281:, the city's water source that flowed just outside the fortress, the Ming dynasty denied Khara-Khoto water for its gardens and wells. As time passed and Khara Bator realised his fate, he murdered his family and then himself. After his suicide, Khara Bator's soldiers waited within the fortress until Ming troops finally attacked and killed the remaining inhabitants. Another version of the legend holds that Khara Bator made a breach in the northwestern corner of the city wall and escaped through it. The remains of the city have a breach through which a rider can pass.
258:
298:
247:; it belongs to the Province of Tangut. The people are Idolaters, and possess plenty of camels and cattle, and the country produces a number of good falcons, both Sakers and Lanners. The inhabitants live by their cultivation and their cattle, for they have no trade. At this city you must needs lay in victuals for forty days, because when you quit Etzina, you enter on a desert which extends forty days' journey to the north, and on which you meet with no habitation nor baiting-place.
329:
20:
423:
490:
According to
Hermitage curator Kira Samosyuk, "Most of the paintings in the collection date from the eleventh through thirteenth centuries, while the majority of the fragments of porcelain with cobalt decorative glazing are from the fourteenth century. No painting is of a later date than 1378–1387;
288:
and his army reached Edzina. The town's defender Buyan'temur surrendered, and
Chinese troops reached the mountains of Bojiashan. The ruler of Yuan, Gyardzhipan', fled. His minister... and 27 others were captured, together with ten or more thousand head of horses and cattle." After the defeat, and
494:
One of the puzzles of Khara-Khoto is that there was one building just outside the castle walls. Judging by its shape, it seems to be a mosque. It seems there were
Muslims among the people that were ruled by the Tangut. Due to the polytheistic belief of the local people, the Muslims built their
413:
Further
Chinese excavations between 1983 and 1984 by Li Yiyou, Inner Mongolian Institute of Archaeology, have produced some 3,000 more manuscripts. In addition to books, these excavations unearthed building materials, daily items, production instruments and religious art.
1097:
370:
excavated Khara-Khoto during his third
Central Asian expedition from July 1913 to February 1916, surveying Khara-Khoto for eight days at the end of May 1914. The findings from this research was incorporated in chapter 13 of Stein's first volume of
180:
trade in the 11th century. There are remains of 30 ft (9.1 m)-high ramparts and 12 ft (3.7 m)-thick outer walls. The outer walls ran for some 421 m (1,381 ft) east-west by 374 m (1,227 ft) north-south.
1105:
387:
first traveled to Khara-Khoto in 1927, returning in 1929 and staying for a year and a half in the area. He made maps of Khara-Khoto and the Ejin River area, surveyed watchtowers and fortresses, finding a large number of
538:
during his third
Central Asian expedition in 1914; and about 3000 manuscripts were found by an Inner-Mongolian archaeological research team between 1983 and 1984. The languages used in these documents include
335:
expedition map of Khara-Khoto. The mosque is in the extreme bottom-left corner of the map just outside the city walls, indicated by a rectangular shape labeled with the words "Раз. мечети".
682:
439:
318:
579:. 228 of the 3000-odd manuscripts were studied by Japanese and Chinese researchers. One Syriac piece (H 101) was studied in detail by Shinichi Muto and given content analysis.
1463:
522:
was created in the end of the 13th century. A large number of East Syriac
Christian manuscripts were discovered in Khara-Khoto, among which, several were uncovered by
1168:"Summary History of Asian Textile Materials, and Their Patterning Techniques (Batik, Bandhana and Ikat) Based on Literary and Pictorial Evidence and Actual Remains"
1167:
347:. On May 1, 1908, during his 1907–1909 expedition to Central Asia, Kozlov arrived at Khara-Khoto and, with a dinner and gift of a gramophone to a local
924:
495:
mosques outside. Traders from India and the further west would have prayed in the mosque and found relief after their arduous journey along the
803:
519:
289:
also possibly due to a water shortage, the city was abandoned and left in ruins. Its exceedingly remote location preserved it from looters.
