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including the rookery on the north side of the island for the endangered
Steller sea lions that previously resided there. It was not until weeks to years later that species began returning to the island. Approximately 200,000 auklets returned to the island in the summer of 2009, but as their rookeries were still covered with ash, they could not to be used for nesting. Surprisingly enough, sea lions were present on the island up to two weeks after the eruption. Their rookeries had been thickly buried as well, but
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about 28%, and was enlarged laterally by about 300 m. The crater rim was lowered about 60 m, moving nearer to the lake below. The water level in the lake on
Kasatochi significantly decreased following the eruption; however, several streams flowing out of the lower crater walls slowly refilled it. The shoreline surrounding the crater was extended hundreds of meters by pyroclastic deposits, destroying a large amount of the marine habitat that resided near the edge of the island.
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387:. Except crater walls and sea-cliffs, nearly the entire island was vegetated with grasses and herbaceous plants. This terrestrial vegetation created the habitat for many of the species unique to Kasatochi Island. The coastal and marine habitat flourished with their own species of vegetation as well, including many different types of sea grasses, kelp, corals, sponges, and roots (namely along the rocky coasts).
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540:(USFWS), United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the National Marine Fisheries Service had studied marine birds and mammals here since 1996, where they learned much about the pre-eruption ecology of the island. The eruption in 2008 basically destroyed all signs of life on Kasatochi. This situation may have seemed similar to many other eruptions throughout history, including
470:, a populated island in the Aleutian chain. Later, up to 6 cm of ash was found on Adak and other neighboring islands, the rest falling into the surrounding sea. At the time there were about 300 people living on the island, and while there were no immediate deaths or injuries, the long-term effects of this population being so close to the eruption are still unknown.
519:. Scientists took this opportunity and started a research project in 2009 to study ecosystem impact and long-term recovery. Their goal was to find the patterns and reasons for the returning of various species to the island. This was a rare opportunity to study this type of succession, as it is not often that data on an area exists after a disaster of this magnitude.
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ecosystem. At present, it is found that most immigrants(whether by wind, flight, water, etc.) fail to find suitable habitats, so while they are continually being introduced, the majority will die. These dispersal methods will lead to greater species diversity only when the terrestrial habitat stabilizes in response to abiotic and external forces.
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on land. Several auklet rookeries that were located below lava flow cliffs were buried by the deposits, along with many of the
Steller sea lion rookeries as well. Boulder-filled kelp beds, an important marine habitat surrounding the island, were buried by the pyroclastic deposits that extended the island's shoreline after the eruption.
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In the summer of 2008, a team of researchers visited the island to observe and record the immediate consequences of the eruption on all present communities. The eruption had a massive effect on all aspects of the ecosystem, including soils, oceanic water, terrain, terrestrial plants, land, shore, and
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of species back onto the island. This opportunity was due to the fact that rarely does such a devastating natural disaster occur in an environment where there had been extensive research on preexisting species and vegetation. By enhancing their understanding of the process on
Kasatochi, they hoped to
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On 7 August 2008, Kasatochi began erupting explosively with an ash plume maintaining an altitude of 35,000 feet and reaching 45,000 feet. The eruption lasted for 24 hours and included "two initial explosive pulses and pauses over a 6-hr period that produced ash-poor eruption clouds, a 10-hr period of
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Before 2008, little was known about the eruptive history or probability of future eruptions on
Kasatochi Island. There were no monitoring devices on the island, but devices on two nearby islands had indicated detectable seismic activity on Kasatochi for several years. Because of the lack of necessary
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Another observation in the field was the surprising existence of "legacies" (remnants of an ecosystem that escape total destruction) on
Kasatochi, whose eruption was thought to have destroyed every sign of life down to its soil. This was previously not thought possible in a volcanic eruption of this
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buried the entire island in deposits, rendering even the soil on the island almost useless. Almost all terrestrial vegetation, including grasses, trees, and herbaceous plants, was destroyed by the high temperatures before being covered, which would become one of the main problems for recolonization
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became noticed as a significant driving force of the redevelopment of the island ecosystem by removing deposits from the slopes. While for an extended period of time the island was considered devoid of plants, the greatest amount of plant diversity later on was found where erosion had removed new
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The geological setting of
Kasatochi was greatly impacted by the eruption. Where there had been beaches, forests, and soils once, there were now meters of deposits from the volcanic ash and flows. The area of the island as a whole was increased by about 40%. The area of the crater was increased by
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continuously fell over the island and buried most of it in deposits ranging from decimeters to tens of meters. Before the 2008 eruption, there had been little documented activity on the island. The last confirmed activity on
Kasatochi was in 1899, but that was not believed to be an eruption. Mild
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One of the greater contributing factors to recolonization on
Kasatochi is the different methods of dispersal. These are the methods that are planned to bring back the largest amount of species; however, the survival of these species depends on the ability of the island to stabilize its present
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surrounding a lake. The crater is about 4,000 feet (1,200 m) in diameter, with its lake's surface lying only about 60 m above sea level. In all areas surrounding the crater, the island is characterized by steep sea-cliffs, talus slopes, and small, boulder-filled beaches. These many habitat
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Directly following the eruption, it was believed that there were no present surviving species on the island. The organisms were either killed or forced to flee as their habitat was destroyed around them. Nearly all of the marine and avian mammal breeding habitat was covered by volcanic ash,
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material and allowed old soil to come to the surface. In these rare places where soil was exposed, it allowed for the new growth of plants and vegetation. This in turn allowed for the reemergence of nesting sites, encouraging the return of different species of seabirds.
