (2002). 9748:Asia in the Making of Europe 9585:Muslim Civilization in India 9389:"On two Enormous Gold Coins" 9250:The Medieval History Journal 8931:Chaudhary, S.N. Roy (2011). 8563:. Calcutta: Asiatic Society. 8556:The Akbar Nama of Abu-l-Fazl 8545:. Calcutta: Asiatic Society. 8538:The Akbar Nama of Abu-l-Fazl 8520:The Akbar Nama of Abu-l-Fazl 5906:. I.B. Tauris. p. 136. 5818:. Anthem Press. p. 93. 4161:A television series, called 3967:7 April 1577)—with Nathi Bai 3923: 3002:asserted that Akbar was the 2688:, which reached the port of 2395: 2375:Islamic declaration of faith 1980:in 1595. The Mughal general 1643:In 1567, Akbar attacked the 1636:in 1527. As the head of the 1453:Expansion into Central India 1437:, a stronghold north of the 62:(King of Kings of Hindustan) 7: 11386:Mughal–Portuguese conflicts 10908:Shrivastava, A. L. (1957). 10714:. Garland Publishing, Inc. 10468:. Oxford University Press. 10465:The Oxford History of India 9648:Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1999). 9376:von Garbe, Richard (1909). 9110:India in the Persianate Age 9019:. Oxford University Press. 9013:Collingham, Lizzie (2006). 8823:. Oxford University Press. 8440:The Enchantress of Florence 4874:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. 4426: 4345:The Enchantress of Florence 4137:in the 2008 Bollywood film 4011:. She became the mother of 3465: 3365:for drawing Akbar's wrath. 3033:Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi 2830:religious narrow-mindedness 2331: 2263: 2226:) and assigned a number of 2187: 2179: 2171: 2159: 1952:, the independent ruler of 1941:in the lower Indus valley. 1577:suppressed—to be beheaded. 830: 153:Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar 10: 12504: 11785:Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad 10903:. Oxford University Press. 10562:10.1177/001946469403100210 10110:. Rosen Publishing Group. 10104:Pletcher, Kenneth (2010). 9894:Khanna, Meenakshi (2007). 9804:. University of Michigan. 9626:Jarric, du Pierre (1926). 9283:Journal of Islamic Studies 8568:Ahloowalia, B. S. (2009). 8415:The Years of Rice and Salt 5812:Markovitz, Claude (2002). 4332:The Years of Rice and Salt 4304: 3459:to Akbar, Mughal miniature 3439: 3046: 2570:. In 1573, Akbar issued a 2429:, of the small kingdom of 2383:is the messenger of Allah. 2317: 2300: 2211: 2063: 1701:Mughal conquest of Gujarat 1698: 1456: 1357:Akbar training an elephant 1075: 957: 851: 406: 29: 12374: 12228: 12132: 12106: 11994: 11928: 11886: 11823: 11805:Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta 11775: 11734: 11725: 11598: 11527: 11394: 11308: 11174: 11056: 11002: 10993: 10985: 10980: 10953: 10629:Truschke, Audrey (2012). 10614:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. 10509:. In Indrani Chatterjee; 10205:Journal of Indian Studies 10083:Petersen, Andrew (1996). 10042:"Akbar, the Great Mughal" 9993:. Chicago: ALA Editions. 9875:Manchanda, Bindu (2001). 9681:10.1017/S0035869X00126115 9611:Oxford University Press. 9194:Erskine, William (1854). 8935:. Gyan Publishing House. 8933:Restoration of Split Milk 8843:History of Medieval India 8811:Akbar: The Greatest Mogul 8388:Sundaresan, Indu (2003). 8279:Saran & Ziegler 2001b 8139:Beveridge Volume III 1907 8127:Beveridge Volume III 1907 8115:Beveridge Volume III 1907 8091:Beveridge Volume III 1907 8079:Beveridge Volume III 1907 8067:Beveridge Volume III 1907 8005:Saran & Ziegler 2001b 7993:Saran & Ziegler 2001a 7876:Saran & Ziegler 2001b 7786:Beveridge Volume III 1907 5427:– via Google Books. 4109:-language film about the 3760:revolving around him and 3742: 3739:, his favourite consort. 3499:Mughal school of painting 3477:), which literally means 2741:Before Akbar's rule, the 2377:; the declaration reads: 2345:near the crossing of the 2058:Ilahi 45, struck at Asir" 1533:Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan 1210: 1192: 1188: 1180: 1152: 1134: 1126: 1101: 1083: 1079: 1041: 1023: 1015: 987: 969: 965: 929: 907: 899: 871: 855: 552: 538: 528: 518: 506: 481: 474: 469: 464: 460: 399: 300: 226: 207: 177: 149: 145: 134: 124: 114: 104: 96: 89: 67: 48: 43: 12438:Child monarchs from Asia 11376:Indian Rebellion of 1857 11321:Mughal conquest of Malwa 10886:Moreland, W. H. (1920). 10865:2 September 2020 at the 10754:Abu al-Fazl ibn Mubarak 10487:. Panchsheel Prakashan. 10422:Sharma, Sri Ram (1988). 10404:Sharma, Parvati (2023). 10364:The Argumentative Indian 10011:History of Indian Nation 9968:Moosvi, Shireen (2008). 9652:. Northern Book Centre. 9409:. Editorial MenteClara. 9262:10.1177/0971945816687687 8864:Chandra, Satish (2001). 8438:Rushdie, Salman (2008). 8392:. Simon & Schuster. 8339:Aijaz Gul (8 May 2016). 7981:Beveridge Volume II 1907 7969:Beveridge Volume II 1907 7933:Beveridge Volume II 1907 7888:Beveridge Volume II 1907 7798:Beveridge Volume II 1907 7774:Beveridge Volume II 1907 7747:Beveridge Volume II 1907 7669:Beveridge Volume II 1907 6846:Lach & Van Kley 1965 6149:Wiegand & Davis 1994 4526:"Akbar (Mughal emperor)" 4448: 3830: 3737:tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani 3710: 2673:Suleiman the Magnificent 2502:. Translated by Jarrett. 2415:Empress Mariam-uz-Zamani 2364: 2322: 2279:Akbar was a follower of 1459:Mughal conquest of Malwa 1411:Second Battle of Panipat 1349:Struggle for North India 773:by his paternal uncles, 718:(1540) by the forces of 11351:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war 10858:The Adventures of Akbar 10680:. Kanishka Publishers. 10385:Sen, Sailendra (2013). 9987:Murray, Stuart (2009). 9554:Houtsma, M. T. (1993). 9379:Akbar, Emperor of India 9359:Ferishta, Mahomed Kasim 9277:Farooqi, N. R. (1996). 9127:Elgood, Robert (1995). 9034:Conder, Josiah (1828). 8819:Busch, Allison (2011). 8740:Oxford University Press 8658:Oxford University Press 7346:"Jains and the Mughals" 7106:Encyclopædia Britannica 6406:Royle, Trevor (2021) . 5643:Encyclopædia Britannica 4868:Early, Abraham (2000). 4743:Oxford University Press 4719:Beveridge Volume I 1907 4638:Encyclopædia Britannica 4530:Encyclopædia Britannica 4314:'s award-winning novel 4192:Akbar was portrayed by 4133:Akbar was portrayed by 4120:Akbar was portrayed by 3835: 3817:Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi 3723:at Sikandra, Agra, 1795 3578:, and by birth, was of 3513:Consorts and concubines 3239:Mahavira Janma Kalyanak 2935:Akbar welcomes his son 2836:, attempting to foster 2510:Bahadur Shah of Gujarat 1843:Abdullah Khan Shaybanid 1118:6.Shaikh Ali Akbar Jami 687:as well as elements of 10850:Rulers of India series 10738:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak 9090:. Simon and Schuster. 9084:Durant, Will (2011) . 8994:Collier, Dirk (2011). 8775:Black, Antony (2011). 8760:"The Garden of Climes" 8758:(January–April 1900). 8732:Banerji, S.K. (1938). 8601:Ahsan, Aitzaz (2005). 7720:Safdar & Khan 2021 7500:Abul Fazl 'Allami 1873 4938:Abul Fazl 'Allami 1873 4234:Akbar is portrayed by 4062:In the 1958 Urdu film 3815:. He quotes historian 3724: 3631: 3460: 3451:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak 3351: 3277: 3198: 3162: 3126: 3062: 3037:Tahir Muhammad Thattvi 2974: 2944: 2818: 2738: 2666:Indian Ocean campaigns 2642: 2528: 2493: 2418: 2385: 2314:to become a high art. 2276: 2192:system was set out by 2094:refused to relinquish 2061: 1906: 1814: 1710: 1598: 1590: 1536: 1472: 1358: 1289: 766: 595:Persian pronunciation: 215:Akbar's Tomb, Sikandra 32:Akbar (disambiguation) 12448:Founders of religions 12443:Deaths from dysentery 11863:Tomb of Salim Chishti 11346:Ahom–Mughal conflicts 11096:Aurangzeb (Alamgir I) 10914:. Shiva Lal Agarwala. 