491:
no
Chinese text – later than 1371; no Tangut text – later than 1212. So it seems that the life of the town ceased sometime around 1380."
686:
757:
483:-dyed silk fragments have also been found. A small mud wall painting fragment confirms use of cobalt as a pigment in the form of
392:. Bergman noted that Kozlov's and Stein's visits were cursory and some of their published documentation was partially incorrect.
1515:
284:
The defeat of the
Mongols at Khara-Khoto is described in the Ming dynasty annals: "In the fifth year of Hungu (1372), General
1371:
1285:
1077:
1044:
941:
889:
722:
631:
1535:
1211:. Freer Gallery of Art, The Smithsonian Institution and Department of the History of Art, University of Michigan: 63–85.
593:
1179:
1530:
1253:
1101:
317:
heard rumours that somewhere downstream the Ejin River an ancient city was waiting. This knowledge gave impetus to the
188:
in 1226, but—contrary to a widely circulated misunderstanding—the city continued to flourish under Mongol rule. During
1510:
1471:
1394:
1342:
1008:
273:
population, in 1372 a Mongol military general named Khara Bator was surrounded with his troops by the armies of the
1550:
1525:
1417:
1405:
1545:
714:
623:
340:
654:
243:
you ride for twelve days, and then reach a city called Etzina, which is towards the north on the verge of the
192:'s time, the city was expanded, reaching a size three times larger than during the Western Xia dynasty. The
1458:
351:
lord Dashi Beile, obtained permission to dig at the site. Over 2,000 books, scrolls and manuscripts in the
344:
955:
363:
were found in June, while excavating a stupa outside city walls some 400 m (1,300 ft) westward.
1302:
343:
in the spring of 1907. Badmazhapov sent photographs and a handwritten description of Khara-Khoto to the
446:
and some of them were even lost until their rediscovery in 1991, forming the basis for research of the
1337:. "orientalia – patristica – oecumenica" series (vol. 9). Münster: LIT Verlag. pp. 147–151.
454:
in subsequent years. The books and manuscripts sent back to St. Petersburg by Kozlov were studied by
96:
479:
includes paintings on silk, mainly of
Buddhist subjects in Chinese and Tibetan styles. In addition,
1329:
Muto, Shinichi (2016). "The Exorcism in the Newly Found Khara-Khoto Syriac Document". In Li, Tang;
1304:
Studies on Nestorian Iconology in China and part of Central Asia during the 13th and 14th Centuries
838:
455:
1520:
403:
1127:
1072:. Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series (2nd Revised ed.). Harvard University Press.
147:
1067:
1030:
708:
617:
1273:
1540:
905:
332:
322:
285:
8:
588:
458:, who identified several Tangut dictionaries, including a Chinese-Tangut glossary titled
985:
Innermost Asia: Detailed Report of Explorations in Central Asia, Kan-su and Eastern Iran
818:, Shanghai, 1935, quoted in Kira Fyodorovna Samosyuk, "The Discovery of Khara-khoto" in
265:'s visit. A tomb (possibly a mosque) at the southeast corner, viewed from the east.
1330:
1220:
1005:"Ethnic Consciousness Seen Through the Letters: Khara-Khoto and Western Xia Characters"
776:
544:
507:
443:
359:
objects to St. Petersburg, returning again in May 1909 for more objects. The books and
39:
1429:
1390:
1367:
1338:
1281:
1212:
1142:
1073:
1040:
983:
947:
937:
885:
853:
768:
718:
627:
564:
460:
314:
1421:
1386:
1274:"Traces of Christianity in the Land of the Tangut from the 8th to the 14th Century"
576:
548:
476:
465:
435:
427:
257:
161:
113:
79:
59:
31:
1036:
1004:
989:
568:
560:
556:
447:
352:
310:
125:
1383:
Buddhist Painting from Khara-Khoto, XII-XIVth Centuries: Between China and Tibet
197:
1203:
Watt, J. C .Y. (1979). "Notes on the Use of Cobalt in Later Chinese Ceramics".
