Mariam-uz-Zamani - Knowledge

693:"The heavenly reward, was not long in coming... Raja Bihari Mal of Jaipur arrived to seek a military alliance with the Mughals, and in the pledge of his loyalty, offered his eldest daughter in marriage to Akbar. The Emperor, still under the spiritual spell of Ajmer, thought the offer part of some grand design of the Khwaja and accepted it without hesitation... Jodha Bai entered the harem as a Hindu, not as a Muslim. The insistence on conversion was waived at the instance of her father. A small, exquisite temple was built within the four walls of the fort; she went there every morning to pray and also perhaps to underline her identity as a proud Rajput. With a blue-blooded Rajput princess in the harem, there came about a radical change in the style of life in the palace and at the court. Jodha Bai was as good-looking as she was tactful. Warm-hearted liberalism added lustre to her physical charm. Akbar respected her. So did everybody else. Maham Anaga, in particular, became very fond of her. Soon she became the centre around which life in the palace revolved. Akbar often consulted her on important matters; her responses were invariably high-minded and above partisanship. An equation of complete trust gradually developed between the two. The future greatness of Akbar was in no small measure due to the large-heartedness of Jodha Bai. With a lesser person in her place, the story of the reign of Akbar might have been different." 715:"It was indeed, in more than one way, a marriage made in heaven. Not only was the princess of Amber to become a highly respected Qadasi Arkani Mariam-uz-Zamani (the pillar of purity, Mary of Age), the queen mother of Akbar's firstborn son and later successor: this marriage also sealed the mighty Rajput-Mughal alliance that would become the backbone of Akbar's military power and the very foundation of Mughal Empire. In itself, there was nothing unusual about Hindu kings offering their daughters to Muslim rulers as a token of their submission, but Akbar's attitude towards his wife and her family was significantly different. Contrary to the usual practice, he did not ask her to convert to Islam but allowed her to maintain a Hindu shrine in the imperial residence, he occasionally would participate in the Hindu festivities. Her relatives were not treated as mere vassals, but as true allies, friends, and family members, in every respect, equal or superior to the leading Muslim amirs. In short, Akbar's alliance with the Rajput house of Amber was the very cornerstone upon which his military might and the internal cohesion of his empire was founded." 4738:, p. 303: "Some chroniclers aver that Emperor gave smack on his son's face, felled him and ordered that he should be kept in solitary confinement in one of the ghusalkhanas of the fort. Alcoholic drinks and opium were not permitted to be served to him. Salim was in agony. On the second day, he raved like a madman and begged for a cup of his favourite wine. The Emperor relented and deputed one of his personal physicians to examine the Prince and prescribe such quantities of alcohol as he considered necessary for his health. The taming of the temperamental Salim bristled with complications, especially when Mariam Zamani and Sultan Salima Begum took into their scheming heads to leave no design unused to win freedom for their Baba. The pressure from the senior ladies became too compelling to be resisted for long. Akbar gave in and allowed Salim to shift to his palace." 4589:, pp. 177–178: "About this time, Jahangir's own immediate family experienced some changes. His mother, the charismatic and adventurous Hindu widow of Akbar, Maryamuzzamani, died early in the summer of 1623 in Agra and was buried in a tomb in Sikandra near her husband, Akbar. Maryamuzzamani had played an important social role in Jahangir's life by hosting most of his family celebrations at her own home, and she had, in the larger arena, helped chart the role of Mughal women in the newly expanding business of foreign trade. Though Jahangir must have grieved immensely at her death, his notice of it in his memoirs was very short, saying only that “I trust that Almighty God will envelop her in the ocean of His mercy.” She was the last in the illustrious series of parents to die in this period, and her death came, strangely, only four years before Jahangir's own." 1249:, when Mariam-uz-Zamani was travelling from a certain place for her business exigency, she was robbed of all her possessions and was left without the ordinary necessities of life. Jesuit Benedict Goes hearing this assisted her before Prince Salim could reach her. When this news was delivered to Akbar's court, Akbar and his court attendants in astonishment praised and thanked Benedict for his services to the queen as the assistance she sought from her countrymen was delivered to her by a stranger. Salim who was at a distance of eight days from his mother came in haste to meet his mother and meeting Benedict he embraced him and ordered full repayment of the advances he lent to the queen. When Mariam-uz-Zamani reached Akbar's court safely, many people, with gifts in their hands, went forth from the city to welcome her. 3019:, p. 104: "With a blue-blooded Rajput princess in the harem, there came about a radical change in the style of life in the palace and at the court.' Jodha Bai was as good-looking as she was tactful. Warm-hearted liberalism added lustre to her physical charm. Akbar respected her. So did everybody else. Maham Anga, in particular, became very fond of her. Soon she became a centre around which life in the palace revolved. Akbar (king of hindustan) often consulted her on important matters; her responses were invariably high-minded and above partisanship. An equation of complete trust gradually developed between the two. The future greatness of Akbar was in no small measure due to the large-heartedness of Jodha Bai. With a lesser person in her place, the story of the reign of Akbar might have been different." 925:, in acknowledgement of his father's faith in the efficacy of the holy man's prayer. Akbar, overjoyed with the news of his heir-apparent, ordered a great feast and festivities which were held up to seven days on the occasion of his birth and ordered the release of criminals with great offence. Throughout the empire, largesses were bestowed over common people, and he set himself ready to visit Sikri immediately. However, he was advised by his courtiers to delay his visit to Sikri on account of the astrological belief in Hindustan of a father not seeing the face of his long-awaited son immediately after his birth. He, therefore, delayed his visit and visited Sikri to meet his wife and son after forty-one days after his birth. 838:

shoulders were covered with an odhani but so translucent and fine that her bare midriff and arms were visible through that shimmering dupatta. Light would flicker against her heavy gold jewellery -swinging earrings, nose rings, clinging bracelets, and girdle of gold. In a few years, the culture and dressing style of this Rajput princess influenced the Mughal dresses and etiquette of the Mughal court. Cohen suggests that by including the textiles like bandhani in the royal paintings made in the region near the birthplace of Maryam Zamani, Akbar and Jahangir might be acknowledging her importance. Her roots were deeply embedded in the Rajput culture and style which was exhibited in her colourful and elaborated

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was considered by the English traveller, Peter Mundy to be "the best of this Kinde that I have yet seene,... a very costly and curious piece of worke". Further he notes that it is a grand building with beautiful gates, cupolas, arches, chawtress, galleries, pillars and rooms above and below. The step-well consists of a gate, four flights of stairs leading down to the water level and a well-shaft at the farther end of the main axis, all constructed in red sandstone. Another European traveller, Thevenot who noticed this complex of garden and baoli notes it as a Royal house insinuating that this building was also meant to house the royal owner of this complex during her occasional visits to the locality.

977:" In the perspective of my work, Harkha Bai’s depiction has been particularly problematic... we forget many complicated and nuanced ways in which Harkha Bai influenced Akbar and the Mughal court. We ignore the cultural, culinary, artistic, and religious impact of this Rajput queen, reducing her instead to the usual, tired trope of a love interest of the central male figure. She has been terribly written out of history. She had an amazing life and went on to become a very influential, powerful, and wealthy woman. Her life was not a typical Mughal life of a queen that we imagine, of putting on ittar and perfume and changing clothes every hour." 675:"Bihari Mal gave rich dowry to his daughter and sent his son Bhagwan Das with a contingent of Rajput soldiers to escort his newly married sister to Agra as per Hindu custom. Akbar was deeply impressed by the highly dignified, sincere, and princely conduct of his Rajput relations. He took Man Singh, the youthful son of Bhagwant Das into the royal service. Akbar was fascinated by the charm and accomplishments of his Rajput wife; he developed real love for her and raised her to the status of chief queen. She came to exercise profound impact on the socio-cultural environment of the entire royal household and changed the lifestyle of Akbar." 4726:, p. 301: "Akbar's mind was made up. Salim had to be saved from himself. Orders were issued for a force to be got ready immediately. The expedition was to be led by the Emperor himself. Here was a bold decision—perhaps the boldest of his life—by the 62-year-old, grief-stricken monarch to wage a war against his son. Mariam Zamani was torn by conflicting loyalties. So was the old and weak Mariam Makani. They pleaded with Akbar for restraint but to no avail. The Emperor had geared himself to a pitch of resolve from where there was no going back. He moved out of Agra on 21 August 1604. This time there were no ladies in his entourage." 750: 1498: 1624: 1110: 1139:

ghusalkhana and ordered no serving of alcohol and opium. Salim begging for wine the entire time behaved like a madman. Akbar appointed his physician to recommend the minimum necessary alcohol for his health. Muni Lal claims, 'the taming of the temperamental Salim bristled with complications, especially when Mariam Zamani and Salima Begum took into their scheming heads to leave no design unused to win freedom for their Baba. The pressure from the senior queens became too compelling to be resisted for long. Akbar gave in and allowed Salim to shift to his palace.

1676: 1230:, ran an extensive trade of silk and several spices to international borders, and oversaw the trade with Gulf countries and nations. In the words of Findly, she had, in the larger arena, helped chart the role of Mughal women in the newly expanding business of foreign trade. Akbar took a significant interest in Mariam-uz-Zamani's business and invested time and money in her trading endeavours. He often had long discussions about her business with her. She was the only women of Akbar's reign whose involvement in international trade is recorded. 1612: 616:, therefore putting end to the supposition of her being a Christian. It was not only that the painting in Sonahra Makan may have led to speculation of her as Christian but the name Maryam (Mary) has also led weight to the theory of "Christian wife" however Maryam is a common name among Muslims and Maryam-uz-Zamani (Mary of Age) was conferred upon her on the birth of her son, prince Salim. For the verification of the assertion of her association with Christianity, Edmund Smith had her crypt opened to find out whether 781:

aggregate of their quotas amounted to fifty-three thousand horses. Of these, seventeen held Mansabs of from two thousand to five thousand and thirty from one hundred to two thousand. The princes of Amber, Marwar, Bikaner, Bundi, Jaisalmer and Bundelkhand held Mansabs of above one thousand, but Amber alone held the dignity of five thousand. His equation with the Amber Raja and his nephew Man Singh was conditioned in no small measure by his tenderness, tantamounting almost to love, for Mariam Zamani.

1431:. She was in command of a fleet of ships. In 1617, two English pirates tried to seize Mariam-uz-Zamani's ship, which was returning from the Red Sea with numerous hajjis and valuable cargo, but in the nick of time, the ship was rescued. If it had not been for the fortunate interposition of the fleet of the East India Company, which came up before the contest was decided, the result of Englishmen's selfish enterprise would have been the closing of the busiest markets in India to English commerce. 1408:

English, Jahangir resisted. Eventually, an agreement was made by the emperor by which the Portuguese had to pay "three lakhs of rupees for the ship taken," but the issue of English expulsion was left hanging as Jahangir became increasingly aware of English power at sea. The Portuguese capture of Mariam-uz-Zamani's ship thus served to bring about a major change in the relationship between the two governments and was, by a fortunate accident, a substantial windfall for the English.

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was eager to eliminate Khusrau they would eventually kill Khusrau and it would be disastrous for the Mughal dynasty as the future descendants would use it as a specimen to murder their brothers for the possession of the royal throne. Succumbing to the pleas of his mother, sisters, Khusrau's stepmothers and sisters, Jahangir did not transfer the control of Khusrau to Nur Jahan or Prince Khurram. Further, Findly adds that this foretelling was substantiated soon afterwards in the

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government." The extreme actions taken by Jahangir were unusual, as the Mughal court had grown used to the rapacious brutality of the Portuguese and would react by ignoring it or accommodating it. But for Rahimi, which has been seized by the Portuguese, Mariam-uz-Zamani's flagship pilgrim ship, the queen mother demands retribution. This was an unusual situation, demonstrating the great cultural upheavals and the tectonic changes that were shaping the Mughal empire: this was a

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royal palace dazzled every eye. When Akbar initiated his high-minded experiment in the equality of all religions, she became a living symbol of liberalism both in religious and state affairs. She had a surfeit of intelligence, wit and female magnetism that charmed Akbar. Lack of vanity was the ornament she wore with almost divine grace. In the youth, in middle age and later when passion was no more than a pleasant memory, she was a perfect companion to the monarch.

629: 1024:(the heart-pleasing abode), was the favourite retreat place of Jahangir where he would celebrate his birthdays with his mother as recorded by Thomas Roe, a Christian missionary in Jahangir's court. This palace was commissioned by Akbar for her in the year 1574 and has a Lord Shiva temple inside with a Shiv Ling and is built as per Mughal architecture on a hilltop. She was also the patron of several towns during her reign and held many jagirs. 1005: 1924: 906: 2499:

the youthful son of Bhagwant Das into the royal service. Akbar was fascinated by the charm and accomplishments of his Rajput wife; he developed real love for her and raised her to the status of chief queen. She came to exercise profound impact on the sociocultural environment of the entire royal household and changed the lifestyle of Akbar. Salim (later Jahangir), the heir to the throne, was born of this wedlock on 30th August 1569.

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influence in the Mughal court. She is described as a charismatic and adventurous woman having a high-spirited disposition and a taste for the unusual. She commanded unreserved respect from all communities not only for her distinguished virtues of tolerance but also for her wide-ranging munificence and solicitude for the poor. On every festive occasion- Muslim or non-Muslim-she gave some cent of her privy purse to charity.

704:"No marriage in medieval Indian history was, politically, so happy and fruitful, as the one contracted by Akbar with the daughter of Raja Bharmal of Amer in January 1562. It symbolized the dawn of a new era in Indian politics; it gave the country a line of remarkable sovereigns; it secured to four generations of Mughal Emperors the services of some of the greatest captains and diplomats that medieval India produced." 1636:

imprint of Rajput conceptions. Although there are only two stories, it is constructed to give the three-storeyed effect from the front. The baoli was built as a part of the garden built by the empress. Rajeev Bargoti notes that her interest in indigo trade might have been because her revenue free grants were located in the indigo producing tract around Bayana including pargana Jansath.

