History of Chechnya

1284: 1657: 2508:. However, these were not lands foreign to Chechens and Ingush. Namely, they were the Chechen lowlands and East Prigorodny (or "West Ingushetia", depending on point of view). The Chechen river lowlands were an integral and indeed, necessary from an economic perspective, part of the historical Chechen nation's land—to the point that even while Cossack settlers had forced the native inhabitants out, the clans retained nominal ownership per the Chechen clan system, which they regained de facto after the revolution. Likewise, with East Prigorodny, it had simply had been transferred to Ossete rule (during the Caucasian War as a reward for the Ossete's treachery of their neighbors) but was still populated mainly by Ingush, though in some areas the Ossetes had indeed forced the original population out or otherwise eradicated it. The return of these two regions angered the Ossetes and the Cossacks, despite the fact that their "ownership" of the regions was disputed not only by the clan land-ownership system of the Vainakh populace, but also by the fact that they had only lived there for barely half a century, as opposed to the multiple millennia of Vainakh habitation of the two regions. Ossete presence in East Prigorodny dated back only to the 19th century, when Ossete expansion was encouraged (and aided) by the Russian state at the expense of the Ingush (see 3722:"Chechens are not actually Caucasians, but ethnically and linguistically sharply separated from other mountain peoples of the Caucasus. They are the offspring of the great Hyperborean-Paleo-Asian tribe, displaced to the Caucasus, which extended from Turan through northern Mesopotamia and into Canaan." "With its vocalism, its structure, the Chechen language as a member of the family, which once geographically and genetically stood closer to the Proto-Hamitic-Iberian, or Proto-Phrygian, than to the Caucasian languages proper." "The Chechen is a leaping northern offspring of the proto-language, which once occupied a more southern territory, namely, in the pre-Armenian-Alarodian Western Asia. Traces of Nachtšuoi's stay in the country of Ararat are found in toponymy as Nachtševan, Nakhtshuan (Nachidschevan). This alone explains the strongly Alarodian -Armenoid character of the Chechen language, which deviates from the normal Caucasian sound system." ______________________________________ Joseph Karst, Ph. D, 1. «Origines mediterraneae. Die vorgeschichtlichen Mittelmeervölker nach Ursprung, Schichtung und Verwandtschaft. Ethnologisch-Linguistische Forschungen». Heidelberg, 1931, p. 85.; 2. «Grundzüge einer Vergleichenden Grammatik des Ibero-kaukasischen», Band I, Strassburg, 1932, p. 29. 1700:, with a strong Qadiri majority), rather than the more orthodox Sunni Islam of Dagestan; and finally, the rule of Ichkeria by a foreign ruler not only spurred distrust, but also threatened the existence of Ichkeria's indigenous "taip-conference" government structure. Thus, Shamil was regarded by many Chechens as simply being the lesser evil. Shamil was an Avar who practiced a form of Islam that was largely foreign to Chechnya, and in the end, he ended up happy in Russian custody, demonstrating furthermore his lack of compatibility with the leadership of the cause. Worse still, he presented his cause not as a fight for freedom, but also as a fight to purify Islam, and aimed many of his criticisms at fellow Avars as well as Chechen leaders and non-Avar Dagestani leaders. The Chechens, as well as many Dagestanis, fought on even after his defeat, undaunted. In addition to failing to win the sincere support of not only the Chechens, but also the Ingush, and many Dagestani peoples, Shamil also was thwarted in his goal of uniting east Caucasian and west Caucasian resistance (Circassians, Abkhaz, etc.), especially given the conditions of the 2881:, aligning itself with the West more than with the Middle East, as well as keeping Ichkeria safe from another armed conflict with Russia by maintaining relatively positive relations. Yandarbiyev's platform was an explicitly Islamic state with some implementation of sharia law, and a largely Islamophilic foreign policy. Basayev, finally, insisted on focusing less on gaining foreign support and recognition and more on rebuilding Ichkeria's own military. Basayev, despite criticizing Yandarbiyev's policy towards radical Islamic groups, stated that attacks on Russian territory outside Chechnya should be executed if it is necessary to remind Russia that Ichkeria was not a pushover. At the point of 1997, as evidenced from the election, Maskhadov's policy of relative moderation and looking West for help was most popular, though he gained considerable following because of his status as a war hero. The results of the election were a 79.4% turnout, with 59.3% voting for Maskhadov, 23.5% voting for Basayev and 10.1% voting for Yandarbiyev. 2512:). Even the North Ossetian capital of Vladikavkaz (in Prigorodny) was actually built on the site of the Ingush town of Zaur. Likewise, as noted on this page, Vainakh presence in the Terek region is ancient in origin (despite a mass of conflicts with Turkic settlers originating with the Mongol Invasions), compared to Cossack presence which could only date back a few centuries, and even greater compared to the recent arrival of urban Russians. Later these lands were partially returned to the Russians or Ossetians, triggering wrath among the Vainakh populace (which was, in any case, being submitted to Aardakh and mass massacre by Stalin at that point). In addition, the easternmost region of Chechenia, Akkia, the land of the Akki Chechens, was taken from Chechnya, and given to Dagestan. Just as had happened in East Prigorodny, the Chechens were sent to Siberia and Central Asia, and their homes were filled (literally) with Laks and Avars, with whom they still dispute the lands of Akkia. 2069:, the Bolsheviks seized power in the city of Grozny, their stronghold in Chechnya. Meanwhile, a "Civil Executive Committee" was formed in the Terek district by a group of native "bourgeoisie". It notably included the Chechen oil-magnate Tapa Chermoev in its structures. The Civil Executive Committee was a multi-national organ and included people from many of the ethnic groups of the Caucasus. It nominally accepted the authority of the provisional government in Moscow, but explicitly stated its goal of securing autonomy. A third force, the Terek Cossacks, began organizing to resist the Bolsheviks who had taken control of Grozny (as well as some other cities in the Caucasus). To make matters even more confusing, a group of Naqshbandi Islamists in Dagestan organized under the sheikh and livestock breeder Najmuddin of Hotso and declared a muftiate of the North Caucasus in the summer of 1917, supposedly a successor state to Shamil's 3097:, which hit high points during the 1944 genocide, and the ethnic cleansing of Ingush by Ossetes (the Ossetes getting assistance from the Russian military) in 1992–3. At the time of the raid, there were still over 40,000 Ingush refugees in tent camps in Ingushetia and Chechnya. The Beslan school itself had been used against the Ingush- in 1992 the gym was used as a pen to round up Ingush for expulsion and/or massacre by the Ossetes. For the Chechens, the motive was revenge for the destruction of their homes and, indeed families: Beslan was the site from which missiles were launched at Chechnya. A large fraction (overwhelming majority) of the people involved in the hostage taking raid also direct victims of Russian abuse, including many who were victimized as children and/or, in the case of Khaula Nazirov, had their children ironically murdered by Russian troops during a raid of a school. 1476: 2529:, the Russians seized the central government buildings and demanded either a restoring of Grozny Oblast, or a creation of a non-titular autonomy, re-deportation of the Chechens and Ingush, establishment of "Russian power", mass search and disarming of the Vainakh, before Soviet law-enforcement dispersed the rioters. On August 27, 1958, Major General Stepanov of the Military Aviation School issued an ultimatum to the local Soviet government that the Chechens must be sent back to Siberia and Central Asia or otherwise his Russians would "tear (them) to pieces". Although the riot was dispersed and it was denounced as "chauvinistic", afterward, the republican government made special efforts to please the Russian populace, and mass discrimination against the Chechens aimed at preserving the privileged position of the Russians commenced (see below). 1495: 2537:, the Checheno-Ingush Republic's economy was divided into two spheres, much like French settler-ruled Algeria: the Russian sphere had all the jobs with higher salaries, and non-Russians were systematically kept out of all government positions. Russians (as well as Ukrainians and Armenians) worked in education, health, oil, machinery, and social services. Non-Russians (excluding Ukrainians and Armenians) worked in agriculture, construction, and a long host of undesirable jobs, as well as in the so-called "informal sector" (i.e., illegal, due to the mass discrimination in the legal sector). Due to rapid population growth among the non-Russians, combined with unfavorable economic conditions, the non-Russian population frequently engaged in the practice known in Russian as " 3981:. Page 24. "Also, the Georgian historian G. A. Melikishvili maintained that the formation of the Vainakh took place much earlier than the first century BC. Though evidence of Nakh settlement was found on the southern slopes of the Caucasus in the second and first millennia BC, he did not rule out the possibility of their residence in the northern and eastern regions of the Caucasus. It is traditionally accepted that the Vainakh have existed in the Caucasus, with their present territory as a nucleus of a larger domicile, for thousands of years, and that it was the ‘birthplace’ of their ethnos, to which the peoples who inhabited the Central Caucasus and the steppe lands all the way to the Volga in the northeast and the Caspian Sea to the east contributed." 2099:

that the Georgians of North Ossetia, previously 1-2% of the population, were forced to flee and the rest completely massacred, by the Ossete Whites and Cossacks). The Bolsheviks appealed to the Caucasians (except the Georgians, who remained loyal to the Mensheviks, who they viewed as slowly becoming Georgian patriots), arguing that they now realized that the Cossacks who they had appealed to previously were merely imperial tools, and that, knowing this, they would back Caucasian demands all the way. The Chechens were desperate for any sort of help against the Cossacks, and wanted to reverse the cause of their perennial poverty – the loss of Northern Chechnya to the Cossacks – so they joined the Reds by the thousand.

2681:" were marked by growing tension with Russia, a declining economy (due both to a Russian economic blockade and due to Dudayev's poor economic policies- described as such even by his own economic minister), and an increasingly unstable and divided internal political scene, with parts of the opposition being armed by Russia (see below) while the government in Grozny resorting to more and more drastic measures. 90,000 people (mainly Russians and Ukrainians) fled Chechnya during 1991–93 due to fears of, and possibly actual manifestation of ethnic tension (the situation was exacerbated by their lack of incorporation into the Chechen clan system, which protects its members to a degree from crime, as well). 2521:

before with hostility. In the case of the conflict between Ossetes and Ingush in Prigorodny, and between the Russians/Cossacks and Chechens in northern Chechnya, the conflicts simmered and threatened to boil over into violence many times (and actually did more than once). In the case of Akkia, there was more understanding between the Chechens on one side and the Laks, Kumyks and Avars on the other, not because of their historical contacts and shared religion, but rather because the Chechens knew that the Dagestanis had not moved onto their land by choice, but rather were forced to. However, the conflict over Akkia to this day is not resolved, despite efforts by both sides to find a middle ground.

3699:"The anthropology of Chechens and Ingush is somewhat different. The Ingush belong to the central cluster of the Caucasian [Mtebid] anthropotype, with pronounced brachycephalization, which indicates a strong mixing with the Koban culture. Whereas the Chechens, although they belong mainly to the Caucasians [Mtebids], combine many elements of the Caspian and even the Pontid. In addition, the Chechens have the highest percentage of the dolichocephalic index among the characteristic brachycephalic Caucasions [Mtebids]. All this testifies that the Chechens, to a greater extent, have preserved the Hurrian substratum." 2525:

the mountains and reminders of "their ancient struggles", and to keep them mixed in with supposedly more loyal Russians so they could not rebel without a counter-force present. Ultimately, the attempt to make Checheno-Ingushetia more multi-ethnic in order to weaken the potential for national awakening and uprising failed, however, due to the Vainakh's much higher birthrate. It did however succeed in deepening and renewing ethnic conflict between Chechens and Russians. The Russians, angered by issues over land ownership (they had come to view the lands they had settled as "theirs") and job competition, rioted as early as 1958. In the

2081:

began committing massacres against Chechen villages. Tapa Chermoev became the ruler of the Chechen constituent to the "Mountain Republic". Chermoev ironically allied himself with the Cossacks against the inogorodtsy, who seized power briefly in early 1917. Chermoev and the other major figures among the Mountain Republic sought to incorporate the Cossacks (establishing what would have been essentially the first friendly relations between Chechens and Cossacks- unsurprisingly, the uneasy alliance soon gave way). A Chechen National Soviet was set up under Ali Mitayev. Dagestani Islamists tried to establish an

2222:, but in all nations of the Caucasus it will be difficult to win freedom from the heavy yoke of Red imperialism. But our fervent belief in justice and our faith in the support of the freedom-loving peoples of the Caucasus and of the entire world inspire me toward this deed, in your eyes impertinent and pointless, but in my conviction, the sole correct historical step. The valiant Finns are now proving that the Great Enslaver Empire is powerless against a small but freedom-loving people. In the Caucasus you will find your second Finland, and after us will follow other oppressed peoples. 2073:. The Chechen Qadiri sheikh, Ali Mitayev, a "Communist-Islamist" who believed that Communism was compatible with Qadiri-Sunni Islam, set up a Chechen National Soviet. Mitayev shared the communist ideals of the Russian Bolsheviks in Groznyi, but insisted on Chechen national autonomy as well. As the scenario progressed, Chermoev and the rest of the Civil Executive Committee would temporarily set aside their disdain for the Naqshbandi Islamists and persuade Najmuddin to serve in their government, which evolved from the Civil Executive Committee into a Mountain Republic. 1848:

modern, European, nationalist identity of Chechens, though it ironically solidified their separation, mainly over politics, from the Ingush. The nation was held to be all-important, trumping religion, political belief, or any other such distinction. In 1870, Chakh Akhiev wrote a compilation of Chechen and Ingush fairy tales (called "Chechen fairytales"). In 1872, Umalat Laudaev, an early Chechen nationalist, recorded the contemporary customs of the Chechens. Following in his footsteps, Chakh Akhiev did the same for their "brothers", the Ingush, the following year.

556:

Copper Age. Horseback riding came around 3000 BCE, probably having diffused from contact with Indo-European-speaking tribes to the North. Towns found in this period are often not found as ruins, but rather on the outskirts of (or even inside) modern towns in both Chechnya and Ingushetia, suggesting much continuity. There is bone evidence suggesting that raising of small sheep and goats occurred. Clay and stone were used for all building purposes. Agriculture was highly developed, as evidenced by the presence of copper flint blades with wooden or bone handles.

2355:

or less the only source of central Caucasian literature and historical texts except for sparse texts about the Chechens, Ingush, etc., not written by themselves, but by Georgians). Throughout the North Caucasus, about 700,000 (according to Dalkhat Ediev, 724,297, of which the majority, 479,478, were Chechens, along with 96,327 Ingush, 104,146 Kalmyks, 39,407 Balkars and 71,869 Karachais), died along the trip, and the extremely harsh environment of Central Asia (especially considering the amount of exposure) killed many more.

55: 2835: 2616:

with Russia on equal footing, raising Chechnya to the level of Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia – that is, a Union Republic. At this point, the Chechen Communists had begun supporting "full sovereignty at a minimum", meaning utterly every major party in Chechnya that included Chechens – the VDP, the Greens, the Communists, the Islamic Path Party, and the secularist Popular Front of Checheno-Ingushetia (modeled off that of Azerbaijan) – supported sovereignty, if not full independence.

2685:

earthquakes), and his connections to former criminals (some of which, such as Beslan Gantemirov defected to the Russian side and served under Russian-backed regional governments). However, this opposition did not oppose Chechnya's independence from Russia; it simply opposed Dudayev. In 1995 (during the war), one of the major opposition figures of the independence era, Khalid Delmayev, stated that he believed that Chechen statehood could be postponed, but could not be avoided.

1365:

bad of the three). In reality, the most favored empire from the beginning was the Ottoman Empire, but that did not mean the Chechens were not wary of a potential Ottoman attempt at conquering them. Any hope toward positive relations with Russia ended in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when tensions with the Cossacks escalated and Russia began trying to conquer the Caucasus, starting with Georgia. After this point, many Chechens sealed, forever, their preference towards

2128: 3684:"English translation: "Today, Urartologists do not deny the kinship of the Chechens with the Urartians. The kinship of the Hurrians-Urartians-Chechens is confirmed by those who studied it. Hence, the following conclusion follows—Chechens are Urartians. Urartians are the remaining branch of the Chechens in Asia Minor. Actually, its structure, grammatical features, completeness and grammar of classes, etc. Urartian and Chechen languages are similar to each other."" 2919:, weakened the possibilities of outside investment and Maskhadov's efforts to gain international recognition of its independence effort. Kidnappings became common in Chechnya, procuring over $ 200 million during the three-year independence of the chaotic fledgling state, but victims were rarely killed. In 1998, 176 people had been kidnapped, and 90 of them had been released during the same year according to official accounts. There were several 2980: 1898: 1305:, or epic legends, tell of conflicts between the Chechens and their Kumyk and Kabardin overlords. The Chechens apparently overthrew both their own overlords and the foreign ones, using the widespread nature of the guns among the populace to their advantage. As Jaimoukha puts it, "based on the trinity of democracy, liberty and equality", feudalism was abolished and the "tukkhum-taip" legal system was put into place, with the laws of 427: 847:

the case, then the Scythians settled roughly North Ossetia, effectively cutting the Zygii nation in half (Herodotus noted that Zygii were still present west of the Scythians in the Caucasus). The eastern half, then, became the Vainakhs. In other areas, Nakh-speaking peoples and other highlanders were eventually linguistically assimilated by the Alans and merged with them, eventually forming the Ossetian people.

1839:) for the oil-mining Russian colonists. The immigration of colonists from Russia brought about a three-way distinction between Chechens and Ingush on one hand, Cossacks on a second, and "other-towners" (inogorodtsy), namely Russians and Ukrainians, who came to work as laborers. A debatable fourth group, including Armenian bankers and richer Russians, and even some rich Chechens (such as Chermoev), arose later. 2090:

its land, despite opposing this (and in doing so, losing the support of its main constituents), was powerless to stop them. Chechens stormed North to reclaim the northern parts of their homeland, and land-hungry, impoverished Chechens revived the practice of attacking the Cossack stanitsas in order to feed their children. As the Chermoev government collapsed, Chechens allied, at least vocally, with the

1749:. The Arshtins, at that time a (debatably) separate people, were completely wiped out as a distinct group: according to official documents, 1366 Arshtin families disappeared (i.e. either fled or were killed) and only 75 families remained. These 75 families, realizing the impossibility of existing as a nation of only hundreds of people, joined (or rejoined) the Chechen nation as the Erstkhoi tukkhum. 2038:

well as other non-Christian minorities, the "old colonists" (i.e., Cossacks) and the "recent colonists" (non-Cossack Russians), and the political divisions among each group, led to a complicated conflict pitting many different forces against each other. At only one year into the conflict, five distinct forces with separate interests had formed with influence in Chechnya: the Terek Cossacks, the "

618: 2705:

attempted coup). However, this changed in 1994 when Russia started arming and assisting the opposition. In August 1994 Avturkhanov attacked Grozny, but was repelled first by Chechen citizens who were then joined by Grozny government troops and Russian helicopters covered his retreat. On September 28, one of these helicopters was indeed shot down and its Russian pilot was held as a

2931:

with their offensive. Other anti-kidnapping officials blamed the attack on Bargishev's recent success in securing the release of several hostages, including 24 Russian soldiers and an English couple. Maskhadov blamed the rash of abductions in Chechnya on unidentified "outside forces" and their Chechen henchmen, allegedly those who joined Pro-Moscow forces during the second war.

1602:

no longer simply between Russian and Kumyk). It soon met with fierce resistance from the mountain peoples. The Russians incorporated a strategy of driving the Chechens into the mountains, out of their lowland (relative) food source, thus forcing them to either starve or surrender. They were willing to do neither. The Chechens moved to retake the lowlands: in 1785, a

2623:. Government buildings were stormed by political groups representing the broad swathe of Chechen politics with the sole exception of Zavgayev: the Greens, the Islamists, the Nationalists, the Liberals, and even some of the Communists. Only one person died, a government official who jumped, fell, or was pushed out of a window. Zavgayev was forced to resign. 3042:. In 2003, referendum on constitution and presidential election were held. However, it was widely criticized, and in some cases, the vote recorded was not only vastly more than the actual population living there, but the majority of "voters" were Russian soldiers and dead Chechens (who of course were "loyal" pro-Russians, according to the results). 1719:. The inscription read, "There is no people under the sun more vile and deceitful than this one". As Caucasian historian Charles King points, the methods used by the Russians would today be called genocidal warfare. An example of these tactics (in fact recorded in this case by a Russian officer) by the Russian army and the Cossacks went like this: 737:: "Some authorities believe that the Nakh nation was an offspring of the Hurrians and Urartians, builders of the magnificent civilizations of the Near East, that had a profound influence upon other cultures of the region." According to some modern data, Chechens are genetically, linguistically and anthropologically considered the descendants of the 2359:

statistic), range from about 170,000 to 200,000, thus ranging from over a third of the total Chechen population to nearly half being killed in those 4 years alone (rates for other groups for those four years hover around 20%). Although the Council of Europe has recognized it as a "genocidal act", no country except the self-declared, unrecognized

710:

hindered by the lack of consensus about how to reconstruct Proto-Northeast-Caucasian, but that Alarodian is the most promising proposal for relations with Northeast Caucasian, greater than rival proposals to link it with Northwest Caucasian or other families. However, nothing is known about Alarodians except that they "were armed like the

2584:

a nuclear power plant in the vicinity. Chechen culture had always revered nature, and political environmentalism blossomed in this period, but became a component of Chechen nationalism. Kavkaz soon became a nationalist movement with saving nature only as a side goal to be pursued once the Chechen nation had achieved an independent state.

2562:, of Aardakh in 1944 and of the ethnic conflict with the Russian populace after the return from exodus had, according to Derluguian, Wood and others, allowed for the unification of loyalties. Bridges were made between taip, vird, and the like, and relationships were forged with prisonmates, partners in crime, among members of Chechen 1200:) came into being. Many served simultaneously as homes, as sentry posts, and as fortresses from which one could launch spears, arrows, etc. The contribution of men, women, and children of all classes, paired with the destruction of the feudal system during the war, rich and poor, also helped the Vainakh develop a strong sense of 1378:"less Muslim" than peoples with a long Islamic heritage), but it was no longer able to even maintain its own state. Hence, the rivalry between Turkey and Persia became more and more abstract and meaningless as the threat of conquest by Russia and being pushed out of their lands or even annihilated by the Cossacks grew and grew. 1399:), and they soon replaced the Nogais as the regional rival. This marked the beginning of Russo-Chechen conflict, if the Cossacks are to be considered Russian. The Cossacks and Chechens would periodically raid each other's villages, and seek to sabotage each other's crops, though there were also long periods without violence. 909:, the eldest and most noble, receiving the Central Caucasus. Kavkasos engendered the Chechen tribes, and his descendant, Durdzuk, who took residence in a mountainous region, later called "Dzurdzuketia" after him, established a strong state in the fourth and third centuries BC. Among the Chechen teips, the teip Zurzakoy ( 3101:

think that Chechens are monsters if they could attack children". He went on to state that the Russians had killed far more children, including in schools during their war in Chechnya, and that this had been deliberately ignored by the rest of the world. Nonetheless, largely for this reason, attacks ceased until 2008.

