Aleut language - Knowledge

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historical events and factors transpired, Aleut's falling out of favor has brought upon a necessity for action if the language is to survive much longer. Linguistic experts have been reaching out to the Aleut community in attempts to record and document the language from the remaining speakers. Such efforts amount to "100 hours of conversation, along with the transcription and translation in Aleut, that will be transferred to compact disks or DVDs". If Aleut does go extinct, these records will allow linguists and descendants of the Aleutian people to pass on as much knowledge of the language as they can. Efforts like this to save the language are being sponsored by universities and local community interest groups, like the Aleutian/Pribilof Islands Association Task Force for Language Revitalization, while government relations with the Aleut people are severely limited. Similarly to the native languages of California, the native languages of Alaska had been given little attention from the United States government. While linguists are working to record and document the language, the local Aleutian community groups are striving to preserve their language and culture by assisting the linguists and raising awareness of the Aleut population.

500: 6460:(the priest of Atka), both of whom were native Aleut speakers. Netsvetov also wrote a dictionary of Atkan Aleut. After Veniaminov's works were published, several religious figures took interest in studying and recording Aleut, which would help these Russian Orthodox clerics in their missionary work. Father Innocent Shayashnikov did much work in the Eastern Fox-Island dialect translating a Catechism, all four Gospels and Acts of Apostles from the New Testament, and an original composition in Aleut entitled: "Short Rule for a Pious Life". 1518: 538:. Another westward expansion may have occurred about 1,000 years ago, which may explain the lack of obvious diversification among the Aleut dialects, with Eastern Aleut features having spread westward. This second westward expansion is characterized as a period of cultural affinity with southeastern Alaska and the Pacific Northwest Coast, which may explain linguistic features that Aleut shares with neighboring non-Eskimo languages, such as rules of plural formation. 7890: 287: 5699: 5343: 194: 275: 6464:

was published in a revised orthography (1959), and in its original, bilingual Russian-Aleut format (2007), together with his Catechism for the youth of Atka Island (2007). The Atkan-dialect Gospel of St. John was also electronically published (2008), along with the Gospel of St. Luke (2009) in the original bilingual format, completing the set of Fr. Lavrentii's biblical translations.

514:(EGIDS) rating of 7. The task of revitalizing Aleut has largely been left to local government and community organizations. The overwhelming majority of schools in the historically Aleut-speaking regions lack any language/culture courses in their curriculum, and those that do fail to produce fluent or even proficient speakers. 6463:

Most of these were published in 1902, although written years earlier in the 1860s and 1870s. Father Lavrentii Salamatov produced a Catechism, and translations of three of the four Gospels (St. Mark, St. Luke, St. John) in the Western-Atkan dialect. Of Father Lavrentii's work, the Gospel of St. Mark

6267:); by default, both are marked with a so-called absolutive noun ending. However, if an understood complement (which may either be a complement of the verb or of some other element in the sentence) is absent, the verb takes an "anaphoric" marking and the subject noun takes a "relative" noun ending. 530:

language was spoken, which broke up around 2000 BC. Differentiation of the two branches is thought to have happened in Alaska because of the linguistic diversity found in the Eskimo languages of Alaska relative to the entire geographic area where Eskimo languages are spoken (eastward through Canada

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Under ordinary strong stress, a short syllable tends to be lengthened, either by lengthening the vowel or geminating the following single consonant. Lengthening of the vowel is most common in Eastern, but is found in Atkan before a voiced consonant. In all dialects gemination is common between an

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Eastern Aleut words with more than two syllables exhibit a wider variety of stress patterns. Stress may be attracted to another syllable by a long vowel or relatively sonorant consonant, or by a closed syllable. It is possible the stress can be determined by rhythmic factors so that one word will

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Aleut stress is indeterminate and often difficult to define. Stress varies based on the relation to the beginning or end of the word form, the length of the vowels, the sonority of the consonants, open- or closeness of the syllables, or the number of syllables in sentential rhythm and intonation.