10812:John Correia-Afonso, 10446:Smith, Vincent Arthur 10125:Prasad, Beni (1930). 9629:Akbar and the Jesuits 9609:Thackston, Wheeler M. 8808:Burke, S. M. (1989). 8721:Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh 8716:Badayuni, Abdul Qadir 8042:, pp. 78, 79, 81 7861:Maulavi Abdur Rahim. 7517:University of Hamburg 4298:Taj: Divided by Blood 4103:Akbar Saleem Anarkali 3718: 3622: 3449: 3346: 3265: 3192: 3160: 3124: 3056: 2970: 2930: 2812: 2733: 2637: 2518: 2489: 2412: 2401:Matrimonial alliances 2372: 2271: 2208:Military organisation 2047: 1996:Safavids and Kandahar 1904: 1812: 1723:Sulaiman Khan Karrani 1708: 1596: 1588: 1581:Conquest of Rajputana 1572:Assassination attempt 1530: 1466: 1356: 1284: 764: 706:After Mughal Emperor 379:Gauhar-un-Nissa Begum 12458:Indian Sunni Muslims 11825:Tombs and mausoleums 10945:Muhammad Husain Azad 10935:at Wikimedia Commons 10485:History of Jaisalmer 10428:Munshiram Manoharlal 10107:The History of India 9783:. Aditya Prakashan. 9643:. Association Press. 9637:Keay, F. E. (1920). 8308:"Celluloid Monument" 7734:Tarikh-i-Salim Shahi 7583:on 19 September 2009 7390:. 23 November 2009. 6125:Muzaffar et al. 2022 5262:Muzaffar et al. 2022 5075:Government of Punjab 4688:Lehmann, F. (2014). 4587:Hindu Shah 1595–1612 4472:Vincent Arthur Smith 4387:: Ruler of the World 4385:Empire of the Moghul 4377:Mohna de gori kayina 4327:Kim Stanley Robinson 4217:'s historical drama 4206:(based on the novel 4029:Films and television 4005:Sawai Raja Sur Singh 3971:Shakr-un-Nissa Begum 3928:His daughters were: 3825:theory of Two-Nation 3627:, commonly known as 3519:Ruqaiya Sultan Begum 3359:Alexander of Macedon 3230:Indian Supreme Court 3153:Relation with Hindus 2788:Vincent Arthur Smith 2608:Antoni de Montserrat 1831:Bakht-un-Nissa Begum 1685:Battle of Haldighati 1661:siege of four months 1546:Mirza Muhammad Hakim 1498:Battle of Machhiwara 1407:Indo-Gangetic Plains 1293:Military innovations 922:Qutlugh Nigar Khanum 864:Umar Shaikh Mirza II 790:Ruqaiya Sultan Begum 679:derived mainly from 647:. Akbar's courts at 645:Indo-Persian culture 442:Shakr-un-Nissa Begum 236:Ruqaiya Sultan Begum 91:Emperor of Hindustan 12483:People from Umerkot 11790:Jama Masjid (Delhi) 11356:Mughal–Maratha wars 10775:Rampur Raza Library 10334:Schimmel, Annemarie 10303:A History of Jaipur 10128:History of Jahangir 10058:1942Natur.150R.600. 9710:Mughal architecture 9465:Akbar and His India 8507:The Asiatic Society 8503:Blochmann, Heinrich 8153:, pp. 152, 159 7523:on 22 February 2008 7168:Koka, Aziz (1594). 6363:on 21 November 2007 5953:, pp. 164, 188 5047:. 27 October 2016. 5011:, pp. 123, 272 4966:, pp. 403, 404 4823:on 7 February 2011. 4741:(online ed.). 4515:, pp. 114, 117 4283:Akbar Ka Bal Birbal 4252:Mohammed Iqbal Khan 4113:legend directed by 4073:Government of India 3932:Fatima Banu Begum ( 3915:11 September 1572; 3903:Salima Sultan Begum 3840:Akbar's sons were: 3625:Mariam Zamani Begum 3557:Salima Sultan Begum 3266:Akbar hunting with 3253:Historical accounts 3185:Relation with Jains 2939:at Fatehpur Sikri ( 2834:religious tolerance 2775:'s expedition into 2764:cousin of Tahmasp I 2662:Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis 2606:, was entrusted to 2590:In September 1579, 2307:Sanskrit literature 2256:were employed. The 2116:Political structure 1827:Babur's old citadel 1728:Akbar's ostensible 1447:Timurid Renaissance 1299:Indian subcontinent 616:Indian subcontinent 259:Salima Sultan Begum 12042:Nizam of Hyderabad 11316:Mughal-Rajput wars 11136:Ahmad Shah Bahadur 11101:Muhammad Azam Shah 10940:The Drama of Akbar 10758:Edited by Maulavi 10503:Sreenivasan, Ramya 9900:. Berghahn Books. 9819:Lal, Ruby (2005). 9798:Lal, Muni (1980). 9724:A history of India 9580:Embree, Ainslie T. 9547:Gulshan-I-Ibrahimi 9387:Gibbs, J. (1883). 9295:10.1093/jis/7.1.32 8950:Chua, Amy (2007). 8390:The Twentieth Wife 8370:, 14 February 2023 8313:The Indian Express 8225:, pp. 158–161 8177:, pp. 168–169 8069:, pp. 167–168 8017:Hasan Siddiqi 1972 7971:, pp. 518–519 7878:, pp. 366–367 7749:, pp. 240–243 7627:Ruggles, Fairchild 7388:The Times of India 7233:, pp. 163–164 7002:, pp. 165–166 6800:, pp. 154–155 6776:, pp. 153–154 6764:, pp. 327–328 6701:, pp. 118–119 6689:, pp. 192–229 6482:, pp. 256–257 5983:, pp. 164–165 5968:www.britannica.com 5854:, pp. 156–157 5706:, pp. 148–154 5616:, pp. 143–147 5501:, pp. 105–106 5461:, pp. 140–141 5417:. Hay House, Inc. 5276:, pp. 226–227 5240:, pp. 118–124 5105:Gurdaspur District 5023:, pp. 600–601 4904:, pp. 253–254 4739:World Encyclopedia 4721:, pp. 139–140 4320:The Feast of Roses 4316:The Twentieth Wife 4208:The Twentieth Wife 4124:in the 1979 movie 4096:Bhakti Mein Shakti 4024:In popular culture 4013:Maharaja Gaj Singh 3987:22 December 1584; 3725: 3632: 3584:Sambhar, Rajasthan 3461: 3396:Gaudiya Vaishnavas 3278: 3199: 3163: 3127: 3083:"House of Worship" 3063: 3061:in Fatehpur Sikri. 2945: 2819: 2739: 2643: 2604:Sultan Murad Mirza 2529: 2523:, in front of the 2419: 2386: 2277: 2092:Khandesh Sultanate 2062: 1907: 1815: 1711: 1623:Chandrasen Rathore 1599: 1591: 1537: 1473: 1429:, the aperture to 1392:Sikandar Shah Suri 1359: 1290: 1277:Military campaigns 1227:7. Mah Afroz Begum 839:Ancestors of Akbar 767: 691:and Christianity. 610:, under a regent, 577:15 October 1542 – 12400: 12399: 12065: 12064: 12052:Kingdom of Mysore 11986:Foreign relations 11924: 11923: 11873:Tomb of Nur Jahan 11868:Tomb of Aurangzeb 11815:Wazir Khan Mosque 11735:Forts and palaces 11721: 11720: 11693:Guru Gobind Singh 11621:Bayazid of Sylhet 11304: 11303: 11204:Foreign relations 11012: 11011: 11003:Succeeded by 10931:Media related to 10808:978-1-4269-1561-1 10798:Satyananda Giri, 10794:978-81-250-3735-4 10708:Wiegand, Wayne A. 10687:978-81-7391-537-6 10621:978-1-59884-902-8 10494:978-81-7056-070-8 10475:978-0-19-561297-4 10460:Smith, Vincent A. 10415:978-1-5381-7790-7 10396:978-93-80607-34-4 10351:978-1-86189-185-3 10289:978-0-89148-085-3 10270:978-0-939512-43-0 10242:978-0-19-566720-2 10188:978-0-521-56603-2 10178:The Mughal Empire 10173:Richards, John F. 10152:978-0-14-341415-5 10117:978-1-61530-201-7 10021:978-81-7844-129-0 10000:978-1-60239-706-4 9979:978-0-19-569315-7 9940:978-81-207-1015-3 9907:978-81-87358-30-5 9886:978-81-7223-434-8 9867:The Mughul Empire 9853:978-90-04-12320-5 9832:978-0-521-85022-3 9811:978-0-7069-1076-6 9790:978-81-86471-72-2 9758:978-0-226-46765-8 9734:978-0-415-32920-0 9659:978-81-7211-108-3 9650:Akbar and his age 9618:978-0-19-512718-8 9601:Jahangir (1999). 9567:978-90-04-09796-4 9528:978-0-19-569660-8 9474:978-0-19-563791-5 9452:978-0-415-23988-2 9416:978-987-24510-3-5 9338:978-1-84511-122-9 9186:978-0-297-85209-4 9164:978-0-14-100143-2 9157:. Penguin Books. 9140:978-1-85043-963-9 9119:978-0-520-97423-4 9106:Eaton, Richard M. 9097:978-1-4516-4668-9 9026:978-0-19-532001-5 9005:978-81-910673-6-1 8963:978-0-385-51284-8 8942:978-81-212-1046-1 8923:978-0-7069-6385-4 8899:978-81-241-1066-9 8875:978-81-241-0522-1 8856:978-81-250-3226-7 8830:978-0-19-976592-8 8788:978-0-7486-8878-4 8770:(17–18): 145–162. 8667:978-0-19-569661-5 8612:978-9-351-94073-9 8581:978-1-60860-691-7 8551:Abul Fazl 'Allami 8533:Abul Fazl 'Allami 8515:Abul Fazl 'Allami 8493:Abul Fazl 'Allami 8468:www.goodreads.com 7640:978-0-8122-0728-6 6937:978-0-19-936007-9 6612:Subrahmanyam 1994 6417:978-1-00-037061-4 5913:978-1-85043-930-1 5825:978-1-84331-004-4 5765:978-92-3-103876-1 5513:, pp. 99–100 5340:978-0-521-85031-5 4847:978-0-521-56603-2 4760:978-0-19-954609-1 4292:portrayed him in 4105:is a 1979 Indian 4057:Prithviraj Kapoor 4039:is a 1943 Indian 3869:19 October 1564; 3851:19 October 1564; 3813:emperor Aurangzeb 3721:Akbar's mausoleum 3596:Moinuddin Chishti 2750:branch of Islam. 