1159:, Nur Jahan, Mumtaz Mahal and Jahanara Begum. Mariam-uz-Zamani used her wealth to build gardens, wells, mosques, and other developments around the countryside and was in charge of the Hajj department since Akbar's reign. Mariam Uz Zamani had made sincere efforts to spread education among the common people. Mariam-uz-Zamani's retirement after her husband's death along with the death of 79: 1698:, in the direction of Mathura and she stands as the only wife buried close to Akbar. Her tomb resembles her husband's mausoleum in one important aspect, the upper storey of both is open to the sun and rain, and its upper corners are embellished by beautiful pavilions surmounted by lovely domes. The grave itself is underground with a flight of steps leading to it. 368:, commanded a high rank in the imperial harem. She is stated as the favourite and an influential consort of Akbar, having a considerable influence in the matters of the court. Described as an intellectual, amiable and kind woman, she was often consulted by Akbar on important matters. She was the mother of Akbar's eldest surviving son and eventual successor, 1055:" Jahangir would greet his mother by performing Korunish, Sajda, and Taslim and after paying her homage used to pay respect to other elders and royals. The stature and reverence Jahangir held for his mother were exceptional, he used to carry her palanquin on his shoulders. During the plague of Agra when Jahangir was in Fatehpur Sikri, he says, " 1118:

and abstain from association with people who kept beards. In order to gain the love of his Hindu wives and their goodwill, Badayuni notes, he abstained entirely from everything which was a natural abhorrence to them and took it as a mark of special devotion to himself if men shaved their beards so that it became common practice.

4091:, p. 189: "Jahangir opened his memoirs with a tribute to the Sufi, calling him 'the fountainhead of most of the saints of India', and in late 1608 he recalled his father's pilgrimage with Mariam-uz-Zamani to Khawaja Moinuddin Chisti's shrine in hopes of sons by making his own pilgrimage to Akbar's tomb in Sikandra." 2771:

brought back to Ajmīr, and might come under the shadow of the Presence. In order to do honour to Rajah Bhagwān Das, his auspicious sister, who held high rank in the imperial harem, was sent off in order so that she might be present at the mourning for her brother Bhūpat, who had fallen in the battle of Sarnāl.

1550:"Never in the history of the architecture of the early Moghul period do we find such an extensive and exclusive use of this type of decoration. The endless variety of geometric floral and inscriptional designs spread over the interior surface in a subtle colour scheme is a characteristic not seen elsewhere." 3646:

When he arrived in the town of Sambar, Raja Bihari Mai, who was one of the renowned Rajas of that country, came with his son, Bhagwan Das, and entered the imperial service, with great loyalty and sincere devotion; and was honoured with various favours and royal benefactions; and his daughter, who was

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Akbar taking note of the disapproval of Mariam-uz-Zamani and his other Hindu wives stopped eating beef as the cow was regarded as a sacred animal in their religion. His Hindu wives influenced him to refrain from eating onions and garlic. They also exerted enough influence on him to never keep a beard

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in Akbarnama, she's described as both intellectual and tactful and is termed as an auspicious lady having lights of chastity and intellect shining on her forehead. Abul Fazl calls her "the choicest apple from the garden of paradise". Another contemporary Portuguese traveler, Thomas Roe, describes her

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The youthful Rajput princess in due time became not only the first lady of the empire but also a much-cherished, much-admired and much-loved object of the Emperor's heart. A true and honourable wife, she became the mother of Prince Salim in 1569 and thereafter, her ascendency to a unique place in the

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Mariam-uz-Zamani's identity has been throughout centuries falsely inferred as Christian primarily on the pretext of her title, 'Mariam', and the absence of her background details from official Mughal chronicles giving rise to speculation about her race and religion. It was presumed by various writers

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due to political exigencies. Her marriage to Akbar led to a gradual shift in the latter's religious and social policies. She is widely regarded in modern Indian historiography as exemplifying both Akbar's tolerance of religious differences and their inclusive policies within an expanding multi-ethnic

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The Empress, Mariam Zamani then ordered the building of an even larger ship with 62 guns and placements for over 400 musket men. It was named Ganj-i-Sawai, and it was in its day the most fearsome ship on the seas, and its objective was to trade and take pilgrims to Mecca, and on the way back convert

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The most influential queen of the Mughal Emperor Akbar (1542-1605), and mother of Emperor Jahangir, was the beautiful Empress Mariam-uz-Zamani, commonly known as Jodha Bai. She stands out as an adviser who maintained that without a strong navy, the Mughal Empire would be overtaken by foreign armies.

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When the world-conquering armies had been deputed, the Shāhinshāh proceeded stage by stage. On the day that he reached Sirohī, Mādhū* Singh and a number of men were sent to fetch that nursling of fortune's garden, Shahzāda Sultān Daniel, who had been conveyed from Ajmīr to Amber, so that he might be

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Akbur, after this conquest, made a pilgrimage to Khwaja Moyin-ood-Deen Chishty at Ajmere and returned to Agra; from whence he proceeded to visit the venerable Sheikh Sulim Chishty, in the village of Seekry. As all the king's children had hitherto died, he solicited the Sheikh's prayers, who consoled

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She was one of the four senior-most figures in the Mughal court and the only woman to hold the highest military rank which was at par with the rank of the emperor itself, 12,000 cavalry units. She was known to receive a jewel from every nobleman "according to his estate" each year on the occasion of

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An order was issued that when this celestial star should be a month old, his cradle should be conveyed to the town of Amber and the care of him committed to the Rani, the wife of Rajah Bara Mal. The making over Daniel to this Rani would seem to imply that the mother of Daniel was related to her; it

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But Munshi Suján Rái who is considered a reliable authority by the Persian authors, and most likely derived the information relating to Jahángírs birth from the contemporaries of Akbar and Jahangir, plainly says in his. KAulásatu-t-Tawirtkh.t that Jahangir was born of the daughter of Raja Bhar Mall

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The most influential queen of the Mughal Emperor Akbar (1542-1605), and mother of Emperor Jahangir, was the beautiful Empress Mariam-uz- Zamani ... She stands out as an adviser who maintained that without a strong navy, the Mughal Empire would be overtaken by foreign armies. As the Mughals had come

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Muni Lal notes another intervention of her alongside Salima Sultan Begum to revoke the orders of house arrest for Salim by Akbar. After the death of Hamida Bano Begum, to cease his rebellions and put an end to his alcoholism and debauchery, Akbar ordered he should be kept in solitary confinement in

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requested the Emperor not to press the matter, and let Salim continue to live under his eye at the court. Akbar succumbed to their pleas and withdrew the firman. Muni Lal says that at the time when Akbar marched towards Salim to wage a war, Mariam-uz-Zamani was torn by conflicting loyalties between

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The Portuguese viceroy, after retreating from Captain Downton, stopped at Bassein, before he proceeded to Goa, and instructed his governor of Daman to endeavour a reconciliation with Surat; to which end the Jesuit Hieronimo Xavier worked more efficaciously at Agra, by proffers and apologies, which

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Bihari Mal gave rich dowry to his daughter and sent his son Bhagwan Das with a contingent of Rajput soldiers to escort his newly married sister to Agra as per Rajput custom. Akbar was deeply impressed by the highly dignified, sincere and princely conduct of his Rajput relations. He took Man Singh,

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Mariam-uz-Zamani died in May 1623, immensely rich and powerful, and due honour was given by burying her in a mausoleum close to that of Akbar. Her desire of being close to her husband even in death is visible in the proximity of her tomb to that of her husband, Akbar. There is no concrete evidence

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Around 1612 AD, she commissioned a great step well and a large garden in Bayana near district Brahmabad. The step well was much appreciated by her son, Jahangir, who visited it around 1619 and noted that it was a grand building and was very well built at an expense of just 20,000 rupees. The baoli

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This mosque stands as the best example of the fusion of Timurid and Safavid components. The prayer hall of Begum Shahi Mosque is a single-aisle five-bay structure with elaborate painted decoration. Its inner central dome reveals one of the first dated occurrences of a network developed from points

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at the Red Sea's entrance. The Portuguese threatened to abscond with the ship to Diu unless she paid an exorbitant fee for a cartaz or pass. It is recorded that the Portuguese demanded 1,00,000 mamudies for their cartaz and then 20,000; eventually, to forestall violence, the two sides were able to

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When Mariam-uz-Zamani heard that she had been outbid by an Englishman and had to suffer a great loss as the ship was set to sail, she was furious and complained to her son, the emperor, who made the English representative at the court, William Hawkins, suffer for a long time after that, mentioning

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Ellison Banks Findly notes a strongly-worded letter from Mariam-uz-Zamani to her son, Jahangir, written by her in the year 1616 expressing her concern for the safety of Khusrao Mirza and cites that she had anticipated that if Khusrau's charge was to be entrusted to Nur Jahan junta who she believed

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Mariam-uz-Zamani was the senior-most woman in the imperial harem and held a high rank since the reign of her Emperor husband. Muni Lal refers to her as the First Lady of the Empire. She had the right to issue official documents and edicts in her name, called Farman (sovereign mandates). Issuing of

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One of her intercessions in the inclination of his son include in May 1603, when Akbar suggested that Salim should undertake a military expedition for chastizement of Rana Amar Singh who was making encroachments on Mughal territories in Rajasthan. Salim suspicious of his father's motives expressed

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Akbar's Imperial harem was re-organized into a fortress-like institution which is quite in contrast to the image of the reigns of Babur and Humayun. Harbans Mukhia attributed this change to the growing influence of Rajput cultural ethos on Akbar ever since his marriage in 1562 to Mariam-uz-Zamani.

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She would often travel to her hometown, Amber, which was just 200 km away from her home. During the Gujarat campaign when her brother Bhopat had fallen in the battle of Sarnal, Akbar sent Mariam-uz-Zamani, who was travelling with him, to her native town Amer to pay condolences to her parents.

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She was a major driving force and prime inspiration for Akbar's promotion of secularism. In the words of historian Lal, "The personality and beauty of Mariam-uz-Zamani were indeed partly responsible for Akbar's religious neutrality." She was an active partner in Akbar's search for Divine religion.

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Harka bai arrived at Akbar's court resplendent in the sensuous and excessively feminine style of the Rajput nobility. She is illustrated to wear heavy, swinging, and gathered ghagra which would stop well above her ankle and a tightly fitting choli, tied at back with tasselled strings. Her head and

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on 13 February 1585. Man bai became the first and chief consort of Prince Salim. For this marriage Akbar personally visited the town of Amer and as a token of respect for her family carried the palanquin of her daughter-in-law on his shoulders for some distance. The gifts given by Mariam Zamani to

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in October 1562, Akbar personally took responsibility for her marriage to a Rajput clan and adopted her as her own daughter. To honour them, he visited her native town, Amer, in the year 1569 and enjoyed the largesse bestowed over him by his in-laws. During this time, Mariam-uz-Zamani was into the

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Raja Bharmal then espoused his gentle daughter, who was veiled in chastity, in honourable wedlock to Emperor Akbar, and she was subsequently enlisted in the rank of honoured consorts. Akbarnama quotes, "Raja Bharmal introduced his eldest daughter, in whose forehead shone the lights of chastity and

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The main gateway of the baoli is represented by a double-storeyed structure facing east where the smaller rectangular portal is framed into a high arch. This gateway appears to be typically representative of the post-Fatehpur Sikri Mughal architecture of the early 17th century, it also carries an

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The Portuguese realizing their loss tried for peace and later agreed to compensate the Mughal government for the loss of the Queen Mother's vessel and "to grant certain additional passes to native vessels proceeding to the Red Sea," but since the agreement was contingent upon the expulsion of the

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and did not violate any terms applied on it, still, out of greed/anger at the new Mughal friendship with the English, the Portuguese acted "contrary to their pass" and carried off "the Rahimi" with all of her richly laden cargo, worth 100,000 pounds, equivalent to today's currency, half a billion

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One day while Mariam-uz-Zamani was pregnant with Salim, the baby stopped kicking in the womb abruptly. Akbar was at that time hunting cheetahs when this matter was reported to him, thinking if he could have done anything more, as that day was Friday he vowed that from that day he would never hunt

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On 19 October 1564, after two years of her marriage, Mariam-uz-Zamani gave birth to twin sons, Mirza Hassan and Mirza Hussain. Akbar arrived in Agra on 9 October 1564 for the birth of twins. Both of them died within less than a month of their birth. Mirza Hussain died on 29 October 1564 and Mirza

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The religious ulemas of Akbar's court were utterly displeased by the influence of Mariam-uz-Zamani and his Hindu wives on him in making him follow the rituals and practices of Hindu culture. Since his marriage with the daughter of Raja Bharmal, he is said to have complimented her by ordering the

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I ordered Khurram to attend upon Hazrat Maryam-Zamani and the other ladies and to escort them to me. When they reached the neighbourhood of Lahore.. I embarked on a boat and went to a village named Dahr to meet my mother, and I had the good fortune to be received by her. After the performance of

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The Empress held a significant influence over Akbar. Her high rank in the imperial harem provided her with substantial power and privilege. Tirmizi proclaims it was her retirement as the Empress Consort of the Mughal Empire after the demise of her husband, Akbar that led to the decline of Rajput

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was raised to the same rank. Akbar referred to Raja Man Singh farzand (son). Even Raja Bihari Mal was denied that eminent rank, he did not cross the five thousand mark. However, it may be of interest that of the four hundred and sixteen Mansabdars of Akbar, only forty-seven were Rajputs, and the

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The influence of Mariam-uz-Zamani and his Hindu wives was highly resented by the Muslim conservatives of the court, even more, when Akbar had ordered everyone in the court to stand up during the evening prayers of his Hindu wives when they would light up the hom in their temples to honour their

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in public. This was due to the high regard and sanctity placed upon Mughal women, such that even their names were not to be spoken aloud. Instead, they were to be referred to, using an epithet that denoted their place of birth, country, or city where they were first viewed with affection by the

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The Empress of Hindustan was the wealthiest and most distinguished woman of her time. She was honoured by various members of the regality of prominent nations during her husband and son's reign by receiving several precious gifts. Mariam-uz-Zamani had numerous agents, middlemen, and financial

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and permitted her to perform Hindu rituals in her palace. Although the marriage was a result of a political alliance, the two however gradually developed an intimate and affectionate bond. Akbar himself is recorded to participate in the Pooja performed by the empress. She gradually became his

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The entire Mughal court, as well as the city of Surat, was in an uproar, and the tumult and outcry at the Mughal court were unprecedented. In the words of Findly, "Rahimi incident was the only act of piracy against India, which, on record, evoked a severe and intense response from the Mughal

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While meeting the empress after the birth of Salim, Akbar presented her with jewellery worth one lakh gold coins and gave a 'Rajvanshi pat' on her head expressing love. She was subsequently given the high honour of being titled 'Mariam-uz-Zamani' (Mary/Compassionate of the Age). The ranks of

1000:

was also internally connected to the Khawabgah of Akbar. Her palace was decorated with paintings of Lord Krishna and in its time is reported to be studded with gems and frescoes. This palace also includes a temple used by the empress for her prayers and a Tulsi math. Jodha Bai's Mahal was a

648:

and Khangar, son of Jagmal, as hostages but Sharif-ud-din wished to destroy him. So he approached Akbar to request his intervention. The Emperor agreed to mediate on the condition of Raja Bharmal's submission, as well as the suggestion that his daughter be given to Akbar in marriage.