1704:. A major reason for this failure was Russia's success in convincing the Ossetes to take their side in the conflict, who followed the same religion (Orthodox Christianity) as them. The Ossetes, living right in between the Ingush and the Circassian federation, blocked all contacts between the two theaters of war. 2029:(and especially Tsarist rule), making them even more attractive. Furthermore, the majority of Chechens lived in poverty. As was also the case for many Georgians, the cultural tolerance and anti-imperialist rhetoric of communism was what made it so appealing to Chechens (and so terrifying for Cossacks). Many 4007:. "The Iranian-speaking Scythian tribes, who came from the steppes of the Lower Volga and present Kazakhstan, first pounced on the population of the Northern Caucasus and, having overcome their resistance, penetrated through the Southern Caucasus and set off the plundering raids on the states of Front Asia." 2541:", the unofficial migration of republic minorities for economic reasons. This diaspora often later engaged in organized crime partly due to poverty and job discrimination, and the justification that they were only regaining the money that was stolen from them by the Russian elite in their homeland by its 1547:. The Russians were defeated again and withdrew, but this battle is responsible for the apocryphal story about how the Nokhchiy came to be known as "Chechens" – the people ostensibly named for the place the battle had taken place at. The ethnonym Chechen was, however, already in use as early as 1692. 3807:

The most ancient state on the territory of our country was the Urartian kingdom in the Transcaucasus. The word "Urartu" (the memory of it is preserved in the name of Mount Ararat) is Assyrian, but the inhabitants themselves called their country Biainili (hence - Lake Van). The Alarodian (or Urartian)

2094:

in Georgia, while the Cossacks tried to ally with the Bolsheviks, who, appealing to the Cossacks, referred to the Chechen's actions as being symptoms (unfathomably) of "racist bourgeois nationalism" (using bourgeois to refer to a practically impoverished people). However, the Cossacks did not have an

2080:

and the indigenous peoples who opposed them. The Ossetes and Cossacks sided with the Whites, whereas everyone else fought them. This therefore made Bolshevism the lesser evil or even a strong ally against the Whites. The originally reluctant support of the Bolsheviks soon became firm after the Whites

1847:

During the late 1860s and 1870s (just 10 years after the incorporation of Chechnya into the Tsarist Empire), the Chechens underwent a national reawakening in the European sense of the term. The conflict with Russia and its final incorporation into the empire, however, brought about the formation of a

1601:

mountains. The Chechens were actually first drawn into conflict with Russia when Russia attacked the Kumyks (and established the fort of Kizlyar), whom the Chechens were allied to. Russia's Cossacks became imperial extensions and Russia sent its own soldiers to meet the escalating conflict (which was

1364:

Islam and the regional conflict of the two empires. Originally, relations with Russia were seen as a possible balance to the Ottoman and Safavid empires, and a pro-Russian camp in Chechen politics formed (there were also pro-Ottoman and pro-Persian camps; each viewed their favored empire as the least

1262:

sought to rule over their lands just as they had attempted to do (with varying success) with the Nogais in the area. The Kabardins established rule over the Ingush clans, but the Kumyks found the plains Chechens to be very rebellious subjects, who only grudgingly acknowledged their rule. In the lands

1238:

hands. The conflicts did not stop, however, as there were clans that had ownership of lands now inhabited by Turkic peoples, meaning that if they did not retake the lands, they would lack their own territory and be forever reliant on the laws of hospitality of other clans, doing great damage to their

1225:

which acknowledges the ownership of a piece of land by a certain teip), even after generations upon generations of not living there. Much territory was retaken, only to be lost again due to the Second Mongol Invasion. After that, the Vainakh managed to take most (but not all) of their former holdings

1018:

At various times Vainakh came under the rule of the Sarmatian-speaking Alans to their west and Khazars to their north, in both cases as vassals or as allies depending on time period. In times of complete independence, they nonetheless tried to have strong bonds of friendship with these countries both

858:

Even after the invasion of the Scythians, the Nakh managed to revitalize themselves after it receded. However, they were now politically fractured, with multiple kingdoms, and modern Ossetia, consistent with the theory that they were largely displaced and that Scythians had become dominant there. The

846:

in their modern territory or whether the primary population was still Zygii/Nakh and that it was only after the later Sarmatian invasion that Scythian people became dominant. Amjad Jaimoukha, notably, supports the hypothesis that the Ossetians were the product of multiple migrations. Thus, if this is

681:

to the Caucasus, perhaps due to population or political pressures back in the Fertile Crescent. Others who believe the so-called "Urartian version", such as George Anchabadze and Amjad Jaimoukha, still hold that those original migrants contributed to both the genetic and cultural traits of the modern

3148:

The two wars have left millions of people living in poverty, up to half a million refugees, and most of the infrastructure destroyed. Kadyrov claims that since then Northern Chechnya and Grozny have been rebuilt. These claims have been refuted by most other sources (such as Tony Wood), who note that

2891:

Maskhadov sought to maintain Chechen sovereignty while pressing Moscow to help rebuild the republic, whose formal economy and infrastructure were virtually destroyed. Russia continued to send money for the rehabilitation of the republic; it also provided pensions and funds for schools and hospitals.

2583:

Much of the ideology came directly from the Baltic (especially Estonia), where Chechens observed with increasing admiration the success of nationalist revival movements. The spark for the forming of Kavkaz, however, was not nationalist, but rather environmentalist concerns: there were plans to build

2571:

came to power as the leader in the Soviet Union, and pursued a policy of openness and non-censorship of controversial issues. This allowed all of these issues to come to the forefront, as Chechen organizations became less and less reserved in their rhetoric and began saying what they had thought the

2524:

Many returning Chechens were settled in the lowland steppe regions, and in Grozny itself rather than the historical mountainous districts. The goal of this (and, indeed, adding Shelkovskaya and Naursky to Checheno-Ingushetia) was to try to forcefully assimilate the Chechens by keeping them away from

2422:

Many gravestones were destroyed (along with pretty much the whole library of Chechen medieval writing in Arabic and Georgian script about the land of Chechnya, its people, etc., leaving the modern Chechens and modern historians with a destroyed and no longer existent historical treasury of writings)

2037:

However, like other peoples, divisions arose among the Chechens. The differentiation between classes had by now arisen (or re-arisen) and notably, alliances between the Russians (and other "inogorodtsy") were also splintered. This, combined with the ethnic division of Chechnya between the natives as

1744:

the region. Although Circassians were the main (and most notorious) victims, the expulsions also gravely affected other peoples in the region. Lowland Chechens as well were evicted in large numbers, and while many came back, the former Chechen Lowlands lacked their historical Chechen populations for

1429:

The habit of raids done by the Chechens (and to a lesser extent Ingush) against Cossacks, by the 20th century, had more or less become a cultural tradition. Both hatred of the oppressor (Chechens generally failed to see the distinction between Russian and Cossack, and to this day they may be used as

1338:

was secretly established in lowland Chechnya in 1577 by free Cossacks resettled from Volga River Valley to the Terek River Valley. With the new Cossack hosts settled in the proximity of the North Caucasian peoples and with the rivaling Ottoman and Persian empires from the south, the region would for

1104:

district are situated, on, along and around the Sunzha and Terek rivers. One should note that northwest Chechnya and northern Ingushetia were never part of its dominion, or of Durdzuketia's, but were in fact ruled by the Alans. It originally also had lands in southeast Chechnya as well, but over the

1085:

of North Ossetia, and parts of central Chechnya and Ingushetia. It was allied to Georgia, and had heavy Georgian influence, permeating in its writing, in its culture and even in religion. Christianity was introduced from Georgia in the 10th century and became, briefly, the official religion, despite

850:

There were various periods of good relations between the Scythians and the Nakh, where there was evidence of extensive cultural exchange. The Nakh were originally more advanced in material culture than the Sarmatians/Scythians, the latter having not known of the potter's wheel or foundry work, while

568:

of Chechnya. Clay jugs and stone grain containers indicate a high level of development of trade and culture. Earlier finds show that extensive hunting was still practiced. There was a lack of pig bones, demonstrating that the domestication of pigs hadn't yet spread into the region. Iron had replaced

389:

are thought to have populated the Central Caucasus around 10000–8000 BCE. This colonization is thought by many (including E. Veidenbaum, who cites similarities with later structures to propose continuity) to represent the whole Eastern Caucasian language family, though this is not universally agreed

3034:

Much better trained and prepared than in the first war, by December all of the northern steppe regions were conquered, and Grozny was encircled, which finally surrendered in early February 2000. By late spring, all of the lowland, and most of the mountainous territory was successfully re-claimed by

2937:

The years of independence had some political violence as well. On December 10, Mansur Tagirov, Chechnya's top prosecutor, disappeared while returning to Grozny. On June 21, the Chechen security chief and a guerrilla commander fatally shot each other in an argument. The internal violence in Chechnya

2930:

President Maskhadov started a major campaign against hostage-takers, and on October 25, 1998, Shadid Bargishev, Chechnya's top anti-kidnapping official, was killed in a remote controlled car bombing. Bargishev's colleagues then insisted they would not be intimidated by the attack and would go ahead

2607:

There were also some signs from Moscow that the Chechens – as well as others – read as a green light. One of the most significant of these was on April 26, 1990, when the Supreme Soviet declared that the ASSRs within Russia get "the full plenitude of state power", and put them on the same levels as

2520:

When the Chechens and Ingush returned to their homeland, they found other peoples living, quite literally, in their houses and on their land. Unsurprisingly, the returnees viewed the other ethnicities—Ossetes, Russians, Laks, Kumyks, and Avars—that had been moved onto the lands that had been theirs

2427:

made political capital by, in a symbolic move, sending out officials to gather these lost gravestones, many of which had lost their original inscriptions, and construct out of them a wall. This wall was made to symbolize both Chechen remorse for the past as well as the desire to, in the name of the

2354:

By the next summer, Checheno-Ingushetia was dissolved; a number of Chechen and Ingush placenames were replaced with Russian ones; mosques and graveyards were destroyed, and a massive campaign of burning numerous historical Chechen texts was near complete (leaving the world depleted of what was more

2345:

They combed the huts to make sure there was no one left behind... The soldier who came into the house did not want to bend down. He raked the hut with a burst from his tommy gun. Blood trickled out from under the bench where a child was hiding. The mother screamed and hurled herself at the soldier.

2102:

Originally, the advancing Bolsheviks (who were also mainly ethnically Russian, like the Whites they defeated) were viewed as liberators. However, less than half a year after their arrival, rebellion on the part of the Chechens against the Bolsheviks flared up again, because it was discovered by the

2098:

The civil war dragged on, and Chechen hopes in the Mensheviks soon were dashed as the Mensheviks became increasingly weakened and lost control of the Northern regions of their own country. The Whites, with their Cossack and Ossetian allies, massacred village after village of Caucasians (it was then

827:. Considering that the Nakh were extremely dependent on the rivers for their very survival, this was a very desperate situation. However, soon, Vainakh settlement reappeared on the Terek in Chechnya. In some areas, the Scythians even penetrated into the mountains themselves. In the 5th century BCE, 822:

The Scythians started to invade the Caucasus in the 6th century BCE, originally coming from Kazakhstan and the Lower Volga region. The Cimmerians had already pushed the Nakh south somewhat off the plains, away from the Volga and the Caspian, and the Scythians forced them into the mountains. Vainakh

813:

In the 6th and 7th centuries BCE, two waves of invaders—first the Cimmerians, who then rode south and crushed Urartu, and then the Scythians, who displaced them—greatly destabilized the Nakh regions. This became a recurring pattern in Chechen history: invasion from the north by highly mobile plains

748:

According to the opinion of Caucasus folklorist Amjad Jaimoukha, "It is certain that the Nakh constituted an important component of the Hurrian-Urartian tribes in the Trans-Caucasus and played a role in the development of their influential cultures." It has been noted that at many points, Urartu in

2782:

Although at first, the Russians had the upper hand despite determined homegrown Chechen civilian resistance, halfway through the war, the separatist Chechen government released a statement calling for help. They received it both from the Islamic world (with numbers of Arabs streaming in), but more

2779:, who nicknamed him "Doku Aeroportovich" because he rarely ever left the Russian-run airbase in Khankala. By statistics given by the Russian government itself's Audit Committee, he was allocated 12.3 trillion rubles in the first two months alone in a republic now impoverished by war and bloodshed. 2704:

The covert Russian attempts of overthrowing Dudayev by a means of an armed Chechen opposition forces resulted in repeated failed assaults on the city. Originally, Moscow had been backing the political opposition of Umar Avturkhanov "peacefully" (i.e. not arming them and encouraging them to wage an

2692:

refused to recognize Chechen independence and made several attempts to take full control of the territory of the Chechen Republic. Russia actively funded the Chechen opposition to Dudayev's government, but nonetheless, even members the opposition stated that there was no debate on whether Chechnya

2615:

On November 25, 1990, the first Chechen National Congress declared the "rightful sovereignty" of the "Chechen Republic of Noxçi-ço". Two days later, on November 27, the Supreme Soviet declared its agreement with this by declaring Checheno-Ingushetia's sovereignty and adding that it would negotiate

2418:

lines. In their pockets were found letters inscribing the name of the aul Khaibakh. When the scientists decided to inform the families of heroes that they have found their relatives, they learned that such settlement in Chechnya no longer exists. Continuing their investigation, they discovered the

2089:

The alliance between the Caucasians and the Cossacks soon disintegrated as the threat posed by the inogorodtsy receded. Chechens and Ingush demanded a return of the lands they had been robbed of in the previous century, and the Chermoev government, increasingly revealed as without any control over

1732:

until the end of the 19th century, involving hundreds of thousands of Chechens. According to such estimates (Jaimoukha cites the earlier historian A. Rogov), there were as many as 1.5 million Chechens in the North Caucasus in 1847 (and probably many more before that, as there had already been much

1707:

Chechnya was finally absorbed into the Russian Empire in 1859 after Shamil's capture. Imam Shamil, among modern Chechens, is alternately glorified and demonized: his memory is evoked as someone who successfully held off Russian conquest, but on the other hand, he ruled Ichkeria heavy-handedly, and

1239:

honor. Conflicts between Vainakh and Turkic peoples originated from the Mongol invasions when Chechens were driven out of the Terek and Sunzha rivers by Turco-Mongolian invaders and continued as late as the 1750s and 1770s. After that, the conflict was with newer arrivals in northern Chechnya: the

1171:

in the south were utterly destroyed. Under the conditions of the invasion, Christianity (already originally highly dependent on connections with Georgia) was unable to sustain itself in Durdzuketia, and as its sanctuaries and priests fell, those who had converted reverted to paganism for spiritual

709:

language family. Several studies argue that the connection is probable. Other scholars, however, doubt that the language families are related, or believe that, while a connection is possible, the evidence is far from conclusive. Uralicist and Indo-Europeanist Petri Kallio argues that the matter is

3606:

English translation: "This sounds extremely unexpected, but it is. The Chechen nation is the ethnic root part of the Caucasian race, one of the oldest sources of human civilization, the fundamental principle of spirituality, passed through the Hurrian, Mittani, Urartian cultures." Чечня и Россия:

3100:

Once, however, it was broadcast that there were large amounts of children killed by a group that included Chechens, the Chechens were struck with a large amount of shame. One spokesman for the Chechen cause stated that "Such a bigger blow could not be dealt upon us... People around the world will

2864:

In the later stages of the First Chechen War, a large exodus of non-Vainakhs occurred. In the case of the originally 200,000 strong Russian minority, this is usually cited as a result of growing anti-ethnic-Russian sentiment among the Vainakh populace, which had been suppressed during the rule of

2317:

Operation Lentil began on October 13, 1943, when about 120,000 men were moved into the Republic of Checheno-Ingushetia by the Soviet government, supposedly for mending bridges. On February 23, 1944 (on Red Army day), the entire population was summoned to local party buildings where they were told

2298:

That the Chechens actually were allied to the Germans is highly questionable and usually dismissed as false. They did have contact with the Germans. However, there were profound ideological differences between the Chechens and the Nazis (self-determination versus imperialism), neither trusted the

1851:

Other notable early Chechen nationalists included Akhmetkhan, Ibraghim Sarakayev, Ismail Mutushev. Later imperial Chechen nationalists include the five Sheripov brothers, among others. Among these, Sarakayev, Mutushev. Akhmetkhan and Danilbek Sheripov were notably democratic-minded writers, while

1377:

by converting to Sunni Islam in an attempt to win the sympathy of the Ottomans. However, they were too late – the Ottoman Empire was already well into its period of decline and collapse, and not only was it no longer willing to assist Muslims (especially newly converted people, who were viewed as

752:

Urartologist Paul Zimansky argues that the Urartians likely originally hailed from Iraq and merely likely constituted a small ruling class. Jaimoukha notes that the first confirmed appearance of a consolidated Vainakh nation in the North Caucasus spanning the range which would be inhabited by the

2566:

in Russia, among members of labour teams, while the importance of taip and vird diminished due to the pressures of modernization. The Chechen narrative increasingly took the stance of a united Chechen struggle to escape once and for all the perceived oppression by the Russian state and to escape

1143:

allied Vainakh kingdom of Durdzuketia). They caused massive destruction and human death for the Durdzuks, but also greatly shaped the people they became afterward. The ancestors of the Chechens bear the distinction of being one of the few peoples to successfully resist the Mongols, not once, but

834:

After the first wave of Scythian assaults, the Nakh began returning to the fertile lowland plains and ousting the invaders, but new waves of Scythians (Sarmatians) arrived, pushing them back into the mountains. Some of the names of tributaries of the Sunzha and Terek rivers make reference to the

2472:

passed a decree allowing repressed nations to freely travel in the Soviet Union. Many exiled Chechens took this opportunity to return to their ancestral land. This caused talk of a restoration of Chechen autonomy in the Northern Caucasus, the first secretary of the Grozny Oblast CPSU committee,

2358:

The NKVD gives the statistic of 144,704 people killed in 1944–1948 alone (death rate of 23.5% per all groups), though this is dismissed by many authors such as Tony Wood, John Dunlop, Moshe Gammer and others as a far understatement. Estimates for deaths of the Chechens alone (excluding the NKVD

1440:

is that they were simple mountain bandits, a typical example of Chechen barbarism (often compared to Russian "civilization," with general colonialist racist vocabulary); they were depicted as rapists and murderers by Russian authors. The Chechen view is that they were heroes of valor, much like

599:. There was differentiation of professionals organized within clans. Jaimoukha argues that while all these cultures probably were made by people included among the genetic ancestors of the Chechens, it was either the Koban or Kharachoi culture that was the first culture made by the cultural and 555:

The trend of a highly progressive Caucasus continued: as early as 3000–4000 BCE, evidence of metalworking (including copper) as well as more advanced weaponry (daggers, arrow heads found, as well as armor, knives, etc.). This period is referred to as the Kayakent culture, or Chechnya during the

2575:

The answer to this "Question" came as independence in the perestroika period when the first Caucasian nationalist movement (in fact, predating all other formalized movements in all parts of the USSR except the Baltic states and Georgia), named Kavkaz was established in 1987. Explicitly Chechen

943:

are thought to have mostly lived along rivers and in between ridges, in their current ethnic territory. All the valleys in the upper reaches of the Argun, Assa, Darial and Fontanga saw the construction of complex stone architectures such as castles, shrines, churches, burial vaults and towers.

3088:

The al-Qaeda attacks on the US on 11 September 2001 resulted in a major setback to the Chechen cause and robbed the Chechens of the small modicum of sympathy they had had in the West. Russia played its cards right and quickly associated Chechen legitimate struggle for independence with Muslim

2656:

On November 1, 1991, Dudayev issued a decree of Chechen independence (Указ об "Об объявлении суверенитета Чеченской Республики с 1 ноября 1991 г.") The International Committee on Human Rights did not report any violations, though Dunlop stated that though there probably were some flaws in the

1723:

At this moment, General Krukovskii, with saber drawn, sent the Cossacks forward to the enemies' houses. Many, but not all, managed to save themselves by running away; the Cossacks and the militia seized those who remained and the slaughter began, with the Chechens, like anyone with no hope of

1394:

was an area of dispute between the Mongols' Turkic vassals and their successors (the Nogais) and the Chechens. The mountainous highlands of Chechnya were economically dependent on the lowlands for food produce, and the lowlands just north of the Terek river were considered part of the Chechen

3734:

The Urartians themselves, or Alarodians, called their country and state Biainili, from which comes the modern name of Lake Van, in the basin of which the center of this state was located. Since ancient times, Urartian (Alarodian) tribes, akin to the Hurrian population of the countries to the

2827:, to aid their "daymokhk" (fatherland). With the new troops also came new weaponry, and from this point forward, the tables were turned, with the Russian army becoming more and more mutinous and lacking of morale, while the anti-Russian side was growing stronger and more confident (see also: 2532:

Chechens were greatly disadvantaged in their homeland even after being allowed to return. There were no Chechen-language schools in their own homeland until 1990, leading to the crippling effect of lack of education of the populace (which did not universally understand Russian). According to

2492:

and Shelkovsky Districts. Shelkovsky (Moxne in Chechen) in fact had a Chechen heritage before the invasion of the Cossacks, and Naursky (called Hovran in Chechen) also had Chechens in its Eastern regions before the Russian invasion, though the bulk of Naursky may have been instead Kabardins.

1610:, who was captured in 1791 and died a few years later. Nonetheless, expansion into the region, usually known at this point as Ichkeria, or occasionally Mishketia (probably coming from Kumyk or Turkish; also rendered Mitzjeghia, etc.), was stalled due to the persistence of Chechen resistance. 2684:

Dudayev was criticized by much of the Chechen political spectrum (particularly in urban Grozny) for his economic policies, a number of eccentric and embarrassing statements (such as insisting that "Nokhchi" meant descendant of Noah and that Russia was trying to destabilize the Caucasus with

1187:

The utter destruction of the Vainakh's statehood, their lifestyle (and in the south, their religion), and much of their knowledge of history caused them to rebuild their culture in many ways. The population developed various methods of resistance and much of their later lifestyle during the

2652:

On October 27, 1991, a referendum on independence was held, with a large majority (72%) of the populace voting and a majority approval (over 90% of voters, meaning at least about 64% of the populace approved independence). Khasbulatov contested the results, claiming that the elections were

2366:

During the repression period (1944–1957), deported nations were not allowed to change places without special permit taken from local authority. Names of repressed nations were totally erased from all books and encyclopedias. Chechen-language libraries were destroyed, many Chechen books and

1526:

As the Russians took control of the Caspian corridor and moved into Persian ruled Dagestan, Peters' forces ran into mountain tribes. Peter sent a cavalry force to subdue them, but the Chechens routed them. In 1732, after Russia already ceded back most of the Caucasus to Persia, now led by

594:

and stone grain grinders. Grains that were grown included wheat, rye and barley. Cattle, sheep, goats, donkeys, pigs and horses were kept. There were shops, where artisans worked on and sold pottery, stone-casting, bone-carving, and stone-carving. There is evidence of an advanced stage of

2648:

On October 1, 1991, some of the ex-deputies decided to divide the republic into the Chechen Republic and the Ingush Republic. This move was eventually supported by a majority (90%) of Ingush voters, and Dudayev opted to allow the peaceful division of Checheno-Ingushetia into Chechnya and

587:) was the most advanced culture in Chechnya before recorded history, and also the most well-known. It first appeared between 1100 and 1000 BCE. The most well-studied site was on the outskirts of Serzhen-Yurt, which was a major center from around the eleventh to the seventh centuries BCE. 1246:

The large-scale return of Vainakh from the mountains to the plains began in the early 15th century (i.e., right after the end of the Second Mongol Invasion) and was completed at the beginning of the 18th century (by which point the invasion of Chechnya by Cossacks was approaching). The

2166:. Despite the threats from the Soviet government not to provide food and shelter to starving Ukrainians, the rebellious peoples did not follow Soviet orders. As the result many of the Ukrainians settled in Chechen-Ingush ASSR on the permanent basis and were able to survive the famine. 3149:

most of the revenue has gone to the construction of Kadyrov's private mansion for his clan and his expensive birthday celebration. In a CNN interview, Kadyrov once compared the Chechen people to a pet lion cub, stating that "... will either learn to be obedient or it will kill me".

1147:

These invasions are among the most significant occurrences in Chechen history, and have had long-ranging effects on Chechnya and its people. The determination to resist the Mongols and survive as Vainakh at all costs cost much hardship on the part of ordinary people. There is much

3670:"English translation: "Most of the historical facts indicate that the language of the ancient state of Urartu is closer to the modern Chechen one. It is highly probable that the ancestors of modern Chechens moved to the territory of the North Caucasus from Anatolia, from Urartu."" 2279:, which was sent on the premise of saving the oil refinery in Grozny from destruction by the Red Army (which it accomplished). However, Israilov's refusal to cede control of his revolutionary movement to the Germans, and his continued insistence on German recognition of Chechen 2476:

Chechens and Ingush had already been returning to their homeland in the tens of thousands for a couple of years before the announcement; after Khruschev's denunciation of Stalin, the rate of return increased exponentially. By 1959, almost all Chechens and Ingush had returned.