2480:Foreign relations 2074:in 1595, forcing 2066:Deccan sultanates 2054:"Allah is great, 1787:Battle of Tukaroi 1749:Muzaffar Shah III 1553:conquest of Garha 1401:Akbar also faced 1273: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1171:Hamida Banu Begum 728:Hamida Banu Begum 602:), was the third 564: 563: 533:Hamida Banu Begum 502: 501: 363:Qasima Banu Begum 59:Shahenshah-e-Hind 16:(Redirected from 12495: 12478:People from Agra 12133:Cities and towns 12092: 12085: 12078: 12069: 12068: 12032:Nawabs of Bengal 11995:Successor states 11899:Shalimar Gardens 11843:Gardens of Babur 11732: 11731: 11678:Lachit Borphukan 11392: 11391: 11381:Mughal–Sikh wars 11326:Gujarat conquest 11227: 11226: 11219:Mughal artillery 11048: 11038: 11031: 11024: 11015: 11014: 10986:Preceded by 10976: 10969: 10951: 10950: 10930: 10915: 10904: 10893: 10882: 10853: 10838: 10827: 10725: 10703: 10701: 10699: 10670: 10668: 10666: 10625: 10606: 10603:10.1002/CJAS.185 10585: 10583: 10581: 10540: 10538: 10536: 10511:Richard M. Eaton 10498: 10479: 10455: 10441: 10419: 10400: 10389:. Primus Books. 10381: 10355: 10343: 10329: 10327: 10325: 10298:Sarkar, Jadunath 10293: 10274: 10255: 10246: 10227: 10225: 10223: 10217: 10202: 10192: 10168: 10166: 10164: 10137:Prasad, Rajendra 10132: 10121: 10100: 10079: 10069: 10067:10.1038/150600b0 10037: 10035: 10033: 10004: 9983: 9964: 9962: 9960: 9923: 9921: 9919: 9890: 9871: 9857: 9836: 9815: 9794: 9770: 9738: 9714: 9700: 9663: 9644: 9633: 9622: 9607:. Translated by 9597: 9571: 9550: 9541: 9532: 9510: 9487:Social Scientist 9478: 9456: 9432: 9430: 9428: 9396: 9383: 9372: 9354: 9352: 9350: 9323:Faroqhi, Suraiya 9318: 9316: 9314: 9273: 9244: 9242: 9240: 9213: 9211: 9209: 9190: 9168: 9144: 9123: 9101: 9080: 9061: 9050:"Fatehpur-Sīkrī" 9041: 9030: 9009: 8990: 8967: 8946: 8927: 8903: 8879: 8860: 8834: 8815: 8804: 8802: 8800: 8771: 8751: 8728: 8726: 8711: 8680:Social Scientist 8671: 8645: 8643: 8641: 8635: 8628: 8616: 8597: 8595: 8593: 8564: 8561:Beveridge, Henry 8546: 8543:Beveridge, Henry 8528: 8525:Beveridge, Henry 8510: 8498:The Ain i Akbari 8479: 8478: 8476: 8474: 8460: 8454: 8453: 8442:. Random House. 8435: 8429: 8428: 8417:. Bantam Books. 8410: 8404: 8403: 8385: 8379: 8378: 8377: 8375: 8362: 8356: 8355: 8353: 8351: 8336: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8316:. Archived from 8303: 8297: 8296: 8288: 8282: 8276: 8270: 8264: 8258: 8252: 8243: 8242:, pp. 73–76 8237: 8226: 8220: 8214: 8213:, pp. 34–35 8208: 8202: 8196: 8190: 8184: 8178: 8172: 8166: 8165:, pp. 17–18 8160: 8154: 8151:Sreenivasan 2006 8148: 8142: 8136: 8130: 8124: 8118: 8112: 8106: 8100: 8094: 8088: 8082: 8076: 8070: 8064: 8058: 8052: 8043: 8037: 8031: 8026: 8020: 8014: 8008: 8002: 7996: 7990: 7984: 7978: 7972: 7966: 7960: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7936: 7930: 7921: 7920:, pp. 78–79 7915: 7906: 7905: 7897: 7891: 7885: 7879: 7873: 7867: 7866: 7858: 7852: 7851:, pp. 59–60 7846: 7840: 7834: 7828: 7822: 7816: 7810: 7801: 7795: 7789: 7783: 7777: 7771: 7765: 7759: 7750: 7744: 7738: 7737: 7729: 7723: 7717: 7708: 7702: 7696: 7690: 7684: 7678: 7672: 7666: 7660: 7654: 7645: 7644: 7623: 7617: 7611: 7605: 7599: 7593: 7592: 7590: 7588: 7569: 7560: 7554: 7548: 7542: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7528: 7519:. 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Archived from 6346: 6340: 6334: 6328: 6327:, pp. 38–40 6322: 6316: 6310: 6301: 6295: 6282: 6276: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6256:. 29 July 2016. 6250: 6244: 6238: 6232: 6226: 6220: 6214: 6205: 6199: 6193: 6187: 6181: 6175: 6169: 6163: 6152: 6146: 6140: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6116: 6115:, pp. 82–83 6110: 6104: 6098: 6092: 6086: 6077: 6071: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6047: 6038: 6032: 6023: 6017: 6011: 6005: 5996: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5897: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5855: 5849: 5830: 5829: 5809: 5803: 5802:, pp. 49–51 5797: 5770: 5769: 5749: 5736: 5730: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5686: 5680: 5671: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5635: 5629: 5623: 5617: 5611: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5529: 5523: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5496: 5477: 5476:, pp. 17–21 5471: 5462: 5456: 5429: 5428: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5377:, pp. 14–15 5372: 5345: 5344: 5323:Morgan, David O. 5319: 5313: 5307: 5292: 5286: 5277: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5235: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5184: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5154: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5111:on 2 August 2005 5107:. Archived from 5101:"About District" 5097: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5077:. Archived from 5067: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5037: 5024: 5018: 5012: 5006: 4997: 4991: 4982: 4976: 4967: 4961: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4935: 4929: 4928:, pp. 12–19 4923: 4917: 4916:, pp. 18–19 4911: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4865: 4859: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4819:. Archived from 4806: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4731: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4694:Yarshater, Ehsan 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4628: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4590: 4584: 4573: 4567: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4501: 4495: 4479: 4464: 4290:Naseeruddin Shah 4036:Shahenshah Akbar 4002: 3999:Kishnavati Bai ( 3990: 3986: 3976: 3966: 3952: 3942: 3938: 3935: 3918: 3914: 3900: 3896: 3886: 3883:31 August 1569; 3882: 3872: 3868: 3857:Mariam-uz-Zamani 3854: 3850: 3773:Bhavishya Purana 3572:Mariam-uz-Zamani 3551: 3476: 3468: 3276: 3273: 3135:Tibetan Buddhism 2838:communal harmony 2805:Religious policy 2503: 2457:of Ranthambore. 2359:Mariam-uz-Zamani 2347:Grand Trunk Road 2334: 2190: 2182: 2174: 1880:suppressed; the 1765: 1672:Ranthambore Fort 1634:Battle of Khanwa 1494: 1421:and then seized 1343:gunpowder empire 1320:use of elephants 845: 844: 836: 835: 817:Kalanaur, Punjab 710:was defeated at 601: 599:[ak.baɾ] 596: 584: 582: 576: 574: 560: 497: 494: 491: 488: 485: 462: 461: 410: 382:Bibi Daulat Shad 374: 372: 356: 354: 338: 336: 320: 318: 291: 289: 279:Mariam-uz-Zamani 271: 269: 251: 249: 184: 110:14 February 1556 84: 81: 72: 41: 40: 21: 12503: 12502: 12498: 12497: 12496: 12494: 12493: 12492: 12473:Muslim monarchs 12463:Indian warriors 12403: 12402: 12401: 12396: 12370: 12224: 12128: 12102: 12096: 12066: 12061: 12037:Nawabs of Awadh 11990: 11971:Persian Mughals 11920: 11904:Achabal Gardens 11882: 11853:Jahangir's Tomb 11838:Bibi Ka Maqbara 11819: 11800:Badshahi Mosque 11771: 11717: 11683:Khushal Khattak 11658:Maharana Pratap 11594: 11523: 11504:Thanesar (1710) 11499:Thanesar (1567) 11390: 11300: 11225: 11170: 11166:Bahadur Shah II 11121:Rafi ud-Darajat 11052: 11042: 11008: 10999: 10991: 10975:27 October 1605 10970: 10968:14 October 1542 10964: 10963: 10960:Timurid dynasty 10956: 10923: 10918: 10867:Wayback Machine 10816:, Bombay, 1980. 