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Revitalization efforts are a recent development for the Aleut language and are mostly in the hands of the Aleuts themselves. The first evidence of the preservation of the language came in the form of written documentation at the hands of the Russian Orthodox Church missionaries. However, as the

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In the 1930s, two native Aleuts wrote down works that are considered breakthroughs in the use of Aleut as a literary language. Afinogen K. Ermeloff wrote down a literary account of a shipwreck in his native language, while Ardelion G. Ermeloff kept a diary in Aleut during the decade. At the same

3626:. The preaspiration of approximants causes very little friction and may pronounced more as a breathy voice. The preaspiration of devoiced nasals starts with a voiceless airstream through the nose and may end voiced before a vowel. The preaspiration feature is represented orthographically with an 6452:

priest who would later become a saint, arrived at Unalaska studying Unalaskan Aleut. He created an orthography for this language (using the Cyrillic alphabet; the Roman alphabet would come later), translated the Gospel according to St. Matthew and several other religious works into Aleut, and

5865:. This approach to Aleut nouns comes from Eskimo linguistics, but these terms can be misleading when applied to Aleut). The absolutive form is the default form, while the relative form communicates a relationship (such as possessive or contrastive) between the noun and another member of the 5964:

The verbal predicate of a simple sentence of the final clause of a complex sentence carries the temporal and modal marking in relation to the speech act. Verbs of non-final clauses are marked in relation to the following clause. A complex sentence may contain an unlimited number of clauses.

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began an extensive study of Aleut, perhaps the most rigorous to date, culminating in the publication of a complete Aleut dictionary in 1994 and a descriptive grammar in 1997. Bergsland's work would not have been possible without key Aleut collaborators, especially Atkan linguist

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to conduct the fieldwork that would collect linguistic information on Aleut. During an expedition from 1791 to 1792, Carl Heinrich Merck and Michael Rohbeck collected several word lists and conducted a census of the male population that included prebaptismal Aleut names. Explorer

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Difficulties distinguishing between nominal and verbal parts of speech arise because the parts of speech in Aleut are not easy to distinguish. A verbal stem may be used as a verbal predicate, and quite often as a noun. The verbal use of nouns is also very common.

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The verb of a simple sentence or final clause may have a nominal subject in the absolutive case or a first-/second-person subject marker. If the nominal subject is left out, as known from context, the verb implies an anaphoric reference to the subject:

6591: 6512:. He recorded many Aleut stories, folklore and myth, and had many of them not only written down but also recorded in audio. Jochelson discovered much vocabulary and grammar when he was there, adding to the scientific knowledge of the Aleut language. 5766:

A postbase may be nominal or verbal, yielding nouns derived from nouns or verbs, or verbs derived from verbs or nouns, or from nominal phrases. Many stems are ambivalent, being either nominal or verbal and even some derivatives can be ambivalent.

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Verbs differ from nouns morphologically by having mood/tense suffixes. Like nominal stems, verb stems may end in a short vowel or consonant. Many stems ending in a consonant had auxiliary vowels which have largely become part of the stem itself.

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In 2005, the parish of All Saints of North America Orthodox Church began to re-publish all historic Aleut language texts from 1840–1940. Archpriest Paul Merculief (originally from the Pribilofs) of the Russian Orthodox Diocese of Alaska and the

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Simple sentences may include a subject or no subject. The predicate may be a verb with no complement, a predicate noun with a copula, or a verb with a preceding direct object in the absolutive case and/or an oblique term or local complement.

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Due to colonization by Russian colonizers and traders in the 18th and 19th centuries, Aleut has a large portion of Russian loanwords. However, they do not affect the basic vocabulary and thus do not suggest undue influence on the language.

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In Eastern Aleut, stronger stress tends to fall on the penultimate syllable if it is short (has a short vowel), or on the last syllable if it is long (has a long vowel). The weaker stress commonly falls on the first syllable. For example,

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as its basis, although a number of Russian letters were used only in loanwords. In addition, the extended Cyrillic letters г̑ (г with inverted breve), ҟ, ҥ, ў, х̑ (х with inverted breve) were used to represent distinctly Aleut sounds.

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conducts research on Aleut. Berge's work includes treatments of Aleut discourse structure and morphosyntax, and curricular materials for Aleut, including a conversational grammar of the Atkan dialect, co-authored with Moses Dirks.

626:) having been settled by Attuans). Despite the name, after 1969 Copper Island Aleut was spoken only on Bering Island, as Copper Islanders were evacuated there. After the death of the last native speaker in 2022, it became extinct. 6602: 5027:

Positional nouns indicate positional, directional, or some more abstract relation to a definite referent (a person or proceeding noun in relative case). Positional nouns have possessive suffixes but no inherent number.