1802:

revolt, and is comparable to various earlier mass revolts in the South Caucasus by Georgians, Abkhaz, Transcaucasian Avars, Azeris, Talysh, and Lezghins. All these revolts drew their force from the mass opposition of the population to the brutality and exploitation of Russian

3434:

Johanna Nichols (January 2003). "The Nakh Dagestanian consonant correspondences". In Dee Ann Holisky; Kevin Tuite (eds.). Current Trends in Caucasian, East European, and Inner Asian Linguistics: Papers in Honor of Howard I. Aronson. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 208. ISBN

1007:. The Vainakh state was variously called Durdzuketia (or Dzurdzuketia) by the Georgians or Simsir by others, though they may not have been exactly similar. The origin of the more modern egalitarianism among the Vainakh is much later, after the end of the conflict with the 1688:). While their program of united resistance to Russian conquest was popular, uniting Ichkeria/Mishketia with Dagestan was not necessarily (see Shamil's page), especially as some Chechens still practiced the indigenous religion, most Chechen Muslims belonged to heterodox 3735:

southwest of Lake Van, lived around Lake Van and in adjacent areas. The Urartian (as well as the Hurrian) language belonged to a special linguistic family, among the modern languages the closest to them are some languages of the North Caucasus - Chechen and Ingush

1566:, seeing that Persia was trying to put Georgia again under Persian rule, urged for the treaty which he hoped would guarantee Russian protection in the future. However, this did not prevent Persia which had been ruling Georgia intermittently since 1555, now led by 3112:

committed during the two Chechen wars, including accusations on both sides of rape, torture, looting, and the murder of civilians. The Russian military has been repeatedly reported to have used vacuum bombs and bombed white-flag bearing civilian vessels (see the

2428:

dead ancestors, fashion the best possible Chechen Republic out of their land and work hard towards the future. It bears an engravement, reading: "We will not break, we will not weep; we will never forget"; tablets bore pictures of the sites of massacres, such as

2233:, then the mullahs and the 'bandits', then the bourgeois-nationalists. I am sure now that the real object of this war is the annihilation of our nation as a whole. That is why I have decided to assume the leadership of my people in their struggle for liberation. 1733:

fighting and destruction by that point), but by 1861 there were only 140,000 remaining in the Caucasus. By 1867, after the wave of expulsions, there were only 116,000 Chechens. Hence, in those 20 years, the number of Chechens decreased by 1,384,000 (or 92.3%).

749:

fact extended through Kakheti into the North Caucasus. Jaimoukha notes in his book: "The Kingdom of Urartu, which was made up of several small states, flourished in the 9th and 7th centuries BCE, and extended into the North Caucasus at the peak of its power."

2892:

However, much of this did not arrive, its disappearance being attributed to embezzlement by either Russian or Chechen officials/warlords (or both). Nearly half a million people (40% of Chechnya's prewar population) had been internally displaced and lived in

2493:

Nonetheless, the Russian populace (especially the Cossacks) had come, over the years, to view the lands as being theirs, as they had not been dominantly Chechen (or anything besides Cossack) for well over a century at the time of the return of the Chechens.

2473:

Alexander Yakovlev, supported this idea, but pushed for a temporary autonomy in Kazakhstan, citing the insufficient resources in the province to house the re-patriated peoples (most of the former Chechen houses were settled by refugees from western USSR).

2750:

Russian federal forces overran Grozny in November 1994. Although the forces achieved some initial successes, the federal military made a number of critical strategic blunders during the Chechnya campaign and was widely perceived as incompetent. Led by

3766:

The long-standing assumptions about the connections of Hurrian and Urartian with the Caucasian languages have received serious confirmation thanks to the collected ... correspondences identified in the North-East Caucasian languages, and especially in

2545:. Derluguian (see citation above) describes this further as one of the main causes of the rebirth of the concept of Chechen nationalism in a much more unity-oriented form (that is, unity between Chechens, and Ingush if they want to be part of it). 913:), consonant with the ethnonym Dzurdzuk, live in the Itum-Kale region of Chechnya. In 1926, on the Vashndar river in the Argun gorge of Chechnya, there was a Chechen aul (rural settlement) Zurzuk, now a tract southeast of the village of Ulus-Kert. 1172:

needs. Historical documents were also destroyed in mass amounts. Within a few years of the invasion, Durdzuketia was history– but its resistant people were not. Even more disastrously, the Mongols successfully established control over much of the

1096:, and unlike Durdzuketia, it frequently switched around its alliances. Despite common ethnic heritage with Durdzuketia, it was not always linked to its southern neighbor, although it was in certain periods. It was located roughly where today's 2033:

priests, despite communism's contempt for religion, filed into the ranks of the communists as they felt that preserving the morals of their religion (including equality, which the communists stood for) was more important than its practice.

1807:

rule (even among peoples like Georgians, Azeris and Talysh who had originally been incorporated relatively easily), and used similar guerrilla tactics. In the aftermath of the uprising, however, many Chechens were dispossessed or exiled to

1283: 373:

The first known settlement of what is now Chechnya is thought to have occurred around 12500 BCE, in mountain-cave settlements, whose inhabitants used basic tools, fire, and animal hides. Traces of human settlement go back to 40000 BCE with

2770:

Russia first appointed in early 1995 a government with Khadzhiyev as ruler and Avturkhanov as deputy. Gantemirov was also restored to his position as mayor of Grozny. However, later in the fall of that year, Khadzhiyev was replaced with

2346:

He shot her too. There was not enough rolling stock. Those left behind were shot. The bodies were covered with earth and sand, carelessly. The shooting had also been careless, and people started wriggling out of the sand like worms. The

2736:'s decision to launch the open intervention. In the meantime, Grozny airport and other targets were bombed by unmarked Russian aircraft. Russia then decided to invade Chechnya to reestablish control by the federal government in Moscow. 2423:

in places that were renamed to be given Russian names. Tombstones of Chechens with a history of hundreds of years have been used by Soviets for the construction of pedestrian footpasses, foundations of houses, pig pens, etc. In 1991,

3072:. After Beslan, there was a 4-5-year drought of major attacks by Chechens outside of Chechnya. According to some, this was due to an element of embarrassment and guilt on the part of the Chechen rebels over the deaths of children in 2576:

national movements were established a year later, notably including the Vainakh Democratic Party (VDP, though its goal of a unified Vainakh state ended in 1993 with Ingushetia's secession), and its trade union, named (of all things)

2657:

election, he cites the observer, anthropologist Arutyunov (who stated that roughly 60-70% of the population of Chechnya supported independence at the time) it could nonetheless "be regarded as an expression of Chechen popular will."

2596:. While this was first embraced by Chechen nationalist movements, Zavgayev turned out to be extremely corrupt. The Chechen nationalist movements began to act against Zavgayev; in 1990, the highly nationalistic former Soviet aviator 603:

ancestors of the Chechens (meaning the Chechens first arrived in their homeland 3000–4000 years ago). However, the majority of historians disagree, holding the Chechens to have lived in their present-day lands for over 10000 years.

2085:

and incorporate the Chechens, but the Chechens wanted nothing to do with them – one of the few things all Chechens, which even the Islamists agreed on (most Chechens were Qadiri, meaning they viewed the Naqshbandi with contempt).

2572:

whole time: that Chechens were persecuted time and time again, and continued to be, and that the Russian state was at fault. And the "Question" was asked: how can the Chechen people once and for all escape future persecution?

1067:). However, during the Mongol invasions, these Christianized teips gradually reverted to paganism, perhaps due to the loss of trans-Caucasian contacts as the Georgians fought the Mongols and briefly fell under their dominion. 1724:

survival, fought to their last drop of blood. Making a quick work of the butchery, the ataman gave out a cry and galloped on to the gorge, toward the remaining villages where the majority of the population was concentrated.

1656: 2665:

From 1991 to 1994 tens of thousands of people of non-Chechen ethnicity left the republic amidst fears and in some cases reports of violence and discrimination against the non-Chechen population, made up of mostly Russians,

4227:. Page 28: "The process of ethnic and cultural interaction had given rise to the distinct North Caucasian Alans by the end of the fourth century AD. The multi-ethnic Alan feudal state survived well into the tenth century." 2899:

Chechnya had been badly damaged by the war and the economy was in a shambles. Aslan Maskhadov tried to concentrate power in his hands to establish authority, but had trouble creating an effective state or a functioning

6713: 1339:

the next few centuries be contested between the three, with Russia emerging as victorious only in the late 19th century, after multiple victorious wars against Iran, Turkey, and the native Caucasian peoples later on.

1309:

introduced. The "tukkhum-taip" system had democratic aspects with the strong role of local courts and teips (roughly, clans) functioning as provinces, with representatives being elected by teip as well as by region.

1030:

The Vainakhs were also engaged in much trade as per their geographical position with long range trade partners (long range for the time period). Excavations have shown the presence of coins and other currency from

2024:

Initially, the Chechens, like many other Caucasians, looked very positively upon communism. The indigenous Chechen systems and culture led them to place a high value on equality, and communists promised an end to

1355:

empires started to fight for influence over the Caucasus. Many Caucasian peoples grew wary of both sides and attempted to play one side off against the other. The rivalry was embodied by both the struggle between

3808:

tribes living around this lake, who spoke a language that has not survived to this day (of the modern ones, Chechen and Ingush are the closest to it), back in the 13th century BCE created their own tribal union

7859: 7819: 3083:

on the United States caused a disaster for the Chechens, as much of the West went from passive sympathy to hostility as Russia was able to brand Chechen separatism as Islamist. As Amjad Jaimoukha puts it,

2660:

On November 2, 1991, the 5th Assembly of People's Deputies of RSFSR (the Russian parliament of that time) took place. A resolution was issued stating that the Chechen Supreme Soviet and President were not

788:

posited that although there was evidence of Nakh settlement in the Southern Caucasus areas, this did not rule out the possibility that they also lived in the North Caucasus. Prior to the invasion of the

2934:

Some of the kidnapped (most of whom were non-Chechens) were sold into indentured servitude to Chechen families. They were openly called slaves and had to endure starvation, beating, and often maiming.

2635:

On September 2, 1991, the Russian installed Islamic board of the Caucasus, claiming that the executive committee was not legitimate and that actions of the committee would inevitably lead to bloodshed.

2095:

affinity to the Bolsheviks, and when the Denikin's Whites appeared on the scene, their appeal to Cossacks as Russian patriots, and their contempt for non-Russians resonated strongly with the Cossacks.

4058:"In the central part of the Northern Caucasus this process brought to the language assimilation of the aborigenes to the strangers, resulting in the formation of the Iranian-speaking Ossetian people." 2850:), taking over 1,000 hostages. Federal forces attempted to storm the hospital twice and failed; the guerrillas were allowed to leave after freeing their hostages. This incident, televised accounts of 1715:

battlefield tactics. Yermolov stated once that he would "never rest until one Chechen is left alive". In 1949, Soviet authorities erected a statue of 19th-century Russian general Aleksey Yermolov in

7414: 3498:

Kallio, Petri. "XXI. Beyond Indo-European". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthew (eds.). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 2285–2286.

2103:

Chechens that "the Russian Bolsheviks were just a new kind of imperialist, in Communist disguise". Following the end of the conflict in 1921, the Chechnya-Ingushetia had been first made part of the

757:

later (with a few additions) was after the fall of Urartu, and notes that numerous people think that they were a regathering of Nakh tribes fleeing the crumbling state. The Ancient Greek chronicler

2303:

a sharp warning that "if the liberation of the Caucasus meant only the exchange of one colonizer for another, the Caucasians would consider this only a new stage in the national liberation war".

2923:

of criminals. Caving to intense pressure from his Islamist foes in his desire to find a national consensus, Maskhadov allowed the proclamation of the Islamic Republic of Ichkeria in 1998 and the

7761: 3093:

The raid on Beslan had, in fact, more to do with the Ingush involved than the Chechens, but was highly symbolic for both. The Ossetes and Ingush had (and have) a conflict over ownership of the

1263:

of central and southern Chechnya, Chechens from around the Sunzha, who had advanced socially, economically and technologically much more than their highland counterparts, established their own

3580: 2242:, the brothers organized large meetings in areas not yet taken to gather supporters. In some areas, up to 80% of men were involved in the insurrection. It is known that the Soviet Union used 4049:. Page 28: "The Alans allied themselves with kindred nations, remnants of the Sarmatians, and formed close relationships with the local peoples, assimilating a part of the Nakh population." 2258:

and tried to take Itum-Kale. Sheripov and Israilov joined forces soon and began taking control of areas of Western Dagestan. The insurrection caused many Chechen and Ingush soldiers of the

7581: 2865:

Dudayev (who, despite appealing to Chechen nationalism and secession, was a native speaker of Russian, and most importantly was married to a Russian), who in some cases supported Russia.

1794:

on May 3 and the leadership was surrounded by November. In December, Ali Bek-Haji and his naibs surrendered upon Russian promises of amnesty but 23 of the 28 were hanged by March 1878.

1019:

for trade and military purposes. The Vainakh also forged strong links with Georgia for mutual protection as well as trade, and these were initially in the context of the threat of an

975:, saw some southern tribes adopt Christianity due to Georgian influence in the fifth and sixth centuries, but they remained separate from Georgia. Instead, the areas that now make up 2775:, the former head of the republic who had fled after the Dudayev-led revolution in 1990–1991. He was extremely unpopular not only among the Chechens, but also among even the Russian 859:

Nakh nations in the North Caucasus were often inclined to look south and west for support to balance off the Scythians. The Vainakh in the east had an affinity to Georgia, while the

2175: 6758: 1196:

tactics using mountains and forests were perfected. It was during the Mongol invasions that the military defense towers that one associates today with the Vainakh population (see

9161: 1081:

During the Middle Ages, two states evolved in Chechnya that were run by Vainakhs. The first was Durdzuketia, which consisted of the highlands of modern Chechnya, Ingushetia, the

1063:), there was a mission of Georgian Orthodox missionaries to the Nakh peoples. Their success was limited, though a couple of highland teips did convert (conversion was largely by 2645:

On September 15, 1991, a last session of the Supreme Soviet of the Chechen-Ingush Republic took place, and it decided to dissolve itself (under the request of Dudayev's guards).

3811:. «Pavlenko N.I., Kobrin V.B., Fedorov V.A. Istoriya SSSR s drevneyshikh vremen do 1861 goda. (Uchebnik dlya pedagogicheskikh institutov), M., 1989 g.». Prosveshchenie. 1989. 1086:

the fact that most of the people remained pagan. Georgian script was also adopted, though this has been mostly lost by now. Durdzuketia was destroyed by the Mongol invasions.

867:

on the Black Sea coast (though it may have also had relations with Georgia as well). Adermalkh, king of the Malkh state, married the daughter of the Bosporan king in 480 BCE.

2580:(unity in Chechen), established in 1989. The first target for Chechen historians to handle was the Russian-fabricated myth of Chechens and Ingush voluntarily joining Russia. 2206:

and his brother Hussein had established a guerrilla base in the mountains of south-eastern Chechnya, where they worked to organize a unified guerrilla movement to prepare an

7651: 398:(many scholars supporting the thesis that the Eastern Caucasians originally came from the Northern Fertile Crescent, and backing this up with linguistic affinities of the 2823:, and even a few Russians streaming in to aid the so-called "cause of freedom" that the Chechen government professed. Diaspora Chechens also returned, as parallel to the 7947: 7917: 2854:

and mass destruction, and the resulting widespread demoralization of the federal army, led to a federal withdrawal and the beginning of negotiations on March 21, 1996.

2399:

refused to settle in foreign houses, both of which groups had previously lived in the area. In 1949 Soviet authorities erected a statue of 19th-century Russian general

7686: 7671: 6413: 4815: 2170: 2884:

Aslan Maskhadov became president in 1997, but was unable to consolidate control as the wartorn republic devolved into regional bickering among local teip leaders and

2861:

became president. Negotiations on Chechen independence were repeatedly finally tabled in August 1996, leading to the end of the war and withdrawal of federal forces.

919:

mention that the Durdzuks defeated Scythians and became a significant power in the region in the first millennium BC. They allied themselves with Georgia, and helped

8566: 2485: 2384: 6646: 3581:""The Urartian language itself took several generations to decipher and is now believed to be a distant ancestor of existing Caucasian languages such as Chechen."" 2877:

comfortably won the election, campaigning as a moderate who would unite the various factions within Chechen society, but establish Chechnya as an independent and

2341:. Many people from remote villages were executed per Beria's verbal order that any Chechen or Ingush deemed 'untransportable should be liquidated' on the spot. 7937: 7169:

Bornstein, Yvonne and Ribowsky, Mark. "Eleven Days of Hell: My True Story Of Kidnapping, Terror, Torture And Historic FBI & KGB Rescue" AuthorHouse, 2004.

2888:. One major source of his unpopularity was the perception of him being "weak" in dealing with Russia, which was exploited by the more militaristic opposition. 1578:

in 1795, and regaining full control over Georgia. This act gave Russia the direct option to push deeper into the Caucasus per the signed treaty with Georgia.

1298:(Ičkérija) comes from the river Iskark in south-eastern Chechnya. The term was mentioned first as "Iskeria" in a Russian document by Colonel Pollo from 1836. 8076: 5020: 2210:. In February 1940 Israilov's rebel army controlled territory in South and Central Checheno-Ingushetia. The rebel government was established in Galanchozh. 6438: 3738:. «Materialy po istorii SSSR. Dlya seminarskikh i prakticheskikh zanyatiy. Vyp. 1. Drevneyshiye narody i gosudarstva na territorii SSSR.». 1985. p. 7. 2481: 256: 236: 6931: 2674:(the situation was exacerbated by their lack of incorporation into the Chechen clan system, which protects its members to a degree from crime, as well). 2391:

and Dagestan ASSR. Much of the empty housing was given to refugees from war-raged Western Soviet Union. Abandoned houses were settled by newcomers, only

1406:(who managed to be sympathetic both to the Chechens and to the Cossacks). While the Chechens and Ingush primarily backed the anti-Tsarist forces in the 7497: 6590: 2266:. Some sources claim that total number of deserted mountaineer soldiers reached 62,750, exceeding the number of mountaineer fighters in the Red Army. 769:(i.e. Urartu) to the North Caucasus. Jaimoukha notes that Gargareans is one of many Nakh roots – gergara, meaning, in fact, "kindred" in proto-Nakh. 9385: 3022:

The decision to invade Chechnya was made in March 1999... I was prepared for an active intervention. We were planning to be on the north side of the

1708:

was an Avar who worked mainly for the interest of his own people. Nonetheless, the name Shamil is popular among Chechens, largely due to his legacy.

9141: 7035: 3584: 3846: 8604: 3851:. «Aleksandrova N.V., Ladynin I.A., Nemirovskiy A.A., Yakovlev V.M. Drevniy Vostok. Uchebnoye posobiye dlya vuzov.». Астрель. 2008. p. 371. 2916: 927:(Kartli) consolidate his reign against his unruly vassals. The alliance with Georgia was cemented when King Farnavaz married a Durdzuk princess. 1872:. In 1916, members of the Checheno-Ingush Cavalry Regiment routed members of the German Iron Regiment, and received a personal thanks from Tsar 3791: 2999:

fought Russian forces in Dagestan for a week before being driven back into Chechnya proper. On September 9, 1999, Chechens were blamed for the

2419:

bitter truth about when soldiers from Chechnya died on the front, the relatives of theirs were burned alive in their homes by Soviet soldiers.

2367:

manuscripts were burned. Many families were divided and not allowed to travel to each other even if they found out where their relatives were.

1581:

The spread of Islam was largely aided by Islam's association with resistance against Russian encroachment from the 16th to the 19th centuries.

6629: 5073:"Tribal Belt and the defence of British India: a critical appraisal of British strategy in the North-West Frontier during the first world war" 1275:, Kabardins or Chechens, was widely resented by the Chechens, and the spread of gunpowder and guns allowed for a massive revolution to occur. 2014: 1082: 1011:, when the Vainakh eventually grew tired of the excesses of their feudal rulers and overthrew them (see Ichkeria section), establishing what 569:

stone, bronze and copper as the main substance for industry by the 10th century BCE, before most of Europe or even areas of the Middle East.

307: 186: 7016: 5311: 5172: 4647: 1475: 1430:

synonyms) and the need to either fill the mouths of hungry children and to regain lost lands played a role. The Chechen raiders, known as

1105:

course of its existence, it became more and more focused on the Sunzha river as the core of its statehood. It soon allied itself with the

9308: 8481: 2601: 1167:

Fierce resistance did not prevent the utter destruction of the state apparatus of Durdzuketia, however. Pagan sanctuaries as well as the

6762: 6471: 4761: 9009: 5598: 2255: 343:. The traditional Chechen saying goes that the members of Chechen society, like its taips, are (ideally) "free and equal like wolves". 6575: 2337:, about 700 people were locked in a barn and burned alive by NKVD general Gveshiani, who was praised for this and promised a medal by 1711:

The Russian generals had a special hatred of Chechens, the most bold and stubborn nation with the most aggravating (for the Russians)

868: 8069: 7985: 3061: 3030:... Putin did not discover anything new. You can ask him about this. He was the director of FSB at this time and had all information. 2608:

Union Republics, which had the (at least nominal) right to secession. In August 1990, while campaigning for presidency of the RSFSR,

2283:, led many Germans to consider Khasan Israilov as unreliable, and his plans unrealistic. Although the Germans were able to undertake 168: 2911:

The war ravages and lack of economic opportunities left numbers of armed former guerrillas with no occupation but further violence.

2199:) caused the Chechens to begin to believe that it was then the time to achieve their long-desired liberation from the Russian yoke. 9197: 7975: 2500:, lands populated by Terek Cossacks and Russian colonists were granted to Chechens and Ingush as a reward for their support of the 2299:

other. The Germans also courted the Cossacks, who were traditionally enemies of the Chechens. Mairbek Sheripov reportedly gave the

4529: 1962: 495: 8031: 437: 9313: 6739: 3287: 1934: 1879:

In a report on 5 August 1914, the German Chief of Staff stressed the importance of inciting rebellions among Caucasian Muslims.

1494: 467: 8692: 8629: 7490: 5850: 776:, and Turkish Armenia have been found, according to Jaimoukha, although these are not widely accepted by mainstream linguists. 5567: 3045:

The Chechen separatists initially resisted fiercely, and several high-profile battles resulted in their victories such as the

814:

people, met with fierce and determined resistance by the Chechens, who usually started out losing but then reversed the tide.

9405: 9237: 9217: 9192: 9094: 9039: 7408: 7120: 6723: 6505: 6336: 5934: 5264: 5055: 4939: 4903: 4608: 4256: 3856: 3014:

by the Chechen side. Thus, on October 1, 1999, Russian troops entered Chechnya. However, according to then-interior minister

5153: 3038:

After several years of military administration, in 2002, a local government was formed by Russian-allied Chechens headed by

2484:

was officially restored by a decree directly from Moscow, but in previous 1936 borders. For example, South Ossetia kept the

2229:

For twenty years now, the Soviet authorities have been fighting my people, aiming to destroy them group by group: first the

414:

languages are the closest thing we have to a direct continuation of the cultural and linguistic community that gave rise to

394:") languages, in fact, has words for concepts such as the wheel, so it is thought that the region had intimate links to the 9257: 9247: 8062: 7970: 3848:"Of the peoples existing in our time, the Chechens and Ingush are the closest to the Hurrian-Urartian in terms of language" 3158: 2501: 2207: 1941: 1915: 474: 6521: 3930:

Urartian Material Culture As State Assemblage: An Anomaly in the Archaeology of Empire, Paul Zimansky, Page 103 of 103-115

2269:

The Germans made concerted efforts to coordinate with Israilov. Germany sent saboteurs and aided the rebels at times with

9293: 8624: 6687: 6650: 5773: 1758: 1436:, were the focal point of this conflict and are almost symbolic of the two different viewpoints. The Russian view of the 7454: 3341: 2218:

I have decided to become the leader of a war of liberation of my own people. I understand all too well that not only in

9262: 9089: 8204: 7980: 7844: 7253: 3764: 3292: 2896:

or overcrowded villages. The economy was destroyed. Two Russian brigades were stationed in Chechnya and did not leave.