10733: 10731:Further reading 10728: 10722: 10697: 10695: 10688: 10664: 10662: 10622: 10579: 10577: 10534: 10532: 10525: 10495: 10476: 10438: 10416: 10397: 10378: 10352: 10323: 10321: 10314: 10290: 10271: 10243: 10221: 10219: 10215: 10200: 10189: 10162: 10160: 10153: 10118: 10097: 10031: 10029: 10022: 10001: 9980: 9958: 9956: 9941: 9917: 9915: 9908: 9887: 9862:Majumdar, R. C. 9854: 9833: 9812: 9791: 9759: 9743:Lach, Donald F. 9735: 9660: 9619: 9568: 9529: 9499:10.2307/3517712 9475: 9453: 9426: 9424: 9417: 9401:Gómez, Oscar R. 9348: 9346: 9339: 9331:. I.B. Tauris. 9312: 9310: 9238: 9236: 9207: 9205: 9187: 9165: 9141: 9133:. I.B. Tauris. 9120: 9098: 9077: 9054:Hastings, James 9027: 9006: 8964: 8943: 8924: 8908:Chandra, Satish 8900: 8884:Chandra, Satish 8876: 8857: 8839:Chandra, Satish 8831: 8798: 8796: 8789: 8735:Humāyun Bādshāh 8724: 8692:10.2307/3517719 8686:(9/10): 73–76. 8668: 8639: 8637: 8633: 8626: 8613: 8591: 8589: 8582: 8487: 8482: 8472: 8470: 8462: 8461: 8457: 8450: 8436: 8432: 8425: 8411: 8407: 8400: 8386: 8382: 8373: 8371: 8364: 8363: 8359: 8349: 8347: 8337: 8333: 8323: 8321: 8304: 8300: 8289: 8285: 8277: 8273: 8265: 8261: 8253: 8246: 8238: 8229: 8221: 8217: 8209: 8205: 8197: 8193: 8185: 8181: 8173: 8169: 8161: 8157: 8149: 8145: 8137: 8133: 8125: 8121: 8113: 8109: 8101: 8097: 8089: 8085: 8077: 8073: 8065: 8061: 8053: 8046: 8038: 8034: 8027: 8023: 8015: 8011: 8003: 7999: 7991: 7987: 7979: 7975: 7967: 7963: 7955: 7951: 7943: 7939: 7931: 7924: 7916: 7909: 7898: 7894: 7886: 7882: 7874: 7870: 7859: 7855: 7847: 7843: 7835: 7831: 7823: 7819: 7811: 7804: 7796: 7792: 7784: 7780: 7772: 7768: 7760: 7753: 7745: 7741: 7730: 7726: 7718: 7711: 7703: 7699: 7691: 7687: 7679: 7675: 7667: 7663: 7655: 7648: 7641: 7624: 7620: 7612: 7608: 7600: 7596: 7586: 7584: 7571: 7570: 7563: 7555: 7551: 7543: 7536: 7526: 7524: 7511: 7510: 7506: 7498: 7494: 7486: 7482: 7474: 7470: 7464:Codrington 1943 7462: 7458: 7447: 7446: 7442: 7435: 7431: 7427:, pp. 3–15 7423: 7419: 7411: 7407: 7397: 7395: 7382: 7381: 7377: 7369: 7365: 7355: 7353: 7342: 7338: 7330: 7326: 7319: 7315: 7309:Collingham 2006 7307: 7300: 7294:Collingham 2006 7292: 7285: 7277: 7273: 7265: 7261: 7253: 7249: 7241: 7237: 7229: 7225: 7217: 7213: 7205: 7201: 7193: 7189: 7181: 7177: 7166: 7162: 7154: 7150: 7129: 7125: 7115: 7113: 7100: 7099: 7095: 7087: 7083: 7075: 7071: 7063: 7059: 7051: 7047: 7039: 7035: 7027: 7018: 7010: 7006: 6998: 6994: 6986: 6982: 6974: 6965: 6957: 6953: 6938: 6924: 6920: 6912: 6905: 6897: 6893: 6885: 6881: 6873: 6864: 6856: 6852: 6844: 6840: 6832: 6828: 6820: 6816: 6808: 6804: 6796: 6792: 6784: 6780: 6772: 6768: 6760: 6756: 6748: 6741: 6733: 6729: 6721: 6717: 6709: 6705: 6697: 6693: 6685: 6681: 6673: 6669: 6661: 6654: 6646: 6642: 6634: 6630: 6622: 6618: 6610: 6606: 6598: 6594: 6586: 6582: 6574: 6570: 6563: 6559: 6551: 6547: 6543:, Bombay, 1980. 6538: 6534: 6526: 6522: 6514: 6510: 6502: 6498: 6490: 6486: 6478: 6474: 6464: 6462: 6441: 6437: 6429: 6425: 6418: 6404: 6400: 6392: 6388: 6380: 6376: 6366: 6364: 6347: 6343: 6335: 6331: 6323: 6319: 6311: 6304: 6296: 6285: 6277: 6273: 6263: 6261: 6252: 6251: 6247: 6239: 6235: 6227: 6223: 6215: 6208: 6200: 6196: 6188: 6184: 6176: 6172: 6164: 6155: 6147: 6143: 6137:Ahloowalia 2009 6135: 6131: 6123: 6119: 6111: 6107: 6099: 6095: 6087: 6080: 6072: 6068: 6060: 6056: 6048: 6041: 6033: 6026: 6018: 6014: 6006: 5999: 5991: 5987: 5979: 5975: 5962: 5961: 5957: 5949: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5925: 5921: 5914: 5898: 5887: 5879: 5875: 5867: 5858: 5850: 5833: 5826: 5810: 5806: 5798: 5773: 5766: 5750: 5739: 5731: 5722: 5714: 5710: 5702: 5689: 5681: 5674: 5666: 5662: 5652: 5650: 5637: 5636: 5632: 5624: 5620: 5612: 5583: 5575: 5571: 5563: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5539: 5532: 5524: 5517: 5509: 5505: 5497: 5480: 5472: 5465: 5457: 5432: 5425: 5409: 5405: 5397: 5393: 5385: 5381: 5373: 5348: 5341: 5329:, eds. (2010). 5320: 5316: 5312:, pp. 9–13 5308: 5295: 5287: 5280: 5272: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5248: 5244: 5236: 5223: 5215: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5191: 5187: 5179: 5175: 5167: 5163: 5155: 5148: 5140: 5136: 5128: 5124: 5114: 5112: 5099: 5098: 5094: 5084: 5082: 5069: 5068: 5064: 5054: 5052: 5039: 5038: 5027: 5019: 5015: 5007: 5000: 4992: 4985: 4977: 4970: 4962: 4955: 4947: 4943: 4936: 4932: 4924: 4920: 4912: 4908: 4900: 4896: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4866: 4862: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4832: 4828: 4807: 4800: 4792: 4788: 4778: 4776: 4761: 4733: 4732: 4725: 4717: 4713: 4703: 4701: 4686: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4648: 4646: 4629: 4622: 4616:Ahloowalia 2009 4614: 4610: 4602: 4593: 4585: 4576: 4568: 4561: 4553: 4549: 4539: 4537: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4511: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4482: 4465: 4456: 4451: 4429: 4400: 4391:Alex Rutherford 4358:The Miniaturist 4329:'s 2002 novel, 4312:Indu Sundaresan 4307: 4163:Akbar the Great 4031: 4026: 3981:Aram Banu Begum 3947:Shahzada Khanam 3936: 3926: 3838: 3833: 3745: 3713: 3688:Aram Banu Begum 3680:Dungarpur State 3549: 3527:Ghazni Province 3515: 3444: 3438: 3433:Akbarnāma, the 3411: 3274: 3260: 3255: 3187: 3155: 3114:(pronounced as 3051: 3045: 2925: 2807: 2799:Pierre Malherbe 2792:Queen Elizabeth 2785: 2728: 2632: 2505: 2495: 2487: 2482: 2403: 2398: 2367: 2325: 2320: 2303: 2266: 2216: 2210: 2176:(also known as 2162: 2122:Delhi Sultanate 2118: 2113: 2072:Ahmednagar Fort 2068: 2042: 2030:Kandahari Begum 1998: 1966: 1899: 1807: 1799:Khan Jahan Quli 1795:Karrani dynasty 1763: 1703: 1697: 1681:Maharana Pratap 1615:Delhi Sultanate 1583: 1574: 1492: 1461: 1455: 1396:Tardi Baig Khan 1351: 1295: 1279: 1274: 833: 748:Rajput Fortress 704: 677:syncretic creed 594: 587:Akbar the Great 580: 578: 572: 570: 545: 495: 492: 489: 486: 476:Posthumous name 456: 452:Aram Banu Begum 432:Shahzada Khanam 404: 403: 395: 376: 373: 1575) 368: 364: 358: 355: 1572) 350: 346: 340: 337: 1570) 332: 328: 322: 319: 1570) 314: 310: 296: 293: 290: 1562) 285: 281: 273: 270: 1561) 265: 261: 253: 250: 1556) 245: 241: 238: 222: 212: 198: 186: 182: 181:27 October 1605 164: 156: 155:15 October 1542 154: 85: 82: 61: 57: 53: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Akbar the Great 15: 12: 11: 5: 12501: 12491: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12398: 12397: 12395: 12394: 12389: 12387:Buland Darwaza 12384: 12378: 12376: 12372: 12371: 12369: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12258: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12238: 12232: 12230: 12226: 12225: 12223: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12185:Fatehpur Sikri 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12136: 12134: 12130: 12129: 12127: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12110: 12108: 12104: 12103: 12095: 12094: 12087: 12080: 12072: 12063: 12062: 12060: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12012:Maratha Empire 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11481: 11476: 11474:Panipat (1761) 11471: 11469:Panipat (1556) 11466: 11464:Panipat (1526) 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11409:Badli-ki-Serai 11406: 11400: 11398: 11389: 11388: 11383: 11378: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11312: 11310: 11306: 11305: 11302: 11301: 11299: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11237: 11235: 11224: 11223: 11222: 11221: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11191: 11190: 11189: 11178: 11176: 11175:Administration 11172: 11171: 11169: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11146:Shah Jahan III 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11106:Bahadur Shah I 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11062: 11060: 11054: 11053: 11041: 11040: 11033: 11026: 11018: 11010: 11009: 11004: 11001: 10996:Mughal Emperor 10992: 10987: 10983: 10982: 10981:Regnal titles 10978: 10977: 10957: 10954: 10949: 10948: 10936: 10922: 10921:External links 10919: 10917: 10916: 10905: 10894: 10883: 10869: 10854: 10839: 10828: 10817: 10810: 10796: 10782: 10767: 10752: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10726: 10720: 10704: 10686: 10671: 10641:(3): 373–396. 