737:

especially benefited from their close association with the Mughals and acquired immense wealth and power. Her family was held in high esteem by Akbar for their unmatchable courage, devotion, and loyalty all of which greatly endeared to the Emperor. Of twenty-seven Rajputs in

4995:

As the Mughals had come from Afghanistan and Turkmenistan, both landlocked countries, the concept of a navy was just not in their DNA. But then Akbar allowed his favourite and most loved wife to build ships for trade and Haj pilgrims at the Khizri Darwaza on the River Ravi.

2026:

Professor Ellison Banks Findly notes that the reason for the absence of her background in historical accounts has been on the account of bigotry and she was Hindu by birth, eldest daughter of Raja Bihari Mal and that her name has been suppressed by historians out of

3556:

Kachhwáhá, in H. 977 (A. D. 1570), which is also the uniform statement of the Mirát-i- Aftáb Numa,§ the Siyaru-l-Mutakhirin, and the Tdrtkh-1-Rashidu-d-din Khan. The historians of Ráj'pütáná likewise agree in stating Jahangir to have been born of an Amber princess.

1379:

When it became clear that the Portuguese had no intention of returning the Queen Mother's ship, Jahangir sent Muqarrab Khan, his governor, to stop all shipping activities at Surat, the major Indian fort for seagoing trade and to lay siege to the Portuguese town of

937:

were raised by two thousand horses each, and they were presented with robes of honour graded next only to those bestowed upon members of the royal family. Akbar broke his records of generosity by giving rich awards and extensive Jagirs to the elite of the court.

664:, instead of the bride's natal home. As per Abu'l Fazl, Akbar accepted the marriage proposal of the daughter of Raja Bharmal due to a divine vision he had at Ajmer Sharif. The Amber princess's marriage provided her family's powerful support throughout the reign. 1187:

is noted to have faked tears in front of her mother-in-law, Queen Mother Mariam-uz-Zamani for the possession of the charge of Prince Khusrau who was considered a powerful contender to the throne by the ambitious empress Nur Jahan however, she did not succeed.

829:

favourite wife and was buried close to him. She was a devotee of Lord Shiva and Lord Krishna. The palace commissioned for her by Akbar in the imperial harem was decorated with paintings of Lord Krishna, and, gems and frescoes. Akbar also commissioned the

1235:

from Afghanistan and Turkmenistan, both landlocked countries, the concept of a navy was just not in their DNA. But then Akbar allowed his favourite and most loved wife to build ships for trade and Haj pilgrims at the Khizri Darwaza on the River Ravi.

1101:

notes that once on the execution of a Brahmin by a conservative Muslim courtier of Akbar while Akbar had ordered the investigation to be continued, the Hindu wives taunted Emperor Akbar publicly for failing to maintain the abidance of his order.

644:. Raja Bharmal had been facing harassment at Sharif-ud-din's hands, on account of his conflict with Sujamal. Bharmal agreed to pay peshkash and had given his son and Mariam-uz-Zamani's full brother, Jagannath, and two nephews, Raj Singh, son of 2463:

him, by assuring him he would soon have a son, who would live to a good old age. Shortly after, the favourite sooltana, being then pregnant, on Wednesday the 17th of Rubbee-ool-Awul, in the year 997 was delivered of a son, who was called Sulim.

1349:, in the Mughal Court. In order to pressurize the Emperor to expel European rivals from the Mughal court, the Portuguese challenged Jahangir's authority and prestige by targeting a ship owned by his mother, the Queen Mother Mariam-uz-Zamani. 1344:

maintained relatively amicable relations during Akbar's reign, despite hostilities, and continued well until Jahangir's reign. During the reign of Jahangir, the Portuguese were threatened by the presence of other European traders, especially

1599:, and therefore it was frequented by the nobility of the Mughal court. The mosque remained frequented for prayer by the Mughal nobility and the common man alike for more than two hundred years until it was turned into a gunpowder factory by 1096:

The Empress held considerable freedom of speech in the matters of court. She was one of the few wives of Akbar who had the privilege to attend and express her views on the matters of the court. One of the episodes recorded in the book of

1323:

William Finch's hasty decision to outbid the charismatic Mariam-uz-Zamani had catastrophic consequences for the immediate future of the East India Company at Jahangir's court. The repercussions were so severe that in 1612, English

1063:

The courtesies and largesse demonstrated by Jahangir surface the proof of the amount of respect and love he held for his mother, Mariam-uz-Zamani. In the words of Edward Terry, a foreign traveller to the Mughal court,

1001:

masterpiece with its commotion of Indian and Persian architecture. This was the biggest residential palace in the city, and to this day it stands, though in ruins, as a monument of Akbar's love for the Amber princess.

5078:

all the goods sold into gold and silver as well as bring the pilgrims back. But then the English, posing as pirates, attacked with a 25-ship armada of alleged pirates. At Mecca, they claimed they were slave traders.

995:

in 1571, she resided in one of the most magnificent and beautiful palaces of Fatehpur Sikri which was built in the Zenana complex. This palace was built as per Rajasthani architecture. This palace commonly known as

1068:". She hosted several events and royal functions at her palace, like Jahangir's solar and lunar weighings, all his birthday celebrations, Jahangir's marriage to the Amer princess, daughter of Kunwar Jagat Singh, 1438:' and in its day was the most fearsome ship in the sea with the objective of trade and taking pilgrims to Mecca and on the way back converting all the goods into gold, and silver, and bringing back the pilgrims. 1687:

stating the reason for her death though it is believed to have been because of sickness. Jahangir had made several references in his autobiography towards her declining health since 1616 and calls her decrepit.

549:

in Akbarnama. Her son, Salim referred to her by her title, Hazrat Mariam-uz-Zamani in his chronicles. This led to the confusion and freedom exercised by various historians to guess and speculate her birth name.

833:

in current day Mandu district of Madhya Pradesh, dedicated to Lord Shiva, in Islamic architecture. The Palace adjoining the Nilkanth temple, became the favourite place of retreat for her son, Emperor Jahangir.

1130:

his reluctance to accept the assignment however this provoked Akbar to issue a formal firman appointing Shahzada Salim to the command of the proposed expedition. The ladies of the harem, Mariam-uz-Zamani and

1057:

On January 1619, Mallika Mariam-uz-Zamani came from Agra to meet me and I attained the happiness of waiting on her. I hope that the shadow of her protection and affection will always be over the head of this

541:

Emperor. This practice was intended to preserve the privacy and honour of these women, who were considered important members of the royal household, hence Mariam Zamani had been addressed as the daughter of

6055:

The first of November I was sent to buy nill or indigo at Byana. I lodged that night at Menha poore, a great saray, by which is a garden and moholl or summer house of the Queene Mothers, very curiously

6351: 1477:

Both Mariam-uz-Zamani's mosque and baoli (step-well) had an inscription attesting to her role in the construction of these historical monuments. The mosque was constructed during the early period of

1147:

the New Year's festival, an honour bestowed upon no other Mughal Empress. Jahangir accompanied by his courtiers would on the eve of the new year present her with jewels and presents at her palace.

796:

fourth month of her pregnancy and thereafter was shortly delivered with Salim. Abul Fazl notes that his stay in Amer was of a month and a half and Akbar was showered with several noticeable gifts.

1481:, in 1023 A.H./1614 A.D., as recorded in a Persian inscription fixed on the facade of the northern gate. A marble inscription on the gate of the baoli (step-well) dates it to the seventh year of 593:

and as per Muslims, she was the greatest woman to ever lived. This signifies the honour bestowed upon the empress and her distinguished rank as Akbar's wife as a title with an identical name, '

6369: 902:

cheetahs on Friday for the safety of his unborn child and as per Salim he kept his vow till throughout his life. Salim too in reverence for his father's vow never hunted cheetahs on Friday.

787:'s respect for the family of Mariam-uz-Zamani was profound. As per Badani, Akbar shared an intimate relationship with the Amer clan. After the death of the fiancé of one of the daughters of 600:

According to Edmund Smith, the story of Salim's mother being of Christian origin was started by some visitors of Fatehpur Sikri who expressed the idea that the painting in Mariam's house at

2455: 3549:(a) Jahángír's mother was the elder daughter of Rájá Bhar Mall Kachhwáhá of Amber (Jaipur). She had been married to Akbar, according to Abu-l-Fazl,ft at Sambhar in H. 969 (A. D. 1562). 3437: 1066:

Jahangir's affection for his mother Her Majesty Mariam-uz-Zamani were exceptional, and not seldom would he show many expressions of duty and display his strong affections for her

886:

heard the news that his chief consort was expecting a child again and hoped for the first of the three sons that had been promised to him after the death of the twins by Khawaja

1539:"These paintings are unrivalled in Pakistan and perhaps in India "for their delicacy and lively variety" and for their harmonious golden tone, which is due only in part to age." 1304:

that he had no choice but to curry favour with the jesuits to obtain safe conduct that would allow him and his wife to travel to Goa, from where they would embark for Europe.

656:

The marriage, thus, a political one, took place amidst proper festivity on 6 February 1562, while Akbar was on his way back to Agra from Ajmer (after offering prayers at the

4559:. Translated by Thackston, W. M. Washington, D. C.: Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 292. 1218:

Mariam-uz-Zamani was greatly interested in trade and commerce and was the earliest recorded woman who consistently engaged in inland and overseas trade. During the reigns of

4488:. Translated by Thackston, W. M. Washington, D. C.: Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 61. 2726: 1292:, arrived and did what no Indian would dare to do. He offered a little more than she would have given, got the indigo, and made off with it. William Finch was an agent of 894:

himself travelled often from Agra to Fatehpur Sikri during her period of pregnancy to take care of the empress for whom a royal palace named Rang Mahal was constructed in

1434:

After the loss of her ship Rahimi, the Dowager Empress then ordered the build of an even larger ship with 62 guns and the placement of over 400 musket men. It was named '

1245:

She would often travel to various cities of her empire and seaports to manage her trade business. As early as about 1595, in a story recorded by the Portuguese traveller

764:, was immediately made the commander of 5000 cavalry units, the highest rank that could be held by the noble in the court. In the year 1585 Mariam-uz-Zamani's brother, 1531:. It stands out uniquely for its frescoes, which are significant for their perfect technique and variety of subjects. It featured the earliest dated Iranian motif in 564:, a colonialist history written in the early 19th century. This naming appears to have been an error, given that it implies a relationship with the royal family of 1028:

She had been faithful and devoted to her husband throughout her life having sided with Akbar than her son Salim, during the latter's rebellion against his father.

6315: 1288:(an important centre of indigo production 50 miles southwest of Agra) to be put aboard the ship for sale in Mocha. Just as the deal was being completed, however, 1474:

and was also later buried there. She also commissioned the entrance to the Lahore fort, known as Masjidi Darwaza, now corrupted into Masti Darwaja (Masti Gate).

1363:

One incident in particular that caused a rift between the Mughals and the Portuguese was the seizure and burning of Mariam-uz-Zamani's greatest pilgrimage ship,

1355:

noted that on 1 February 1609, he witnessed a great stirre touching the Mariam-uz-Zamani's ship as it prepared to carry goods to Mocha, an Arabian port south of

6333: 1039:

paid obeisance to his mother by touching her feet. He records these instances with a sense of pride. His reference to his mother was preceded by the epithet '

854:

Grief struck, Akbar took Mariam-uz-Zamani along with him after their sons' demise on his campaign, and during his return to Agra, he sought the blessings of

6395: 851:

Hassan died on 5 November 1564. She was, however, honoured with the name of 'Wali Nimat Begum' (Blessing of God) by Akbar after giving birth to her twins.