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morphology is greatly reduced from the system that must have been present in Proto-Eskimo–Aleut, and where the Eskimo languages mark a verb's arguments morphologically, Aleut relies more heavily on a fixed word order.

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Consonants listed in the dental column have varied places of articulation. The stop, nasal, and lateral dentals commonly have a laminal articulation. The voiced dental fricative is pronounced interdentally.

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traveled to the Aleut communities of Unalaska, Atka, Attu and Nikolski. He spent nineteen months there doing fieldwork. Jochelson collected his ethnographic work with the help of two Unalaskan speakers,

5763:) including many composite ones, but about two thirds are found only in a small number of words. There are approximately 175 more common suffixes, considerably less than the Eskimo branch of the family. 6148:

If a 3rd person complement or subordinate part of it is omitted, as known from context, there is an anaphoric suffixal reference to it in the final verb and the nominal subject is in the relative case:

6383:'s expedition picked up place names and the names of the Aleut people they met. The first recording of the Aleut language in lexicon form appeared in a word list of the Unalaskan dialect compiled by 5774:

The derivational suffixes may combine in strings of up to about six components, some belonging together to form composites. In sequences, each successive suffix often modifies the preceding string.

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Various sources estimate there are fewer than 100 to 150 remaining active Aleut speakers. Because of this, Eastern and Atkan Aleut are classified as "critically endangered and extinct" and have an

4651:). There are no adjectives other than verbal nouns and participles. Other word classes include pronouns, contrastives, quantifiers, numerals, positional nouns, demonstratives, and interrogatives. 4379:

In some frequently encountered syncopated forms, which otherwise result in irregular three consonant clusters, the middle uvular fricative is deleted along with the preceding vowel. For example,

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Evidence suggests a culture associated with Aleut speakers on the Eastern Aleutian Islands as early as 4,000 years ago, followed by a gradual expansion westward over the next 1,500 years to the

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The majority of derivatives have a single stem that occurs also without the suffixes in question. While some stems are bound, only occurring with some derivational suffix. For example, compare

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In Atkan and Attuan Aleut, stronger stress more commonly falls on the first syllable. However, long vowels, sonorants, etc. have similar effects on stress as in Eastern Aleut. For example,

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A total of 24+ letters were used to represent distinctly Aleut words, including 6 vowels (а, и, й, у, ю, я) and 16 consonants (г, г̑, д, з, к, ԟ, л, м, н, ҥ, с, т, ў, х, х̑, ч). The letter

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Stress may also be expressive, as with exclamations or polite requests. Stronger stress falls on the last syllable and is accompanied by a lengthening of a short vowel. For example,

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Word-final velar and uvular fricatives are voiceless when followed by a word-initial voiceless consonant and are voiced when followed by a word-initial voiced consonant or a vowel.

5080:'hundred' as the basic higher terms. The higher tens numerals are derived through multiplication (e.g. 2 x10 for 'twenty'). The multiplicative numerals are derived with the suffix 6440:, studied Aleut. He collected words and paradigms from two speakers of Eastern Aleut dialects living in Saint Petersburg. In 1824 came the man who would revolutionize Aleut as a 6239:

Although Aleut derives from the same parent language as the Eskimo languages, the two language groups (Aleut and Eskimo) have evolved in distinct ways, resulting in significant

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The success of the Kristang Memrise inspired the start of similar projects among speakers of other Indigenous languages, like Unangam Qilinĝingin in Alaska.

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Historical Collection generously contributed their linguistic skills to the restoration effort. The historic Aleut texts are available in the parish's Aleut library.

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as part of the war effort, allowing World War II soldiers to understand the language of the Aleuts. This English–language project was based on Veniaminov's work.

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Leer, J. (1991). "Evidence for a Northwest Coast language area: Promiscuous number marking and periphrastic possessive constructions in Haida, Eyak, and Aleut".

6493:, a Pole, began taking word lists from the dialects of the Commander Islands in 1881, while Nikolai Vasilyevich Slyunin, a Russian doctor, did the same in 1892. 4421:

characteristics of Eastern Aleut. In the following discussion, the acute accent (á) indicates the stronger stress and the grave accent (à) indicates the weaker.

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Negation is sometimes suffixal, preceding or combining with the mood/tense suffix. In some cases the negation will be followed by the enclitic subject pronoun.