10626: 10620: 10607: 10597:(4): 402–412. 10586: 10541: 10523: 10499: 10493: 10480: 10474: 10456: 10442: 10436: 10414: 10401: 10395: 10382: 10376: 10356: 10350: 10330: 10312: 10294: 10288: 10275: 10269: 10256: 10247: 10241: 10228: 10193: 10187: 10169: 10151: 10133: 10122: 10116: 10101: 10095: 10080: 10038: 10020: 10005: 9999: 9984: 9978: 9965: 9939: 9924: 9906: 9891: 9885: 9872: 9864:, ed. 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T. Rama Rao 4100: 4088: 4077:Films Division 4069: 4060: 4044: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4020: 3993: 3992: 3978: 3968: 3961: 3959:Timurid Prince 3944: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3920: 3906: 3897:15 June 1570; 3888: 3877:Shahzada Salim 3874: 3860: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3744: 3741: 3712: 3709: 3696:Maldeo Rathore 3514: 3511: 3440:Main article: 3437: 3431: 3419:hagiographical 3410: 3407: 3325:, Arabic, and 3299:animal trainer 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3186: 3183: 3154: 3151: 3131:Oscar R. Gómez 3047:Main article: 3044: 3041: 2933:Mughal Emperor 2924: 2921: 2806: 2803: 2784: 2781: 2727: 2724: 2655:Mughal Emperor 2651:Seydi Ali Reis 2631: 2628: 2551:Siege of Surat 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2366: 2363: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2302: 2299: 2290:Fatehpur Sikri 2265: 2262: 2254:Arabian horses 2212:Main article: 2209: 2206: 2194:Raja Todar Mal 2166:Sher Shah Suri 2161: 2158: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2111:Administration 2109: 2064:Main article: 2041: 2040:Deccan Sultans 2038: 1997: 1994: 1965: 1962: 1950:Mirza Jani Beg 1898: 1895: 1874:Raja Todar Mal 1806: 1803: 1756:Buland Darwaza 1696: 1693: 1689:Fatehpur Sikri 1582: 1579: 1573: 1570: 1454: 1451: 1350: 1347: 1316:fortifications 1294: 1291: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1189: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1173: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1062: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1024: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1008: 1002: 999: 998: 995: 994: 992: 989: 988: 986: 983: 982: 980: 977: 976: 973: 972: 970: 968: 966: 964: 962: 959: 958: 956: 953: 952: 950: 944: 941: 940: 937: 936: 934: 931: 930: 928: 925: 924: 918: 915: 914: 911: 910: 908: 906: 904: 901: 900: 898: 895: 894: 892: 886: 883: 882: 879: 878: 876: 873: 872: 870: 867: 866: 860: 858: 856: 854: 852: 850: 848: 841: 840: 834: 832: 829: 765:Akbar as a boy 720:Sher Shah Suri 703: 700: 689:Zoroastrianism 657:Fatehpur Sikri 604:Mughal emperor 589:, and also as 562: 561: 554: 550: 549: 540: 536: 535: 530: 526: 525: 520: 516: 515: 510: 504: 503: 500: 499: 482:Arsh-Ashyani ( 479: 478: 472: 471: 467: 466: 458: 457: 455: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 413: 411: 397: 396: 394: 393: 390:several others 386: 383: 380: 377: 366: 362: 361: 359: 348: 345:Bhakkari Begum 344: 343: 341: 330: 326: 325: 323: 312: 308: 307: 304: 302: 298: 297: 295: 294: 283: 277: 276: 274: 263: 257: 256: 254: 243: 239: 234: 233: 230: 228: 224: 223: 213: 209: 205: 204: 188:Fatehpur Sikri 185:(aged 63) 179: 175: 174: 151: 147: 146: 143: 142: 136: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 116: 112: 111: 108: 102: 101: 98: 94: 93: 87: 86: 73: 65: 64: 46: 45: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12500: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12410: 12408: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12379: 12377: 12373: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12296:Garhi Udairaj 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12233: 12231: 12227: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12137: 12135: 12131: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12119:Mughal empire 12117: 12115: 12112: 12111: 12109: 12105: 12100: 12099:Agra district 12093: 12088: 12086: 12081: 12079: 12074: 12073: 12070: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12017:Rajput states 12015: 12013: 12010: 12007: 12003: 12000: 11999: 11997: 11993: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11933: 11931: 11927: 11917: 11916: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11891: 11889: 11885: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11830: 11828: 11826: 11822: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11782: 11780: 11778: 11774: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11739: 11737: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11724: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11608: 11607: 11604: 11603: 11601: 11597: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11532: 11530: 11526: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11401: 11399: 11397: 11393: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11366:Carnatic wars 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11313: 11311: 11307: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11238: 11236: 11234: 11233: 11228: 11220: 11217: 11216: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11188: 11185: 11184: 11183: 11180: 11179: 11177: 11173: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11156:Shah Jahan IV 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11131:Muhammad Shah 11129: 11127: 11126:Shah Jahan II 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11111:Jahandar Shah 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11063: 11061: 11059: 11055: 11051: 11050:Mughal Empire 11047: 11039: 11034: 11032: 11027: 11025: 11020: 11019: 11016: 11007: 10998: 10997: 10990: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10967: 10962: 10961: 10952: 10946: 10942: 10941: 10937: 10934: 10929: 10925: 10924: 10913: 10912: 10906: 10902: 10901: 10895: 10891: 10890: 10884: 10880: 10879: 10874: 10873:Havell, E. B. 10870: 10868: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10855: 10851: 10847: 10846: 10840: 10836: 10835: 10829: 10825: 10824: 10818: 10815: 10811: 10809: 10805: 10801: 10797: 10795: 10791: 10787: 10783: 10780: 10776: 10772: 10768: 10765: 10761: 10757: 10753: 10750: 10746: 10742: 10739: 10736: 10735: 10723: 10721:0-8240-5787-2 10717: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10693: 10689: 10683: 10679: 10678: 10672: 10660: 10656: 10652: 10648: 10644: 10640: 10636: 10632: 10627: 10623: 10617: 10613: 10608: 10604: 10600: 10596: 10592: 10587: 10575: 10571: 10567: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10547: 10542: 10530: 10526: 10524:0-253-11671-6 10520: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10490: 10486: 10481: 10477: 10471: 10467: 10466: 10461: 10457: 10453: 10452: 10447: 10443: 10439: 10437:81-215-0395-7 10433: 10429: 10425: 10417: 10411: 10407: 10402: 10398: 10392: 10388: 10383: 10379: 10377:0-7139-9687-0 10373: 10369: 10365: 10361: 10357: 10353: 10347: 10342: 10341: 10335: 10331: 10319: 10315: 10313:81-250-0333-9 10309: 10305: 10304: 10299: 10295: 10291: 10285: 10281: 10276: 10272: 10266: 10262: 10257: 10253: 10248: 10244: 10238: 10234: 10229: 10214: 10210: 10206: 10199: 10194: 10190: 10184: 10180: 10179: 10174: 10170: 10158: 10154: 10148: 10144: 10143: 10142:India Divided 10138: 10134: 10130: 10129: 10123: 10119: 10113: 10109: 10108: 10102: 10098: 10096:0-415-06084-2 10092: 10089:. Routledge. 