968:'daughter of Raja Bihari Mal, who was veiled in chastity, was ennobled by a marriage with His Majesty and was enlisted in the rank of honoured consorts.' 776:, rose even higher to become commander of 7000 forces, the first to hold that rank in Akbar's reign, and it was only later that Akbar's foster brother 6263: 1312:

and had come to the conclusion that the prospects of English trade in India were hopeless. He informed Hawkins that he planned to sell the indigo in

1588:

and its interior, as well as the central pishtaq's recessed arch and stellate vaulting, are richly polychromed using a technique similar to that on

1384:. The Jesuit church in Agra, which had been built under Akbar, was closed, and all allowances to Portuguese priests in Mughal India were suspended. 1264:. No other noblewoman on record seems to have been as adventurous a trader as the Queen Mariam-uz-Zamani, however, and no trader's ship (especially 4379: 5385: 1252:

Regarded as a woman who built the first large sea-faring ships of the Mughals at Lahore, she was the owner and patron of the largest ships named

1143:

advisers, "mirroring in miniature the Emperor's own finance ministry". She had her own vakils to advise her and maintain her various properties.

1043:'. Jahangir referred to her as "Hazrat Mariam-uz-Zamani", "Her Majesty" or at times "my exalted mother" out of his love for her in his memoirs. 2155: 419:

Her birth name is unknown. Later historical accounts give several suggestions for her birth name. In an 18th-century genealogy of her clan (the

3381: 2813: 2239: 1523:

reign. This mosque was named after her in her honour and is known as the Begum Shahi Mosque. It is located close to the old Masti Gate of the

6417: 3501: 3552:

Like Abu-l-Fazl, the other Muhammadan authors have, through prejudice, omitted the name of this lady in their narrative of Jahángir's birth.

1446:

Mariam-uz-Zamani was one of the great female patrons of the architecture of her time. She constructed one of the earliest built mosques in

2272:. Washington, D.C.: Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 568:, rather than that with the Rajas of Amber. Instead, it is assumed that 'Jodha Bai' or 'Jodh Bai' in fact refers to the wife of Jahangir, 6497: 5555: 6512: 6133: 6189: 1126:

Ira Mukhoty draws a parallel between Akbar's reverence for sun worship and Harka Bai's family clan emblem being Lord Surya (sun).

987:

Akbar commissioned palaces for her in Fatehpur Sikri, Mandu, Lahore, and Agra. In Agra, her palace of residence is believed to be

890:. The expectant empress was sent to the Salim Chisti humble dwelling in Fatehpur Sikri during the latter period of her pregnancy. 6422: 1284:

In late 1610 or early 1611, when Mariam-uz-Zamani's ship was being loaded for Mocha, she sent one of her agents to buy indigo in

636:

Mariam-uz-Zamani's marriage was the result of a conflict between her father and Akbar's brother-in-law, Sharif-ud-din Mirza, the

604:

represented annunciation and therefore believed that Mariam must have been a Christian, however, the liberal historian of Akbar,

1854: 6437: 5090: 1849:

from 2014 to 2016. She was replaced by Pragati Mehra in 2016 for a few episodes as she was unavailable due to personal issues.

6247: 6031: 5987: 5900: 5500: 5461: 5132: 4946: 4863: 4824: 4688: 4564: 4493: 4020: 3697: 3604: 3357: 3283: 3226: 3161: 3108: 3069: 2957: 2905: 2836: 2794: 2704: 2662: 2570: 2560: 2540: 2491: 2280: 2215: 2186: 2165: 2086: 482:. This was the title by which she was referred to in contemporary Mughal chronicles, including Jahangir's autobiography, the 361:

and multi-religious empire. She was said to possess uncommon beauty. She was widely known for both her grace and intellect.

5432: 5264: 808:

the bride and bride-groom were valued at twelve lakh rupees. Man Bai later became the mother to Akbar's favourite grandson,

6487: 6467: 1412:"The Great Mogul's mother was a great adventurer, which caused the Great Mogul to drive the Portingals out of this place." 364:

Mariam-uz-Zamani occupied an important place in Akbar's harem, she was a senior-ranking wife of Akbar who in the words of

6507: 6492: 3273: 470:'Blessings of God') by Akbar, in 1564, after two years of her marriage. She was given the high honor of being titled as ' 4554: 6482: 4483: 1660:

4. The intelligence said for the hijra date: "San I haft julus padshahi" (the seventh regnal year of the king). "

1332:, was bound for Mocha, & the merchants would not lade their goods aboard until wee were gone from the country." 6230: 3766: 2256: 1971: 1945: 1870: 1376:

celebrated the capture of the Rahimi as "worthy prey that was brought and for giving the Mughals a cause of sorrow."

1213: 1175:, and as noted by a Christian missionary present in the Mughal court, she secured a pardon for the prince along with 1953: 1427:

Mariam-uz-Zamani carried on with her commercial and pilgrimage ships despite losing her 'greatest pilgrimage ship',

6296: 3647:

veiled in chastity, was ennobled by a marriage with His Majesty, and was enlisted in the rank of honoured consorts.

2349:

References In The Press To The Visit Of Their Royal Highnesses, The Prince And Princess Of Wales To India, 1905-06

1694:, commissioned by her son, Jahangir, who is believed to have grieved her loss immensely, is only a kilometre from 6273: 4936: 1845: 1577: 1949: 3639: 536:

During the rule of Emperor Akbar, he issued a decree that prohibited the mention of the names of women of his

2763: 1352: 1293: 813: 800: 1657:

3. There was built a bagh (garden) and a beautiful baoli (step-well), which made paradise blush with shame.

1204:

had a face-off for the royal throne eventually leading to the murder of Prince Dara Shikoh by his brother.

746:, thirteen were of the Amber clan, and some of them rose to positions as high as that of imperial princes. 6148: 6006:

Jahangir and the Angels: Recently Discovered Wall Paintings Under European Influence in the Fort of Lahore

5012: 3569: 5433:

Great Britain. Public Record Office; Great Britain. Colonial Office; Great Britain. India Office (1860).

5265:

Great Britain. Public Record Office; Great Britain. Colonial Office; Great Britain. India Office (1860).

3663: 2981: 1991: 1580:, with their richly polychromed net vaulting and stellate forms, are a more refined version of those at 6477: 5667:. Kerala State Library. Longman & Co., and Trubner & Co., London. pp. lxxvi–lxxx, 77, 121. 5417: 5303: 5105: 3395: 1098: 970: 3835:

Professor, Badani (1990). "Akbar's intimate relationship with Rajput clan". Aligarh Muslim University.

6452: 5812:"Lahore Fort- A Mughal Monument on the Verge of Decline; Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan" 2696: 2689: 1805:

Puja Acharya donned the role of Mariam-uz-Zamani as 'Jodha Bai' in the Doordarshan television series

1690:

Her tomb, built between 1623 and 1627, is on Tantpur Road in Jyoti Nagar, next to the tomb of Akbar.

958: 739: 657: 605: 365: 5934: 5836: 5242:. University of California Libraries. Cambridge : Printed for the Hakluyt society. pp. 186–187. 5225:. University of California Libraries. Cambridge : Printed for the Hakluyt society. pp. 157–158. 4897: 3853: 5917: 4978: 3729: 1934: 1679: 1595:

At the time of its construction, this was the only important mosque located in the vicinity of the

1401: 1305: 1289: 866:

who assured him that he would be soon delivered of three sons who would live up to a ripe old age.

733:

Mariam-uz-Zamani's family became some of the highest-ranking nobles in Akbar's court. The Rajas of

617: 134: 1568:

first five-bay prayer chamber that would later be typical of all later Mughal mosques such as the

6472: 6239: 3783: 2515: 2050: 1938: 1833: 1716:(19 October 1564, Agra, Mughal Empire — 5 November 1564, Agra, Mughal Empire) (twin with Hussain) 1695: 1017: 830: 1722:(19 October 1564, Agra, Mughal Empire — 29 October 1564, Agra, Mughal Empire) (twin with Hassan) 6502: 6211: 1458:. She sponsored a remarkable public work, a baoli (step-well) along with a garden near the old 6352:"Akbar Ka Bal Birbal's Aditi Sajwan aka Rani Saheba's new best friend on the sets of the show" 5525:

gained the emperor's mother from motives of religion, and his wife by expectation of presents.

3529: 3216: 3103:. Corinne Attwood, Burzine K. Waghmar, Francis Robinson. London: Reaktion Books. p. 143. 2947: 2900:. Corinne Attwood, Burzine K. Waghmar, Francis Robinson. London: Reaktion Books. p. 148. 2481: 1623: 749: 6457: 6026:. Internet Archive. Cambridge; New York : Cambridge University Press. pp. 225–226. 5823: 5451: 4884: 4015:. Corinne Attwood, Burzine K. Waghmar, Francis Robinson. London: Reaktion Books. p. 35. 3840: 3454: 3059: 1905: 1524: 612:, a chronicle written in the Mughal era, explicitly states Mariam-uz-Zamani as a daughter of 5785:"Selections from the native newspapers published in the United Provinces of Agra & Oudh" 2404:"The Emperor's Humbler Clothes: Textures of Courtly Dress in Seventeenth-Century South Asia" 2074: 1053:

obeisance and prostration (rites of Korunish, Sajda, and Taslim before my exalted mother)...

608:

makes no mention of her being Christian or Akbar ever having a Christian wife. Additionally

585:

that since she was named Mariam, she must have been a Christian woman. However Islam revers

6462: 5633:. Harvard University. London, Printed for the Hakluyt society. pp. 421, 425, 454, 480. 5340:. Robarts - University of Toronto. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 191, 192, 203. 1799: 1787: 1766: 1459: 1180: 609: 573: 4259:

Iftikhar, Rukhsana (2014). "An analytical study of political domination of Mughal women".

1497: 1109: 1106:

continuous burning of the hom in which occasionally he would join her during her prayers.

1050:, he decides to take his mother and a few ladies of his harem along with him and states, " 637: 8: 6048: 5811: 3546:

Q. 5. Was Jahángir's mother (a) the daughter or (b) the granddaughter of Bhár Mall ?

1886: 1532: 1373: 1176: 1131: 879: 5982:. Internet Archive. Cambridge; New York : Cambridge University Press. p. 131. 5895:. Internet Archive. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 116, 132. 5434: 5335: 5286: 5266: 5237: 5220: 5203: 5186: 5169: 5152: 4879:

Xavier, Jesuit (1606). "Missoes Jesuitas Na India". British Library London, MS 9854: 44.

3689: 1171:

After the death of Akbar in the year 1605, she became the prime shield of her grandson,

6185: 6112: 6081: 5792: 5766: 5628: 5592: 5379: 4449: 3942: 3746: 3506: 3482: 3375: 2986:. Vol. II. Translated by Beveridge, Henry. ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL. p. 242. 2433: 2425: 2366: 2233: 2176: 2142: 2117: 2040: 1999: 1822: 1589: 1581: 1512: 1501: 1486: 1455: 1297: 1073: 1021: 661: 488:. Apart from the title of Mariam-uz-Zamani, she also bore two more glorious titles of ' 397: 6021: 5977: 5890: 5710: 5611: 4537: 4117: 3670:

Raja Bharmal then espoused his gentle daughter to Emperor Akbar in honourable wedlock.

2930: 1276:

carried on the legacy of Mariam-uz-Zamani by engaging in overseas trade and commerce.

6243: 6027: 5983: 5896: 5584: 5496: 5457: 5400: 5291:. Robarts - University of Toronto. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 129–130. 5128: 4942: 4859: 4820: 4797: 4694: 4684: 4560: 4489: 4406: 4236: 4026: 4016: 3693: 3486: 3474: 3363: 3353: 3279: 3222: 3167: 3157: 3114: 3104: 3065: 2953: 2911: 2901: 2832: 2790: 2700: 2658: 2566: 2536: 2487: 2437: 2347: 2276: 2273: 2267: 2252: 2221: 2211: 2192: 2182: 2161: 2082: 2075: 1585: 1569: 1341: 1156: 1008:

Khawabgah of Mariam-uz-Zamani within her palace in Fatehpur Sikri, commonly known as

914: 594: 277: 175: 3978:

The history of the Aryan rule in India from the earliest times to the death of Akbar

3976: 2873: 1611: 5662: 3466: 2605:

Inscribing South Asian Muslim Women: An Annotated Bibliography & Research Guide

2547:

The mother of Jahangir was a pious Hindu princess, the most favorite queen of Akbar

2415: 2109: 1794: 1691: 1047: 1009: 680: 484: 102: 6432: 6169: 5517: 5064: 3993: 2420: 2403: 1675: 1246: 6004: 5796: 5784: 5664:

Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, East Indies, China and Japan 1617-1621

5490: 4853: 3055: 2784: 2045: 1573: 1467: 1069: 997: 988: 777: 516: 478:'Mary/Compassionate of the Age') by Akbar on the occasion of birth of their son, 334: 244: 43: 5873: 5856: 5734: 5686: 5645: 5538: 5208:. Robarts - University of Toronto. London: Oxford University Press. p. 124. 5157:. Robarts - University of Toronto. London: Oxford University Press. p. 123. 5122: 4244:

might also strengthen the tradition that 3Rani's daughter was Jahangir's mother.