1402:

Nonetheless, the Chechen versus Cossack conflict has continued to the modern day. It was a minor theme in the works of

823:

presence in Chechnya on the Terek almost completely vanished for a while, and Scythians penetrated as far south as the

2631:

After the demise of the Soviet Union, the situation in Chechnya became unclear. Below is the chronology of that time:

839:(or the Valarg) meant "the dead" in Nakh and the Martan came from a Sarmatian root and meant "the river of the dead". 8536: 8521: 8134: 7631: 7483: 7398: 7382: 7368: 7354: 7304: 7287: 7236: 7223: 7208: 7194: 7174: 7164: 7151: 7134: 7103: 6797: 6671: 6171:

Unity Or Separation: Center-periphery Relations in the Former Soviet Union By Daniel R. Kempton, Terry D. Clark p.122

5460: 4657: 4589: 4539: 4119: 3816: 3775: 3707: 3649: 3614: 3564: 2445: 1981: 1948: 1646: 1638: 1292: 967:

assimilated into Georgian society. The Nakh on the northern side of the Greater Caucasus mountains, ancestors of the

481: 300: 226: 17: 6499:"Death of a Dissident: The Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko and the Return of the KGB." Free Press, New York, 2007. 3137:

in 1999. In 2008, the largest mass grave found to date was uncovered in Grozny, containing some 800 bodies from the

9582: 9283: 9267: 8541: 6859: 6089:. Kennedy School of Government, Strengthening Democratic Institutions Project, March 1997. See 'Chronology' section 2729: 2710: 2592:

In 1989, for the very first time, a non-Russian, a Chechen, was appointed to be the ruler of Checheno-Ingushetia –

2542: 1771:

settled in Chechnya. The presence of Cossacks in particular was resented deeply by the Chechens. Alongside another

702: 590:

The remains include dwellings, cobble bridges, altars, iron objects, bones, and clay and stone objects. There were

6966: 5123: 4179:Н. Г. Волкова. Этнический состав населения Северного Кавказа в XVIII-начале XX века — Москва: Наука, 1974. — с.169 2763:

operations from the forested and mountainous terrain. By March 1995, Aslan Maskhadov became leader of the Chechen

1176:

river– thus posing an existential threat to the Durdzuk people due to their need for the Sunzha's (as well as the

9490: 9420: 9171: 9054: 9049: 8655: 8474: 7874: 4134:Натаев Сайпуди Альвиевич. ПРОБЛЕМА ЭТНОТЕРРИТОРИАЛЬНОЙ СТРУКТУРЫ ЧЕЧНИ В XVIII–XIX ВВ. В ИСТОРИЧЕСКОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЕ. 1204:, which was one of the major causes of the revolt against their new lords after the end of the Mongol invasions. 1122: 1060: 910: 885:

Eventually, relations between the Sarmatians and the Nakh normalized. The Alans formed the multi-ethnic state of

4188:Пиотровский Б. Б. История народов Северного Кавказа с древнейших времен до конца XVIII в. — Наука, 1988. — с.239 2379:, which also included the Kizlyar District and Naursky raion from Stavropol Kray, and parts of it were given to 1930: 1027:) in the 8th century. The contribution of the Vainakh to fending off Arab designs on the Caucasus was critical. 463: 9328: 8619: 7839: 7336: 7332: 7323: 7309: 7263: 7086:

International Helsinki Federation report, "Unofficial Places of Detention in the Chechen Republic", 12 May 2006

6928: 5613: 5549: 4381:

Internal Fighting in the Golden Horde as a Factor of Attainment of Sovereignty by the Princedom Simsim (Xiv C.)

4272: 2559: 1919: 773: 452: 3669: 1160:

and the surrounding area held a successful defense (waged by men, women, and children) of the slopes of Mount

682:

Ingush and Chechens, but that the primary ancestors were Nakh-speaking migrants from what became Northeastern

9500: 9099: 9084: 8448: 8341: 8154: 7879: 7829: 7784: 7641: 7566: 7551: 7531: 7432: 6479: 2987:

In August 1999, renegade Chechen and Arab commanders led a large group of militants into Dagestan. Headed by

2857:

Separatist President Dudayev was killed in a Russian rocket attack on April 21, 1996, and the Vice-president

2108: 1622: 1520: 411: 3121:(created by the Russian side) containing hundreds of corpses have been uncovered since the beginning of the 2403:

in Grozny. The inscription read, "There is no people under the sun more vile and deceitful than this one."

54: 9603: 9410: 9375: 9365: 9323: 9136: 8407: 8179: 8023: 7854: 7701: 7060: 6587: 3069: 2678: 2360: 1136: 730:. Additionally, leading Urartologist Paul Zimansky rejected a connection between Urartians and Alarodians. 293: 266: 34: 5507: 4378:"Междоусобица в Золотой орде как фактор приобретения суверенитета княжеством Сим Сим (XIV в.)_Тесаев З.А." 2995:(who were opposed vehemently by the government in Grozny, from which they had broken off allegiance), the 2138: 9390: 9303: 9156: 9029: 8008: 7962: 7952: 7932: 7756: 7741: 7731: 7606: 7536: 7032: 6494: 2961:

deprived his regime of crucial revenues and agitated Moscow. In 1998 and 1999 Maskhadov survived several

2796: 2312: 2066: 1746: 3522: 2693:

should be separate from Russia; there was one option: secession, as reported in 1992 by an observer for

1109:

and adopted Islam afterwards. However, this proved to be a mistake as the alliance bound it to war with

543:

notes that there was a large amount of cultural diffusion between the later Kura-Araxes culture and the

9455: 9109: 9104: 8467: 8422: 8374: 8266: 8261: 7922: 7751: 7736: 7696: 7681: 7636: 7626: 7591: 7576: 7541: 7510: 3872: 3832: 3749: 3027: 3000: 2824: 2400: 1772: 1737: 1630: 1407: 1076: 7448: 3125:

in 1994. As of June 2008, there were 57 registered locations of mass graves in Chechnya. According to

1523:, in which Russia succeeded in taking much of the Caucasian territories from Iran for several years. 1326:. Russian influence started as early as the 16th century when Ivan the Terrible constructed a fort in 1255:) may have been voluntarily assimilated by the Chechens, becoming the Chechen clans of Turkic origin. 9470: 7942: 7927: 7746: 7691: 7616: 7611: 7561: 7556: 7546: 2414:. Archaeologists have found the bodies of Caucasian scouts who died doing the job in the rear of the 1101: 660: 216: 7317: 6364: 6152: 3468: 2496:

In the 20th century, several territories of Chechnya changed their owners several times. After the

2406:

Some of Chechen settlements were totally erased from maps and encyclopedia. This was how the aul of

2325:

were used. The inhabitants rounded up and imprisoned in Studebaker trucks and sent to Central Asia (

9485: 9435: 9074: 9064: 8833: 8594: 8379: 8226: 7995: 7789: 7726: 7706: 7676: 7621: 7596: 7571: 7043: 6626: 3607:общества и государства: Сб. материалов конференции. Под ред. Д.Фурмана. М.: Полинформ-Талбури, 1999 3508:

Kallio, Petri. "XXI. Beyond Indo-European". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthew (eds.).

3330:

Ivanov, Vyacheslav V. "Comparative Notes on Hurro-Urartian, Northern Caucasian and Indo-European."

3050: 2509: 2104: 1395:

lowlands. The Cossacks were much more assertive than the Nogais (who quickly became vassals to the

635: 8931: 3104:

Both the federal and separatist armies have been widely criticized by human rights groups such as

689: 9536: 9475: 9415: 9318: 9242: 9202: 9069: 9059: 8838: 8755: 8687: 8599: 8384: 8346: 7711: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7601: 7586: 5308: 5170: 3118: 2938:

peaked on July 16, 1998, when fighting broke out between Maskhadov's National Guard force led by

2082: 1955: 1908: 1168: 1157: 639: 488: 196: 71: 6947: 4802:, ed. G.G. Lisitsyna and Ia. A. Gordin (St. Petersburg: "Zvezda", 2000), 404. Taken from King's 1649:

in 1828 enabled Russia to use a much larger portion of its army in subdueing the natives of the

874:

Hostilities continued for a long time. In 458 CE, the Nakh allied themselves with Georgian King

9440: 9252: 8823: 8670: 8326: 7721: 7716: 7646: 7526: 7139: 6644: 5926: 3534: 3053:. Nonetheless, the success in establishing a Russian-allied Chechen militia and the actions of 2488:, instead the republic was "compensated" with ethnic Russian territory on the left-bank Terek, 2318:

they were going to be deported as punishment for their alleged collaboration with the Germans.

1544: 1059:, with a sizable minority of Orthodox Christians. From the 8th to 13th centuries (i.e., before 206: 7316:(I was in this war) Biblion – Russkaya Kniga, 2001. Partial translation available online 6606: 3533:

Zimansky, Paul "Urartian and Urartians." The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia (2011): 556.

2162:

In the 1930s, Chechnya was flooded with many Ukrainians fleeing the great famine known as the

1258:

Although the Chechens now reoccupied the northern Chechen plains, the lords of the Kumyks and

9541: 9495: 9480: 9445: 9232: 9176: 8765: 8531: 8296: 8256: 8236: 8216: 8119: 8013: 7912: 7824: 7266:(fact-based novel on growing influence of the radical Islam during 1st and 2nd Chechnya wars) 6468: 4923: 4765: 3126: 3105: 2858: 2714: 1873: 1869: 1642: 1536: 1484: 1020: 924: 852: 448: 7055: 5918: 5154:"Александр УРАЛОВ (А. АВТОРХАНОВ). Убийство чечено-ингушского народа. Народоубийство в СССР" 4887: 2183:

On December 5, 1936, an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Chechen-Ingush Republic was proclaimed.

1342: 339:

Chechen society has traditionally been organized around many autonomous local clans, called

9450: 8951: 8946: 8906: 8775: 8760: 8412: 8231: 7884: 7849: 7804: 7020: 6786: 5655:

New geographical and historical perspectives of the Caucasus. Moscow, 1823 (vol.2 page 159)

5640:

Materials of the new history of the Caucasus years 1722-1803 St. Petersburg 1869 (page 165)

3243: 3080: 2689: 2239: 1835:(early 1890s), brought economic prosperity to the region (then administered as part of the 1634: 1559: 1097: 362: 8720: 5309:"The Soviet War against ‘Fifth Columnists’: The Case of Chechnya, 1942–4" by Jeffrey Burds 2333:). Many times, resistance was met with slaughter, and in one such instance, in the aul of 8: 9395: 9370: 9166: 9151: 8750: 8490: 8432: 8417: 8364: 8311: 8306: 8281: 8139: 7894: 7869: 7834: 7814: 7794: 7771: 7470: 6812: 5072: 3114: 3094: 2764: 2558:

The experience (in addition to previous memories of conflicts with the Russian state) of

2469: 2457: 2453: 2219: 1575: 785: 536: 522: 8881: 8402: 8054: 4170:Шавхелишвили А. И. «Грузино-чечено-ингушские взаимоотношения». Тбилиси, 1992. — с.65, 72 3064:

continued, and has spread to neighbouring regions with high-profile clashes such as the

1221:

control of the lowlands. Much of this area still had nominal Vainakh owners (as per the

9338: 9227: 9222: 9212: 9207: 8336: 8286: 8246: 8199: 8194: 8184: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8144: 8129: 8124: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 7864: 7475: 7387: 6647:"Police tried to silence GfbV - Critical banner against Putin´s Chechnya policies wars" 6158: 5574: 4931: 3866: 3826: 3785: 3743: 3665: 3483: 3456: 3265: 3134: 3046: 3011: 2974: 2947: 1812:

in favor of local collaborators such as the Cossacks. They subsequently abandoned open

1745:

a long period until Chechens were settled in the region during their return from their

1626: 1567: 1466: 1335: 1318:

The onset of Russian expansionism to the south in the direction of Chechnya began with

1140: 983:

were either ruled by Khazars, by Alans, or ruled by independent Vainakh states such as

964: 875: 390:

upon. The proto-language that is thought to be the ancestor of all Eastern Caucasian ("

8697: 3018:, the invasion of Chechnya would have occurred even if these events had not occurred: 2612:

famously told ASSRs to "take as much sovereignty as could stomach" back from Russia.

797:, the Nakh had inhabited the Central Caucasus and the steppe lands all the way to the 9516: 9146: 9034: 8991: 8986: 8936: 8730: 8725: 8506: 8427: 8369: 8331: 8321: 8301: 8291: 8276: 8271: 8251: 8221: 8189: 8174: 8149: 8085: 8003: 7809: 7779: 7518: 7506: 7404: 7394: 7378: 7364: 7350: 7300: 7283: 7259: 7249: 7232: 7219: 7204: 7190: 7170: 7160: 7147: 7130: 7116: 7099: 6793: 6743: 6719: 6501: 6432: 6332: 6326: 5952: 5930: 5919: 5592: 5456: 5260: 5051: 4935: 4899: 4816:"Explore Chechnya's Turbulent Past ~ 1817-1964: The Caucasian Wars | Wide Angle" 4653: 4604: 4585: 4535: 4252: 4143:Крупнов Е. И. Древности Чечено-Ингушетии. — Изд-во Академии наук СССР, 1963. — с. 256 4115: 3852: 3812: 3805: 3771: 3703: 3645: 3610: 3560: 3390: 3297: 3248: 3138: 3122: 2885: 2842:

In June 1995, Chechen guerrillas occupied a hospital in the southern Russian town of

2828: 2760: 2745: 2568: 2534: 2526: 2497: 2429: 2284: 2275: 1995: 1795: 1669: 1637:

Chechnya in 1830 to secure Russia's borders with Persia. Another successful Caucasus

1551: 1488: 1319: 1197: 1193: 1056: 1024: 701:, and others have suggested ties between the proto-Hurro-Urartian language and proto 399: 163: 86: 6929:

Terror at Beslan: A Chronicle of On-going Tragedy and a Government’s Failed Response

5847: 3269: 2246:

against the rebels causing a large number of civilian casualties. In February 1942,

9465: 9333: 8966: 8871: 8818: 8740: 8675: 8556: 8316: 8241: 8211: 7465: 7108: 6782: 6695: 4895: 4244: 4107: 3637: 3552: 3257: 3015: 2920: 2597: 2489: 2424: 2396: 2247: 2070: 1783: 1741: 1411: 1272: 1164:

during the First Mongol Invasion, before returning to reconquer their home region.

864: 678: 565: 531:, too, came around the same time, and so did stone weaponry, stone utensils, stone 403: 395: 7246:

Chechnya Diary : A War Correspondent's Story of Surviving the War in Chechnya

6809: 5431: 3261: 2957:

running across Chechnya from the Caspian Sea, and illegal oil tapping and acts of

1144:

twice, but this came at great cost to them, as their state was utterly destroyed.

892: 9531: 9521: 9380: 9288: 8609: 8584: 8561: 7904: 7889: 7418: 7327: 7275: 7181: 7039: 6935: 6633: 6594: 6525: 6475: 5854: 5315: 5176: 5157: 5045: 4476: 3732: 3697: 3345: 3283: 2939: 2874: 2834: 2752: 2706: 2619:

The decisive move came on August 22, 1991, three days after the beginning of the

2338: 1668:, the Chechens, along with many peoples of the eastern Caucasus, united into the 1540: 1532: 1516: 1449:, Soviet ideology fell somewhere in between the two views- and notably, one such 670: 627: 540: 415: 407: 346: 8876: 5889: 3338: 1507:

As Russia set off for the first time to increase its political influence in the

444: 9556: 9460: 8976: 8956: 8735: 8516: 6518: 3191:

The Lone Wolf and the Bear: Three Centuries of Chechen Defiance of Russian Rule

3130: 3039: 3007: 2988: 2847: 2784: 2639: 2505: 2300: 2203: 2077: 2003: 1764: 1673: 1650: 1594: 1589:

In order to secure communications with Georgia and other future regions of the

1512: 1423: 1396: 1348: 1231: 1227: 1201: 1173: 1132: 1012: 889:, which included many Nakh tribes despite its center being Sarmatian-speaking. 694: 690:

Various interpretations on the relationship with Urartu and Urartians; Hurrians

544: 375: 358: 76: 6889:

Fuller, Liz. "Are Ingushetia, North Ossetia on the Verge of New Hostilities?"

5782: 2942:(who joined pro-Moscow forces in the second war) and militants in the town of 2432:. It has now been moved by the Kadyrov government, sparking mass controversy. 9597: 9561: 9551: 9546: 9430: 9298: 8981: 8961: 8941: 8921: 8896: 8853: 8795: 8785: 8614: 7458: 7293: 2962: 2915:, robberies, and killings of fellow Chechens and outsiders, most notably the 2893: 2878: 2808: 2772: 2733: 2609: 2593: 2380: 2376: 2043: 1665: 1618: 1607: 1603: 1590: 1571: 1555: 1470: 1419: 1181: 1153: 972: 836: 578: 246: 91: 6974: 5700:

New illustrated guide in the Crimea and the Caucasus. Odessa 1897 (page 295)

3702:. J. Taisayev. «Etnogenez narodov Kavkaza.». 5 September 2017. p. 131. 3686:. ATLAS monthly geography and exploration magazine. March 2003. Issue 120.2. 2017:, which eventually allied with the Bolsheviks as they promised them greater 9425: 9044: 8971: 8926: 8660: 8551: 8526: 7449:

History of Chechnya at ChechnyaFree.ru, Official Russian government website

7442: 7241: 4602:

The Diversity of the Chechen Culture: From Historical Roots to the Present.

4238: 4101: 3631: 3546: 3377: 3133:

including up to 5,000 civilians who disappeared since the beginning of the

3065: 2992: 2954: 2642:

was occupied by Dzhokhar Dudayev's guards, who removed the puppet Zavgayev.

2388: 2280: 2112: 1836: 1776: 1697: 1386:

The Cossacks, however, had settled in the lowlands just a bit off from the

1352: 1268: 1106: 1093: 824: 698: 674: 386: 379: 6967:"80-летний юбилей модельер Вячеслав Зайцев встречал на троне - TOPNews.RU" 6694:

who was the head of the Security Council of Ichkeria in 1997–1999 accused

4248: 4111: 3683: 3641: 3556: 2213:

Israilov described his position on why they were fighting numerous times:

9024: 8911: 8886: 8828: 8790: 8780: 8650: 6691: 5455:Дешериев Ю. Жизнь во мгле и борьбе: О трагедии репрессированных народов. 3023: 2843: 2816: 2800: 2756: 2620: 2322: 2321:

Some 40% to 50% of the deportees were children. Unheated and uninsulated

2051: 2026: 1865: 1804: 1701: 1689: 1681: 1480: 1403: 1387: 1357: 1343:

Ottoman-Safavid and later Ottoman-Persian-Russian rivalry in the Caucasus

1177: 1032: 999:

By the early medieval ages, Vainakh society had become stratified into a

936: 802: 723: 600: 7436: 7144:

The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Advance Towards the Muslim World

6498: 5715:

Illustrated practical guide in the Caucasus. Odessa 1903 (pages.161-162)

4531:

The Insurgency in Chechnya and the North Caucasus: From Gazavat to Jihad

2127: 2107:, and until it was disbanded in 1924 received the official status of an 1251:

were driven north, and some of those who stayed behind (as well as some

1039:(found in Ingushetia) and buried treasure containing 200 Arabian silver 665: 527:

Towns were built in the area that is now Chechnya as early as 8000 BCE.

9526: 9400: 9014: 8800: 8745: 8715: 8645: 6915:

Alan Tskhurbayev and Valery Dzutsev, 'Fear and Tension in Siege Town',

5508:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjQ_Mrb5JiU&feature=player_embedded

4444: 3142: 3109: 2996: 2912: 2820: 2812: 2667: 2330: 2326: 2292: 2196: 2091: 2059: 1729: 1677: 1528: 1442: 1415: 1361: 1161: 976: 879: 790: 766: 762: 596: 114: 8459: 6858:

Pape, Robert A.; O'Rourke, Lindsey; McDermit, Jenna (March 31, 2010).

6538: 4584:

Anciennes Croyances des Ingouches et des Tchétchènes.Mariel Tsaroïeva

4273:"Военно-топографическая пятиверстная карта Кавказского края 1926 года" 3141:

in 1995. Russia's general policy to the Chechen mass graves is to not

9566: 9360: 9079: 9019: 8901: 8511: 6952: 6829: 6824:

International observers described it as "deeply flawed". Dispatches,

6699: 6645:

Gesellschaft fuer bedrohte Voelker - Society for Threatened Peoples.

3057:

meant that in 2002 Putin announced that the war was officially over.

2905: 2851: 2792: 2788: 2721: 2671: 2538: 2407: 2334: 2263: 2163: 2047: 2039: 2007: 1853: 1790:. The main Chechen force was dispersed by Russian heavy artillery at 1787: 1768: 1712: 1685: 1563: 1454: 1323: 1264: 1259: 1110: 1000: 948: 920: 851:

the Sarmatians/Scythians originally had superior military skills and

843: 831:

noted that the Scythians were present in the Central North Caucasus.

828: 794: 742: 727: 719: 715: 711: 706: 391: 5670:

Travel in the Caucasus and Georgia 1807-1808. Berlin 1812 (page 651)

5617: 5553: 4756: 4754: 4377: 4161:Мамакаев М. «Чеченский тайп в период его разложения». Грозный, 1973. 3913: 3482:

Gamkrelidze, Thomas V.; Gudava, T.E. (1998). "Caucasian Languages".

3446: 2653:

un-democratic (despite the fact that he organized them, apparently).

2450:

Convention on the prevention and repression of the crime of genocide

1897: 842:

It is not known whether this was the first dominant presence of the

426: 8916: 8891: 8848: 8682: 8665: 8589: 7270: 4562: 3413: 3054: 2958: 2943: 2804: 2776: 2441: 2288: 2259: 2018: 2010: 1832: 1799: 1614: 1598: 1508: 1366: 1240: 1235: 1149: 984: 980: 968: 960: 902: 898: 738: 584: 535:

items, etc. (as well as clay dishes). This period was known as the

329: 325: 276: 109: 5506:

Dzhokhar Dudayev, opening of the memorial to victims of genocide.

4152:Марковин В. И. «В ущельях Аргуна и Фортанги». Москва, 1965 — с. 71 3414:"About the vocalic system of Armenian words of substratic origins" 3321:

tr. Lori Jennings with revisions by author. Delmar, New York 1984.

2979: 2118: 1641:

several years later, starting in 1826 and ending in 1828 with the

8843: 8043: 4751: 2901: 2626: 2411: 2192: 2055: 1999: 1809: 1798:

scholar George Anchabadze noted that this coincided with a major

1791: 1499: 1391: 1370: 1331: 1313: 1128: 1040: 1008: 1004: 956: 940: 532: 528: 357:

history is perhaps the most poorly studied of the peoples of the

354: 6902:

Fred Weir. "Russia Struggles to Keep Its Grip on the Caucasus".

6225:

The Secret War between Russian Intelligence Agencies in Chechnya

4028: 4026: 3510:

Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics

3288:"The Ingush (with notes on the Chechen): Background information" 2456:(adopted in 1948) and in this case this was acknowledged by the 1418:, the Terek Cossacks almost universally filed into the ranks of 8770: 5948: 5946: 3938: 3936: 3073: 2924: 2563: 2435: 2270: 2251: 2243: 2186: 1828: 1716: 1693: 1660:

Fight with the Chechens under Akbulat-Yurt by D. Koenig (1849).