933:
527:
407:
378:
297:
75:
1364:
Lost Empire of the Silk Road: Buddhist Art from Khara Khoto (X–XIIIth century)
1504:
1486:
1473:
1433:
1216:
1146:
951:
877:
857:
772:
515:
451:
384:
193:
83:
1335:
Winds of Jingjiao: Studies on Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia
523:
511:
484:
274:
185:
979:
535:
367:
328:
302:
262:
244:
189:
177:
101:
87:
71:
67:
1301:
Zhou, Yixing (2020). "Christian manuscript fragments from Khara-Khoto".
1032:
Archives, Ancestors, Practices: Archaeology in the Lights of Its History
406:
on archaeological excavations of the site between 1927–31. After Hedin,
1224:
572:
399:
395:
224:
1425:
434:
Kozlov's findings, some 3,500 paintings and other objects, are in the
339:
However, Khara-Khoto was earlier discovered by a Buryat person called
1437:
496:
389:
252:
Marco Polo, The Travels of Marco Polo, translated by Henry Yule, 1920
213:
205:
201:
475:
In addition to written artifacts, the Khara-Khoto collection in the
355:
were uncovered. Kozlov initially sent ten chests of manuscripts and
1278:
Byzantium to China: Religion, History and Culture on the Silk Roads
552:
422:
356:
278:
204:
at Khara-Khoto. The city was located on the crossroads connecting
531:
360:
348:
321:, to launch a new Mongol-Sichuan expedition under the command of
270:
240:
209:
540:
1310:(PhD thesis). Ca' Foscari University of Venice. pp. 27–28
19:
480:
176:
The city was founded in 1032 and became a thriving centre of
1237:
Kira Fyodorovna Samosyuk, "The Discovery of Khara-khoto" in
438:, St. Petersburg, while the books and xylographs are at the
534:
expedition of 1907–1909; several were brought to light by
1258:
882:
Translating Chinese Tradition and Teaching Tangut Culture
1028:
926:
Handbook to the Collections of Sir Aurel Stein in the UK
82:. Built in 1032, the city thrived under the rule of the
200:
concentrated its preparation for the reconquest of the
1002:
518:. The Church flourished under the Mongol rule, and a
502:
1241:
ed. Mikhail Piotrovsky, Milano: Electra, 1999, p.45
822:
ed. Mikhail Piotrovsky, Milano: Electra, 1999, p.45
1029:Schlanger, Nathan; Nordbladh, Jarl (1 June 2008).
910:Die Mongolei, Amdo und die tote Stadt Chara-choto
426:A silk painting from Khara-Khoto, now located in
1502:
680:
520:metropolitan province bearing the name of Tangut
1141:(1). La Trobe University, Australia: 137–155.
685:. National Geographic Magazine. Archived from
235:, which has been identified with Khara-Khoto.
112:Khara-Khoto is known by many names, including
156:Khara Khoto, 'black city') and to Chinese as
802:, by Marco Polo , translated by Henry Yule.
655:"BabelStone: A Fragment of Tangut Geography"
611:
609:
514:(618–907), which was before the time of the
510:reached the Tangut area at least during the
1406:"A month in Mongolia: Kharakhoto revisited"
1276:. In Parry, Ken; Mikkelsen, Gunner (eds.).
1095:
922:
1361:
1091:
1089:
832:
830:
828:
706:
615:
1280:. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 499.
1128:"Ancient Tangut manuscripts rediscovered"
1125:
1065:
1059:
1022:
923:Wang, Helen; Perkins, John, eds. (2008).
884:. Berlin/Boston: de Gruyter. p. 29.
676:
674:
606:
1403:
1380:
1119:
876:
839:"Wen-Hai Bao-Yun: The book and its fate"
836:
421:
327:
296:
256:
90:. It has been identified as the city of
18:
1165:
1159:
1100:. Bureau of International Cooperation,
1086:
870:
825:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
184:The walled fortress was first taken by
1503:
904:
898:
683:"Alashan Plateau—China's Unknown Gobi"
671:
1166:Sheares, Constance (18 August 2008).