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Vowels within a word are separated by at least one consonant. All single consonants can appear in an intervocalic position, with the following exceptions:

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Open word classes in Aleut include nouns and verbs, both derived from stems with suffixes. Many stems are ambivalent, being both nominal and verbal (see

3133:(IPA) representation of the phoneme; consonants existing only in loanwords are in parentheses. Some phonemes are unique to specific dialects of Aleut. 511: 6608: 6597: 4347:

The syncopation often creates consonant clusters beyond those prescribed by the general rules of Aleut phonotactics. The resulting clusters include:

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An Aleut word may contain one to about a dozen syllables, all syllables with a vocalic nucleus. In Atkan and Attuan, there is a word-final CC due to

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In Atkan, the final syllable of a word form may be clipped off in fast speech. This is even frequent at slow speed in certain constructions with

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When more than one piece of information is omitted, the verb agrees with the element whose grammatical number is greatest. This can lead to

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The anaphoric third person refers to a proceeding term, specified by being marked in the relative case or from context. For example,

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characteristic of the Eastern Aleut dialect are described below. In the examples, the syncopated vowel will be shown in parentheses.

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has worked on Aleut since the 1970s. Her work constitutes the most detailed accounts of Aleut phonetics and phonology available.

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varies from an alveolar articulation to a retracted articulation like a palato-alveolar consonant. There is no contrast between

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to Greenland). After the split between the two branches, their development is thought to have occurred in relative isolation.

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Taff, Alice; Lorna Rozelle; Taehong Cho; Peter Ladefoged; Moses Dirks; Jacob Wegelin (2001). "Phonetic structures of Aleut".

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may be increased or decreased by verbal derivative suffixes. Arguments of a clause may be explicitly specified or anaphoric.

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Aleut Dictionary = Unangam Tunudgusii: an unabridged lexicon of the Aleutian, Pribilof, and Commander Islands Aleut language

837: 3958: 3521: 1224: 7512:

Krauss, Michael E. (2007). "Native languages of Alaska". In Miyaoko, Osahito; Sakiyama, Osamu; Krauss, Michael E. (eds.).

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Observations on the distribution patterns of Eskimo cognates and non-cognates in the basic Aleut (Unangam Tunuu) lexicon

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In Eastern Aleut, the final vowel may be elided before or contracted with the initial vowel of the following word, as in

4284: 3976: 3479: 3472: 2177: 1931: 1470: 1209: 317: 7083: 3284: 6790: 3637:

Voiced approximants and nasals may be partly devoiced in contact with a voiceless consonant and at the end of a word.

7684: 6911: 5746: 5390: 738: 412: 5728: 5372: 8288: 7921: 6765: 4196: 4096: 3591: 3291: 2321: 2297: 1029: 7652: 8128: 6482:

Esquisse d'une grammaire raisonnee de la langue aleoute d'apres la grammaire et le vocabulaire de Ivan Veniaminov

5857:(some researchers, notably Anna Berge, dispute both the characterization of this feature as "case" and the names 5720: 5364: 3369: 3130: 2488: 2201: 1745: 1074: 1059: 527: 499: 307: 7726: 6433:, which included Aleut among the languages it catalogued, similar to Catherine the Great's dictionary project. 6402:'s project to compile a giant comparative dictionary on all the languages spoken in what was the spread of the 5724: 5368: 960:

The modern practical Aleut orthography was designed in 1972 for the Alaskan school system's bilingual program:

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The religious works were translated with the help of Veniaminov's friends Ivan Pan'kov (chief of Tigalda) and

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is pronounced retracted in the vowel space creating a significant distinction relative to the vowel length of

936: 903: 870: 771: 1769: 598:

was a distinct dialect showing influence from both Atkan and Eastern Aleut. Copper Island Aleut (also called

7166:Опытъ Грамматики Алеутско-Лисьевскаго языка (Grammatical Outline of the Fox Island (Eastern) Aleut Language) 8283: 7894: 7677: 6252: 4308: 4292: 4204: 4121: 4085: 4067: 4055: 4020: 3695: 3689: 3610: 3421: 3384: 2273: 2105: 2027: 1649: 1455: 1395: 1329: 261: 220: 3995: 3982: 3928: 3924: 3888: 3884: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3842: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3806: 3781: 3767: 3683: 2467: 2445: 2423: 2343: 1549: 8308: 8138: 7914: 6868: 6412: 4564: 3989: 3966: 3761: 3651: 3643: 3543: 3487: 3391: 2510: 2075: 1835: 1817: 1374: 1164: 1149: 3923:

A word may begin or end in a vowel, both short and long, with few exceptions. Due to apocopation, short

633:; Copper Island Aleut has also adopted many Russian inflectional endings. The largest number of Russian 7365: 4300: 4273: 4241: 4188: 4104: 4004: 3798: 3501: 3405: 3377: 3277: 3269: 2383: 2249: 2129: 2051: 1859: 1601: 1485: 1410: 1344: 1179: 1134: 999: 984: 546: 453: 8116: 6929:

The people at the end of the world: The Western Aleutians project and the archaeology of Shemya Island

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The word-initial CC can take many forms, with various restrictions on the distribution of consonants:

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Modern Eastern Aleut has a much simpler consonant inventory because the voice contrasts among nasals,

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The first contact of people from the Eastern Hemisphere with the Aleut language occurred in 1741, as

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constructions, Aleut marks both possessor and possessum, with the possessor preceding the possessum:

4562: 4554: 4546: 4306: 4298: 4290: 4282: 4271: 4263: 4255: 4247: 4239: 4233: 4231: 4202: 4194: 4186: 4127: 4119: 4111: 4102: 4094: 4083: 4075: 4073: 4065: 4053: 4040: 4028: 4026: 4018: 4010: 4002: 3987: 3974: 3964: 3956: 3687: 3649: 3641: 3608: 3597: 3589: 3435: 3398: 3156: 2225: 1793: 1500: 1104: 8111: 8106: 5869:, possibly one that has been omitted. Absolutive and relative are identical in most combinations of 3698:

in Aleut. Many Aleut speakers experience difficulties with this distinction while learning English.

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picked up several new texts from Sergey Golley, an Atkan speaker who was hospitalized at the time.

6445: 6420: 5881: 5829: 5709: 5353: 3775: 3656:

aspiration contrasts with an audible but not written glottal stop initiation of the vowel. Compare

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In CC clusters of two voiced continuants, there is often a short transitional vowel. For example,

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A word medial short vowel may be syncopated between single consonants, except after an initial

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preceding the given sound. For example, a devoiced, preaspirated labial nasal would be written

3444: 1673: 1089: 545:

In March 2021, the last native speaker of the Bering dialect, Vera Timoshenko, died aged 93 in

452:, the origin of the state name Alaska). Aleut is the sole language in the Aleut branch of the 8145: 7957: 7791: 7781: 6582: 6457: 4556: 4548: 4517:

initial stressed syllable with a short vowel and a following stressed syllable. For example,

4257: 4249: 4129: 4012: 3860:. The two high vowels are pronounced with the same vowel quality regardless of vowel length. 3245: 3198: 3191: 1979: 1955: 1314: 1269: 1239: 7212: 7188: 5015:

As free forms, the pronouns are used primarily as an object, like fully specified nouns. As

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The combination of two postlingual or two coronal consonants is rare, but attested, such as

8005: 7983: 6903: 6623: 6424: 5045:, called the dative, has only a locative form (largely irregular) meaning 'to, at, for-'. 3344: 599: 7806: 7756: 4539:

The following descriptions involve phonological processes that occur in connected speech.

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Stress affects the length of both vowels and consonants. Stress underlies the distinctive

8: 8186: 7837: 7766: 7276: 6399: 6395:

became interested in the Aleut language upon hearing of Russian expeditions for trading.

6240: 4322: 8064: 7937: 7786: 7761: 7617: 7594: 7544: 7254: 7204: 7180: 7160: 7050: 7007: 6936: 6677: 6500: 6407: 6384: 6082: 5874: 5846: 4676: 4663: 4265: 3648:

functions as an initial aspiration before a vowel. In Atkan and Attuan, the prevocalic

3209: 3151: 2003: 1299: 130: 8069: 253: 8202: 7796: 7586: 7498: 7476: 7419: 7345: 7128: 7042: 7011: 6907: 6558: 6550: 6505: 6490: 6441: 6264: 4155:

Almost all possible combinations of coronal and postlingual consonants are attested.

3880: 3173: 2564: 439: 89: 77: 7598: 7258: 7054: 6975:

Dumond, D. (2001). "Archaeology in the Aleut zone of Alaska, some recent research".