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Kasatochi Island was the home of many species, but most notable were the populations of diverse seabirds, avian predators and marine invertebrates. Ocean currents, productivity, and the habitable island geology created the ideal conditions for these select groups of
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Many other species were on the island, including various insects, arthropods, and fish. The abundance of fish and various marine life helped support the massive influx of auklets to the island every year. It was also noted for the presence of an endangered
303:. On 7 August 2008, Kasatochi began erupting explosively with an ash plume reaching 45,000 feet (14,000 m). The eruption lasted for 24 hours and destroyed most life on the island. It currently does not support any consistent human population.
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rookery on the north half of the island. Near-shore benches were carved out of lava flows that could have been dated up to hundreds of years earlier. Approximately 1000 Steller sea lions occupied these rookeries before the 2008 eruption.
370:. Before 2008, the island was about 3 km in diameter and stood about 314 m high on the highest side. The island is steeper to the northern side than the southern side, and slightly north of the center of the island is a steep-walled
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A significant number of people were affected by the 2008 eruption, from the eruption and its secondary consequences. As the eruption became imminent, it forced the only humans on the island, two biologists from the U.S.
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and comparing the data to similar islands are helping further scientists' understanding of terrestrial-marine interactions and allowing for new knowledge of ecosystem reassembly after a devastating natural disaster.
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had cleared them by the summer of 2009. Because of the intensity of this natural disturbance and the almost complete devastation of life on
Kasatochi right after the eruption, the island became a textbook site for
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seabirds, arthropods, marine algae, and marine invertebrates. The goal was to recognize patterns of recolonization for each individual species and see how, if at all, they coincided with each other.
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Kasatochi Island has a unique landscape that makes it an ideal home for many types of species. Some of these aspects that created such a beneficial habitat reflected strictly on the island's
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The island differentiated itself from many of the others in the Aleutian chain by supporting a large diverse group of seabirds, most famously for their colony of more than 100,000
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William E. Scott, Christopher J. Nye, Christopher F. Waythomas and Christina A. Neal Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research , Vol. 42, No. 3 (August 2010), pp. 250-259
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342:. It is at 52.177° N latitude and 175.508° W longitude, with a summit elevation of 314 m (1030 ft.) It has a land area of 1.9503 sq mi (5.051 km).
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technology, predicting the following eruption would have been an extremely unlikely feat. Thus, it happened quite rapidly and without much warning.
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magnitude. One specific example was the survival of arthropods, as most found during 2009 were either survivors of the disaster or their progeny.
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Gary S. Drew, Donald E. Dragoo, Martin Renner and John F. Piatt Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, Vol. 42, No. 3 (August 2010), pp. 325-334
427:. The birds of Kasatochi were the dominant vertebrates on the island and the most prominent link between the terrestrial and marine ecosystems.
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continuous ash-rich emissions initiated by an explosive pulse and punctuated by two others, and a final 8-hr period of waning ash emissions."
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in the United States. However, the eruption of Kasatochi specifically gave scientists an extremely rare opportunity to study the
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Before the 2008 eruption, the Kasatochi Island landscape was steep and rugged, home to dense vegetation and different species of
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There were many apparent patterns researchers noticed after studying the recolonization efforts on Kasatochi.
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Kasatochi Island is a member of the Aleutian Islands, which lie above a narrow ridge that separates the
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These few examples of learned patterns by monitoring how the ecosystem of Kasatochi returns to a new
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Roger del Moral, Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research , Vol. 42, No. 3 (August 2010), pp. 335-341
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possibilities set the stage for the numerous species that took residence there.
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be able to apply gained knowledge to similar situations in the future.
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Kasatochi Island. Near-infrared, red, and green wavelengths of light.
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Alaska Volcano Observatory, Kasatochi Description and Statistics
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Prior to the 2008 eruption, Kasatochi Island was a part of the
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National Museum of Natural History: Global Volcanism Program
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334:. It lies at the Atka Pass northwest of the western tip of
618:List of volcanoes in the United States of America
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1549:Landforms of Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska
762:Kasatochi Volcano: Eruption and Recolonization
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60:of all important aspects of the article.