1135:Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area
1098:"Tangutology During the Past Decades"
1066:Wilkinson, Endymion (25 April 2000).
978:
972:
700:
345:Geographical Society in St Petersburg
1328:
1300:
1202:
1196:
916:
737:
652:
16:Ruined city in Inner Mongolia, China
996:
707:Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (1999).
616:Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (1997).
594:List of cities with defensive walls
269:According to a legend of the local
227:describes a visit to a city called
168:Hēishuǐchéng, 'black water city').
129:
13:
1355:
1271:
1102:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
912:. Leipzig: Brockhaus. p. 383.
681:Webster, Donovan (February 2002).
14:
1562:
1452:
1362:Piotrovsky, Mikhail, ed. (1993).
1009:National Institute of Informatics
503:Khara-Khoto Christian manuscripts
136:(transcribed into Chinese as 亦集乃
1404:Carswell, John (November 1998).
50:); 'black city'), also known as
1418:Royal Society for Asian Affairs
1322:
1294:
1265:
1244:
1231:
66:), is an abandoned city in the
809:
793:
710:Chinese Imperial City Planning
646:
292:
1:
1516:Archaeological sites in China
1257:. Season 1. Episode 4. 1990.
1172:The Heritage Journal (Online)
440:Institute of Oriental Studies
381:visited Khara-Khoto in 1925.
1239:Lost Empire of the Silk Road
820:Lost Empire of the Silk Road
599:
319:Asian Museum, St. Petersburg
7:
1536:1032 establishments in Asia
1003:Digital Silk Road Project.
715:University of Hawai'i Press
653:West, Andrew (2013-04-10).
624:University of Hawai'i Press
582:
417:
239:When you leave the city of
10:
1567:
1464:Paintings from Khara Khoto
1126:van Driem, George (1993).
1096:Nie Hongyin (2003-05-26).
171:
104:is named after this city.
1531:Sites along the Silk Road
1069:Chinese History: A Manual
800:The Travels of Marco Polo
469:
221:The Travels of Marco Polo
165:
117:
97:The Travels of Marco Polo
63:
43:
35:
1511:Western Xia architecture
1272:Li, Tang (5 July 2022).
767:(2): 2–3. January 1995.
508:East Syriac Christianity
456:Aleksei Ivanovich Ivanov
23:The walls of Khara-Khoto
1459:Pictures of Khara-Khoto
1381:Samosyuk, K.F. (2006).
1178:: 52–53. Archived from
404:Sino-Swedish Expedition
107:
1551:Former cities in China
1526:Ancient Chinese cities
1487:41.76500°N 101.14500°E
846:Manuscripta Orientalia
758:"IDP News Issue No. 2"
431:
336:
306:
266:
255:
148:Middle Mongol language
24:
1546:Fortified settlements
837:Kychanov, E. (1995).
472:), compiled in 1190.
442:. These survived the
425:
331:
301:Plan of Khara-Khoto,
300:
260:
237:
194:Northern Yuan dynasty
22:
323:Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov
140:), Modern Mongolian
122:"black castle(city)"
1492:41.76500; 101.14500
1483: /
1331:Winkler, Dietmar W.
1251:"The Dark Castle".
988:. Oxford, England:
689:on January 25, 2008
94:, which appears in
88:Western Xia dynasty
1366:. Electra, Milan.
804:Book 1, Chapter 45
444:Siege of Leningrad
432:
341:Tsokto Badmazhapov
337:
309:Russian explorers
307:
267:
78:, China, near the
25:
1426:10.1080/714041361
1373:978-88-435-4412-7
1287:978-90-04-43460-8
1079:978-0-674-00249-4
1046:978-1-84545-066-3
943:978-0-86159-977-6
891:978-3-11-044406-3
724:978-0-8248-2196-8
633:978-0-8248-1843-2
619:Liao Architecture
461:Pearl in the Palm
410:visited in 1935.