526:, the Bering land bridge between 4,000 and 6,000 years ago. During this period, the 313: 8151: 8133: 8101: 8076: 8047: 8042: 7993: 7988: 7853: 7776: 7741: 7736: 7721: 7578: 7534: 7246: 7034: 6999: 6899: 6486: 6449: 6392: 6078: 5870: 3864: 3168: 3146: 3141: 2756: 1530: 630: 611: 582: 574: 443: 435: 431: 386: 372: 73: 69: 20: 7630: 7612: 7404: 7190:Начатки Христіанскаго Ученія – Букварь (Beginnings of Christian Teaching – Primer) 6089:

with the subject of the verb if all nominal participants of a sentence are overt:

8192: 8093: 8052: 8032: 7975: 7816: 7637: 7208: 7184: 7164: 6517: 6509: 6468: 6416: 6260: 5850: 4670: 3180: 3163: 1526: 585:. The Pribilof dialect has more living speakers than any other dialect of Aleut. 122: 7801: 5054:'he passed behind the house'. They can also be used in the relative case, as in 8224: 7811: 7751: 7490: 7468: 7461:

Niiĝuĝis Mataliin Tunuxtazangis: How the Atkans Talk (A Conversational Grammar)

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Berge, Anna (2010). "Origins of linguistic diversity in the Aleutian Islands".

6793:. Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks. Archived from 6562: 6539: 6403: 4594: 4137:

Intervocalic CC can occur in normal structure or as the result of syncopation.

2793: 2783: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2716: 2597: 2587: 603: 266: 161: 85: 7391:"Saving Aleut: Linguist begins new effort to preserve native Alaskan language" 7203: 7179: 7003: 8247: 8207: 8197: 7746: 7660:, small dictionary, phrases, stories in Eastern dialect with audio recordings 7590: 6472: 6271: 6255:. Subjects and objects in Aleut are not marked differently depending on the 6030: 6026: 5036: 5032: 4329: 3716: 3623: 3129:

of the various Aleut dialects are represented below. Each cell indicates the

2788: 2778: 2721: 2711: 2696: 2691: 2684: 2679: 2645: 2637: 2627: 2602: 2592: 2582: 2572: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2530: 589: 570: 550: 6869:"Sealaska Heritage Institute: Alaska Native Language Programs, January 2012" 6794: 8081: 8057: 8022: 7582: 7568: 7250: 7046: 6415:

compiled several word lists. in 1804 and 1805, the czar's plenipotentiary,

6380: 6038: 6034: 2766: 2701: 2669: 2661: 2653: 2632: 2607: 2539: 607: 535: 168: 101: 81: 7561: 7169:. St. Petersburg, Russia: Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences. p. 2. 6841: 6523:

John P. Harrington furthered research into the Pribilof Island dialect on

237: 8037: 7666:, Richard Henry Geoghegan, 1944; grammar and dictionary (old orthography) 7038: 6497: 6437: 4418: 4394:

At slower speeds of speech, the syncopation may not be realized. Compare

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Positional nouns are a special, closed set of nouns which may take the

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short syllable and/or before a final open short syllable. For example,

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The Eskimo and Aleut peoples were part of a migration from Asia across

7669: 7657: 7497:. Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska. 7475:. Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska. 6926: 6041:, positional noun phrases are almost identical to possessive phrases: 4501:'coffee is coming'. There is a similar structure for polite requests: 8010: 8000: 7906: 7463:. Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska. 6436:

It was not until 1819 that the first professional linguist, the Dane

6198: 5817: 5016: 3672: 3357: 3123: 2761: 2746: 1529:) alphabet found in both Alaska and Russia has the standard pre-1918 566: 246: 230: 212: 7642: 6527:

in 1941, collecting some new vocabulary along the way. In 1944, the

6391:'s voyage in 1778. At that time the Imperial Academy of Sciences in 5698: 5342: 4597:

verbs. The result will be a sequence of vowels or full contraction:

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and preaspirated consonants (with the exception of the preaspirated

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Within the Eastern group are the dialects of the Alaskan Peninsula,

286: 8027: 7539: 7522: 6479:. A French-Aleut grammar was also produced by Victor Henry, titled 6274:

derivational morphology, which can lead to some rather long words:

5825: 5760: 4090:, followed by a postlingual continuant (velar, uvular, or glottal). 3619: 1542: 634: 562: 523: 325: 173: 7647:

The Alaskan Orthodox Texts Project celebrates its 10th anniversary

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Llanes-Ortiz, Genner (2023). "Memrise for Ume Sámi and Kristang".