2875:

The history of Aryan rule in India from the earliest times to the death of Akbar

2853: 6153: 5191:. Robarts - University of Toronto. London: Oxford University Press. p. 92. 5174:. Robarts - University of Toronto. London: Oxford University Press. p. 83. 3683: 3470: 1986: 1900: 1828: 1729: 1346: 1273: 1085: 992: 895: 859: 601: 393: 248: 3981:. The Library of Congress. New York, Frederick A. Stokes company. p. 469. 3367: 2878:. The Library of Congress. New York, Frederick A. Stokes company. p. 463. 2386:

India's Islamic Traditions, Islam in Kashmir (Fourteenth to Sixteenth Century)

2225: 6446: 6400: 6171:

A Handbook to Agra and the Taj Sikandra, Fatehpur-Sikri and the Neighbourhood

5588: 5374:. Wellcome Library. Lisboa: Typ. da Academia real das sciencias. p. 192. 5357:. Wellcome Library. Lisboa: Typ. da Academia real das sciencias. p. 192. 4801: 4698: 3995:

A Handbook to Agra and the Taj Sikandra, Fatehpur-Sikri and the Neighbourhood

3478: 1861: 1840: 1812: 1778: 1740: 1516: 1381: 1325: 1193: 1172: 942: 809: 769: 586: 565: 405: 346: 309: 198: 56: 47: 5369: 5352: 4030: 3171: 3118: 2915: 957:

She has high praises reserved in the biography of her husband. As stated by

945:, as initially his care and protection were entrusted to her maternal clan. 3347: 2728:

The Courtesan The Mahatma And The Italian Brahmin Tales From Indian History

2205: 2196: 2098:"The Capture of Maryam-uz-Zamānī's Ship: Mughal Women and European Traders" 2060: 1877: 1817: 1600: 1435: 1260: 1160: 1152: 930: 887: 863: 855: 788: 765: 734: 613: 569: 546: 542: 537: 411: 389: 357: 266: 52: 6316:"After being replaced, Delnaaz is back on 'Akbar Birbal' – Times of India" 5439:. Robarts - University of Toronto. London: Longmans, H.M.S.O. p. 316. 5271:. Robarts - University of Toronto. London: Longmans, H.M.S.O. p. 258. 4678: 1709:

and Mariam-uz-Zamani Begum are confirmed to have at least three children:

1226:, she built ships that carried pilgrims to and from the Islamic holy city 991:, constructed by Akbar for his Hindu wives. When Akbar moved his court to 921:

On 31 August 1569, the empress gave birth to a boy who received the name,

824:

Akbar, at the insistence of Raja Bharmal, did not convert the princess to

620:

was that of a Christian lady, but he did not find any trace of the cross.

4010: 3151: 3098: 2895: 2657:(Revised ed.). New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications. pp. 111–112. 2055: 1881: 1773: 1596: 1528: 1428: 1364: 1360:

compromise on a much smaller payment of 1,000 rialls and some odd money.

1329: 1265: 1254: 1201: 1077: 934: 773: 65: 6116: 6100: 6085: 6069: 5770: 5754: 5596: 5572: 5522:. University of California Libraries. London: F. Wingrave. p. 360. 4453: 4437: 2429: 2146: 2130: 1893:

Anuradha Tarafdar played the role of Jodha Bai in Manohar Arshi's film,

1743:(11 September 1572, Ajmer, Mughal Empire — 19 March 1605, Mughal Empire) 5492:

Daughters of the Sun: Empresses, Queens and Begums of the Mughal Empire

3349:

Daughters of the Sun: empresses, queens and begums of the Mughal Empire

2207:

Daughters of the Sun: empresses, queens and begums of the Mughal Empire

1761: 753: 373: 122: 6174:. Kerala State Library. Longmans, Green & Co, London. p. 102. 3998:. Kerala State Library. Longmans, Green & Co, London. p. 107. 3946: 3936: 2121: 2097: 1489:

at Lahore. Thus Jahangir's reign bears the stamp of female patronage.

1466:. However, only the baoli remains. She laid a large garden around the 628: 1865: 1504:, one of the earliest and most exquisite mosques of Mughal Empire in 1397: 1269: 1197: 1184: 1122:

traditions and culture and made sure that he was no exception to it.

1081: 1004: 743: 558: 6427: 6334:"Gurdeep Kohli Punjj dons 10kg costume for TV show – Times of India" 5951: 2630: 1923: 1372:

rupees, and the approximately 700 passengers still on board to Goa.

905: 4592: 2388:. New Delhi : The Medieval History Journal, New Delhi. p. 126. 2113: 1725: 1644: 1616: 1520: 1482: 1478: 1451: 1417:

William Foster, Letters Received By The East India Company (Vol II)

1223: 1183:, and Emperor Jahangir's other sisters upon Jahangir's succession. 1036: 922: 910: 875: 804: 506: 479: 420: 401: 369: 342: 325: 287: 238: 193: 61: 17: 5368:

Bocarro, António n 99254262; Felner, Rodrigo José de Lima (1876).

3574:. Superintendent Government Printing, Calcutta, India. p. 94. 791:

and younger sister of Mariam-uz-Zamani, Sukanya, in the Battle of

768:, became commander of 5000 cavalry units and bore the proud title 6396:"Sandhya Mridul Unveils Her Character In 'Taj: Divided By Blood'" 2814:"Ruby Lal and Ira Mukhoty on the powerful women of Mughal Empire" 1852:

Tasha Kapoor portrayed the role of Heer Kunwari aka Jodha Bai in

1317: 839: 792: 761: 645: 553:

The name by which she is most popularly known in modern times is

385: 353: 262: 230: 4126: 589:

as their own. Maryam is the only woman named in their holy book

352:

Born a Rajput princess, she was married to Akbar by her father,

4604: 1565: 1505: 1463: 1447: 1393: 1368: 1313: 1309: 1285: 1040: 4628: 4502: 3132:

Manuel, Paul Christopher; Lyon, Alynna; Wilcox, Clyde (2013).

1308:, on the other hand, struggled to sell the acquired indigo in 878:, Akbar and Mariam-uz-Zamani went barefoot on a pilgrimage to 5127:. Internet Archive. New York, Harper & Row. p. 165. 3899: 3235: 2586: 2584: 2582: 1706: 1471: 1389: 1367:, in September 1613. Although she was carrying the necessary 1356: 1227: 1219: 891: 883: 825: 784: 641: 590: 557:. The name 'Jodha Bai' was first used to Mariam-uz-Zamani in 338: 148: 5091:"Harking back: The Empress and her two doomed pilgrim ships" 2266:

Jahangir, Emperor; Thackston, Wheeler McIntosh (1999).

2077:

Emperors of the Peacock Throne the saga of the great Mughals

1831:

played the role of Jodha Bai in the historical drama series

1163:

led to the decline of Rajput influence in the Mughal court.

6268: 4061:

The 9th edition of the concise oxford Dictionary of English

2631:"Harking back: Mystery of the Rajput empress Mariam Zamani" 2345: 1785:

Zohra Mirza played the role of Jodha Bai in 1958 Urdu film

1736:

She was also the foster mother of two of her stepchildren:

653:

intellect, among the attendants on the glorious pavilion."

632:

Portrait of Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar with Mariam-uz-Zamani

519:') throughout her reign. She would officially use the name 337:

as well as the favourite wife of the third Mughal emperor,

118: 6438:

Harking back: The Empress and her two doomed pilgrim ships

4380:"Transcending the Stereotypical Portrayal of Mughal Women" 2579: 1732:, Mughal Empire — 28 October 1627, Rajouri, Mughal Empire) 1031: 384:

Mariam-uz-Zamani was born in 1542 as the daughter of Raja

78: 6428:

Harking back: Mystery of the Rajput empress Mariam Zamani

5712:

Lahore Its History, Architectural Remains And Antiquities

5031: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5021: 4977:

Safdar, Aiysha; Khan, Muhammad Azam (January–June 2021).

4760: 4758: 4756: 4012:

The empire of the great Mughals: history, art and culture

3100:

The empire of the great Mughals: history, art and culture

2897:

The empire of the great Mughals: history, art and culture

1639:

Inscription on Mariam-uz-Zamani Baoli (step-well):

4779:

Edicts from the Mughal Harem, Farman of Marium uz Zamani

4290: 4288: 4159: 1647:, the world became a garden because of his benevolence. 819: 5351:

Bocarro, António; Felner, Rodrigo José de Lima (1876).

4556:

The Jahangirnama: memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India

4485:

The Jahangirnama: memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India

3493: 3423:

Royal Patronage, Power and Aesthetics in Princely India

2269:

The Jahangirnama: memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India

504:'Empress of Hindustan'). She was commonly referred as ' 5470: 5312: 5246: 5041: 5018: 4916: 4904: 4833: 4753: 4616: 3078: 2305:

The Tūzuk-i-Jahāngīrī or Memoirs of Jahāngīr, Volume 2

1151:

such orders was confined to the highest ladies of the

4741: 4535: 4300: 4285: 4203: 4201: 2831:. Vol. 4. Oxford University Press. p. 656. 2611: 6228: 5436:

Colonial Records. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial

5268:

Colonial Records. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial

5065:"History of Indian Ocean-A south Indian perspective" 4979:"History of Indian Ocean-A South Indian perspective" 4076:

Studies of Islamic culture in the Indian Environment

3911: 3887: 3875: 3792: 3571:

Annual Report Archaeological Survey Of India 1910-II

2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 1843:

portrayed Jodha Bai in the historical comedy series

1485:

reign (1612); it was thus built at the same time as

973:

describes her as a woman with a gentle disposition.

4964:

The Emperor's writings: Memories of Akbar the Great

4705: 4386: 4345: 3589:. Vol. I. Delhi: Indological Book. p. 31. 799:Mariam-uz-Zamani also arranged the marriage of the 427:'. Other names provided by various sources include 392:by his wife Rani Champavati, daughter of Rao Ganga 5573:"Gender and Travel Writing in India, c. 1650-1700" 5120: 4467:Rogers, Alexander; Beveridge, Henry, eds. (1625). 4213: 4198: 3816: 3804: 3064:(Reprinted ed.). Orient Longman. p. 43. 2688: 2303:Rogers, Alexander; Beveridge, Henry, eds. (1909). 1422: 1268:) seems to have got into as much trouble as hers. 671:Views of eminent historians about their marriage: 5660: 2949:The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India 2829:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History 2691:The Oxford Encyclopedia of women in world history 2311: 2265: 1797:played the role of Jodha bai in the Telugu movie 1776:portrayed Jodha Bai in the 1960 Indian epic film 1544:Mortimer Wheeler, Five thousand years of Pakistan 1441: 579: 6444: 6423:Unknown fact about Queen Mother Mariam uz Zamani 5915: 5647:Letters received by the East India Company vol.6 5121:Gascoigne, Bamber; Gascoigne, Christina (1971). 4552: 4481: 3131: 2928: 2562:Invasion of the Genes: Genetic Heritage of India 349:with a tenure of forty-three years (1562–1605). 4796:. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. pp. 127–128. 4683:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. pp. 132–133. 4634: 4610: 4598: 4539:European Travellers Under The Mughals 1580 1627 4508: 4466: 4132: 3905: 3241: 3218:Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India 2483:Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India 2453: 2302: 1665:Rajeev Bargoti, Maryam Zamani's Baoli at Bayana 1335: 913:, seated next to Mariam Zamani on the chair is 685:Advanced study in the history of medieval India 6229:Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (1998) . 5415: 5402:Tuzuk-i-jahangiri Or Memoirs Of Jahangir Vol.1 5301: 5103: 3425:. Pickering & Chatto Limited. p. 119. 3275:Architecture of Mughal India, Part 1, Volume 4 3261:. V.P. House Private ltd., Delhi. p. 133. 3043:Akbar and his Hindu officers: a critical study 1584:. The spectacularly painted prayer chamber of 1515:is the earliest dated exquisite mosque of the 941:She was purported to be the foster mother of 909:Painting describing the scene of the birth of 379: 329: 5952:"Maryam Zamani Mosque undergoing restoration" 5367: 5350: 3602: 3528:Shyamal Das, Mahamopadhyaya Kaviraja (1888). 3442:. Prabasi Press Private Limited. p. 117. 3221:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 374. 2655:Medieval India: from Sultanate to the Mughals 2513: 2486:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 222. 2307:. Royal Asiatic Society, London. p. 261. 1020:or as recorded by Jahangir in his biography, 597:' was bestowed over Akbar's mother by Akbar. 6294: 5063:Safdar, Aiysha; Khan, Muhammad Azam (2021). 4955: 3717:. Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd. pp. 58–59. 3502:"Trade, not invasion brought Islam to India" 3187:The History and Culture of the Indian People 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2695:. Oxford : Oxford University Press. p. 2296: 531: 462:She was bestowed an honorific Muslim name, ' 333:, was the chief consort and principal Hindu 5422:. Vol. II. pp. 96, 107, 149, 150. 5384:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4938:Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions 4855:Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions 4115: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3609:. Universal Publications. pp. 204–205. 3527: 2786:Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions 2401: 1952:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1606: 1454:, as per Mughal architecture, known as the 526: 512: 501: 493: 475: 467: 299: 6167: 6105:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 6074:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 5759:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 5570: 5557:Letters Received By The East India Company 5540:Letters received by the East India Company 5419:Letters Received By The East India Company 5107:Letters Received By The East India Company 5062: 4976: 4442:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 4189: 3941:. American Oriental Society. p. 233. 3785:Studies In Islamic Culture In The Indian E 3536:. Journal of The Asiatic Society of Bengal 3499: 3435: 3380:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3184: 2565:. Strategic Book Publishing. p. 130. 2558: 2449: 2447: 2238:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2135:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 1998:She is the pivot character in the book of 1764:portrayed Rani Jodha Bai in the 1953 film 1555:Ahmad Nabi Khan, Pakistan archaeology no.7 948: 77: 5626: 5543:. Vol. III. pp. xxxvii–xxxviii. 5305:Letters Received By The East India Compan 5239:The journal of John Jourdain, (1608-1617) 5222:The journal of John Jourdain, (1608-1617) 4934: 4851: 4785: 4404: 4234: 4192:Rajasthan State Archives-Imperial records 4144: 4067: 3991: 3834: 3136:. Plymouth : Lexington Books. p. 68. 3134:Religion and Politics in a Global Society 2966: 2945: 2782: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2530: 2419: 2377: 2365: 2108:(2). American Oriental Society: 227–238. 2096:Findly, Ellison Banks (April–June 1988). 1972:Learn how and when to remove this message 1627:Majestic gateway of Maryam Zamani's baoli 1316:, a Syrian city, and then travel back to 1113:A 19th-century sketch of Mariam-uz-Zamani 812:, and received the prestigious title of ' 760:After her marriage to Akbar, her father, 6149:"Mughal Women: History's Hidden traders" 6128: 6126: 6101:"Maryam Zamani's Baoli at Bayana a Note" 5809: 5609: 5519:Historical fragments of the Mogul empire 5235: 5218: 4781:. Idarah-I-Adabiyat-I-Delli. p. 69. 4661: 4646: 4368:. Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd. p. 63. 4323:. Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd. p. 59. 4258: 4058: 4008: 3975:Havell, E. B. (Ernest Binfield) (1918). 3923: 3871:. Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd. p. 87. 3771:. ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL. p. 36. 3661: 3305: 3096: 3048: 3001: 2893: 2872:Havell, E. B. (Ernest Binfield) (1918). 2757: 2755: 2753: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2454:Hindu Shah, Muhammad Qasim (1595–1612). 2102:Journal of the American Oriental Society 1674: 1622: 1610: 1496: 1108: 1003: 904: 869: 748: 627: 521:Wali Nimat Mariam-uz-Zamani Begum Sahiba 415:Mariam-uz-Zamani's artistic illustration 410: 221:Wali Nimat Mariam-uz-Zamani Begum Sahiba 6098: 6067: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5752: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5488: 5456:. Oxford University Press. p. 79. 5449: 5329: 5327: 5146: 5144: 5058: 5056: 4961: 4808: 4791: 4776: 4770: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4435: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4332: 4330: 4276: 4063:. Vol. 7. Oxford University Press. 3760: 3758: 3452: 3345: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3030:Early Modern England and Islamic Worlds 3010: 2652: 2607:. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 44. 2475: 2473: 2471: 2444: 2397: 2395: 2361: 2359: 2203: 2128: 2022: 2020: 1985:Jodha Bai is also a major character in 1755: 1091: 1046:In 1607 when Jahangir decides to visit 1032:Jahangir's relationship with his mother 423:) for example, she is referred to as ' 164: 23:Empress Consort of Mughal Emperor Akbar 6445: 6046: 5916:Mortimer Wheeler, Robert Eric (1950). 5748: 5746: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5643: 5553: 5536: 5476: 5398: 5333: 5318: 5284: 5280: 5278: 5252: 5201: 5184: 5167: 5150: 5047: 5035: 5011:. George Routledge and sons. pp. 4922: 4910: 4878: 4839: 4814: 4764: 4747: 4676: 4622: 4586: 4306: 4294: 4230: 4228: 4088: 3974: 3744: 3675: 3657: 3655: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3252: 3250: 3084: 3054: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2932:A Short History Of The Akbar The Great 2871: 2867: 2865: 2820: 2808: 2806: 2724: 2671: 2617: 2590: 2520:. Universal Publications. p. 184. 2509: 2507: 2383: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2153: 2095: 1855:Bharat Ka Veer Putra - Maharana Pratap 396:. Her paternal grandparents were Raja 324:– 19 May 1623), commonly known by the 83:Artistic depiction of Mariam-uz-Zamani 6146: 6123: 6019: 5975: 5949: 5888: 5708: 5627:Roe, Thomas; Foster, William (1899). 5006: 4520: 4272: 4270: 4254: 4252: 4100: 4073: 3917: 3893: 3881: 3798: 3781: 3681: 3637: 3633: 3631: 3598: 3596: 3587:Mughal Architecture of Fatehpur Sikri 3584: 3567: 3420: 3271: 3199: 3149: 3145: 3143: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2826: 2750: 2741: 2713: 2686: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2602: 2535:. Gyan Publishing House. p. 77. 2524: 2160:. New York: Oxford University Press. 2072: 1815:portrayed Jodha Bai in the 2008 film 1750: 1492: 1279: 1207: 982:Ira Mukhoty, The Perspective Magazine 820:Religion, style and birth of children 728: 6295:Unnikrishnan, Chaya (26 June 2013). 6002: 5932: 5871: 5854: 5843: 5803: 5732: 5684: 5671: 5515: 5324: 5141: 5053: 5000: 4819:. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 67. 4817:Women in Mughal India, 1526–1748 A.D 4573: 4424: 4327: 4174: 4043: 3764: 3755: 3125: 2979: 2851: 2761: 2468: 2392: 2356: 2346:Foreign Department Of India (1905). 2251:. Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd. 2141:. Indian History Congress: 464–469. 2017: 1950:adding citations to reliable sources 1917: 1527:, opposite the eastern walls of the 709:Dr. Beni Prasad, History of Jahangir 623: 6313: 6147:Barot, Chintal (17 December 2021). 6020:Asher, Catherine Blanchard (1992). 5976:Asher, Catherine Blanchard (1992). 5889:Asher, Catherine Blanchard (1992). 5810:Iftikhar, Rukhsana (January 2019). 5743: 5719: 5695: 5650:. pp. xxx, 173, 175, 228, 274. 5275: 4970: 4735: 4723: 4711: 4553:Emperor of India, Jahangir (1999). 4482:Emperor of India, Jahangir (1999). 4398: 4392: 4363: 4351: 4336: 4318: 4225: 4219: 4207: 3866: 3822: 3810: 3727: 3712: 3688:. Oxford, Clarendon Press. p. 3652: 3314: 3272:Asher, Catherine Blanshard (1992). 3256: 3247: 3016: 2990: 2862: 2803: 2504: 2330: 2324: 2246: 1719: 1713: 1300:who was well received by Jahangir. 1166: 660:) at the imperial military camp in 562:Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan 341:. She was also the longest-serving 188: 183: 13: 6498:17th-century Indian businesspeople 6192:from the original on 17 March 2014 4267: 4249: 3934: 3628: 3619: 3603:Ashirbadi Lal, Srivastava (1964). 3593: 3299: 3185:Srivastava, Ashirbadi Lal (1947). 3140: 2882: 2641: 2514:Ashirbadi Lal, Srivastava (1964). 1654:, the divine light became bright. 14: 6524: 6513:17th-century Mughal Empire people 6411: 6070:"Maryam Zamani's Baoli at Bayana" 5755:"Maryam Zamani's Baoli at Bayana" 5337:Early travels in India, 1583-1619 5288:Early travels in India, 1583-1619 5205:Early travels in India, 1583-1619 5188:Early travels in India, 1583-1619 5171:Early travels in India, 1583-1619 5154:Early travels in India, 1583-1619 4438:"Maryam Zamani's Baoli at Bayana" 4341:. V.P. House Private ltd., Delhi. 4238:The Akbarnama Of Abul Fazl Vol. 2 4160:Ahmad Khwajah Nizamuddin (1936). 4147:The Akbarnama Of Abul Fazl Vol. 2 3959: 3622:A History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938 3214: 3204:. Agam Kala Prakashan. p. 6. 2479: 2131:"Maryam Zamani's Baoli at Bayana" 1871:Dastaan-E-Mohabbat Salim Anarkali 1470:of her deceased Emperor husband, 1214:Capture of the Grand Mughal Fleet 858:, a reputed Khawaja who lived at 845: 756:, native home of Mariam-uz-Zamani 722:The Great Mughals and their India 6388: 6362: 6344: 6326: 6307: 6288: 6256: 6222: 6204: 6178: 6161: 6140: 6092: 6080:. Indian History Congress: 465. 6061: 6040: 6013: 5996: 5969: 5950:Ahmed, Shoaib (6 October 2021). 5943: 5926: 5909: 5882: 5865: 5777: 5765:. Indian History Congress: 464. 5654: 5637: 5620: 5603: 5564: 5547: 5530: 5509: 5482: 5443: 5426: 5409: 5392: 5361: 5344: 5295: 5258: 5229: 5212: 5195: 5178: 5161: 5114: 5097: 5083: 4928: 4872: 4845: 4729: 4717: 4670: 4666:. Vol. 2. pp. 312–313. 4655: 4640: 4546: 4529: 4514: 4475: 4460: 4448:. Indian History Congress: 466. 4407:"Nilkanth Mahal / Palace, Mandu" 4372: 4357: 4177:Muntakhab - Ut - Tawarikh Vol. 2 3782:Ahmad, Aziz (31 December 2014). 3028:L. McJannet, Bernadette Andrea, 2742:Price, Mahor David, ed. (1829). 2731:. Westland Publications Limited. 1922: 1561:arranged in concentric circles. 1396:ship, carrying Hajj pilgrims in 6134:"Jodha, More than Akbar's wife" 5919:Five thousand years of Pakistan 5791:. 12 August 1905. p. 262. 4312: 4183: 4168: 4153: 4138: 4109: 4094: 4082: 4052: 4037: 4002: 3985: 3968: 3953: 3860: 3828: 3775: 3738: 3721: 3706: 3613: 3578: 3561: 3521: 3453:Chandra, Satish (1 July 2008). 3446: 3429: 3414: 3388: 3265: 3208: 3193: 3178: 3090: 3035: 3022: 2939: 2922: 2845: 2776: 2735: 2687:chief, Bonnie G. Smith (2008). 2623: 2596: 2552: 2157:Nur Jan:Empress of Mughal India 2066: 1846:Har Mushkil Ka Hal Akbar Birbal 1650:2. By the order of his mother, 1423:Post Rahimi Business Activities 400:and Apurva Devi, a daughter of 160: 6433:Jodha, Queen of sheer opulence 6297:"Show review: So far, so good" 6272:. 14 July 2005. Archived from 6232:Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema 5661:W. Noel Sainsbury, Ed (1870). 5371:Decada 13 da historia da India 5354:Decada 13 da historia da India 4662:Badayuni, Abdul Qadir (1590). 4647:Badayuni, Abdul Qadir (1590). 4536:Mohammad Azhar Ansari (1975). 3962:Emperors of the Peacock throne 3682:Smith, Vincent Arthur (1917). 3662:Badayuni, Abdul Qadir (1884). 3436:Chatterjee, Ramananda (1962). 3306:Badayuni, Abdul Qadir (1590). 3278:. Cambridge University Press. 3002:Badayuni, Abdul Qadir (1590). 2827:Smith, Bonnie G., ed. (2008). 1442:Patron of art and architecture 917:, grandmother of Prince Salim. 