1374: 1252: 1248: 1218: 1089: 988: 906: 893:

Durdzuks in the Georgian Chronicles and the Armenian Chronicles

886: 758: 683: 591: 142: 137: 5685:

Ingush nation (their life and traditions) Tiflis 1876 (page 2)

5021:"Why being Chechen is a badge of honor for Islamist militants" 3770:. Grundzüge der Geschichte und Kultur der Hurrite. Darmstadt. 2732:); their capture was sometimes cited as one of the reasons of 7201:

The Chechen Wars: Will Russia Go the Way of the Soviet Union?

6683: 4405: 4403: 4340: 4338: 4023: 2917:

killings of four employees of British Granger Telecom in 1998

1998:, the Northern Caucasus switched hands several times between 1817: 1432: 1327: 1156:. One particular tale recounts how the former inhabitants of 1052: 952: 860: 798: 754: 547:. The economy was primarily built around cattle and farming. 119: 7376:

Hunter Hammer and Heaven, Journeys to Three World's Gone Mad

5943: 3984: 3933: 3892: 7371:. (A strategic and tactical analysis of the Chechen Wars.) 7347:

The Wolves of Islam: Russia and the Faces of Chechen Terror

6987:

Sweeney, John. "Revealed: Russia's War Crime in Chechnya",

6702:

brothers of engaging in slave trade in the inter-war period

6382: 6380: 6191: 6189: 6181:

Allah's Mountains: Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus

4798:

N.A.Volkonskii, "Pogrom Chechni v 1852 godu", reprinted in

3026:

by August–September . This would happen regardless of the

2904:. He attempted to attract foreign investment in Chechnya's 2783:

prominently from former Soviet states and satellites, with

2717: 2698: 2415: 2392: 2347: 2030: 1842: 1779: 1306: 1222: 1189: 1188:

resistance to the Mongols and in between the two wars. The

1064: 1036: 340: 7361:

Russia's Chechen Wars 1994–2000: Lessons from Urban Combat

5368:

Russia confronts Chechnya: roots of a separatist conflict.

4948: 4400: 4335: 2968: 897:

Ancestors of the modern Chechens and Ingush were known as

677:

were descended from extremely ancient migrations from the

8567:

Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe

8546: 8084: 7471:

Russia's Splitting Headache - A Brief History Of Chechnya

7188:

Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict

6790:

The Age of Assassins. The Rise and Rise of Vladimir Putin

6571: 6562:

Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. Page 114.

6139:

Russia confronts Chechnya: roots of a separatist conflict

6033:

James Hughes. "The Peace Process in Chechnya" in Sakwa's

5996:

Russia confronts Chechnya: roots of a separatist conflict

5912: 5910: 5867:

Russia confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict

5823:

Russia confronts Chechnya: roots of a separatist conflict

5257:

Russia confronts Chechnya: roots of a separatist conflict

5096:

Avtorkhanov, Abdurakhman (Avtorxan-Khant, Javduraxhman).

4928:

Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict

2953:

Maskhadov proved unable to guarantee the security of the

2725: 1824: 1347:

Beginning in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, the

7505: 6857: 6688:

Russia: RFE/RL Interviews Chechen Field Commander Umarov

6377: 6186: 6087:

The Search for peace in Chechnya: A Sourcebook 1994-1996

4066: 4064: 3369:

Greppin, John AC. "The Urartian Substratum in Armenian"

3006:

These events were viewed by Russia's new prime minister

2553: 1460: 1051:

Until the 16th century, Chechens and Ingush were mostly

947:

The main body of various Nakh tribes were surrounded by

722:. Colchians and Saspeires are generally associated with 62: 6759:"Eurasia Daily Monitor | The Jamestown Foundation" 6403:. Published by Kennedy School of Government, March 1997 6390:. Chicago, 2005. Chapter 1 describes election situation 6024:(New York: New York University Press, 1998), pp. 80-81. 2965:

attempts, blamed on the Russian intelligence services.

2604:

which became the mouthpiece of the Chechen opposition.

2548: 2350:

men spent the whole night shooting them all over again.

1672:

and resisted fiercely, led by the Dagestani commanders

7098:

Anderson, Scott. The Man Who Tried to Save the World.

7056:

A vexing reminder of war in Chechnya's booming capital

7033:

Amnesty International Issues Reports on Disappearances

6948:

Our children suffered too, say families of the killers

6800:, page 105. The interview was given on 14 January 2000 5907: 5730:

Geodesy of the Vladikavkaz. Vladikavkaz 1928 (page 12)

5524:

Relocation of Chechen 'genocide' memorial opens wounds

3971: 2468:

In 1957, four years after Stalin's death in 1953, the

368: 6150: 5518: 5516: 5355:

Demograficheskie poteri deportirovannykh narodov SSSR

4477:"The Chechen Nation: A Portrait of Ethnical Features" 4061: 3371:

Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences

772:

Other Nakh roots throughout the Republic of Armenia,

666:

Migration from the Fertile Crescent c. 10000–8000 BCE

3391:"On Hurro-Urartian as an Eastern Caucasian language" 1267:. The feudal rulers were called byachi, or military 1217:

After defending the highlands, the Vainakh attacked

6810:

Sergey Pravosudov. Interview with Sergei Stepashin.

5775:Административно-территориальные изменения в 1944 г. 5745:

Mountainous Ingushetia Rostov-on-Don 1928 (page 65)