849:Photos from Kasatochi Island, July 2008
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48:may be too short to adequately
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58:provide an accessible overview
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1534:Uninhabited islands of Alaska
807:"Kasatochi reported activity"
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1529:21st-century volcanic events
809:. Alaska Volcano Observatory
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858:Geology: Kasatochi Volcano
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121:1,030 ft (310 m)
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847:Kasatochi Island Photos
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666:USGS: Kasatochi vulcano
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91:Kasatochi volcano with
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149:52.17139°N 175.51833°W
1519:Volcanic crater lakes
971:Anangula (Ananiuliak)
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1509:Subduction volcanoes
440:August 2008 eruption
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1478:Walrus and Kritskoi
340:Great Sitkin Island
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1301:Tufted Puffin Rock
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562:primary succession
517:primary succession
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191:Location in Alaska
101:Highest point
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1361:Walrus (Pribilof)
494:pyroclastic flows
474:Post-2008 ecology
451:Pyroclastic flows
425:peregrine falcons
293:Andreanof Islands
285:Kasatochi volcano
283:), also known as
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642:Aleut Dictionary
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417:ancient murrelet
413:whiskered auklet
346:Pre-2008 ecology
299:of southwestern
297:Aleutian Islands
295:subgroup of the
291:and part of the
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281:Касаточий остров
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332:North Pacific
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289:stratovolcano
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254:Last eruption
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1346:Unalga (Fox)
1261:St. Lawrence
1186:Pancake Rock
1120:
1061:Great Sitkin
822:
811:. Retrieved
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694:. Retrieved
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641:
632:
602:
599:
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576:
572:
569:Observations
544:in Iceland,
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508:
498:volcanic ash
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407:and 150,000
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394:
382:
365:
338:and east of
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273:Qanan-tanax̂
264:
263:
247:Aleutian Arc
63:
47:
45:lead section
1271:St. Michael
1266:St. Matthew
1066:Hagemeister
681:"Kasatochi"
605:equilibrium
468:Adak Island
421:bald eagles
336:Atka Island
258:August 2008
152: /
140:175°31′06″W
127:Coordinates
93:crater lake
1493:Categories
1116:Karaginsky
1106:Kamen Ariy
1036:Chuginadak
900:Bering Sea
813:2014-11-05
696:2021-06-28
624:References
552:in Japan,
328:Bering Sea
137:52°10′17″N
117:Prominence
1433:Krenitzin
1408:Commander
1398:Andreanof
1201:Sagchudak
1121:Kasatochi
1096:Kagalaska
951:Amatignak
330:from the
236:Volcanic
165:Geography
107:Elevation
66:July 2015
50:summarize
18:Kasatochi
1448:Pribilof
1393:Aleutian
1371:Yttygran
1336:Unalaska
1276:St. Paul
1146:Kritskoi
1126:Khvostof
1031:Chagulak
1026:Carlisle
1016:Bogoslof
991:Avatanak
956:Amchitka
640:(1994).
612:See also
546:Krakatau
523:Research
226:Atka C-5
219:Topo map
201:Location
1438:Kudobin
1418:Diomede
1413:Delarof
1376:Yunaska
1296:Tigalda
1286:Tagalak
1226:Sedanka
1206:Samalga
1176:Oglodak
1171:Nunivak
1141:Koniuji
1101:Kagamil
1086:Igitkin
1081:Herbert
1076:Hawadax
1056:Gareloi
1006:Besboro
946:Amaknak
579:Erosion
554:Ksudach
542:Surtsey
528:Purpose
479:Geology
372:caldera
368:geology
362:Geology
277:Russian
231:Geology
1473:Walrus
1366:Wislow
1356:Walrus
1351:Unimak
1321:Uliaga
1311:Ugidak
1306:Ugamak
1291:Tanaga
1281:Stuart
1256:Sledge
1251:Skagul
1246:Shemya
1236:Segula
1231:Seguam
1196:Rootok
1166:Nelson
1111:Kanaga
1046:Derbin
1041:Chugul
1021:Buldir
1011:Bobrof
1001:Bering
966:Amukta
936:Akutan
926:Aiktak
921:Agattu
916:Adugak
415:, the
355:Auklet
301:Alaska
209:Alaska
1463:Sanak
1453:Punuk
1331:Umnak
1211:Sanak
1181:Otter
1161:Medny
1136:Kiska
996:Aziak
961:Amlia
505:Fauna
488:Flora
398:fauna
391:Fauna
385:flora
379:Flora
320:ASTER
269:Aleut
1468:Seal
1443:Near
1403:Baby
1326:Umak
1316:Ulak
1131:King
1091:Ilak
1071:Hall
986:Attu
981:Atka
941:Amak
931:Akun
911:Adak
496:and
423:and
242:belt
224:USGS
1458:Rat
1428:Fox
1191:Poa
1051:Egg
550:Usu
238:arc
1495::
798:^
768:^
719:^
705:^
689:.
683:.
672:^
650:^
400:.
279::
275:;
271::
207:,
891:e
884:t
877:v
816:.
699:.
267:(
240:/
211:,
68:)
64:(
54:.
20:)
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