874:Few years before the birth of 580:Misidentification as Christian 163: 1562; died 1: 6418:Jodha, More than Akbar's wife 6212:"The emperor's healing touch" 5709:Latif, Syad Muhammad (1892). 5616:. Vol. III. p. 216. 3644:. Vol. II. p. 258. 3439:The Modern Review, Volume 112 2421:10.3998/ars.13441566.0047.005 2290: 2004:The Teenage Diary of Jodh Bai 1913: 1880:portrayed the empress in the 1746:Firoze Khanum (born in 1575). 318: 94: 6023:Architecture of Mughal India 5979:Architecture of Mughal India 5892:Architecture of Mughal India 5610:Gardiner, Samuel R. (1883). 5560:. Vol. II. p. 213. 5450:Gilbert, Marc Jason (2017). 5308:. Vol. II. p. 229. 5110:. Vol. II. p. 213. 4794:Edicts from the Mughal Harem 4651:. Vol. II. p. 269. 4190:Chatterjee, Nandani (1576). 4009:Schimmel, Annemarie (2004). 3156:. New Delhi: Rupa & Co. 3097:Schimmel, Annemarie (2004). 2952:. Aakar Books. p. 300. 2894:Schimmel, Annemarie (2004). 2531:Chaudhary, S.N. Roy (2011). 2460:. Vol. 2. p. 143. 2402:Houghteling, Sylvia (2017). 2006:, as the character Jodh bai. 1837:which ran from 2013 to 2015. 1336:Conflict with the Portuguese 882:to pray for a son. In 1569, 7: 6488:16th-century businesspeople 6468:People from Jaipur district 5571:Chatterjee, Prasun (2012). 5453:South Asia in World History 4941:. Gyan Books. p. 238. 4635:Rogers & Beveridge 1909 4611:Rogers & Beveridge 1909 4599:Rogers & Beveridge 1909 4509:Rogers & Beveridge 1909 4405:ranasafvi (6 August 2018). 4162:The Tabaqat-i-akbari Vol-ii 4133:Rogers & Beveridge 1909 3906:Rogers & Beveridge 1909 3668:. Vol. 2. p. 45. 3500:Atul Sethi (24 June 2007). 3310:. Vol. 2. p. 112. 3242:Rogers & Beveridge 1909 3202:Splendour of Fatehpur Sikri 3189:. Vol. 7. p. 368. 2789:. Gyan Books. p. 128. 2768:. Vol. 3. p. 49. 2373:. Zafar Hasan. p. 374. 2154:Findly, Ellison B. (1993). 2034: 1992:The Enchantress of Florence 1860:Jodha Bai was portrayed by 1328:noted, " the Queen's ship, 1072:wedding to the daughter of 1016:Her palace in Mandu called 966:Nizamuddin Ahmad professes 380:Name, titles and background 10: 6529: 6508:Mothers of Mughal emperors 6493:16th-century businesswomen 5399:Rogers, Alexander (1909). 4858:. Gyan Books. p. 72. 4277:Tirmizi, S. A. I. (1989). 4101:Ahmed, Nizamuddin (1599). 4048:. Vol. 1. p. 49. 3638:Ahmad, Nizamuddin (1936). 3568:Vogel, Dr. J. Ph. (1910). 3471:10.1177/037698360803500214 3200:Verma, Chob Singh (1999). 2946:Mohammada, Malika (2007). 2559:Ahloowalia, B. S. (2009). 2181:. University of Michigan. 1211: 1076:and the henna ceremony of 15: 6483:17th-century Indian women 5936:Pakistan archaeology no.7 5933:Khan, Ahmad Nabi (1970). 5875:Pakistan archaeology no.7 5872:Khan, Ahmad Nabi (1970). 5736:Pakistan archaeology no.7 5733:Khan, Ahmad Nabi (1970). 5069:Journal of Indian Studies 4986:Journal of Indian Studies 3585:Smith, Edmund W. (1973). 3421:Jhala, Angma Dey (2011). 2929:Srivastava. A.l. (1957). 2855:Pakistan archaeology no.7 2852:Khan, Ahmad Nabi (1970). 2533:Restoration of Split Milk 962:as a 'great adventurer'. 842:or embroidered lehengas. 658:tomb of Moinuddin Chishti 532:The misnomer of Jodha Bai 372:, and the grandmother of 312:/Compassionate of the Age 283: 272: 258: 229: 220: 215: 211: 174: 142: 129: 108: 88: 76: 35: 30: 6099:Bargoti, Rajeev (1991). 6068:Bargoti, Rajeev (1991). 6047:Foster, William (1921). 5753:Bargoti, Rajeev (1991). 5644:Foster, William (1902). 5554:Foster, William (1897). 5537:Foster, William (1899). 5334:Foster, William (1921). 5285:Foster, William (1921). 5202:Foster, William (1921). 5185:Foster, William (1921). 5168:Foster, William (1921). 5151:Foster, William (1921). 5009:Jahangir and the Jesuits 4935:Mukherjee, Soma (2001). 4852:Mukherjee, Soma (2001). 4792:Tirmizi, S.A.I. (1979). 4777:Tirmizi, S.A.I. (1979). 4677:Mukhia, Harbans (2004). 4436:Bargoti, Rajeev (1991). 4119:History Of Jahangir 1930 4059:Thompson, Della (1995). 3530:"The Mother of Jahángir" 3459:Indian Historical Review 2783:Mukherjee, Soma (2001). 2725:Pillai, Manu S. (2019). 2653:Chandra, Satish (2005). 2384:Mukhia, Harbans (2004). 2129:Bargoti, Rajeev (1991). 2010: 1701: 1680:Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani 1670: 1643:"1. During the reign of 1607:Mariam-uz-Zamani's Baoli 1400:waters patrolled by the 1196:when Shah Jahan's kids, 803:, Raja Bhagwant Das, to 772:(Chief Noble). His son, 527:Erroneous identification 496:'Exalted Empress') and ' 135:Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani 16:Not to be confused with 6240:Oxford University Press 6186:"Tomb of Mariam Zamani" 5789:Al-Aziz (7 August 1905) 5416:William Foster (1897). 5302:William Foster (1897). 5236:Jourdain, John (1905). 5219:Jourdain, John (1905). 5104:William Foster (1897). 3935:Findly, Ellison Banks. 3624:. pp. 35 & 43. 3606:Medieval Indian Culture 3455:"Jodha Bai—Who Is She?" 2517:Medieval Indian Culture 2073:Eraly, Abraham (2000). 2051:Nilkanth temple (Mandu) 1903:portrayed Jodha Bai in 1696:Tomb of Akbar the Great 1018:Nilkanth temple (Mandu) 949:As Empress of Hindustan 801:daughter of her brother 6050:Early travels in India 5831:Cite journal requires 4962:Collier, Dirk (2011). 4892:Cite journal requires 4815:Mishra, Rekha (1967). 4523:A voyage to East India 4521:Terry, Edward (1616). 4281:. Manohar. p. 31. 4235:Beveridge, H. (1907). 4145:Beveridge, H. (1907). 3848:Cite journal requires 3153:A history of Rajasthan 2603:Aftab, Tahera (2008). 1683: 1668: 1645:Shah Nuruddin Jahangir 1628: 1620: 1558: 1547: 1509: 1420: 1243: 1114: 1013: 985: 959:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak 918: 757: 726: 712: 701: 690: 633: 416: 366:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak 204:Firoze Khanum (foster) 5516:Orme, Robert (1805). 5489:Mukhoty, Ira (2018). 4664:Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh 4649:Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh 3745:Prasad, Beni (1930). 3685:Akbar the Great Mogul 3665:Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh 3346:Mukhoty, Ira (2018). 3308:Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh 3004:Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh 2204:Mukhoty, Ira (2018). 1906:Taj: Divided by Blood 1678: 1641: 1626: 1614: 1548: 1537: 1525:Walled City of Lahore 1500: 1410: 1232: 1112: 1007: 975: 908: 870:Birth of Prince Salim 752: 713: 702: 691: 673: 631: 414: 6264:"Will U B My Jodha?" 6218:. 17 September 2009. 5007:Payne, C.H. (1930). 4680:The Mughals of India 4179:. pp. 112, 124. 4175:Lowe, W. H. (1884). 4116:Beni Prasad (1930). 4074:Ahmad, Aziz (1964). 3150:Hooja, Rima (2006). 2744:Tarikh-i-Salim Shahi 2593:, pp. 229, 233. 2480:Mehta, Jaswant Lal. 2371:Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh 1946:improve this section 1800:Akbar Salim Anarkali 1756:Films and TV serials 1707:Mughal Emperor Akbar 1578:tomb Itimad-ud-Daula 1564:The mosque features 1487:Begum Shahi's mosque 1181:Shakr-un-Nissa Begum 1092:Powers and influence 971:Abdul Qadir Badayuni 862:. Akbar confided in 681:Historian J.L. Mehta 610:Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh 498:Mallika-e-Hindustan' 6404:. 26 February 2023. 6168:Havelli EB (1912). 6136:. 17 February 2018. 6003:Koch, Ebba (1983). 5858:Mughal architecture 5855:Koch, Ebba (1990). 5739:. pp. 121–122. 5715:. pp. 131–132. 5688:Mughal architecture 5685:Koch, Ebba (1990). 4164:. pp. 357–358. 4149:. pp. 502–506. 4044:Fazl, Abul (1590). 3765:Fazl, Abul (1910). 3748:History of Jahangir 3396:"Once Upon A Fable" 3061:A History of Jaipur 2980:Fazl, Abul (1907). 2762:Fazl, Abul (1590). 2367:Sujan Rai, Bhandari 1887:Akbar Ka Bal Birbal 1533:Mughal architecture 1374:Jeronimo de Azevedo 1177:Salima Sultan Begum 1132:Salima Sultan Begum 880:Ajmer Sharif Dargah 490:Mallika-e-Muezamma' 6356:The Times of India 6338:The Times of India 6320:The Times of India 6276:on 9 December 2016 5613:History Of England 4601:, p. 78, 230. 4364:Lal, Muni (1988). 4337:Lal, Muni (1977). 4319:Lal, Muni (1988). 4078:. Clarendon Press. 3992:Havell EB (1912). 3867:Lal, Muni (1988). 3728:Lal, Muni (1980). 3713:Lal, Muni (1988). 3620:Sarkar, Jadunath. 3507:The Times of India 3257:Lal, Muni (1977). 2816:. 25 January 2019. 2457:Gulshan-I-Ibrahimi 2247:Lal, Muni (1988). 2175:Lal, Muni (1980). 2041:Begum Shahi Mosque 2000:Subhadra Sen Gupta 1823:Ashutosh Gowarikar 1751:In popular culture 1684: 1629: 1621: 1590:Begum Shahi Mosque 1582:Begum Shahi Mosque 1576:. The ceilings of 1513:Begum Shahi Mosque 1510: 1502:Begum Shahi Mosque 1493:Begum Shahi Mosque 1456:Begum Shahi Mosque 1298:East India Company 1280:East India Company 1208:As an entrepreneur 1115: 1074:Sultan Murad Mirza 1022:Imarat-i-Dilkhusha 1014: 919: 758: 729:Family advancement 662:Sambhar, Rajasthan 634: 572:, the daughter of 425:Harkhan Champavati 417: 398:Prithviraj Singh I 6478:Rajput princesses 6249:978-0-19-563579-9 6033:978-0-521-26728-1 5989:978-0-521-26728-1 5902:978-0-521-26728-1 5797:saoa.crl.25922623 5502:978-93-86021-12-0 5463:978-0-19-976034-3 5134:978-0-06-011467-1 5124:The great Moghuls 4948:978-81-212-0760-7 4865:978-81-212-0760-7 4826:978-81-215-0347-1 4690:978-0-470-75830-4 4566:978-0-19-512718-8 4495:978-0-19-512718-8 4469:Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri 4135:, pp. 45–46. 4022:978-1-86189-185-3 3699:978-0-89563-471-9 3402:. 5 February 2022 3359:978-93-86021-12-0 3285:978-0-521-26728-1 3228:978-81-207-1015-3 3163:978-81-291-0890-6 3110:978-1-86189-185-3 3071:978-81-250-0333-5 2959:978-81-89833-18-3 2907:978-1-86189-185-3 2838:978-0-19-514890-9 2796:978-81-212-0760-7 2706:978-0-19-514890-9 2664:978-81-241-1066-9 2572:978-1-60860-691-7 2542:978-81-212-1046-1 2493:978-81-207-1015-3 2414:(20220203): 103. 2282:978-0-19-512718-8 2217:978-93-86021-12-0 2188:978-0-7069-1076-6 2167:978-0-19-536060-8 2088:978-0-14-100143-2 2081:. Penguin books. 1982: 1981: 1974: 1728:(30 August 1569, 1586:Wazir Khan Mosque 1570:Wazir Khan Mosque 1402:Portuguese armada 1157:Hamida Banu Begum 1070:Shahzada Parviz's 931:Raja Bhagwant Das 624:Marriage to Akbar 547:Raja Bhagwant Das 472:Mariam-uz-Zamani' 464:Wali Nimat Begum' 293: 292: 225: 224: 116:(aged 78–79) 6520: 6453:Mariam-uz-Zamani 6406: 6405: 6392: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6370:"Akbar's Bridge" 6366: 6360: 6359: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6330: 6324: 6323: 6314:Trivedi, Tanvi. 6311: 6305: 6304: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6260: 6254: 6253: 6237: 6226: 6220: 6219: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6165: 6159: 6158: 6144: 6138: 6137: 6130: 6121: 6120: 6096: 6090: 6089: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6017: 6011: 6010: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5973: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5852: 5841: 5840: 5834: 5829: 5827: 5819: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5781: 5775: 5774: 5750: 5741: 5740: 5730: 5717: 5716: 5706: 5693: 5692: 5682: 5669: 5668: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5577:Social Scientist 5568: 5562: 5561: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5486: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5383: 5375: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5331: 5322: 5316: 5310: 5309: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5282: 5273: 5272: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5148: 5139: 5138: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5093:. 11 April 2021. 5087: 5081: 5080: 5060: 5051: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5016: 5015: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4983: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4895: 4890: 4888: 4880: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4733: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4571: 4570: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4433: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4334: 4325: 4324: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4283: 4282: 4279:Mughal Documents 4274: 4265: 4264: 4256: 4247: 4246: 4232: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4196: 4195: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4103:Tabaqat-i-Akbari 4098: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3960:Eraly, Abraham. 3957: 3951: 3950: 3932: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3851: 3846: 3844: 3836: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3762: 3753: 3752: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3659: 3650: 3649: 3641:Tabaqat-i-Akbari 3635: 3626: 3625: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3600: 3591: 3590: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3543: 3541: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3379: 3371: 3343: 3312: 3311: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3254: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3147: 3138: 3137: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3052: 3046: 3039: 3033: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3007: 3006:. 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M. Agrawal, 3040: 3036: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3000: 2991: 2978: 2967: 2960: 2944: 2940: 2927: 2923: 2908: 2892: 2883: 2870: 2863: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2825: 2821: 2812: 2811: 2804: 2797: 2781: 2777: 2760: 2751: 2740: 2736: 2723: 2714: 2707: 2685: 2672: 2665: 2651: 2642: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2580: 2573: 2557: 2553: 2543: 2529: 2525: 2512: 2505: 2494: 2478: 2469: 2452: 2445: 2400: 2393: 2382: 2378: 2364: 2357: 2344: 2331: 2323: 2312: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2283: 2259: 2231: 2230: 2218: 2189: 2174: 2168: 2089: 2069: 2046:Jodha Bai Mahal 2037: 2032: 2031: 2025: 2018: 2013: 1978: 1967: 1961: 1958: 1943: 1927: 1916: 1807:Akbar The Great 1758: 1753: 1704: 1673: 1667: 1664: 1609: 1574:Badshahi Mosque 1557: 1554: 1546: 1543: 1495: 1444: 1425: 1419: 1416: 1369:Portuguese pass 1353:William Hawkins 1338: 1282: 1242: 1239: 1216: 1210: 1169: 1094: 1034: 998:Jodha Bai Mahal 989:Jahangiri Mahal 984: 981: 951: 872: 848: 831:Nilkanth temple 822: 778:Mirza Aziz Koka 731: 725: 719: 711: 708: 700: 697: 689: 679: 626: 582: 574:Raja Udai Singh 534: 529: 382: 345:empress of the 321: 314: 308: 305: 302: 254: 207: 170: 158: 154: 151: 138: 125:, Mughal Empire 117: 113: 100: 97: 93: 84: 70: 44:Empress consort 24: 21: 12: 11: 5: 6526: 6516: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6473:Wives of Akbar 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6441: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6413: 6412:External links 6410: 6408: 6407: 6387: 6361: 6343: 6325: 6306: 6287: 6255: 6248: 6221: 6203: 6188:. Agra Redco. 