5432:"Soviet Transit, Camp, and Deportation Death Rates" 4283: 2295:—attempts at a German-Chechen alliance floundered. 2180:broke out in early 1932 and was defeated in March. 1922:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1728:The long and brutal war caused a prolonged wave of 406:languages to the Northeast Caucasus). According to 6399:Curran, Hill and Kostritsyna. See 'Chronology' in 6324: 5513: 5206:Эдуард Абрамян. Кавказцы в Абвере. М. "Яуза", 2006 4764:. Pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk. Archived from 4523: 4521: 4519: 4458: 4456: 4454: 3003:in Moscow and several other explosions in Russia. 2410:was rediscovered, through archaeological finds in 1852:Danilbek's younger brother, Aslanbek, would adopt 7466:FIDH: Terror and Impunity : A Planned System 7433:"(in English and Russian) Official rebel website" 6085:Diane Curran, Fiona Hill, and Elena Kostritsyna. 4850: 4848: 3481: 3445:Zimansky, Paul (2011). "Urartian and Urartians". 3241: 2587: 2370: 9595: 7392:A Small Corner of Hell: Dispatches from Chechnya 6437:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5888:). 30 April 2000. Available for viewing online: 5799:ГУ ЦГА РД. Ф. р-168. Оп. 35. Д. 21. Л. 189, 191. 5164: 5124:"Chechnya's Forgotten Children Of The Holodomor" 3221: 3219: 2739: 1775:, the 1877 "Lesser Gazavat" saw the 22-year-old 8605:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union 6853: 6851: 6607:"Latvia Condemns Public Executions in Chechnya" 5742: 5736: 5050:. University of California Press. p. 200. 4787:The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus 4733:The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus 4516: 4451: 3411: 3358:Hurro-Urartian as an Eastern Caucasian Language 3282: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 2119:Early inter-war period: the Spring of the 1920s 1180:) agriculture to support their population. The 1035:in the Middle East, including an eagle cast in 863:of the west looked to the new Greek kingdom of 835:fierce conflict for control of the rivers: the 9386:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria 7328:Vyacheslav Mironov. Assault on Grozny Downtown 6922: 6711: 6455:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, January 1998. 6401:The Search for Peace in Chechnya: A Sourcebook 5614:"Европарламент: депортация вайнахов - геноцид" 5550:"Европарламент: депортация вайнахов - геноцид" 5451: 5449: 5447: 4934:: Cambridge University Press, pp. 32–33, 4845: 4564:Relations between Tehran and Moscow, 1797-2014 3444: 2946:; over 50 people were reported killed and the 2627:Dissolution of the Soviet Union and afterwards 2375:The Checheno-Ingush ASSR was transformed into 1763:As Chechens fled and were deported to Turkey, 1314:Ottoman-Persian rivalry and the Russian Empire 1271:. However, this feudalism, whether by Kumyks, 1184:of vassals and lords also fell into shambles. 1139:of the territory of modern Chechnya (then the 939:, the majority of the ancestors of the modern 8475: 8070: 7491: 6490: 6488: 5890:http://www.ng.ru/style/2000-08-30/8_bunt.html 5760:Middle age Ingushetia Moscow, 1971 (page 166) 4892:Historical Dictionary of the Chechen Conflict 4707:The Ghost of Freedom: History of the Caucasus 4694:The Ghost of Freedom: History of the Caucasus 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 3388: 3339:http://www.pies.ucla.edu/IESV/1/VVI_Horse.pdf 3117:) by international charity groups. Dozens of 2868: 2713:on 26 November 1994 ended with capture of 21 2363:officially recognizes the act as a genocide. 2015:Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus 1212: 808: 361:. Much research effort was expended upon the 301: 7271:The Chechen Terror: The Play within the Play 7158:"To Catch a Tartar: Notes from the Caucasus" 6848: 6588:Document Information | Amnesty International 5199: 5197: 4861: 4720:Deportations and Genocides of Chechen Nation 4095: 4093: 3196: 2697:. The federal government supported a failed 2436:Recognition of the deportation as a genocide 2187:Hassan Israilov's rebellion and World War II 1613:Following the incorporation of neighbouring 963:to the east. Those Nakh peoples who were in 817: 453:introducing citations to additional sources 6818: 5766: 5444: 4834: 4832: 4649:Russian Imperialism: Development and Crisis 4366:Jaimoukha, Amjad. The Chechens. Pages 35-36 2677:The independence years of 1991–94 for the " 2602:All-National Congress of the Chechen People 2306: 2058:, and lastly, the relatively insignificant 1831:(1893) which along with the arrival of the 1782:Ali Bek-Haji rise alongside a rebellion of 1617:into the empire after its forced ceding by 1043:from the 9th century in northern Chechnya. 905:divided the country amongst his sons, with 8482: 8468: 8077: 8063: 7498: 7484: 7298:Chechnya : Tombstone of Russian Power 6776: 6715:Нетаджикские девочки, нечеченские маьлчики 6576:Four Western hostages beheaded in Chechnya 6485: 6469:Chechnya, New Dimensions of the Old Crisis 6420:. Archived from the original on 2009-07-14 6154:Россия — Чечня: Цепь ошибок и преступлений 5916: 5877: 5875: 5712: 5706: 5676: 5646: 5304: 5302: 5259:. Cambridge University Press. p. 67. 4898:: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 6–8, 4416: 3790:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2638:On September 6, 1991, the building of the 2157: 1381: 308: 294: 7258:Hasanov, Zaur. The Man of the Mountains. 7049: 6388:Bourdieu's Secret Admirer in the Caucasus 6365:Нерусская Чечня: возвращаться пока некуда 5921:Bourdieu's Secret Admirer in the Caucasus 5859: 5194: 5148: 5146: 5144: 4917: 4915: 4375: 4236: 4099: 4090: 3629: 3544: 3356:Sergei A. Starostin: Igor M. Diakonoff, 3237: 3235: 2440:Forced deportation constitutes an act of 2076:At this point, the clash was between the 2062:with loyalties to Islamists in Dagestan. 1982:Learn how and when to remove this message 1887: 1445:. As Moshe Gammer points out in his book 1410:, because of this, and the threat to the 1070: 6860:"What Makes Chechen Women So Dangerous?" 6740:"Further emergency measures in Chechnya" 6539:"London Sunday Times on Mashkadov visit" 6463: 6461: 5957:Bordieu's Secret Admirer in the Caucasus 5925:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 5884:Matveyev, Oleg. Русский бунт в Грозном ( 5751: 5661: 5471:Rouslan Isacov, Kavkaz Center 01.02.2005 4829: 4527: 4469: 3911: 3512:. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 2285–2286. 3378:http://science.org.ge/old/2-2/Grepin.pdf 2978: 2833: 2240:German invasion in the USSR in June 1941 1843:Emergence of European-styled nationalism 1655: 1493: 1474: 443:Relevant discussion may be found on the 9010:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation 8489: 7403:Seirstad, Asne. The Angel of Grozny. 7214:Gall, Charlotta & de Waal, Thomas. 7012: 7010: 6369:Non-Russian Chechnya: nowhere to return 6325:Gall, Carlotta; Thomas de Waal (1998). 6223:, August 8, 2000. Shermatova, Sanobar. 5872: 5757: 5727: 5721: 5691: 5682: 5652: 5631: 5299: 5121: 5043: 4885: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4357:Jaimoukha, Amjad. The Chechens. Page 34 3762: 3448:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia 3276: 2969:Second Chechen War and its consequences 2908:industry and reconstruction of Grozny. 2701:designed to overthrow Dudayev in 1994. 1597:began spreading its influence into the 564:The term Kharachoi culture denotes the 365:, most of it being falsified at that." 14: 9596: 8693:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 8630:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 7455:"The history of the ChRI (in Russian)" 5667: 5637: 5597:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5254: 5141: 5018: 4921: 4912: 4376:Qietashuo, Baccara C. (January 2018). 3501: 3382: 3319:The Pre-History of the Armenian People 3232: 2276:Nordkaukasische Sonderkommando Schamil 2208:armed insurrection against the Soviets 1823:By the end of the 19th century, major 1511:and the Caspian Sea at the expense of 1390:. This area, now around Naurskaya and 1192:mapped onto battlefield organization. 607: 516: 9040:Initiative for Peace and Human Rights 8463: 8086:History of current European countries 8058: 8042:Recognized by most states as part of 7479: 6792:, Gibson Square Books, London, 2008, 6756: 6560:Chechnya: Life in a War-Torn Society. 6458: 6318: 5611: 4800:Rossiya i Kavkaz skvoz' dva stoletiya 4645: 2554:The Gorbachev era nationalist revival 1483:before the commander-in-chief Prince 1461:Russo-Persian Wars and Caucasian Wars 1422:'s anti-Soviet, highly nationalistic 1152:on this among the modern Chechen and 994: 81: 7228:Gall, Carlotta, and de Waal, Thomas 7007: 6670:RF Ministry of Justice information. 6517:The International Spectator 3/2003, 6197:Chechnya: Life in a War-Torn Society 6061:Chechnya: Tombstone of Russian power 5697: 5537:Chechnya: Tombstone of Russian power 5047:Chechnya: Life in a War-Torn Society 4874: 3523:Herodotus. Book VII: chapters 57‑137 2549:Perestroika and post-Soviet Chechnya 2122: 1920:adding citations to reliable sources 1891: 1736:In the 1860s, Russia commenced with 611: 559: 420: 7415:Chechnya: The Case For Independence 7075:Chechnya: the Case for Independence 7002:Chechnya: The Case for Independence 6672:Chechnya violates basic legal norms 5983:Chechnya: The Case for Independence 5381:Chechnya: the Case for Independence 5122:Umarova, Amina (23 November 2013). 5070: 4762:"Chechnya: the empire strikes back" 4681:Chechnya: The Case for Independence 4634:Chechnya: the Case for Independence 3912:Zimansky, Paul (January 18, 2011). 3664: 3244:"Peering Into the Past, With Words" 1759:Chechnya under Tsarist Russian rule 1334:army became stationed. The Russian 1116: 550: 369:Prehistoric and archeological finds 24: 7230:Chechnya: Calamity in the Caucasus 7092: 6718:(in Russian). Moscow: Яуза-Пресс. 6328:Chechnya: Calamity in the Caucasus 6272:Carlotta Gall and Thomas De Waal. 6259:Carlotta Gall and Thomas De Waal. 6126:Chechnya:the Case for Independence 6022:Chechnya: Calamity in the Caucasus 6020:Carlotta Gall and Thomas de Waal, 5552:. October 18, 2007. Archived from 4442: 3507: 3293:University of California, Berkeley 2927:system of justice was introduced. 2515: 2054:, the urban Russian Bolsheviks in 1282: 925:Farnavaz, the first king of Iberia 882:, in retribution for their raids. 733:Amjad Jaimoukha notes in his book 25: 9615: 8537:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda 8522:Criticism of communist party rule 7425: 7182:Roy Conrad. Grozny. A few days... 6938:, Ridgway.Pitt.edu, 12 March 2007 6843:Imposition of the Fake Settlement 6453:The Abuses of Authorized Banking. 6287:Chechnya:Calamity in the Caucasus 6285:Carlotta Gall and Thomas De Waal. 5790:Caucasus land repartition in 1944 5522:CanWest MediaWorks Publications. 5357:, Stavropol 2003, Table 109, p302 3242:Bernice Wuethrich (19 May 2000). 878:as he led a campaign against the 705:, leading to the proposal of the 9583:Human rights in the Soviet Union 8542:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc 7216:Chechnya: A Small Victorious War 7080: 7067: 7026: 7017:Russia: Chechen Mass Grave Found 6994: 6981: 6959: 6941: 6909: 6896: 6883: 6870: 6845:, Stuttgart 2005. pages 16,33-37 6835: 6803: 6750: 6732: 6712:Соколов-Митрич, Дмитрий (2007). 6705: 6677: 6664: 6638: 6620: 6599: 6581: 6565: 6552: 6531: 6511: 6445: 6406: 6393: 6358: 6346: 6305: 6292: 6279: 6266: 6253: 6241: 6229: 6214: 6202: 6174: 6165: 6144: 6131: 6118: 6105: 6092: 6079: 6066: 6053: 6040: 6027: 6014: 6001: 5988: 5975: 5962: 5894: 5841: 5828: 5815: 5802: 5793: 5605: 5560: 5542: 5529: 5500: 5487: 5474: 5465: 5424: 5411: 5398: 5386: 5373: 5360: 5347: 5334: 5321: 5286: 5273: 5248: 5235: 5222: 5209: 5181: 5115: 5102: 5090: 5064: 5037: 5012: 4999: 4986: 4974: 3159:History of Russia (1992–present) 2720:crew members, secretly hired as 2543:institutionalized discrimination 2126: 1896: 1827:deposits were discovered around 1752: 1747:1944–1957 deportation to Siberia 1629:, Imperial Russian forces under 1606:was declared on the Russians by 1550:In 1783, Russia and the eastern 1113:, who invaded and destroyed it. 871:is one of the Chechen tukkhums. 703:Northeastern Caucasian languages 616: 572: 436:relies largely or entirely on a 425: 324:may refer to the history of the 53: 9491:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 9421:Fall of the inner German border 6917:IWPR Caucasus Reporting Service 6891:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 6761:. Jamestown.org. Archived from 5128:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 4961: 4808: 4792: 4779: 4738: 4725: 4712: 4699: 4686: 4673: 4639: 4626: 4613: 4594: 4578: 4555: 4503: 4490: 4436: 4387: 4369: 4360: 4351: 4322: 4309: 4296: 4265: 4237:Jaimoukha, Amjad (2004-11-10). 4230: 4217: 4204: 4191: 4182: 4173: 4164: 4155: 4146: 4137: 4128: 4100:Jaimoukha, Amjad (2004-11-10). 4077: 4052: 4039: 4010: 3997: 3962: 3949: 3924: 3905: 3879: 3839: 3798: 3756: 3725: 3716: 3690: 3676: 3658: 3630:Jaimoukha, Amjad (2004-11-10). 3623: 3598: 3573: 3538: 3527: 3516: 3492: 3475: 3438: 3428: 3405: 3001:bombing of an apartment complex 2460:as an act of genocide in 2004. 1907:needs additional citations for 1882: 1820:") until the 1917 revolutions. 1664:In the course of the prolonged 1537:were ambushed by Chechen rebels 1487:on 25 August 1859; painting by 1123:Mongol invasions of Durdzuketia 1061:Mongol invasions of Durdzuketia 801:river in the northeast and the 9481:Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact 8620:Terrorism and the Soviet Union 7282:(Interview with a barbarian). 7127:The Oath: A Surgeon Under Fire 6815:, January 14, 2000(in Russian) 6757:Socor, Vladimir (2014-02-21). 5044:Tishkov, Valery (2004-06-14). 4317:The Chechens : A Handbook 3363: 3350: 3324: 3311: 3183: 3170: 2588:Prelude to the 1991 Revolution 2371:Chechnya after the deportation 1859: 158: 13: 1: 9501:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 9100:Inter-regional Deputies Group 9085:National League for Democracy 7113:One Soldier's War In Chechnya 6519:The Afghanisation of Chechnya 6354:Chechnya: From Past to Future 6331:. New York University Press. 6151:O.P. Orlov; V.P. Cherkassov. 6035:Chechnya: From Past to Future 3920:– via www.academia.edu. 3548:Amjad Jaimoukha. The Chechens 3262:10.1126/science.288.5469.1158 3164: 3129:, thousands may be buried in 2740:First Chechen War (1994–1996) 2463: 2195:'s fight against Russia (the 1623:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 1521:Russo-Persian War (1722-1723) 1207: 1127:During the 13th century, the 333: 128: 9411:Alexanderplatz demonstration 9376:Polish Round Table Agreement 9050:People's Movement of Ukraine 7061:International Herald Tribune 6311:De Waal, Thomas, with Gall. 5781:(in Russian). Archived from 4683:. Described in First Chapter 4636:. Described in First chapter 4528:Schaefer, Robert W. (2010). 4445:"About the name of Ichkeria" 3914:"Urartian and the Urartians" 2679:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 2361:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 761:mentioned that mythological 267:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 100: 7: 9456:January Events in Lithuania 9391:Hungarian Round Table Talks 9030:Democratic Party of Albania 7318:YouHaveAids.com is for sale 7004:. 2007. Verso, London 2007. 5917:Derluguian, Georgi (2005). 3609:. Полинформ-Талбури. 1999. 3360:Munich: R. Kitzinger, 1986. 3152: 2709:by the Chechen government. 2567:future hardships. In 1985, 2560:the starvation in the 1930s 2446:IV Hague Convention of 1907 2313:Operation Lentil (Caucasus) 1692:teachings (divided between 1684:(for military details, see 1621:in 1803–1813 following the 1584: 1278: 1046: 955:to the north and west with 930: 630:the scope of other articles 227:Checheno-Ingush Aut. Oblast 10: 9620: 9110:Hungarian Democratic Forum 9105:Alliance of Free Democrats 9095:Union of Democratic Forces 6593:November 21, 2004, at the 6074:Novaia Checheno-Ingushetia 5539:. Published 1998. Page 321 5329:The Lone Wolf and the Bear 5294:The Lone Wolf and the Bear 5175:November 16, 2010, at the 4479:. Shamsali.org. 1990-11-26 3332:UCLA Indo-European Studies 2972: 2950:was declared in Chechnya. 2869:Interwar period: 1996–1999 2825:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 2743: 2690:Russian federal government 2310: 2050:Communist-Islamists under 1868:, Chechens fought for the 1756: 1647:war against Ottoman Turkey 1464: 1213:Post-Mongol era transition 1137:long and massive invasions 1120: 1077:Timurid invasion of Simsir 1074: 809:Invasion of the Cimmerians 779: 765:had migrated from eastern 658: 576: 520: 9575: 9509: 9471:1991 protests in Belgrade 9351: 9276: 9185: 9127: 9118: 9000: 8862: 8809: 8706: 8638: 8575: 8497: 8441: 8393: 8355: 8092: 8040: 8022: 7994: 7961: 7903: 7875:North Ossetia-Alania 7770: 7517: 6904:Christian Science Monitor 6649:. Gfbv.de. Archived from 6627:The Michigan Daily Online 6238:. November 1st-7th, 1995. 6210:Rezhim Dzhokhara Dudayeva 6100:Russia Confronts Chechnya 6048:Russia confronts Chechnya 6009:Russia Confronts Chechnya 5970:Russia confronts Chechnya 5902:Russia confronts Chechnya 5853:January 18, 2013, at the 5406:Russia Confronts Chechnya 5281:Russia confronts Chechnya 5110:Russia confronts Chechnya 4746:Russia confronts Chechnya 4722:. Available at Amina.com. 4243:. Routledge. p. 31. 3545:Jaimoukha, Amjad (2004). 2838:Seizure of the helicopter 1738:forced emigration as well 1562:. Kartli-Kakheti, led by 1291: 959:beyond them, and various 818:Invasion of the Scythians 661:Vainakh origin hypotheses 217:Chechen Autonomous Oblast 9461:January Events in Latvia 9451:Reunification of Germany 9436:1990s post-Soviet aliyah 9366:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest 9090:National Salvation Front 9075:Belarusian Popular Front 9065:Popular Front of Estonia 8834:Polish underground press 8595:List of socialist states 7044:The Jamestown Foundation 6878:The Chechens: A Handbook 6714: 6609:. Mfa.gov.lv. 1997-09-23 6183:By Sebastian Smith p.134 6153: 5774: 5510:. In Chechen and Russian 5255:Dunlop, John B. (1998). 4922:Dunlop, John B. (1998), 4869:The Chechens: A Handbook 4840:The Chechens: A Handbook 4652:. Greenwood Publishing. 4304:The Chechens: A Handbook 4291:The Chechens: A Handbook 3979:The Chechens: A Handbook 3887:The Chechens: A Handbook 3763:Wilhelm, Gernot (1982). 3485:Encyclopaedia Britannica 3412:Fournet, Arnaud (2013). 2600:was elected head of the 2510:Ossetian-Ingush conflict 2307:Operation Lentil/Aardakh 2287:in Chechnya—such as the 2171:Chechen uprising of 1932 2105:Soviet Mountain Republic 1330:in 1559 where the first 9537:Economic liberalization 9476:1991 Belarusian strikes 9416:Fall of the Berlin Wall 9070:Public Against Violence 9060:Popular Front of Latvia 8839:Political demonstration 8688:Chinese economic reform 8600:People Power Revolution 7140:Bennigsen-Broxup, Marie 6826:Chechnya: The dirty war 6497:and Marina Litvinenko. 6474:March 12, 2008, at the 4924:"The rebellion of 1877" 3918:Oxford Handbooks Online 2831:, on this phenomenon). 2250:organized rebellion in 2158:1930s: Stalinist period 1786:under Haji Mohammed in 1382:Arrival of the Cossacks 1003:order, with a king and 917:The Armenian Chronicles 583:The Koban culture (the 197:North Caucasian Emirate 8671:New political thinking 8135:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7374:Pelton, Robert Young. 6950:, by Sebastian Smith, 6934:April 8, 2008, at the 6746:on September 30, 2007. 6632:June 30, 2007, at the 6250:. 22–29 November 1992. 5886:Russian Riot in Grozny 5419:Lone Wolf and the Bear 3871:: CS1 maint: others ( 3831:: CS1 maint: others ( 3748:: CS1 maint: others ( 3395:Bibliotheca Orientalis 3389:Smeets, Rieks (1989). 3091: 3055:Russian Special Forces 3032: 3010:as a violation of the 2984: 2839: 2352: 2236: 2225: 2135:This section is empty. 1888:Post World War I chaos 1726: 1661: 1539:near a village called 1504: 1491: 1287: 1071:Durdzuketia and Simsir 207:Chechen National Okrug 9542:Post-Soviet conflicts 9496:Tajikistani Civil War 9446:Revolution on Granite 9406:Monday Demonstrations 8932:Sanjaasürengiin Zorig 8766:Mengistu Haile Mariam 8532:Eastern Bloc politics 7314:Ya byl na etoy voyne. 7248:. M E Sharpe (2003). 7199:Evangelista, Mathew. 7115:" Portobello, London 6977:on February 15, 2009. 5743:V.P. Khristianovich. 5019:Taylor, Adam (2014). 4886:Askerov, Ali (2015), 4646:Cohen, Ariel (1998). 4249:10.4324/9780203356432 4112:10.4324/9780203356432 3642:10.4324/9780203356432 3557:10.4324/9780203356432 3193:. London 2006. Page 4 3127:Amnesty International 3106:Amnesty International 3086: 3020: 2982: 2859:Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev 2837: 2759:conducted successful 2343: 2226: 2215: 2042:" Chechens following 1931:"History of Chechnya" 1870:Imperial Russian Army 1721: 1659: 1643:Treaty of Turkmenchay 1498:Map of the Caucasian 1497: 1478: 1286: 853:social stratification 638:and help introduce a 464:"History of Chechnya" 385:The ancestors of the 378:and artifacts around 8952:Vytautas Landsbergis 8947:Viacheslav Chornovil 8776:Denis Sassou Nguesso 7632:Nizhny Novgorod 7337:Vyacheslav Mironov. 7021:Agence France-Presse 6787:Vladimir Pribylovsky 6386:Derluguian, Georgi. 6313:Small Victorious War 6274:Small Victorious War 6261:Small Victorious War 6208:Abubakarov, Taimaz. 4994:Chechens: A Handbook 4954:Anchabadze, George. 4854:Anchabadze, George. 4619:Anchabadze, George. 4429:Anchabadze, George. 4409:Anchabadze, George. 4393:Anchabadze, George. 4344:Anchabadze, George. 4328:Anchabadze, George. 4210:Anchabadze, George. 4003:Anchabadze, George. 3376::2:134-137 (2008), 3081:September 11 attacks 3035:the federal forces. 1916:improve this article 1560:Treaty of Georgievsk 901:. Before his death, 449:improve this article 416:Western civilization 363:Russo-Circassian war 332:, or of the land of 257:Checheno-Ingush ASSR 237:Checheno-Ingush ASSR 9604:History of Chechnya 9396:Pan-European Picnic 9371:1988 Polish strikes 8751:Wojciech Jaruzelski 8491:Revolutions of 1989 8356:States with limited 8009:St. Petersburg 7840:Karachay-Cherkessia 7388:Politkovskaya, Anna 7333:Mironov, Vyacheslav 7324:Mironov, Vyacheslav 7310:Mironov, Vyacheslav 7280:Razgovor s varvarom 6956:, September 2, 2005 6906:, 13 September 2005 6813:Nezavisimaya Gazeta 6315:. pages 314 and 315 5848:Операция "Чечевица" 5243:Chechens and Ingush 5217:Chechens and Ingush 5189:Chechens and Ingush 5098:Chechens and Ingush 3115:Katyr-Yurt Massacre 3095:Prigorodny District 3070:Beslan School siege 3051:Zhani-Vedeno ambush 2724:by the FSK (former 2486:Prigorodny District 2482:Chechen-Ingush ASSR 2470:Soviet of Ministers 2458:European Parliament 2454:UN General Assembly 2385:Prigorodny District 2220:Checheno-Ingushetia 2109:autonomous republic 2067:February Revolution 2065:In response to the 1645:, and a successful 1503:by J. Grassl, 1856. 1083:Prigorodny District 786:Giorgi Melikishvili 784:Georgian historian 608:Theories on origins 523:Kura-Araxes culture 517:Kura-Araxes culture 322:history of Chechnya 72:Kura–Araxes culture 8756:Slobodan Milošević 8625:Vatican Opposition 8024:Autonomous oblasts 7830:Kabardino-Balkaria 7038:2008-10-10 at the 6919:, 2 September 2004 6876:Jaimoukha, Amjad. 6864:The New York Times 6832:documentary, 2006. 6524:2008-09-11 at the 6072:Muzaev and Todua, 5953:Derluguian, Georgi 5495:Lone Wolf and Bear 5314:2010-11-16 at the 5230:Lone Wolf and Bear 4992:Jaimoukha, Amjad. 4982:Lone Wolf and Bear 4969:Lone Wolf and Bear 4867:Jaimoukha, Amjad. 4838:Jaimoukha, Amjad. 4511:Lone Wolf and Bear 4496:Jaimoukha, Amjad. 4462:Jaimoukha, Amjad. 4315:Jaimoukha, Amjad. 4302:Jaimoukha, Amjad. 4289:Jaimoukha, Amjad. 4223:Jaimoukha, Amjad. 3977:Jaimoukha, Amjad. 3968:Jaimoukha. Page 29 3885:Jaimoukha, Amjad. 3344:2018-09-24 at the 3135:Second Chechen War 3047:Battle of Hill 776 3028:bombings in Moscow 3012:Khasav-Yurt Accord 2985: 2975:Second Chechen War 2948:state of emergency 2840: 2202:By February 1940, 1742:ethnically cleanse 1662: 1639:war against Persia 1633:began moving into 1627:Treaty of Gulistan 1625:and the outcoming 1568:Agha Mohammad Khan 1505: 1492: 1467:Russo-Persian Wars 1447:Lone Wolf and Bear 1408:Russian Revolution 1336:Terek Cossack Host 1288: 1230:, but most of the 995:Politics and trade 876:Vakhtang Gorgasali 636:discuss this issue 349:notes in his book 9591: 9590: 9517:Colour revolution 9347: 9346: 9314:Congo-Brazzaville 9035:Democratic Russia 8992:Pope John Paul II 8987:George H. W. Bush 8937:Vladimir Bukovsky 8726:Mikhail Gorbachev 8721:Nicolae Ceaușescu 8507:Era of Stagnation 8457: 8456: 8052: 8051: 7963:Autonomous okrugs 7507:History of Russia 7409:978-1-84408-395-4 7339:I was in that war 7121:978-1-84627-039-0 7109:Babchenko, Arkady 6725:978-5-903339-45-7 6558:Tishkov, Valery. 6528:, Peter Brownfeld 6506:978-1-4165-5165-2 6338:978-0-8147-2963-2 6195:Tishkov, Valery. 5936:978-0-226-14283-8 5810:Soviet Propaganda 5266:978-0-521-63619-3 5071:Bangash, Salman. 5057:978-0-520-93020-9 4941:978-0-521-63619-3 4905:978-1-4422-4924-0 4818:. PBS. 2002-07-25 4609:978-5-904549-02-2 4258:978-0-203-35643-2 3858:978-5-17-045827-1 3418:Archiv Orientální 3317:Diakonoff, I. M. 3286:(February 1997). 3139:First Chechen War 3066:Battle of Nalchik 2921:public executions 2829:First Chechen War 2746:First Chechen War 2569:Mikhail Gorbachev 2535:Georgi Derluguian 2527:1958 Grozny riots 2498:Russian Civil War 2444:according to the 2285:covert operations 2155: 2154: 1996:Russian Civil War 1992: 1991: 1984: 1966: 1773:Russo-Turkish War 1670:Caucasian Imamate 1535:, Russian troops 1489:Theodor Horschelt 1320:Ivan the Terrible 1198:Nakh architecture 1169:Orthodox Churches 1135:vassals launched 1055:, practicing the 1025:Caucasian Albania 1015:called Ichkeria. 