315:Vladimir Obruchev
1558:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1436:. Archived from
1400:
1387:Hermitage Museum
1377:
1349:
1348:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1309:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1269:
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1235:
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1184:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1132:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1104:. Archived from
1093:
1084:
1083:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1000:
994:
993:
976:
970:
969:
967:
966:
960:
954:. Archived from
931:
920:
914:
913:
902:
896:
895:
874:
868:
867:
865:
864:
843:
834:
823:
813:
807:
797:
791:
790:
788:
787:
781:
775:. Archived from
762:
754:
735:
734:
732:
731:
704:
698:
697:
695:
694:
678:
669:
668:
666:
665:
650:
644:
643:
641:
640:
613:
577:Turkic languages
477:Hermitage Museum
471:
436:Hermitage Museum
430:, St. Petersburg
428:Hermitage Museum
277:. Diverting the
253:
167:
155:
132:/*zjɨ̱r²-nja̱¹/
131:
119:
80:Juyan Lake Basin
65:
45:
37:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
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1501:
1500:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1455:
1443:
1441:
1397:
1374:
1358:
1356:Further reading
1353:
1352:
1345:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1270:
1266:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1236:
1232:
1201:
1197:
1188:
1186:
1185:on 19 July 2011
1182:
1164:
1160:
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1130:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1064:
1060:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1039:. p. 138.
1027:
1023:
1014:
1012:
1001:
997:
990:Clarendon Press
977:
973:
964:
962:
958:
944:
929:
921:
917:
903:
899:
892:
875:
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862:
860:
841:
835:
826:
814:
810:
798:
794:
785:
783:
779:
760:
756:
755:
738:
729:
727:
725:
717:. p. 136.
705:
701:
692:
690:
679:
672:
663:
661:
651:
647:
638:
636:
634:
626:. p. 432.
622:. Hawaii, USA:
614:
607:
602:
585:
505:
448:Tangut language
420:
353:Tangut language
311:Grigory Potanin
295:
254:
251:
174:
153:
151:
110:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1564:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1521:Tangut history
1518:
1513:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1454:
1453:External links
1451:
1450:
1449:
1401:
1395:
1385:(in Russian).
1378:
1372:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1321:
1293:
1286:
1264:
1243:
1230:
1205:Ars Orientalis
1195:
1158:
1118:
1085:
1078:
1058:
1045:
1037:Berghahn Books
1021:
995:
971:
942:
936:. p. 48.
934:British Museum
915:
897:
890:
878:Galambos, Imre
869:
824:
808:
792:
765:IDP Newsletter
736:
723:
699:
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604:
603:
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598:
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591:
584:
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419:
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408:John DeFrancis
379:Langdon Warner
373:Innermost Asia
294:
291:
249:
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170:
109:
106:
76:Inner Mongolia
15:
9:
6:
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1440:on 2009-07-31
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1410:Asian Affairs
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1396:5-93572-234-8
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1344:9783643907547
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1305:
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1254:The Silk Road
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1199:
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1177:
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1108:on 2011-07-24
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1038:
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987:
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981:
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961:on 2012-10-07
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782:on 2007-06-30
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1490: /
1478:101°08′42″E
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536:Aurel Stein
526:during his
368:Aurel Stein
303:Aurel Stein
293:Exploration
263:Aurel Stein
261:Image from
190:Kublai Khan
178:Western Xia
102:Ejin Banner
74:in western
72:Alxa League
68:Ejin Banner
28:Khara-Khoto
1505:Categories
1475:41°45′54″N
1444:2009-07-05
1189:2009-07-06
1152:2009-08-05
1112:2009-08-05
1052:2009-07-06
1015:2009-07-05
965:2009-07-04
863:2009-07-03
786:2009-07-03
730:2009-07-28
693:2009-07-04
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659:BabelStone
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575:and other
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279:Ejin River
225:Marco Polo
1434:0306-8374
1314:6 January
1217:0571-1371
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952:1747-3640
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773:1354-5914
600:Footnotes
545:Mongolian
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120:Hēichéng
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361:woodcuts
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589:Äriqaya
565:Tibetan
549:Persian
532:Sichuan
470:番汉合时掌中珠
466:Chinese
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271:Torghut
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172:History
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481:batik
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