6177: 6160: 6154:Madras Courier 6139: 6122: 6091: 6060: 6039: 6032: 6012: 6009:. p. 176. 5995: 5988: 5968: 5942: 5939:. p. 126. 5925: 5908: 5901: 5881: 5878:. p. 126. 5864: 5842: 5833:|journal= 5802: 5776: 5742: 5718: 5694: 5670: 5653: 5636: 5619: 5602: 5563: 5546: 5529: 5508: 5501: 5481: 5479:, p. 228. 5469: 5462: 5442: 5425: 5408: 5405:. p. 255. 5391: 5360: 5343: 5323: 5321:, p. 130. 5311: 5294: 5274: 5257: 5255:, p. 129. 5245: 5228: 5211: 5194: 5177: 5160: 5140: 5133: 5113: 5096: 5082: 5075:(1): 186–188. 5052: 5050:, p. 227. 5040: 5038:, p. 233. 5017: 4999: 4969: 4966:. p. 326. 4954: 4947: 4927: 4925:, p. 122. 4915: 4913:, p. 365. 4903: 4894:|journal= 4871: 4864: 4844: 4842:, p. 112. 4832: 4825: 4807: 4784: 4769: 4767:, p. 232. 4752: 4740: 4728: 4716: 4714:, p. 299. 4704: 4689: 4669: 4654: 4639: 4627: 4625:, p. 165. 4615: 4613:, p. 145. 4603: 4591: 4572: 4565: 4545: 4528: 4513: 4501: 4494: 4474: 4471:. p. 292. 4459: 4423: 4397: 4395:, p. 179. 4385: 4371: 4356: 4354:, p. 213. 4344: 4326: 4311: 4309:, p. 150. 4299: 4297:, p. 177. 4284: 4266: 4248: 4224: 4222:, p. 160. 4212: 4210:, p. 159. 4197: 4182: 4167: 4152: 4137: 4125: 4108: 4105:. p. 144. 4093: 4081: 4066: 4051: 4036: 4021: 4001: 3984: 3967: 3964:. p. 136. 3952: 3922: 3920:, p. 136. 3910: 3898: 3896:, p. 273. 3886: 3884:, p. 225. 3874: 3859: 3850:|journal= 3827: 3825:, p. 143. 3815: 3813:, p. 134. 3803: 3801:, p. 146. 3791: 3788:. p. 103. 3774: 3754: 3737: 3720: 3705: 3698: 3674: 3651: 3627: 3612: 3592: 3577: 3560: 3520: 3492: 3465:(2): 237–239. 3445: 3428: 3413: 3387: 3358: 3313: 3298: 3284: 3264: 3246: 3234: 3227: 3207: 3192: 3177: 3162: 3139: 3124: 3109: 3089: 3077: 3070: 3047: 3034: 3021: 3009: 2989: 2965: 2958: 2938: 2921: 2906: 2881: 2861: 2858:. p. 123. 2844: 2837: 2819: 2802: 2795: 2775: 2749: 2734: 2712: 2705: 2670: 2663: 2640: 2622: 2620:, p. 229. 2610: 2595: 2578: 2571: 2551: 2541: 2523: 2503: 2492: 2467: 2443: 2408:Ars Orientalis 2391: 2376: 2355: 2352:. p. 421. 2329: 2327:, p. 133. 2310: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2287: 2281: 2263: 2257: 2244: 2216: 2201: 2187: 2172: 2166: 2151: 2126: 2114:10.2307/603650 2093: 2087: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2007: 1996: 1989:'s 2008 novel 1987:Salman Rushdie 1980: 1979: 1930: 1928: 1921: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1901:Sandhya Mridul 1898: 1895:Akbar's Bridge 1891: 1884:comedy series 1875: 1858: 1850: 1838: 1829:Paridhi Sharma 1826: 1810: 1803: 1792: 1783: 1771: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1734: 1733: 1730:Fatehpur Sikri 1723: 1717: 1703: 1700: 1672: 1669: 1662: 1608: 1605: 1552: 1541: 1494: 1491: 1462:at Brahambad, 1443: 1440: 1424: 1421: 1414: 1337: 1334: 1281: 1278: 1274:Jahanara Begum 1258:and afterward 1240:Aiysha Safdar 1237: 1212:Main article: 1209: 1206: 1168: 1165: 1093: 1090: 1086:Shahryar Mirza 1080:, daughter of 1033: 1030: 993:Fatehpur Sikri 979: 950: 947: 896:Fatehpur Sikri 871: 868: 860:Fatehpur Sikri 847: 846:Birth of twins 844: 821: 818: 730: 727: 720:Dirk Collier, 717: 706: 698:Muni Lal, 1980 695: 677: 625: 622: 602:Fatehpur Sikri 587:Mary or Mariam 581: 578: 533: 530: 528: 525: 381: 378: 291: 290: 285: 281: 280: 274: 270: 269: 260: 256: 255: 253: 252: 242: 235: 233: 227: 226: 223: 222: 218: 217: 209: 208: 206: 205: 202: 196: 191: 186: 180: 178: 172: 171: 156: 152: 147: 146: 144: 140: 139: 133: 131: 127: 126: 110: 106: 105: 90: 86: 85: 82: 74: 73: 69: 68: 59: 50: 38: 33: 32: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6525: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6503:Queen mothers 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6403: 6402: 6401:Outlook India 6397: 6391: 6375: 6371: 6365: 6357: 6353: 6347: 6339: 6335: 6329: 6321: 6317: 6310: 6302: 6298: 6291: 6275: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6259: 6251: 6245: 6241: 6238:. New Delhi: 6234: 6233: 6225: 6217: 6213: 6207: 6191: 6187: 6181: 6173: 6172: 6164: 6156: 6155: 6150: 6143: 6135: 6129: 6127: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6095: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6064: 6057: 6052: 6051: 6043: 6035: 6029: 6025: 6024: 6016: 6008: 6007: 5999: 5991: 5985: 5981: 5980: 5972: 5957: 5953: 5946: 5938: 5937: 5929: 5922:. p. 83. 5921: 5920: 5912: 5904: 5898: 5894: 5893: 5885: 5877: 5876: 5868: 5861:. p. 83. 5860: 5859: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5838: 5825: 5817: 5813: 5806: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5749: 5747: 5738: 5737: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5714: 5713: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5691:. p. 90. 5690: 5689: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5666: 5665: 5657: 5649: 5648: 5640: 5632: 5631: 5623: 5615: 5614: 5606: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5567: 5559: 5558: 5550: 5542: 5541: 5533: 5526: 5521: 5520: 5512: 5504: 5498: 5494: 5493: 5485: 5478: 5473: 5465: 5459: 5455: 5454: 5446: 5438: 5437: 5429: 5421: 5420: 5412: 5404: 5403: 5395: 5387: 5381: 5373: 5372: 5364: 5356: 5355: 5347: 5339: 5338: 5330: 5328: 5320: 5315: 5307: 5306: 5298: 5290: 5289: 5281: 5279: 5270: 5269: 5261: 5254: 5249: 5241: 5240: 5232: 5224: 5223: 5215: 5207: 5206: 5198: 5190: 5189: 5181: 5173: 5172: 5164: 5156: 5155: 5147: 5145: 5136: 5130: 5126: 5125: 5117: 5109: 5108: 5100: 5092: 5086: 5079: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5059: 5057: 5049: 5044: 5037: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5013: 5010: 5003: 4996: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4973: 4965: 4958: 4950: 4944: 4940: 4939: 4931: 4924: 4919: 4912: 4907: 4899: 4886: 4875: 4867: 4861: 4857: 4856: 4848: 4841: 4836: 4828: 4822: 4818: 4811: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4788: 4780: 4773: 4766: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4750:, p. 96. 4749: 4744: 4737: 4732: 4725: 4720: 4713: 4708: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4686: 4682: 4681: 4673: 4665: 4658: 4650: 4643: 4637:, p. 81. 4636: 4631: 4624: 4619: 4612: 4607: 4600: 4595: 4588: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4568: 4562: 4558: 4557: 4549: 4542:. p. 78. 4541: 4540: 4532: 4525:. p. 82. 4524: 4517: 4511:, p. 76. 4510: 4505: 4497: 4491: 4487: 4486: 4478: 4470: 4463: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4412: 4408: 4401: 4394: 4389: 4381: 4375: 4367: 4360: 4353: 4348: 4340: 4333: 4331: 4322: 4315: 4308: 4303: 4296: 4291: 4289: 4280: 4273: 4271: 4262: 4255: 4253: 4245: 4240: 4239: 4231: 4229: 4221: 4216: 4209: 4204: 4202: 4193: 4186: 4178: 4171: 4163: 4156: 4148: 4141: 4134: 4129: 4121: 4120: 4112: 4104: 4097: 4090: 4085: 4077: 4070: 4062: 4055: 4047: 4040: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4018: 4014: 4013: 4005: 3997: 3996: 3988: 3980: 3979: 3971: 3963: 3956: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3919: 3914: 3908:, p. 56. 3907: 3902: 3895: 3890: 3883: 3878: 3870: 3863: 3855: 3842: 3831: 3824: 3819: 3812: 3807: 3800: 3795: 3787: 3786: 3778: 3770: 3769: 3768:The Akbarnama 3761: 3759: 3750: 3749: 3741: 3733: 3732: 3724: 3716: 3709: 3701: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3686: 3678: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3658: 3656: 3648: 3643: 3642: 3634: 3632: 3623: 3616: 3608: 3607: 3599: 3597: 3588: 3581: 3573: 3572: 3564: 3557: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3509: 3508: 3503: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3449: 3441: 3440: 3432: 3424: 3417: 3401: 3400:Outlook India 3397: 3391: 3383: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3352:. New Delhi. 3351: 3350: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3309: 3302: 3287: 3281: 3277: 3276: 3268: 3260: 3253: 3251: 3244:, p. 78. 3243: 3238: 3230: 3224: 3220: 3219: 3211: 3203: 3196: 3188: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3146: 3144: 3135: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3106: 3102: 3101: 3093: 3086: 3081: 3073: 3067: 3063: 3062: 3057: 3056:Sarkar, J. N. 3051: 3044: 3038: 3032:(2011), p.106 3031: 3025: 3018: 3013: 3005: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2985: 2984: 2983:The Akbarnama 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2961: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2942: 2935:. p. 22. 2934: 2933: 2925: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2899: 2898: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2877: 2876: 2868: 2866: 2857: 2856: 2848: 2840: 2834: 2830: 2823: 2815: 2809: 2807: 2798: 2792: 2788: 2787: 2779: 2772: 2767: 2766: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2745: 2738: 2730: 2729: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2708: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2692: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2666: 2660: 2656: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2636: 2632: 2626: 2619: 2614: 2606: 2599: 2592: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2574: 2568: 2564: 2563: 2555: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2534: 2527: 2519: 2518: 2510: 2508: 2500: 2495: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2464: 2459: 2458: 2450: 2448: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2398: 2396: 2387: 2380: 2372: 2368: 2362: 2360: 2351: 2350: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2306: 2299: 2295: 2284: 2278: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2264: 2260: 2258:81-220-0076-2 2254: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2213: 2210:. New Delhi. 2209: 2208: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2184: 2180: 2179: 2173: 2169: 2163: 2159: 2158: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2090: 2084: 2079: 2078: 2071: 2070: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2023: 2021: 2016: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1983: 1976: 1973: 1965: 1962:November 2023 1955: 1951: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1936: 1931:This section 1929: 1925: 1920: 1919: 1908: 1907: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1862:Gurdeep Kohli 1859: 1857: 1856: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1841:Delnaaz Irani 1839: 1836: 1835: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1814: 1813:Aishwarya Rai 1811: 1808: 1804: 1802: 1801: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1779:Mughal-e-Azam 1775: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1745: 1742: 1741:Daniyal Mirza 1739: 1738: 1737: 1731: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1720:Hussain Mirza 1718: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1710: 1708: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1692:Mariam's Tomb 1688: 1681: 1677: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1652:Maryam Zamani 1648: 1646: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1625: 1618: 1613: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1551: 1540: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1519:built during 1518: 1517:Mughal Empire 1514: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1439: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1385: 1383: 1377: 1375: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1348: 1343: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1306:William Finch 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1290:William Finch 1287: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1256: 1250: 1248: 1247:Benedict Goes 1236: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1215: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1194:Mughal Empire 1189: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1173:Khusrau Mirza 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1133: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1100: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1061: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1029: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1011: 1006: 1002: 999: 994: 990: 978: 974: 972: 969: 963: 960: 955: 946: 944: 943:Daniyal Mirza 939: 936: 932: 926: 924: 916: 915:Mariam Makani 912: 907: 903: 899: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 867: 865: 861: 857: 852: 843: 841: 835: 832: 827: 817: 815: 811: 810:Khusrau Mirza 806: 802: 797: 794: 790: 786: 782: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 755: 751: 747: 745: 741: 736: 723: 716: 705: 694: 686: 682: 676: 672: 669: 665: 663: 659: 654: 650: 647: 643: 639: 630: 621: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 598: 596: 595:Mariam Makani 592: 588: 577: 575: 571: 567: 563: 560: 556: 551: 548: 545:or sister of 544: 539: 524: 522: 518: 510: 508: 499: 491: 487: 486: 481: 473: 465: 460: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 413: 409: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 377: 375: 371: 367: 362: 359: 355: 350: 348: 347:Mughal Empire 344: 340: 336: 332: 331: 327: 311: 297: 289: 286: 282: 279: 275: 271: 268: 264: 261: 257: 251:(by marriage) 250: 246: 243: 240: 237: 236: 234: 232: 228: 219: 214: 210: 203: 200: 199:Daniyal Mirza 197: 195: 192: 190: 189:Hussain Mirza 187: 185: 182: 181: 179: 177: 173: 150: 145: 141: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 111: 107: 104: 91: 87: 80: 75: 72: 67: 63: 60: 58: 57:Mughal Empire 54: 51: 49: 48:Mughal Empire 45: 42: 41: 40: 37: 34: 29: 26: 19: 6458:1540s births 6399: 6390: 6378:. 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