961:Dagestani peoples 657: 656: 560:Kharachoi culture 514: 513: 499: 318: 317: 285: 284: 187:Mountain Republic 164:Caucasian Imamate 87:Kharachoi culture 18:Kharachoi culture 16:(Redirected from 9611: 9466:Transnistria War 9125: 9124: 8967:Aung San Suu Kyi 8882:Alexander Dubček 8819:Civil resistance 8676:Sinatra Doctrine 8656:Demokratizatsiya 8557:Shortage economy 8484: 8477: 8470: 8461: 8460: 8394:Dependencies and 8093:Sovereign states 8079: 8072: 8065: 8056: 8055: 7500: 7493: 7486: 7477: 7476: 7462: 7457:. Archived from 7440: 7435:. Archived from 7345:Murphy, Paul J. 7276:Khlebnikov, Paul 7186:Dunlop, John B. 7125:Baiev, Khassan. 7087: 7084: 7078: 7071: 7065: 7064:, April 29, 2008 7053: 7047: 7030: 7024: 7014: 7005: 6998: 6992: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6973:. Archived from 6963: 6957: 6945: 6939: 6926: 6920: 6913: 6907: 6900: 6894: 6893:, 28 March 2006. 6887: 6881: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6855: 6846: 6839: 6833: 6822: 6816: 6807: 6801: 6783:Yuri Felshtinsky 6780: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6770: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6742:. Archived from 6736: 6730: 6729: 6709: 6703: 6696:Movladi Baisarov 6681: 6675: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6658: 6642: 6636: 6624: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6614: 6603: 6597: 6585: 6579: 6569: 6563: 6556: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6546: 6541:. Mashar.free.fr 6535: 6529: 6515: 6509: 6492: 6483: 6465: 6456: 6451:Jensen, Donald. 6449: 6443: 6442: 6436: 6428: 6426: 6425: 6410: 6404: 6397: 6391: 6384: 6375: 6374: 6362: 6356: 6352:Sakwa, Richard. 6350: 6344: 6342: 6322: 6316: 6309: 6303: 6296: 6290: 6283: 6277: 6270: 6264: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6227: 6218: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6193: 6184: 6178: 6172: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6148: 6142: 6137:Dunlop, John B. 6135: 6129: 6122: 6116: 6113:After the Putsch 6109: 6103: 6096: 6090: 6083: 6077: 6070: 6064: 6059:Lieven, Anatol. 6057: 6051: 6046:Dunlop, John B. 6044: 6038: 6031: 6025: 6018: 6012: 6007:Dunlop, John B. 6005: 5999: 5994:Dunlop, John B. 5992: 5986: 5979: 5973: 5968:Dunlop, John B. 5966: 5960: 5950: 5941: 5940: 5924: 5914: 5905: 5900:Dunlop, John B. 5898: 5892: 5883: 5879: 5870: 5865:Dunlop, John B. 5863: 5857: 5845: 5839: 5836:Punished Peoples 5832: 5826: 5821:Dunlop, John B. 5819: 5813: 5806: 5800: 5797: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5780: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5713:G.G. Moskvitch. 5710: 5704: 5703: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5616:. Archived from 5609: 5603: 5602: 5596: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5579: 5573:. Archived from 5572: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5546: 5540: 5533: 5527: 5526:. June 4th, 2008 5520: 5511: 5504: 5498: 5491: 5485: 5478: 5472: 5469: 5463: 5453: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5428: 5422: 5415: 5409: 5402: 5396: 5394:Punished Peoples 5390: 5384: 5377: 5371: 5364: 5358: 5353:Ediev, Dalkhat. 5351: 5345: 5338: 5332: 5325: 5319: 5306: 5297: 5290: 5284: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5252: 5246: 5239: 5233: 5226: 5220: 5213: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5192: 5185: 5179: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5160:on May 27, 2008. 5156:. Archived from 5150: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5135: 5119: 5113: 5106: 5100: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5084: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5031: 5016: 5010: 5007:Kul'turi Chechni 5003: 4997: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4971:. Pages 119-140. 4965: 4959: 4952: 4946: 4944: 4919: 4910: 4908: 4883: 4872: 4865: 4859: 4852: 4843: 4836: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4823: 4812: 4806: 4804:Ghost of Freedom 4796: 4790: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4758: 4749: 4744:Dunlop, John B. 4742: 4736: 4729: 4723: 4718:Saieva, Aminat. 4716: 4710: 4703: 4697: 4690: 4684: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4643: 4637: 4630: 4624: 4617: 4611: 4598: 4592: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4525: 4514: 4507: 4501: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4484: 4473: 4467: 4460: 4449: 4448: 4440: 4434: 4427: 4414: 4407: 4398: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4373: 4367: 4364: 4358: 4355: 4349: 4342: 4333: 4326: 4320: 4313: 4307: 4300: 4294: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4234: 4228: 4221: 4215: 4208: 4202: 4195: 4189: 4186: 4180: 4177: 4171: 4168: 4162: 4159: 4153: 4150: 4144: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4097: 4088: 4081: 4075: 4068: 4059: 4056: 4050: 4043: 4037: 4030: 4021: 4014: 4008: 4001: 3995: 3988: 3982: 3975: 3969: 3966: 3960: 3953: 3947: 3940: 3931: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3909: 3903: 3896: 3890: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3870: 3862: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3830: 3822: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3789: 3781: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3747: 3739: 3729: 3723: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3583:. Archived from 3577: 3571: 3570: 3542: 3536: 3531: 3525: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3505: 3499: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3466: 3462: 3460: 3452: 3442: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3386: 3380: 3367: 3361: 3354: 3348: 3337:(1999): 147-264 3328: 3322: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3305: 3296:. Archived from 3280: 3274: 3273: 3239: 3230: 3223: 3194: 3187: 3181: 3174: 3016:Sergei Stepashin 2598:Dzhokhar Dudayev 2490:Naursky district 2425:Dzhokhar Dudayev 2401:Aleksey Yermolov 2397:Meskhetian Turks 2248:Mairbek Sheripov 2179: 2150: 2147: 2137:You can help by 2130: 2123: 2071:Caucasus Imamate 1987: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1967: 1965: 1924: 1900: 1892: 1631:Aleksey Yermolov 1531:, following the 1414:policies of the 1412:Decossackization 1297: 1117:Mongol invasions 1057:Vainakh religion 1023:(as happened to 718:," according to 679:Fertile Crescent 652: 649: 643: 620: 619: 612: 566:Early Bronze Age 551:Kayakent culture 509: 506: 500: 498: 457: 429: 421: 412:Nakh–Dagestanian 396:Fertile Crescent 328:, of their land 310: 303: 296: 277:Chechen Republic 183: 182: 82:Kayakent culture 57: 47: 29: 28: 21: 9619: 9618: 9614: 9613: 9612: 9610: 9609: 9608: 9594: 9593: 9592: 9587: 9571: 9532:Democratization 9522:Decommunization 9505: 9441:Helsinki Summit 9381:April 9 tragedy 9353: 9343: 9272: 9181: 9129: 9120: 9114: 9002: 8996: 8864: 8858: 8811: 8805: 8761:Mathieu Kérékou 8708: 8702: 8634: 8610:Reagan Doctrine 8585:Active measures 8577: 8571: 8562:Totalitarianism 8499: 8493: 8488: 8458: 8453: 8437: 8395: 8389: 8375:Northern Cyprus 8357: 8351: 8267:North Macedonia 8088: 8083: 8053: 8048: 8047: 8036: 8018: 7990: 7957: 7899: 7766: 7513: 7511:federal subject 7504: 7453: 7431: 7428: 7419:The Independent 7417:Book review in 7095: 7093:Further reading 7090: 7085: 7081: 7077:. Pages 167-170 7072: 7068: 7054: 7050: 7040:Wayback Machine 7031: 7027: 7023:, June 21, 2008 7015: 7008: 6999: 6995: 6991:, March 5, 2000 6986: 6982: 6971:www.topnews.ru/ 6965: 6964: 6960: 6946: 6942: 6936:Wayback Machine 6927: 6923: 6914: 6910: 6901: 6897: 6888: 6884: 6875: 6871: 6856: 6849: 6840: 6836: 6823: 6819: 6808: 6804: 6781: 6777: 6768: 6766: 6755: 6751: 6738: 6737: 6733: 6726: 6716: 6710: 6706: 6682: 6678: 6669: 6665: 6656: 6654: 6643: 6639: 6634:Wayback Machine 6625: 6621: 6612: 6610: 6605: 6604: 6600: 6595:Wayback Machine 6586: 6582: 6570: 6566: 6557: 6553: 6544: 6542: 6537: 6536: 6532: 6526:Wayback Machine 6516: 6512: 6493: 6486: 6476:Wayback Machine 6466: 6459: 6450: 6446: 6430: 6429: 6423: 6421: 6412: 6411: 6407: 6398: 6394: 6385: 6378: 6372: 6363: 6359: 6351: 6347: 6339: 6323: 6319: 6310: 6306: 6297: 6293: 6284: 6280: 6271: 6267: 6258: 6254: 6246: 6242: 6234: 6230: 6219: 6215: 6207: 6203: 6194: 6187: 6179: 6175: 6170: 6166: 6155: 6149: 6145: 6141:. Pages 114-15. 6136: 6132: 6123: 6119: 6110: 6106: 6097: 6093: 6084: 6080: 6071: 6067: 6058: 6054: 6045: 6041: 6032: 6028: 6019: 6015: 6006: 6002: 5993: 5989: 5980: 5976: 5967: 5963: 5951: 5944: 5937: 5915: 5908: 5899: 5895: 5881: 5880: 5873: 5864: 5860: 5855:Wayback Machine 5846: 5842: 5833: 5829: 5820: 5816: 5807: 5803: 5798: 5794: 5785: 5778: 5776: 5772: 5771: 5767: 5756: 5752: 5741: 5737: 5726: 5722: 5711: 5707: 5696: 5692: 5681: 5677: 5666: 5662: 5651: 5647: 5636: 5632: 5623: 5621: 5610: 5606: 5590: 5589: 5583: 5581: 5577: 5570: 5568:"Archived copy" 5566: 5565: 5561: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5535:Lieven, Anatol. 5534: 5530: 5521: 5514: 5505: 5501: 5493:Gammer, Moshe. 5492: 5488: 5479: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5454: 5445: 5436: 5434: 5430: 5429: 5425: 5416: 5412: 5403: 5399: 5391: 5387: 5378: 5374: 5365: 5361: 5352: 5348: 5339: 5335: 5326: 5322: 5316:Wayback Machine 5307: 5300: 5291: 5287: 5278: 5274: 5267: 5253: 5249: 5240: 5236: 5227: 5223: 5214: 5210: 5203: 5202: 5195: 5186: 5182: 5177:Wayback Machine 5169: 5165: 5152: 5151: 5142: 5133: 5131: 5120: 5116: 5107: 5103: 5095: 5091: 5082: 5080: 5069: 5065: 5058: 5042: 5038: 5029: 5027: 5025:Washington Post 5017: 5013: 5009:, pages 164-187 5004: 5000: 4991: 4987: 4979: 4975: 4967:Gammer, Moshe. 4966: 4962: 4953: 4949: 4942: 4920: 4913: 4906: 4884: 4875: 4866: 4862: 4853: 4846: 4837: 4830: 4821: 4819: 4814: 4813: 4809: 4797: 4793: 4785:King, Charles. 4784: 4780: 4771: 4769: 4760: 4759: 4752: 4743: 4739: 4731:King, Charles. 4730: 4726: 4717: 4713: 4705:King, Charles. 4704: 4700: 4692:King, Charles. 4691: 4687: 4678: 4674: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4644: 4640: 4631: 4627: 4618: 4614: 4600:Lecha Ilyasov. 4599: 4595: 4583: 4579: 4569: 4567: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4526: 4517: 4509:Gammer, Moshe. 4508: 4504: 4495: 4491: 4482: 4480: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4461: 4452: 4443:Bakaev, Hasan. 4441: 4437: 4428: 4417: 4408: 4401: 4392: 4388: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4343: 4336: 4327: 4323: 4314: 4310: 4301: 4297: 4288: 4284: 4277:www.etomesto.ru 4271: 4270: 4266: 4259: 4235: 4231: 4222: 4218: 4209: 4205: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4122: 4098: 4091: 4082: 4078: 4069: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4044: 4040: 4031: 4024: 4015: 4011: 4002: 3998: 3989: 3985: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3954: 3950: 3941: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3910: 3906: 3897: 3893: 3884: 3880: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3761: 3757: 3741: 3740: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3710: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3663: 3659: 3652: 3628: 3624: 3617: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3590: 3588: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3517: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3480: 3476: 3464: 3463: 3454: 3453: 3443: 3439: 3433: 3429: 3410: 3406: 3387: 3383: 3368: 3364: 3355: 3351: 3346:Wayback Machine 3329: 3325: 3316: 3312: 3303: 3301: 3284:Johanna Nichols 3281: 3277: 3240: 3233: 3224: 3197: 3189:Gammer, Moshe. 3188: 3184: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3155: 3131:unmarked graves 2983:Map of Chechnya 2977: 2971: 2940:Sulim Yamadayev 2875:Aslan Maskhadov 2871: 2753:Aslan Maskhadov 2748: 2742: 2728:, soon renamed 2707:prisoner-of-war 2629: 2590: 2556: 2551: 2518: 2516:Ethnic tensions 2466: 2438: 2373: 2339:Lavrentiy Beria 2315: 2309: 2189: 2173: 2160: 2151: 2145: 2142: 2121: 2021:and self-rule. 1988: 1977: 1971: 1968: 1925: 1923: 1913: 1901: 1890: 1885: 1862: 1845: 1761: 1755: 1587: 1576:sacking Tbilisi 1533:Treaty of Resht 1502: 1473: 1465:Main articles: 1463: 1457:, was deified. 1384: 1345: 1322:'s conquest of 1316: 1281: 1215: 1210: 1125: 1119: 1079: 1073: 1049: 997: 933: 895: 820: 811: 782: 692: 673:holds that the 671:Johanna Nichols 668: 663: 653: 647: 644: 642:to the article. 633: 621: 617: 610: 581: 575: 562: 553: 541:Amjad Jaimoukha 525: 519: 510: 504: 501: 458: 456: 442: 430: 408:Johanna Nichols 371: 347:Amjad Jaimoukha 314: 45: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9617: 9607: 9606: 9589: 9588: 9586: 9585: 9579: 9577: 9573: 9572: 9570: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9557:Post-communism 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9513: 9511: 9507: 9506: 9504: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9357: 9355: 9349: 9348: 9345: 9344: 9342: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9280: 9278: 9274: 9273: 9271: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9189: 9187: 9183: 9182: 9180: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9147:Czechoslovakia 9144: 9139: 9133: 9131: 9130:Eastern Europe 9122: 9116: 9115: 9113: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9006: 9004: 8998: 8997: 8995: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8977:Isaias Afwerki 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8957:Zianon Pazniak 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8868: 8866: 8860: 8859: 8857: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8815: 8813: 8807: 8806: 8804: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8736:Erich Honecker 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8712: 8710: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8679: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8648: 8642: 8640: 8636: 8635: 8633: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8581: 8579: 8573: 8572: 8570: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8517:Anti-communism 8514: 8509: 8503: 8501: 8495: 8494: 8487: 8486: 8479: 8472: 8464: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8451: 8449:European Union 8445: 8443: 8442:Other entities 8439: 8438: 8436: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8399: 8397: 8396:other entities 8391: 8390: 8388: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8361: 8359: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8349: 8344: 8342:United Kingdom 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8155:Czech Republic 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8096: 8094: 8090: 8089: 8082: 8081: 8074: 8067: 8059: 8050: 8049: 8041: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8034: 8028: 8026: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8000: 7998: 7996:Federal cities 7992: 7991: 7989: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7967: 7965: 7959: 7958: 7956: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7909: 7907: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7776: 7774: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7523: 7521: 7515: 7514: 7503: 7502: 7495: 7488: 7480: 7474: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7461:on 2006-08-25. 7451: 7446: 7439:on 2007-04-04. 7427: 7426:External links 7424: 7423: 7422: 7411: 7401: 7385: 7372: 7357: 7343: 7330: 7321: 7307: 7294:Lieven, Anatol 7291: 7273: 7267: 7256: 7254:0-312-268-74-2 7239: 7226: 7212: 7197: 7184: 7178: 7167: 7154: 7137: 7123: 7106: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7088: 7079: 7066: 7048: 7046:, May 24, 2007 7025: 7006: 6993: 6980: 6958: 6940: 6921: 6908: 6895: 6882: 6869: 6847: 6834: 6817: 6802: 6775: 6749: 6731: 6724: 6704: 6690:, 27.07.2005; 6676: 6663: 6637: 6619: 6598: 6580: 6564: 6551: 6530: 6510: 6484: 6457: 6444: 6405: 6392: 6376: 6357: 6345: 6343:: pp. 177-181. 6337: 6317: 6304: 6291: 6289:.Pages 155-157 6278: 6265: 6252: 6240: 6228: 6213: 6201: 6185: 6173: 6164: 6157:(in Russian). 6143: 6130: 6117: 6104: 6091: 6078: 6065: 6052: 6039: 6026: 6013: 6000: 5987: 5974: 5961: 5942: 5935: 5906: 5893: 5871: 5858: 5840: 5827: 5814: 5801: 5792: 5788:on 2007-09-26. 5765: 5750: 5735: 5720: 5705: 5690: 5675: 5660: 5645: 5630: 5604: 5559: 5556:on 2007-10-18. 5541: 5528: 5512: 5499: 5486: 5473: 5464: 5443: 5423: 5410: 5397: 5385: 5372: 5359: 5346: 5333: 5320: 5298: 5285: 5272: 5265: 5247: 5234: 5232:.Pages 161-165 5221: 5208: 5193: 5191:.Pages 181-182 5180: 5163: 5140: 5114: 5101: 5089: 5063: 5056: 5036: 5011: 4998: 4985: 4973: 4960: 4947: 4940: 4911: 4904: 4888:"Introduction" 4873: 4860: 4844: 4828: 4807: 4791: 4778: 4750: 4737: 4724: 4711: 4698: 4685: 4672: 4658: 4638: 4625: 4612: 4593: 4577: 4554: 4540: 4515: 4502: 4489: 4468: 4450: 4435: 4415: 4399: 4386: 4368: 4359: 4350: 4334: 4321: 4308: 4295: 4282: 4264: 4257: 4229: 4216: 4203: 4190: 4181: 4172: 4163: 4154: 4145: 4136: 4127: 4120: 4089: 4076: 4060: 4051: 4038: 4022: 4009: 3996: 3983: 3970: 3961: 3948: 3932: 3923: 3904: 3891: 3878: 3857: 3838: 3817: 3797: 3776: 3755: 3724: 3715: 3708: 3689: 3675: 3666:Ortayli, Ilber 3657: 3650: 3636:. p. 29. 3622: 3615: 3597: 3572: 3565: 3537: 3526: 3515: 3500: 3491: 3474: 3465:|journal= 3451:. p. 556. 3437: 3427: 3404: 3381: 3362: 3349: 3323: 3310: 3275: 3256:(5469): 1158. 3231: 3195: 3182: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3161: 3154: 3151: 3040:Akhmad Kadyrov 3008:Vladimir Putin 2989:Shamil Basayev 2973:Main article: 2970: 2967: 2870: 2867: 2848:Stavropol Krai 2799:, Dagestanis, 2785:Baltic peoples 2744:Main article: 2741: 2738: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2643: 2640:Supreme Soviet 2636: 2628: 2625: 2589: 2586: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2517: 2514: 2506:White movement 2465: 2462: 2437: 2434: 2372: 2369: 2311:Main article: 2308: 2305: 2301:Ostministerium 2204:Hasan Israilov 2188: 2185: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2133: 2131: 2120: 2117: 2004:Volunteer Army 1990: 1989: 1904: 1902: 1895: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1861: 1858: 1844: 1841: 1765:Terek Cossacks 1757:Main article: 1754: 1751: 1674:Ghazi Mohammed 1651:North Caucasus 1595:Russian Empire 1586: 1583: 1513:Safavid Persia 1462: 1459: 1424:Volunteer Army 1383: 1380: 1344: 1341: 1315: 1312: 1280: 1277: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1202:egalitarianism 1121:Main article: 1118: 1115: 1075:Main article: 1072: 1069: 1048: 1045: 1013:Turkic peoples 996: 993: 951:to the south, 932: 929: 894: 891: 819: 816: 810: 807: 781: 778: 695:Igor Diakonoff 691: 688: 667: 664: 659:Main article: 655: 654: 624: 622: 615: 609: 606: 577:Main article: 574: 571: 561: 558: 552: 549: 545:Maikop culture 521:Main article: 518: 515: 512: 511: 447:. Please help 433: 431: 424: 376:cave paintings 370: 367: 359:North Caucasus 316: 315: 313: 312: 305: 298: 290: 287: 286: 283: 282: 279: 273: 272: 269: 263: 262: 259: 253: 252: 249: 243: 242: 239: 233: 232: 229: 223: 222: 219: 213: 212: 209: 203: 202: 199: 193: 192: 189: 179: 178: 174: 173: 172: 171: 169:Russian Empire 166: 161: 153: 152: 148: 147: 146: 145: 140: 132: 131: 125: 124: 123: 122: 117: 112: 104: 103: 97: 96: 95: 94: 89: 84: 79: 77:Maykop culture 74: 66: 65: 59: 58: 50: 49: 40: 39: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9616: 9605: 9602: 9601: 9599: 9584: 9581: 9580: 9578: 9574: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9562:Yugoslav Wars 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9552:Neo-Stalinism 9550: 9548: 9547:Neo-Sovietism 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9514: 9512: 9508: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9431:Black January 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9358: 9356: 9350: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9279: 9275: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9190: 9188: 9184: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9134: 9132: 9126: 9123: 9117: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9007: 9005: 8999: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8982:Ronald Reagan 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8962:Zhelyu Zhelev 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8942:Boris Yeltsin 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8922:Joachim Gauck 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8869: 8867: 8861: 8855: 8854:Strike action 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8816: 8814: 8808: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8796:Todor Zhivkov 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8786:Deng Xiaoping 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8713: 8711: 8705: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8653: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8637: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8615:Soviet Empire 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8582: 8580: 8576:International 8574: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8504: 8502: 8496: 8492: 8485: 8480: 8478: 8473: 8471: 8466: 8465: 8462: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8444: 8440: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8408:Faroe Islands 8406: 8404: 8401: 8400: 8398: 8392: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8380:South Ossetia 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8362: 8360: 8354: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8227:Liechtenstein 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8080: 8075: 8073: 8068: 8066: 8061: 8060: 8057: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8025: 8021: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7997: 7993: 7987: 7986:Yamalo-Nenets 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7964: 7960: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7910: 7908: 7906: 7902: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7790:Bashkortostan 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7773: 7769: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7501: 7496: 7494: 7489: 7487: 7482: 7481: 7478: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7444: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7429: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7400: 7399:0-226-67432-0 7396: 7393: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7383:1-58574-416-6 7380: 7377: 7373: 7370: 7369:0-8330-2998-3 7366: 7362: 7359:Oliker, Olga 7358: 7356: 7355:1-57488-830-7 7352: 7348: 7344: 7342: 7340: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7325: 7322: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7305:0-300-07881-1 7302: 7299: 7295: 7292: 7289: 7288:5-89935-057-1 7285: 7281: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7268: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7242:Goltz, Thomas 7240: 7238: 7237:0-8147-3132-5 7234: 7231: 7227: 7225: 7224:0-330-35075-7 7221: 7217: 7213: 7210: 7209:0-8157-2499-3 7206: 7202: 7198: 7196: 7195:0-521-63619-1 7192: 7189: 7185: 7183: 7180:Conrad, Roy. 7179: 7176: 7175:1-4184-9302-3 7172: 7168: 7166: 7165:0-7195-6506-5 7162: 7159: 7156:Bird, Chris. 7155: 7153: 7152:1-85065-069-1 7149: 7145: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7135:0-8027-1404-8 7132: 7128: 7124: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7104:0-385-48666-9 7101: 7097: 7096: 7083: 7076: 7070: 7063: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7034: 7029: 7022: 7018: 7013: 7011: 7003: 6997: 6990: 6984: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6962: 6955: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6937: 6933: 6930: 6925: 6918: 6912: 6905: 6899: 6892: 6886: 6879: 6873: 6865: 6861: 6854: 6852: 6844: 6838: 6831: 6827: 6821: 6814: 6811: 6806: 6799: 6798:1-906142-07-6 6795: 6791: 6788: 6784: 6779: 6765:on 2008-02-14 6764: 6760: 6753: 6745: 6741: 6735: 6727: 6721: 6717: 6708: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6680: 6673: 6667: 6653:on 2014-11-12 6652: 6648: 6641: 6635: 6631: 6628: 6623: 6608: 6602: 6596: 6592: 6589: 6584: 6577: 6573: 6568: 6561: 6555: 6540: 6534: 6527: 6523: 6520: 6514: 6507: 6503: 6500: 6496: 6495:Alex Goldfarb 6491: 6489: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6470: 6464: 6462: 6454: 6448: 6440: 6434: 6419: 6415: 6409: 6402: 6396: 6389: 6383: 6381: 6370: 6366: 6361: 6355: 6349: 6340: 6334: 6330: 6329: 6321: 6314: 6308: 6301: 6295: 6288: 6282: 6275: 6269: 6262: 6256: 6249: 6244: 6237: 6232: 6226: 6222: 6217: 6211: 6205: 6198: 6192: 6190: 6182: 6177: 6168: 6160: 6156: 6147: 6140: 6134: 6127: 6121: 6114: 6108: 6101: 6095: 6088: 6082: 6076:. Pages 34-43 6075: 6069: 6063:. pages 56-64 6062: 6056: 6049: 6043: 6036: 6030: 6023: 6017: 6010: 6004: 5998:. Pages 89-90 5997: 5991: 5985:. Pages 46-47 5984: 5978: 5971: 5965: 5958: 5954: 5949: 5947: 5938: 5932: 5928: 5923: 5922: 5913: 5911: 5904:. Page 81, 88 5903: 5897: 5891: 5887: 5878: 5876: 5869:. Pages 80-81 5868: 5862: 5856: 5852: 5849: 5844: 5838:. Pages 157-8 5837: 5831: 5825:. Pages 79-80 5824: 5818: 5811: 5805: 5796: 5784: 5777: 5769: 5761: 5758:E.I.Krupnov. 5754: 5746: 5739: 5731: 5728:N.M. Suetin. 5724: 5716: 5709: 5701: 5694: 5686: 5683:N.Grabovski. 5679: 5671: 5664: 5656: 5653:E.Bronevski. 5649: 5641: 5634: 5620:on 2007-10-18 5619: 5615: 5608: 5600: 5594: 5580:on 2010-06-13 5576: 5569: 5563: 5555: 5551: 5545: 5538: 5532: 5525: 5519: 5517: 5509: 5503: 5496: 5490: 5483: 5477: 5468: 5462: 5461:5-86020-238-5 5458: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5433: 5427: 5420: 5414: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5382: 5376: 5369: 5363: 5356: 5350: 5343: 5337: 5330: 5324: 5317: 5313: 5310: 5305: 5303: 5295: 5289: 5282: 5276: 5268: 5262: 5258: 5251: 5244: 5241:Avtorkhanov. 5238: 5231: 5225: 5218: 5215:Avtorkhanov. 