10088: 10087: 10081: 10077: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10047: 10043: 10039: 10027: 10023: 10017: 10013: 10012: 10006: 10002: 9996: 9992: 9991: 9985: 9981: 9975: 9971: 9966: 9954: 9950: 9946: 9942: 9936: 9932: 9931: 9925: 9913: 9909: 9903: 9899: 9898: 9892: 9888: 9882: 9878: 9873: 9869: 9868: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9849: 9845: 9844: 9838: 9834: 9828: 9824: 9823: 9817: 9813: 9807: 9803: 9802: 9796: 9792: 9786: 9782: 9781: 9776: 9772: 9768: 9764: 9760: 9754: 9750: 9749: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9730: 9727:. Routledge. 9726: 9725: 9720: 9716: 9712: 9711: 9706: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9665: 9661: 9655: 9651: 9646: 9642: 9641: 9635: 9631: 9630: 9624: 9620: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9605: 9599: 9595: 9591: 9587: 9586: 9581: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9563: 9559: 9558: 9552: 9548: 9543: 9539: 9534: 9530: 9524: 9520: 9516: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9500: 9496: 9492: 9488: 9484: 9480: 9476: 9470: 9466: 9462: 9458: 9454: 9448: 9445:. Routledge. 9444: 9443: 9438: 9434: 9422: 9418: 9412: 9408: 9407: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9390: 9385: 9381: 9380: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9365: 9360: 9356: 9344: 9340: 9334: 9330: 9329: 9324: 9320: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9296: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9275: 9271: 9267: 9263: 9259: 9255: 9251: 9246: 9234: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9221: 9215: 9203: 9199: 9198: 9192: 9188: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9160: 9156: 9155: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9136: 9132: 9131: 9125: 9121: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9093: 9089: 9088: 9082: 9078: 9076:0-9754639-3-4 9072: 9068: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9039: 9038: 9032: 9028: 9022: 9018: 9017: 9011: 9007: 9001: 8998:. Amaryllis. 8997: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8976: 8975: 8969: 8965: 8959: 8956:. Doubleday. 8955: 8954: 8948: 8944: 8938: 8934: 8929: 8925: 8919: 8915: 8914: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8895: 8891: 8890: 8885: 8881: 8877: 8871: 8867: 8862: 8858: 8852: 8848: 8845:. New Delhi: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8826: 8822: 8817: 8813: 8812: 8806: 8794: 8790: 8784: 8780: 8779: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8756:Beveridge, H. 8753: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8736: 8730: 8723: 8722: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8650:Ali, M. Athar 8647: 8632: 8625: 8624: 8618: 8614: 8608: 8604: 8599: 8587: 8583: 8577: 8573: 8572: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8557: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8539: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8521: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8499: 8494: 8490: 8489: 8469: 8465: 8459: 8451: 8449:9780099421924 8445: 8441: 8434: 8426: 8424:0-553-10920-0 8420: 8416: 8409: 8401: 8395: 8391: 8384: 8369: 8368: 8361: 8346: 8342: 8335: 8319: 8315: 8314: 8309: 8302: 8294: 8287: 8280: 8275: 8268: 8263: 8257:, p. 133 8256: 8251: 8249: 8241: 8236: 8234: 8232: 8224: 8219: 8212: 8207: 8201:, p. 170 8200: 8199:Majumdar 1974 8195: 8188: 8183: 8176: 8175:Majumdar 1974 8171: 8164: 8159: 8152: 8147: 8141:, p. 985 8140: 8135: 8129:, p. 958 8128: 8123: 8116: 8111: 8104: 8103:Jahangir 1999 8099: 8093:, p. 295 8092: 8087: 8081:, p. 278 8080: 8075: 8068: 8063: 8057:, p. 144 8056: 8051: 8049: 8041: 8036: 8030: 8025: 8019:, p. 166 8018: 8013: 8007:, p. 362 8006: 8001: 7994: 7989: 7983:, p. 283 7982: 7977: 7970: 7965: 7958: 7953: 7946: 7941: 7935:, p. 518 7934: 7929: 7927: 7919: 7914: 7912: 7903: 7896: 7890:, p. 352 7889: 7884: 7877: 7872: 7864: 7857: 7850: 7849:Badayuni 1884 7845: 7839:, p. 397 7838: 7837:Jahangir 1999 7833: 7826: 7821: 7815:, p. 222 7814: 7809: 7807: 7799: 7794: 7787: 7782: 7775: 7770: 7763: 7758: 7756: 7748: 7743: 7735: 7728: 7721: 7716: 7714: 7707:, p. 322 7706: 7701: 7694: 7689: 7683:, p. 140 7682: 7681:Jahangir 1999 7677: 7670: 7665: 7659:, p. 143 7658: 7653: 7651: 7642: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7622: 7615: 7614:Jahangir 1999 7610: 7604:, p. 149 7603: 7602:Schimmel 2004 7598: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7568: 7566: 7559:, p. 475 7558: 7553: 7547:, p. 497 7546: 7541: 7539: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7508: 7501: 7496: 7489: 7488:Richards 1996 7484: 7477: 7472: 7465: 7460: 7452: 7451: 7444: 7438: 7437:Jahangir 1999 7433: 7426: 7421: 7415:, p. 137 7414: 7409: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7379: 7373:, p. 373 7372: 7371:Truschke 2012 7367: 7351: 7348:. JAINpedia. 7347: 7340: 7333: 7328: 7322: 7317: 7310: 7305: 7303: 7295: 7290: 7288: 7281:, p. 126 7280: 7275: 7269:, p. 187 7268: 7263: 7256: 7251: 7245:, p. 164 7244: 7239: 7232: 7227: 7220: 7215: 7208: 7203: 7196: 7191: 7185:, p. 282 7184: 7179: 7171: 7164: 7158:, p. 138 7157: 7156:Majumdar 1974 7152: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7135: 7127: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7097: 7091:, p. 256 7090: 7085: 7079:, p. 255 7078: 7073: 7066: 7061: 7054: 7049: 7043:, p. 159 7042: 7037: 7031:, p. 254 7030: 7025: 7023: 7021: 7014:, p. 235 7013: 7008: 7001: 6996: 6990:, p. 348 6989: 6984: 6977: 6972: 6970: 6968: 6960: 6955: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6933: 6929: 6922: 6915: 6910: 6908: 6900: 6895: 6889:, p. 252 6888: 6883: 6877:, p. 253 6876: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6859: 6854: 6848:, p. 393 6847: 6842: 6836:, p. 292 6835: 6830: 6824:, p. 327 6823: 6818: 6812:, p. 155 6811: 6810:Majumdar 1974 6806: 6799: 6798:Majumdar 1974 6794: 6788:, p. 154 6787: 6786:Majumdar 1974 6782: 6775: 6774:Majumdar 1974 6770: 6763: 6758: 6752:, p. 153 6751: 6750:Majumdar 1974 6746: 6744: 6736: 6731: 6725:, p. 158 6724: 6723:Majumdar 1974 6719: 6712: 6707: 6700: 6695: 6688: 6683: 6677:, p. 138 6676: 6671: 6664: 6659: 6657: 6650:, p. 217 6649: 6644: 6638:, p. 246 6637: 6632: 6626:, p. 114 6625: 6620: 6614:, p. 249 6613: 6608: 6601: 6596: 6590:, p. 160 6589: 6584: 6578:, p. 738 6577: 6572: 6566: 6561: 6554: 6549: 6542: 6536: 6530:, p. 218 6529: 6524: 6518:, p. 260 6517: 6512: 6506:, p. 274 6505: 6500: 6494:, p. 259 6493: 6488: 6481: 6476: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6447: 6439: 6433:, p. 256 6432: 6427: 6419: 6413: 6410:. Routledge. 