5212: 5200: 5198: 5190: 5184: 5178: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5129: 5125: 5118: 5111: 5105: 5099: 5093: 5078: 5077:nomadit.co.uk 5074: 5067: 5059: 5053: 5049: 5048: 5040: 5026: 5022: 5015: 5008: 5002: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4977: 4970: 4964: 4957: 4951: 4943: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4916: 4907: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4870: 4864: 4857: 4851: 4849: 4841: 4835: 4833: 4817: 4811: 4805: 4801: 4795: 4788: 4782: 4768:on 2013-02-02 4767: 4763: 4757: 4755: 4747: 4741: 4734: 4728: 4721: 4715: 4708: 4702: 4695: 4689: 4682: 4676: 4661: 4659:9780275964818 4655: 4651: 4650: 4642: 4635: 4629: 4622: 4616: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4590:2-7068-1792-5 4587: 4581: 4566: 4565: 4558: 4543: 4541:9780313386343 4537: 4533: 4532: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4512: 4506: 4499: 4493: 4478: 4472: 4466:. Pages 35-36 4465: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4446: 4439: 4432: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4412: 4406: 4404: 4397:. Pages 24-25 4396: 4390: 4382: 4379: 4372: 4363: 4354: 4347: 4341: 4339: 4332:. Pages 22-23 4331: 4325: 4318: 4312: 4305: 4299: 4292: 4286: 4278: 4274: 4268: 4260: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4233: 4226: 4220: 4213: 4207: 4200: 4194: 4185: 4176: 4167: 4158: 4149: 4140: 4131: 4123: 4121:9780203356432 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4104: 4096: 4094: 4086: 4080: 4073: 4067: 4065: 4055: 4048: 4042: 4035: 4029: 4027: 4019: 4013: 4006: 4000: 3993: 3987: 3980: 3974: 3965: 3958: 3952: 3945: 3939: 3937: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3901: 3895: 3888: 3882: 3874: 3868: 3860: 3854: 3850: 3849: 3842: 3834: 3828: 3820: 3818:5-09-000551-6 3814: 3810: 3809: 3801: 3793: 3787: 3779: 3777:3-534-08151-X 3773: 3769: 3768: 3759: 3751: 3745: 3737: 3736: 3728: 3719: 3711: 3709:9785040058679 3705: 3701: 3700: 3693: 3685: 3679: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3653: 3651:9780203356432 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3634: 3626: 3618: 3616:9785935160043 3612: 3608: 3601: 3587:on 2020-10-14 3586: 3582: 3576: 3568: 3566:9780203356432 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3549: 3541: 3535: 3530: 3524: 3519: 3511: 3504: 3495: 3487: 3486: 3478: 3470: 3458: 3450: 3449: 3441: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3385: 3379: 3375: 3372: 3366: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3333: 3327: 3320: 3314: 3300:on 2008-03-11 3299: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3250: 3245: 3238: 3236: 3229:. Page 23-28. 3228: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3192: 3186: 3179: 3173: 3169: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3150: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3096: 3090: 3085: 3082: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3060:However, the 3058: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2981: 2976: 2966: 2964: 2963:assassination 2960: 2956: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2895: 2894:refugee camps 2889: 2887: 2882: 2880: 2879:secular state 2876: 2866: 2862: 2860: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2836: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2807:, Georgians, 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2773:Doku Zavgayev 2768: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2747: 2737: 2735: 2734:Boris Yeltsin 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2632: 2624: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2611: 2610:Boris Yeltsin 2605: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2594:Doku Zavgayev 2585: 2581: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2530: 2528: 2522: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2480:In 1957, the 2478: 2474: 2471: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2433: 2431: 2426: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2381:North Ossetia 2378: 2377:Grozny Oblast 2368: 2364: 2362: 2356: 2351: 2349: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2304: 2302: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2184: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2149: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2124: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2087: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2044:Tapa Chermoev 2041: 2035: 2032: 2028: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1986: 1983: 1975: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1947: 1943: 1940: 1936: 1933: – 1932: 1928: 1927:Find sources: 1921: 1917: 1911: 1910: 1905:This article 1903: 1899: 1894: 1893: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1857: 1855: 1849: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1760: 1753:Post-conquest 1750: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1731: 1725: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1666:Caucasian War 1658: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1608:Sheikh Mansur 1605: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1591:Transcaucasia 1582: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1572:Qajar dynasty 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1556:Kartl-Kakheti 1553: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1524: 1522: 1519:launched the 1518: 1514: 1510: 1501: 1496: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1471:Caucasian War 1468: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1420:Anton Denikin 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1379: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1285: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1244: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1220: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1185: 1183: 1182:feudal system 1179: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1124: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1078: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1021:Arab invasion 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 992: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 945: 942: 938: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 912: 908: 904: 900: 890: 888: 883: 881: 877: 872: 870: 866: 862: 861:Malkh Kingdom 856: 854: 848: 845: 840: 838: 832: 830: 826: 815: 806: 805:to the east. 804: 800: 796: 792: 787: 777: 775: 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 750: 746: 744: 740: 736: 731: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 708: 704: 700: 696: 687: 685: 680: 676: 672: 662: 651: 648:December 2018 641: 640:summary style 637: 631: 629: 625:This article 623: 614: 613: 605: 602: 598: 593: 588: 586: 580: 579:Koban culture 573:Koban culture 570: 567: 557: 548: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 524: 508: 505:December 2020 497: 494: 490: 487: 483: 480: 476: 473: 469: 466: – 465: 461: 460:Find sources: 454: 450: 446: 440: 439: 438:single source 434:This section 432: 428: 423: 422: 419: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 388: 383: 381: 377: 366: 364: 360: 356: 353:that sadly, " 352: 348: 344: 342: 337: 335: 331: 327: 323: 311: 306: 304: 299: 297: 292: 291: 289: 288: 280: 278: 275: 274: 270: 268: 265: 264: 260: 258: 255: 254: 250: 248: 247:Grozny Oblast 245: 244: 240: 238: 235: 234: 230: 228: 225: 224: 220: 218: 215: 214: 210: 208: 205: 204: 200: 198: 195: 194: 190: 188: 185: 184: 181: 180: 176: 175: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 156: 155: 154: 150: 149: 144: 141: 139: 136: 135: 134: 133: 130: 127: 126: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 107: 106: 105: 102: 99: 98: 93: 92:Koban culture 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 70: 69: 68: 67: 64: 61: 60: 56: 52: 51: 48: 42: 41: 36: 31: 30: 27: 19: 9510:Later events 9426:Malta Summit 9258:Turkmenistan 9186:Soviet Union 9172:Soviet Union 9152:East Germany 8972:Meles Zenawi 8927:Sali Berisha 8877:Václav Havel 8824:Human chains 8731:Károly Grósz 8661:Khozraschyot 8552:Nomenklatura 8527:Eastern Bloc 8385:Transnistria 8347:Vatican City 7976:Khanty-Mansi 7865:Mari El 7799: 7459:the original 7443:Chechenpress 7437:the original 7413:Wood, Tony. 7391: 7375: 7360: 7346: 7338: 7313: 7297: 7279: 7245: 7229: 7215: 7200: 7187: 7157: 7143: 7126: 7112: 7082: 7074: 7073:Wood, Tony. 7069: 7059: 7051: 7028: 7001: 7000:Wood, Tony. 6996: 6988: 6983: 6975:the original 6970: 6961: 6951: 6943: 6924: 6916: 6911: 6903: 6898: 6890: 6885: 6877: 6872: 6863: 6842: 6837: 6825: 6820: 6805: 6789: 6778: 6767:. Retrieved 6763:the original 6752: 6744:the original 6734: 6707: 6679: 6674:, 08.12.1999 6666: 6655:. Retrieved 6651:the original 6640: 6622: 6611:. Retrieved 6601: 6583: 6567: 6559: 6554: 6543:. Retrieved 6533: 6513: 6482:, 01.02.2003 6452: 6447: 6422:. Retrieved 6417: 6414:"Arquivo.pt" 6408: 6400: 6395: 6387: 6373:(in Russian) 6371:), 25.10.09 6368: 6360: 6353: 6348: 6327: 6320: 6312: 6307: 6299: 6294: 6286: 6281: 6273: 6268: 6260: 6255: 6247: 6243: 6235: 6231: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6209: 6204: 6196: 6180: 6176: 6167: 6146: 6138: 6133: 6125: 6124:Wood, Tony. 6120: 6112: 6107: 6099: 6094: 6086: 6081: 6073: 6068: 6060: 6055: 6047: 6042: 6034: 6029: 6021: 6016: 6008: 6003: 5995: 5990: 5982: 5981:Wood, Tony. 5977: 5969: 5964: 5956: 5920: 5901: 5896: 5885: 5882:(in Russian) 5866: 5861: 5843: 5835: 5830: 5822: 5817: 5809: 5804: 5795: 5783:the original 5768: 5759: 5753: 5744: 5738: 5729: 5723: 5714: 5708: 5699: 5693: 5684: 5678: 5669: 5668:U. Klaprot. 5663: 5654: 5648: 5639: 5638:P.G.Butkov. 5633: 5622:. Retrieved 5618:the original 5607: 5582:. Retrieved 5575:the original 5562: 5554:the original 5544: 5536: 5531: 5523: 5502: 5494: 5489: 5481: 5476: 5467: 5435:. Retrieved 5426: 5418: 5413: 5405: 5400: 5393: 5388: 5383:. page 37-38 5380: 5379:Wood, Tony. 5375: 5367: 5362: 5354: 5349: 5341: 5336: 5328: 5323: 5293: 5288: 5280: 5275: 5256: 5250: 5242: 5237: 5229: 5224: 5216: 5211: 5204:(in Russian) 5188: 5187:Avtorkhanov. 5183: 5166: 5158:the original 5132:. Retrieved 5127: 5117: 5109: 5104: 5097: 5092: 5081:. Retrieved 5079:. p. 11 5076: 5066: 5046: 5039: 5028:. Retrieved 5024: 5014: 5006: 5001: 4993: 4988: 4981: 4976: 4968: 4963: 4956:The Vainakhs 4955: 4950: 4927: 4891: 4868: 4863: 4856:The Vainakhs 4855: 4839: 4820:. Retrieved 4810: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4786: 4781: 4770:. Retrieved 4766:the original 4745: 4740: 4732: 4727: 4719: 4714: 4706: 4701: 4693: 4688: 4680: 4679:Wood, Tony. 4675: 4663:. Retrieved 4648: 4641: 4633: 4632:Wood, Tony. 4628: 4621:The Vainakhs 4620: 4615: 4601: 4596: 4580: 4568:. Retrieved 4563: 4557: 4545:. Retrieved 4534:. Abc-Clio. 4530: 4510: 4505: 4498:The Chechens 4497: 4492: 4481:. Retrieved 4471: 4464:The Chechens 4463: 4438: 4431:The Vainakhs 4430: 4411:The Vainakhs 4410: 4394: 4389: 4380: 4371: 4362: 4353: 4346:The Vainakhs 4345: 4330:The Vainakhs 4329: 4324: 4316: 4311: 4303: 4298: 4290: 4285: 4276: 4267: 4240:The Chechens 4239: 4232: 4225:The Chechens 4224: 4219: 4212:The Vainakhs 4211: 4206: 4198: 4197:Anchabadze. 4193: 4184: 4175: 4166: 4157: 4148: 4139: 4130: 4103:The Chechens 4102: 4084: 4079: 4071: 4054: 4046: 4041: 4033: 4032:Anchabadze. 4017: 4012: 4005:The Vainakhs 4004: 3999: 3991: 3986: 3978: 3973: 3964: 3959:. Pages 1-49 3956: 3951: 3943: 3926: 3917: 3907: 3899: 3894: 3886: 3881: 3847: 3841: 3806: 3800: 3765: 3758: 3733: 3727: 3718: 3698: 3692: 3678: 3660: 3633:The Chechens 3632: 3625: 3605: 3600: 3589:. Retrieved 3585:the original 3575: 3547: 3540: 3529: 3518: 3509: 3503: 3494: 3484: 3477: 3447: 3440: 3430: 3421: 3417: 3407: 3398: 3394: 3384: 3373: 3370: 3365: 3357: 3352: 3334: 3331: 3326: 3318: 3313: 3302:. Retrieved 3298:the original 3291: 3278: 3253: 3247: 3226: 3190: 3185: 3177: 3172: 3147: 3123:Chechen wars 3108:for alleged 3103: 3099: 3092: 3087: 3078: 3059: 3044: 3037: 3033: 3021: 3005: 2993:Amir Khattab 2986: 2955:oil pipeline 2952: 2936: 2933: 2929: 2910: 2898: 2890: 2883: 2872: 2863: 2856: 2841: 2781: 2769: 2749: 2715:Russian Army 2711:The last one 2703: 2694: 2687: 2683: 2676: 2664: 2630: 2618: 2614: 2606: 2591: 2582: 2577: 2574: 2557: 2533:sociologist 2531: 2523: 2519: 2504:against the 2495: 2479: 2475: 2467: 2449: 2439: 2421: 2405: 2389:Georgian SSR 2374: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2344: 2323:freight cars 2320: 2316: 2297: 2281:independence 2274: 2268: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2201: 2190: 2182: 2168: 2161: 2143: 2139:adding to it 2134: 2113:Soviet Union 2101: 2097: 2088: 2075: 2064: 2036: 2023: 1993: 1978: 1969: 1959: 1952: 1945: 1938: 1926: 1914:Please help 1909:verification 1906: 1883:Soviet Union 1878: 1863: 1850: 1846: 1837:Terek Oblast 1822: 1813: 1762: 1735: 1727: 1722: 1710: 1706: 1698:Naqshbandiya 1663: 1612: 1588: 1580: 1549: 1525: 1506: 1450: 1446: 1437: 1431: 1428: 1401: 1385: 1346: 1317: 1302: 1300: 1293: 1289: 1257: 1245: 1234:remained in 1216: 1186: 1166: 1146: 1126: 1107:Golden Horde 1094:principality 1088: 1080: 1050: 1029: 1017: 998: 946: 934: 916: 915: 896: 884: 873: 857: 849: 841: 833: 821: 812: 783: 771: 751: 747: 735:The Chechens 734: 732: 699:Fritz Hommel 693: 669: 645: 626: 589: 582: 563: 554: 526: 502: 492: 485: 478: 471: 459: 435: 387:Nakh peoples 384: 380:Lake Kezanoi 372: 351:The Chechens 350: 345: 338: 321: 319: 281:2000–present 151:Early modern 43: 26: 9486:August Coup 9339:South Yemen 9284:Afghanistan 9128:Central and 9121:by location 9025:Civic Forum 8912:Feng Congde 8887:Ion Iliescu 8872:Lech Wałęsa 8829:Magnitizdat 8791:Zhao Ziyang 8781:Heng Samrin 8741:Miloš Jakeš 8651:Perestroika 8423:Isle of Man 8358:recognition 8327:Switzerland 8262:Netherlands 7953:Zabaykalsky 7933:Krasnoyarsk 7642:Novosibirsk 7567:Kaliningrad 7552:Chelyabinsk 7532:Arkhangelsk 7269:Khan, Ali. 6698:and one of 6692:Doku Umarov 6578:, 8.12.1998 6467:Leon Aron. 6300:Crying Wolf 6248:Moscow News 6236:Moscow News 6221:Moscow News 6037:, page 271. 5959:. Page 150. 5480:Jaimoukha. 5421:, pp166-171 5340:Jaimoukha. 5245:. Page 183. 5130:. Rferl.org 4871:. Page 259. 4665:25 December 4570:15 December 4547:25 December 4513:. Page 117. 4395:The Vainakh 4083:Jaimoukha. 4016:Jaimoukha. 3990:Jaimoukha. 3942:Jaimoukha. 3898:Jaimoukha. 3435:9027247587. 3225:Jaimoukha. 3176:Jaimoukha. 3119:mass graves 3024:Terek River 2913:Kidnappings 2844:Budyonnovsk 2817:Belarusians 2801:Circassians 2757:separatists 2722:mercenaries 2695:Moscow News 2661:legitimate. 2649:Ingushetia. 2621:August Coup 2174: [ 2111:within the 2060:Naqshbandis 2052:Ali Mitayev 2027:imperialism 1994:During the 1874:Nicholas II 1866:World War I 1860:World War I 1805:colonialist 1702:Crimean War 1690:Sufi Muslim 1682:Imam Shamil 1554:kingdom of 1545:Argun River 1541:Chechen–Aul 1485:Baryatinsky 1481:Imam Shamil 1404:Leo Tolstoy 1388:Terek river 1265:feudal rule 1223:clan system 1190:clan system 1102:Nozhay-Yurt 1033:Mesopotamia 985:Durdzuketia 937:Middle Ages 935:During the 911:ru:Зурзакой 803:Caspian Sea 724:Kartvelians 537:Kura-Araxes 44:History of 9527:Lustration 9401:Baltic Way 9352:Individual 9329:Mozambique 9268:Uzbekistan 9253:Tajikistan 9238:Kyrgyzstan 9233:Kazakhstan 9198:Azerbaijan 9177:Yugoslavia 9055:Solidarity 9015:Charter 77 9001:Opposition 8897:Wu'erkaixi 8863:Opposition 8810:Opposition 8801:Siad Barre 8746:Egon Krenz 8716:Ramiz Alia 8707:Government 8646:Uskoreniye 8578:background 8500:background 8297:San Marino 8257:Montenegro 8237:Luxembourg 8217:Kazakhstan 8120:Azerbaijan 8014:Sevastopol 7923:Khabarovsk 7825:Ingushetia 7762:Zaporozhye 7702:Sverdlovsk 7264:099304445X 6841:Lokshina. 6769:2014-03-21 6657:2014-03-21 6613:2014-03-21 6545:2014-03-21 6424:2023-01-18 6418:arquivo.pt 6302:, page 467 6115:. Page 236 5698:K.Raisov. 5624:2013-10-08 5612:Батаев А. 5584:2009-11-23 5497:. Page 170 5484:. Page 212 5437:2014-03-21 5408:, pp 62-70 5134:2014-03-21 5083:2020-07-10 5030:2020-07-10 5005:Turkayev. 4822:2013-10-08 4772:2014-03-21 4748:. Page 31. 4623:. Page 32. 4483:2013-10-08 4293:. Page 31. 4214:. Page 21. 4070:Jaimoukha. 4045:Jaimoukha. 3591:2020-10-21 3401:: 260–280. 3304:2007-02-10 3165:References 3110:war crimes 3089:extremism. 3062:Insurgency 2997:insurgents 2852:war crimes 2821:Hungarians 2813:Ukrainians 2765:resistance 2668:Ukrainians 2502:Bolsheviks 2464:The return 2331:Kyrgyzstan 2327:Kazakhstan 2293:oil fields 2291:of Grozny 2238:After the 2197:Winter War 2191:Observing 2092:Mensheviks 1942:newspapers 1730:emigration 1678:Hamzat Bek 1543:along the 1529:Nader Shah 1443:Robin Hood 1416:Bolsheviks 1269:chieftains 1208:Modern era 1162:Tebulosmta 1131:and their 977:Ingushetia 880:Sarmatians 791:Cimmerians 774:Nakhchivan 767:Asia Minor 763:Gargareans 628:duplicates 601:linguistic 597:metallurgy 475:newspapers 115:Cimmerians 63:Prehistory 9567:Pink tide 9361:Jeltoqsan 9277:Elsewhere 9228:Lithuania 9080:Rastokhez 9020:New Forum 9003:movements 8902:Chai Ling 8512:Communism 8413:Gibraltar 8232:Lithuania 7948:Stavropol 7943:Primorsky 7928:Krasnodar 7918:Kamchatka 7885:Tatarstan 7850:Khakassia 7805:Chuvashia 7772:Republics 7757:Yaroslavl 7742:Volgograd 7732:Ulyanovsk 7607:Leningrad 7537:Astrakhan 6953:The Times 6830:Channel 4 6700:Yamadayev 6298:Bennett, 6199:. Page 65 6011:. Page 82 5972:. Page 88 5834:Nekrich. 5392:Nekrich, 4996:. Page 13 4958:. Page 12 4932:Cambridge 4858:. Page 29 4842:. Page 15 4789:. Page 75 4735:. Page 46 4709:. p 88-91 4696:. Page 80 4500:. Page 36 4433:. Page 27 4413:. Page 24 4348:. Page 22 4319:. Page 32 4306:. Page 32 4201:. Page 21 4087:. Page 27 4036:. Page 19 3994:. Page 26 3957:Geography 3946:. Page 30 3902:. Page 29 3889:. Page 23 3867:cite book 3827:cite book 3786:cite book 3744:cite book 3467:ignored ( 3457:cite book 3180:. Page 83 2873:In 1997, 2793:Romanians 2789:Estonians 2761:guerrilla 2672:Armenians 2539:shabashka 2383:(part of 2164:Holodomor 2146:June 2010 2115:in 1936. 2040:Bourgeois 2008:Bolshevik 1854:communism 1800:Abkhazian 1788:Daghestan 1769:Armenians 1713:guerrilla 1686:Murid War 1564:Erekle II 1479:Captured 1455:Zelimkhan 1324:Astrakhan 1290:The name 1260:Kabardins 1194:Guerrilla 1111:Tamerlane 949:Georgians 844:Ossetians 829:Herodotus 795:Scythians 743:Urartians 728:Scythians 720:Herodotus 716:Saspeires 712:Colchians 707:Alarodian 539:culture. 445:talk page 392:Alarodian 271:1991–2000 261:1957–1991 251:1944–1957 241:1936–1944 231:1934–1936 221:1922–1934 211:1920–1922 201:1919–1920 191:1917–1921 9598:Category 9324:Mongolia 9319:Ethiopia 9304:Cambodia 9208:Chechnya 9142:Bulgaria 8917:Tank Man 8907:Wang Dan 8892:Liu Gang 8849:Samizdat 8844:Protests 8683:Glasnost 8666:500 Days 8590:Cold War 8498:Internal 8433:Svalbard 8418:Guernsey 8365:Abkhazia 8312:Slovenia 8307:Slovakia 8282:Portugal 8140:Bulgaria 7971:Chukotka 7895:Udmurtia 7870:Mordovia 7835:Kalmykia 7815:Dagestan 7800:Chechnya 7795:Buryatia 7752:Voronezh 7737:Vladimir 7697:Smolensk 7682:Sakhalin 7652:Orenburg 7637:Novgorod 7627:Murmansk 7592:Kostroma 7577:Kemerovo 7542:Belgorod 7036:Archived 6989:Observer 6932:Archived 6880:. Page 4 6630:Archived 6591:Archived 6522:Archived 6472:Archived 6433:cite web 6263:. p151-2 6159:Memorial 6128:.Page 51 6098:Dunlop. 5851:Archived 5812:. Page 8 5808:Karcha, 5593:cite web 5482:Chechens 5366:Dunlop. 5342:Chechens 5327:Gammer, 5312:Archived 5292:Gammer, 5228:Gammer. 5173:Archived 5108:Dunlop. 4980:Gammer. 4199:Vainakhs 4085:Chechens 4072:Chechens 4047:Chechens 4034:Vainakhs 4018:Chechens 3992:Chechens 3955:Strabo. 3944:Chechens 3900:Chechens 3342:Archived 3270:82205296 3227:Chechens 3178:Chechens 3153:See also 3068:and the 2959:sabotage 2944:Gudermes 2886:factions 2777:diaspora 2448:and the 2442:genocide 2430:Khaibakh 2408:Khaibakh 2335:Khaibakh 2289:sabotage 2260:Red Army 2256:Khimokhk 2019:autonomy 2013:and the 2011:Red Army 1972:May 2023 1833:railroad 1796:Georgian 1635:highland 1615:Dagestan 1604:holy war 1599:Caucasus 1585:Conquest 1552:Georgian 1509:Caucasus 1369:against 1367:Istanbul 1279:Ichkeria 1241:Cossacks 1150:folklore 1141:Georgian 1098:Gudermes 1047:Religion 981:Chechnya 969:Chechens 931:Medieval 921:Georgian 907:Kavkasos 903:Targamos 899:Durdzuks 865:Bosporus 739:Hurrians 585:Iron Age 400:Urartian 334:Ichkeria 330:Chechnya 326:Chechens 159:Ichkeria 129:Medieval 110:Durdzuks 46:Chechnya 35:a series 33:Part of 9576:Related 9334:Somalia 9263:Ukraine 9243:Moldova 9218:Georgia 9213:Estonia 9203:Belarus 9193:Armenia 9167:Romania 9157:Hungary 9137:Albania 9045:Sąjūdis 8865:leaders 8812:methods 8709:leaders 8698:Đổi Mới 8639:Reforms 8337:Ukraine 8287:Romania 8247:Moldova 8205:Ireland 8200:Iceland 8195:Hungary 8185:Germany 8180:Georgia 8170:Finland 8165:Estonia 8160:Denmark 8145:Croatia 8130:Belgium 8125:Belarus 8115:Austria 8110:Armenia 8105:Andorra 8100:Albania 8044:Ukraine 7860:Luhansk 7845:Karelia 7820:Donetsk 7747:Vologda 7692:Saratov 7617:Magadan 7612:Lipetsk 7582:Kherson 7562:Ivanovo 7557:Irkutsk 7547:Bryansk 7519:Oblasts 6111:Broxup. 5417:Gammer. 5404:Dunlop. 5370:Page 65 5279:Dunlop, 3767:Vainakh 3249:Science 2902:economy 2452:of the 2412:Ukraine 2244:bombers 2193:Finland 2083:emirate 2056:Groznyi 2000:Denikin 1956:scholar 1864:During 1814:gazavat 1810:Siberia 1792:Mayrtup 1777:Vainakh 1574:, from 1570:of the 1558:signed 1517:Peter I 1500:Isthmus 1392:Kizlyar 1371:Isfahan 1353:Safavid 1349:Ottoman 1332:Cossack 1294:Ичкерия 1236:Kipchak 1226:on the 1178:Terek's 1129:Mongols 1041:dirhams 1009:Mongols 1005:vassals 965:Georgia 957:Khazars 941:Vainakh 837:Valerik 780:Ancient 634:Please 592:sickles 533:jewelry 529:Pottery 489:scholar 410:, "the 404:Hurrian 355:Vainakh 101:Ancient 9354:events 9289:Angola 9248:Russia 9223:Latvia 9162:Poland 9119:Events 8771:Ne Win 8428:Jersey 8370:Kosovo 8332:Turkey 8322:Sweden 8302:Serbia 8292:Russia 8277:Poland 8272:Norway 8252:Monaco 8222:Latvia 8190:Greece 8175:France 8150:Cyprus 8032:Jewish 8004:Moscow 7981:Nenets 7810:Crimea 7780:Adygea 7727:Tyumen 7707:Tambov 7687:Samara 7677:Ryazan 7672:Rostov 7622:Moscow 7597:Kurgan 7572:Kaluga 7441:, the 7421:, 2007 7407: 7397: 7381: 7367: 7353: 7303: 7286: 7262: 7252: 7235: 7222: 7207: 7193: 7173: 7163: 7150: 7133: 7119: 7102: 6796: 6722: 6504: 6335: 6276:. p151 6102:, p114 6050:. p 93 5933: 5459: 5344:. p212 5331:, p182 5318:, p.39 5296:, p170 5263: 5219:. p183 5054: 4938: 4902: 4896:Lanham 4656: 4607: 4588: 4538: 4255: 4118: 3855: 3815: 3774: 3706: 3648: 3613: 3563: 3268: 3145:them. 3143:exhume 3074:Beslan 2925:Sharia 2805:Abkhaz 2797:Azeris 2564:mafias 2271:Abwehr 2264:desert 2252:Shatoi 2231:kulaks 2078:Whites 2048:Qadiri 2046:, the 2006:, the 1958: 1951: 1944: 1937: 1929: 1829:Grozny 1717:Grozny 1694:Qadiri 1619:Persia 1593:, the 1438:abreks 1433:abreks 1375:Moscow 1303:illesh 1253:Kumyks 1249:Nogais 1228:Sunzha 1219:Mongol 1174:Sunzha 1154:Ingush 1133:Turkic 1092:was a 1090:Simsir 1053:pagans 1001:feudal 989:Simsir 973:Ingush 887:Alania 869:Malkhi 825:Sunzha 759:Strabo 684:Urartu 491: 484: 477: 470: 462: 177:Modern 143:Simsim 138:Alania 37:on the 9309:China 9299:Burma 9294:Benin 8403:Åland 8317:Spain 8242:Malta 8212:Italy 7913:Altai 7905:Krais 7880:Sakha 7785:Altai 7712:Tomsk 7667:Pskov 7662:Penza 7657:Oryol 7602:Kursk 7587:Kirov 6684:RFERL 5786:(PDF) 5779:(PDF) 5578:(PDF) 5571:(PDF) 5283:, p65 3266:S2CID 2809:Poles 2178:] 1963:JSTOR 1949:books 1818:jihad 1784:Avars 1451:abrek 1358:Sunni 1328:Tarki 1273:Avars 1232:Terek 1158:Argun 953:Alans 923:King 799:Volga 755:Zygii 496:JSTOR 482:books 341:taips 120:Alans 7938:Perm 7890:Tuva 7855:Komi 7722:Tver 7717:Tula 7647:Omsk 7527:Amur 7405:ISBN 7395:ISBN 7379:ISBN 7365:ISBN 7351:ISBN 7301:ISBN 7284:ISBN 7260:ISBN 7250:ISBN 7233:ISBN 7220:ISBN 7205:ISBN 7191:ISBN 7171:ISBN 7161:ISBN 7148:ISBN 7131:ISBN 7117:ISBN 7100:ISBN 6794:ISBN 6785:and 6720:ISBN 6502:ISBN 6439:link 6333:ISBN 5931:ISBN 5929:–5. 5599:link 5457:ISBN 5261:ISBN 5052:ISBN 4936:ISBN 4900:ISBN 4667:2014 4654:ISBN 4605:ISBN 4586:ISBN 4572:2014 4549:2014 4536:ISBN 4253:ISBN 4116:ISBN 3873:link 3853:ISBN 3833:link 3813:ISBN 3792:link 3772:ISBN 3750:link 3704:ISBN 3646:ISBN 3611:ISBN 3561:ISBN 3469:help 3399:XLVI 3079:The 3049:and 2991:and 2846:(in 2718:tank 2699:coup 2688:The 2670:and 2578:Bart 2416:Nazi 2395:and 2393:Jews 2348:NKVD 2329:and 2169:The 2031:Sufi 1935:news 1780:imam 1767:and 1696:and 1680:and 1469:and 1397:Tsar 1373:and 1362:Shia 1360:and 1351:and 1307:adat 1301:The 1100:and 1065:teip 1037:Iraq 987:and 979:and 971:and 793:and 741:and 714:and 675:Nakh 468:news 402:and 320:The 8547:KGB 7509:by 6572:CNN 6480:AEI 5927:244 4245:doi 4108:doi 4074:.28 4020:.26 3638:doi 3553:doi 3258:doi 3254:288 2906:oil 2730:FSB 2726:KGB 2387:), 2273:'s 2262:to 2141:. 2002:'s 1918:by 1825:oil 1740:to 726:or 451:by 418:." 9600:: 8046:. 7390:. 7363:. 7349:. 7335:. 7326:. 7312:. 7296:. 7278:. 7244:. 7218:. 7203:. 7146:. 7142:. 7129:. 7058:, 7042:, 7019:, 7009:^ 6969:. 6862:. 6850:^ 6828:, 6686:, 6574:, 6487:^ 6478:. 6460:^ 6435:}} 6431:{{ 6416:. 6379:^ 6188:^ 5955:. 5945:^ 5909:^ 5874:^ 5595:}} 5591:{{ 5515:^ 5446:^ 5301:^ 5196:^ 5143:^ 5126:. 5075:. 5023:. 4930:, 4926:, 4914:^ 4894:, 4890:, 4876:^ 4847:^ 4831:^ 4753:^ 4518:^ 4453:^ 4418:^ 4402:^ 4337:^ 4275:. 4251:. 4114:. 4106:. 4092:^ 4063:^ 4025:^ 3935:^ 3916:. 3869:}} 3865:{{ 3829:}} 3825:{{ 3788:}} 3784:{{ 3746:}} 3742:{{ 3668:. 3644:. 3559:. 3551:. 3461:: 3459:}} 3455:{{ 3420:. 3416:. 3397:. 3393:. 3290:. 3264:. 3252:. 3246:. 3234:^ 3198:^ 3076:. 2819:, 2815:, 2811:, 2803:, 2795:, 2791:, 2787:, 2767:. 2755:, 2254:, 2176:ru 1876:. 1856:. 1816:(" 1676:, 1653:. 1515:, 1453:, 1426:. 1243:. 991:. 855:. 745:. 697:, 686:. 382:. 336:. 8483:e 8476:t 8469:v 8078:e 8071:t 8064:v 7499:e 7492:t 7485:v 7445:. 7341:. 7320:. 7290:. 7211:. 7177:. 7111:" 6866:. 6772:. 6728:. 6660:. 6616:. 6548:. 6508:. 6441:) 6427:. 6367:( 6341:. 6161:. 5939:. 5762:. 5747:. 5732:. 5717:. 5702:. 5687:. 5672:. 5657:. 5642:. 5627:. 5601:) 5587:. 5440:. 5269:. 5137:. 5112:. 5086:. 5060:. 5033:. 4945:. 4909:. 4825:. 4775:. 4669:. 4574:. 4551:. 4486:. 4447:. 4383:. 4279:. 4261:. 4247:: 4124:. 4110:: 3875:) 3861:. 3835:) 3821:. 3794:) 3780:. 3752:) 3712:. 3672:. 3654:. 3640:: 3619:. 3594:. 3569:. 3555:: 3488:. 3471:) 3424:. 3422:1 3374:2 3335:1 3307:. 3272:. 3260:: 2148:) 2144:( 1985:) 1979:( 1974:) 1970:( 1960:· 1953:· 1946:· 1939:· 1912:. 650:) 646:( 632:. 507:) 503:( 493:· 486:· 479:· 472:· 455:. 441:. 309:e 302:t 295:v 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

History of Chechnya

Index