6409: 6402: 6395: 6390: 6383: 6378: 6362: 6358: 6357: 6352: 6345: 6338: 6333: 6326: 6321: 6314: 6309: 6307: 6300:, p. 243 6299: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6281:, p. 136 6280: 6275: 6259: 6255: 6249: 6243:, p. 326 6242: 6237: 6230: 6225: 6218: 6213: 6211: 6203: 6198: 6192:, p. 223 6191: 6186: 6179: 6178:Richards 1996 6174: 6168:, p. 104 6167: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6151:, p. 273 6150: 6145: 6139:, p. 129 6138: 6133: 6127:, p. 126 6126: 6121: 6114: 6113:Petersen 1996 6109: 6103:, p. 237 6102: 6097: 6091:, p. 238 6090: 6085: 6083: 6076:, p. 359 6075: 6070: 6064:, p. 165 6063: 6058: 6052:, p. 235 6051: 6046: 6044: 6037:, p. 236 6036: 6031: 6029: 6022:, p. 160 6021: 6016: 6010:, p. 234 6009: 6004: 6002: 5995:, p. 233 5994: 5989: 5982: 5977: 5969: 5965: 5959: 5952: 5947: 5940: 5935: 5929:, p. 274 5928: 5923: 5915: 5909: 5905: 5904: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5883:, p. 711 5882: 5877: 5871:, p. 258 5870: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5853: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5827: 5821: 5817: 5816: 5808: 5801: 5800:Richards 1996 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5767: 5761: 5757: 5756: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5735:, p. 145 5734: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5718:, p. 170 5717: 5716:Pletcher 2010 5712: 5705: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5684: 5683:Richards 1996 5679: 5677: 5670:, p. 232 5669: 5664: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5634: 5628:, p. 796 5627: 5622: 5615: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5578: 5573: 5567:, p. 107 5566: 5561: 5555:, p. 342 5554: 5549: 5542: 5537: 5535: 5528:, p. 231 5527: 5522: 5520: 5512: 5507: 5500: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5475: 5474:Richards 1996 5470: 5468: 5460: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5426: 5424:9789384544980 5420: 5416: 5415: 5407: 5401:, p. 228 5400: 5395: 5389:, p. 339 5388: 5383: 5376: 5375:Richards 1996 5371: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5342: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5327:Reid, Anthony 5324: 5318: 5311: 5310:Richards 1996 5306: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5291:, p. 227 5290: 5285: 5283: 5275: 5270: 5264:, p. 119 5263: 5258: 5251: 5250:Majumdar 1974 5246: 5239: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5219:, p. 134 5218: 5213: 5207:, p. 135 5206: 5201: 5195:, p. 288 5194: 5193:Richards 1996 5189: 5182: 5181:Schimmel 2004 5177: 5171:, p. 205 5170: 5165: 5159:, p. 140 5158: 5153: 5151: 5144:, p. 254 5143: 5138: 5132:, p. 337 5131: 5126: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5096: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5066: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5022: 5017: 5010: 5005: 5003: 4996:, p. 169 4995: 4994:Ferishta 1909 4990: 4988: 4981:, p. 189 4980: 4975: 4973: 4965: 4960: 4958: 4950: 4945: 4939: 4934: 4927: 4922: 4915: 4910: 4903: 4898: 4883: 4881:9781932705546 4877: 4873: 4872: 4864: 4849: 4843: 4839: 4838: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4817: 4812: 4805: 4803: 4796:, p. 404 4795: 4790: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4728: 4720: 4715: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4684: 4678:, p. 189 4677: 4672: 4666:, p. 245 4665: 4660: 4644: 4640: 4639: 4634: 4627: 4625: 4618:, p. 130 4617: 4612: 4605: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4588: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4571: 4570:Jahangir 1999 4566: 4564: 4556: 4551: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4514: 4509: 4507: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4454: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4401: 4392: 4388: 4386: 4381: 4378: 4374: 4371: 4370:Chhattisgarhi 4367: 4364: 4360: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4347: 4346: 4341: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4308: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4230: 4229:Avinesh Rekhi 4227:and later by 4226: 4222: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4181: 4180: 4175: 4173:in the 1990s. 4172: 4169:was aired on 4168: 4164: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4136: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4061: 4058: 4054: 4053: 4052:Mughal-e-Azam 4049: 4045: 4042: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 3998: 3997: 3996: 3982: 3979: 3972: 3969: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3955:Mariam Makani 3948: 3945: 3931: 3930: 3929: 3910: 3909:Daniyal Mirza 3907: 3904: 3892: 3889: 3878: 3875: 3864: 3863:Hussain Mirza 3861: 3858: 3846: 3843: 3842: 3841: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3792:Mughal Empire 3788: 3786: 3785:reincarnation 3781: 3780: 3775: 3774: 3769: 3767: 3764:, one of his 3763: 3759: 3755: 3753: 3752: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3733:his mausoleum 3730: 3722: 3717: 3708: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3689: 3684: 3681: 3675: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3649: 3644: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3615: 3614:Daniyal Mirza 3611: 3607: 3603: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3510: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3485:, one of the 3484: 3480: 3479:Book of Akbar 3472: 3467: 3458: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3436: 3435:Book of Akbar 3430: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3372: 3366: 3364: 3363:defenestrated 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3334: 3332: 3331:calligraphers 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3293: 3289: 3288: 3284:in the books 3283: 3269: 3264: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3197:triumphantly. 3196: 3193:Akbar enters 3191: 3182: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3159: 3150: 3148: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3123: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3099: 3095: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3018: 3013: 3012: 3007: 3006: 3001: 2998:in 1579. The 2997: 2996: 2991: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2973: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2824: 2816: 2811: 2802: 2800: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2749: 2744: 2737: 2732: 2723: 2720: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2682: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2600:New Testament 2597: 2593: 2588: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2543: 2538: 2534: 2533:Mughal Empire 2531:In 1572, the 2526: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2511: 2504: 2501: 2500: 2492: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2442: 2440: 2437:and grandson 2436: 2432: 2428: 2425:Rajput, Raja 2424: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2393: 2391: 2384: 2382: 2376: 2371: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2333: 2315: 2313: 2308: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2281:Salim Chishti 2274: 2270: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2237:standing army 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2205: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2189: 2183: 2181: 2175: 2173: 2167: 2157: 2155: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2108: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2088:Asirgarh Fort 2086:and besieged 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2067: 2059: 2057: 2051: 2046: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1903: 1894: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1811: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1732: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1719:Bay of Bengal 1716: 1707: 1702: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1619:Udai Singh II 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1595: 1587: 1578: 1569: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1493:his opponents 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1450: 1448: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1355: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1305: 1300: 1287: 1283: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1243: 1241: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1232: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1184: 1183: 1178: 1177: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1130: 1129: 1124: 1123: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1098: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1061: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1001: 1000: 997: 996: 991: 990: 985: 984: 979: 978: 975: 974: 961: 960: 955: 954: 949: 943: 942: 939: 938: 933: 932: 927: 926: 923: 917: 916: 913: 912: 903: 902: 897: 896: 891: 885: 884: 881: 880: 875: 874: 869: 868: 865: 859: 847: 846: 843: 842: 838: 837: 828: 826: 822: 818: 814: 813:Sikandar Shah 810: 806: 802: 797: 795: 791: 787: 782: 780: 776: 772: 763: 759: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 699: 697: 692: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 641: 639: 638:sectarian tax 634: 633:Mughal Empire 629: 627: 623: 622: 617: 613: 609: 605: 600: 592: 588: 568: 559: 555: 551: 548: 544: 541: 537: 534: 531: 527: 524: 521: 517: 514: 511: 509: 505: 480: 477: 473: 468: 463: 459: 453: 450: 448: 447:Daniyal Mirza 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 422:Hussain Mirza 420: 418: 415: 414: 412: 409: 408: 402: 398: 392: 391: 387: 384: 381: 378: 360: 342: 324: 306: 305: 303: 299: 280: 275: 260: 255: 237: 232: 231: 229: 225: 220: 216: 211:November 1605 210: 206: 202: 201:Uttar Pradesh 197: 196:Mughal Empire 193: 189: 180: 176: 172: 168: 163: 159: 152: 148: 144: 140: 137: 133: 130: 127: 123: 120: 117: 113: 109: 107: 103: 99: 95: 92: 88: 77: 71: 66: 63: 60: 56: 52: 47: 42: 39: 37: 33: 19: 12271:Chhai Pokhar 12246:Barauli Ahir 12113: 12005: 11913: 11909:Shahi Bridge 11833:Akbar's Tomb 11795:Chawk Mosque 11767:Sheesh Mahal 11752:Lalbagh Fort 11727:Architecture 11713:Hector Munro 11688:Josiah Child 11638:Ibrahim Lodi 11631:Pratapaditya 11616:Khwaja Usman 11414:Bhuchar Mori 11230: 11151:Shah Alam II 11116:Farrukhsiyar 11075: 10994: 10972: 10965: 10958: 10939: 10910: 10899: 10888: 10877: 10857: 10844: 10833: 10822: 10813: 10799: 10785: 10770: 10760:Abd Al-Rahim 10755: 10740: 10711: 10696:. Retrieved 10676: 10663:. Retrieved 10638: 10634: 10611: 10594: 10590: 10578:. Retrieved 10553: 10549: 10533:. Retrieved 10514: 10484: 10464: 10450: 10430:Publishers. 10423: 10405: 10386: 10363: 10360:Sen, Amartya 10339: 10322:. Retrieved 10302: 10279: 10260: 10251: 10250:Sanghmitra. 10232: 10220:. Retrieved 10208: 10204: 10177: 10161:. Retrieved 10141: 10127: 10106: 10085: 10049: 10045: 10030:. Retrieved 10010: 9989: 9969: 9957:. Retrieved 9929: 9916:. Retrieved 9896: 9876: 9866: 9842: 9821: 9800: 9779: 9747: 9723: 9709: 9672: 9668: 9649: 9639: 9628: 9603: 9584: 9576:Ikram, S. M. 9556: 9546: 9537: 9518: 9515:Hasan, Nurul 9490: 9486: 9483:Habib, Irfan 9464: 9461:Habib, Irfan 9441: 9437:Gommans, Jos 9425:. Retrieved 9405: 9392: 9378: 9369:Briggs, John 9363: 9347:. Retrieved 9327: 9311:. Retrieved 9289:(1): 32–48. 9286: 9282: 9253: 9249: 9237:. Retrieved 9219: 9206:. 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Retrieved 4870: 4863: 4851:, retrieved 4836: 4829: 4821:the original 4814: 4789: 4777:. Retrieved 4738: 4714: 4702:. Retrieved 4697: 4683: 4671: 4659: 4647:. Retrieved 4636: 4611: 4557:, p. 95 4555:Chandra 2005 4550: 4538:. Retrieved 4529: 4520: 4493: 4417: 4408: 4383: 4362: 4356: 4343: 4330: 4319: 4315: 4281: 4268:Shahbaz Khan 4261: 4245:Akbar Birbal 4243: 4218: 4207: 4201: 4194:Uday Tikekar 4177: 4162: 4148:Akbar-Birbal 4147: 4140:Jodhaa Akbar 4138: 4125: 4094: 4080: 4063: 4050: 4034: 4017:Parviz Mirza 3994: 3963:Mahi Begum ( 3927: 3845:Hassan Mirza 3839: 3807:. Historian 3802: 3796: 3789: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3765: 3756: 3749: 3746: 3726: 3703: 3693: 3685: 3676: 3672: 3652: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3599: 3580:Rajput caste 3576:Raja Bharmal 3569: 3554: 3546:Kamran Mirza 3535: 3523:Hindal Mirza 3516: 3486: 3478: 3462: 3454: 3434: 3412: 3400: 3371:Ain-e-Akbari 3369: 3367: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3335: 3296: 3292:Ain-i-akbari 3291: 3285: 3279: 3227: 3223: 3200: 3179: 3174: 3168: 3164: 3146: 3143: 3138: 3128: 3115: 3100: 3096: 3087:spirituality 3082: 3079:Ibadat Khana 3064: 3059:Ibadat Khana 3030: 3025: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2957:Amir Khusrau 2946: 2937:Prince Salim 2917:Materialists 2870: 2820: 2796: 2786: 2752: 2740: 2721: 2717: 2694: 2679: 2677: 2653:visited the 2644: 2589: 2582: 2571: 2556: 2547:Persian Gulf 2540: 2530: 2506: 2499:Ain-i-Akbari 2497: 2494: 2490: 2463: 2459: 2443: 2435:Bhagwant Das 2420: 2413:Portrait of 2404: 2387: 2378: 2354: 2329: 2326: 2304: 2278: 2273:Diwan-i-Khas 2272: 2257: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2231: 2223: 2219: 2217: 2198: 2185: 2177: 2169: 2163: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2119: 2069: 2053: 2019: 1999: 1967: 1943: 1923:Chak dynasty 1911:Indus valley 1908: 1878: 1863: 1835: 1824: 1816: 1768: 1753: 1729: 1727: 1712: 1669: 1665: 1645:Chittor Fort 1642: 1638:Sisodia clan 1627: 1600: 1575: 1566: 1550: 1538: 1502: 1474: 1443: 1435:Gwalior Fort 1400: 1360: 1309: 1302: 1296: 1286:Mughal India 1059: 820: 798: 783: 779:Askari Mirza 775:Kamran Mirza 768: 736:Hindal Mirza 705: 693: 669:architecture 642: 630: 626:India proper 619: 590: 586: 566: 565: 417:Hassan Mirza 405: 388: 199:(modern-day 183:(1605-10-27) 165:(modern-day 49: 38: 36: 12423:1605 deaths 12418:1542 births 12361:Sarokhipura 12205:Nainana Jat 12027:Sikh Empire 12006:interrupted 11747:Lahore Fort 11698:Henry Every 11663:Malik Ambar 11606:Baro-Bhuyan 11599:Adversaries 11585:Ranthambore 11540:Chittorgarh 11361:Child's war 11187:family tree 10741:Akbar-namah 10698:18 February 10324:15 November 10145:. Penguin. 9349:11 November 9040:. R.H.Tims. 8374:17 February 8211:Khanna 2007 8040:Akhtar 1983 7995:, p. 4 7957:Somani 1990 7918:Waseem 2003 7764:, p. 2 7762:Prasad 1930 7587:20 February 7513:"1200–1750" 7478:, p. 8 7398:23 November 7219:Sharma 1988 7183:Conder 1828 6928:On Hinduism 6636:Moosvi 2008 6576:Durant 2011 6565:Jarric 1926 6465:15 November 6382:Prasad 2017 6337:Sarkar 1984 6325:Sarkar 1984 6313:Sarkar 1984 6166:Murray 2009 6062:Moosvi 2008 6020:Moosvi 2008 5981:Moosvi 2008 5626:Crooke 1912 5511:Sharma 2023 5205:Elgood 1995 5045:India Today 5021:Nature 1942 4398:Video games 4256:Bharatvarsh 4236:Kiku Sharda 4184:Rajat Tokas 4179:Jodha Akbar 4171:DD National 4091:Om Shivpuri 4048:Hindi movie 3937: 1562 3891:Murad Mirza 3809:Mubarak Ali 3776:is a minor 3565:Murad Mirza 3542:Bairam Khan 3487:Nine Jewels 3453:presenting 3409:Hagiography 3275: 1602 3258:Personality 3139:Din-i-Ilahi 3118:) in 1583. 3104:Din-i-Ilahi 3049:Din-i Ilahi 3043:Din-i Ilahi 2351:Indus river 2312:bookbinding 1978:Baluchistan 1919:Yousuf Shah 1870:Raja Birbal 1731:casus belli 1715:Arabian Sea 1509:Baz Bahadur 1388:Bairam Khan 1006:Maham Begum 809:Bairam Khan 714:(1539) and 702:Early years 673:Din-i Ilahi 612:Bairam Khan 547:Din-i-Ilahi 543:Sunni Islam 437:Murad Mirza 309:Raj Kunwari 173:, Pakistan) 141:(1556–1560) 139:Bairam Khan 115:Predecessor 83: 1630 12407:Categories 12336:Purabirbal 12057:Rohilkhand 12002:Sur Empire 11708:Nader Shah 11643:Rana Sanga 11555:Daulatabad 11439:Haldighati 11371:Bengal war 11209:Government 11141:Alamgir II 11091:Shah Jahan 11000:1556–1605 10947:from 1922. 10756:Akbarnamah 10665:1 November 10580:18 January 10368:Allen Lane 9949:1008395679 9775:Lal, K. 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