7121:Словарь алеутско-русский и русско-алеутский (беринговский диалект) 5031:

Unlike ordinary nouns, positional nouns have two adverbial cases:

8015: 7237:

Taff, Alice; et al. (2001). "Phonetic Structures of Aleut".

6643: 3912: 3257: 3126: 2619: 457: 321: 7342:

The language of the Commander Aleut (a dialect of Bering Island)

6820: 6585:

have been extensively studied by Soviet and Russian linguists:

6476: 5821: 3927:

is not found in the final position. The same is true for short

293: 199: 65: 4561:

are frequently deleted before an initial consonant other than

3814:

Aleut has a basic three-vowel system including the high front

8234:

2: Some linguists classify Sirenik as under a separate branch

7622: 7613:

ANLA University of Alaska Fairbanks, Unangan Collections List

6977:

Archaeology in the Aleut Zone of Alaska, Some Recent Research

6664:"How Many Speakers are There of Each Alaska Native Language?" 6367:

me lie- -toward- -try.to- -again- -perhaps- -PFV- -PRES- -3SG

5832: 2741: 427: 401: 353: 348: 7369: 6791:"Alaska Native Languages: Population and Speaker Statistics" 274: 7125:

Aleut-Russian and Russian-Aleut Dictionary (Bering dialect)

6618:. A dictionary and a comprehensive grammar were published. 5813: 5809: 4230:

The most common single consonants to appear word-final are

3668:('to need'). This contrast has been lost in Eastern Aleut. 2751: 398: 7366:"Alaskan Orthodox texts (Aleut, Alutiiq, Tlingit, Yup'ik)" 1538: 324:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

8231:

1: The Inuit language 'family' is a continuum of dialects

7336:Головко, Е. В.; Вахтин, Н. Б.; Асиновский, А. С. (2009). 7159: 392: 7405:"Alaska Natives Loss of Social & Cultural Integrity" 7317: 7141: 6364:

Ting adalu- usa- -naaĝ- -iiĝuta- -masu- -x̂ta- -ku- -x̂.

7335: 6742:. Aleutian Pribilof Islands Association. Archived from 6033:

noun cases; in these cases they behave essentially as

5816:. Notions which in English are expressed by means of 588:

The Atkan grouping comprises the dialects of Atka and

6956:

Woodbury, A.C. (1984). "Eskimo and Aleut languages".

4453:

have different stress in different contexts, such as

4297:

occur, and word-final consonant clusters ending with

3894:

The mid-vowels and occur only in family names like

3826:. Aleut vowels contrast with their long counterparts 413: 7495:

Aleut Grammar = Unangam Tunuganaan Achixaasix̂

7084:"Last Native Speaker Of Rare Dialect Dies In Russia" 6270:

A typological feature shared by Aleut and Eskimo is

404: 395: 292:

Aleut is classified as Critically Endangered by the

8279:

Northern Northwest Coast Sprachbund (North America)

6230:'He/she helped them.' / 'They helped him/her/them.' 4585: 4576: 4570: 4401: 4395: 4386: 4380: 4370: 4361: 4352: 4339: 927: 894: 861: 828: 795: 762: 729: 696: 663: 389: 7338:Язык командорских алеутов: диалект острова Беринга 7305: 4281:Through apocopation, word-final single consonants 3915:. There also exist word initial CCC in loanwords. 512:Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale 8274:Indigenous languages of the North American Arctic 7523:"The Aleutian Language Compared with Greenlandic" 7127:]. Отд-ние изд-ва "Просвещение". p. 14. 6817:"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" 6740:"Unangam Tunuu (The Aleut Language) Preservation" 6430:Mithridates oder allgemeine Sprachkunde 1806–1817 8245: 7458: 7448:REL:relative case POSSM:possessum ANA:anaphoric 6489:began work on collecting words for a word list. 5824:are generally expressed in Aleut using verbs or 4185:In CCC clusters, the middle consonant is either 3898:and very recently introduced Russian loanwords. 7562:Berkeley Linguistic Society 26th Annual Meeting 6927:Corbett, D., West, D., and Lefèvre, C. (2010). 6768:. Alaska Native Language Center. Archived from 6234: 7520: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7108: 6453:published a grammar of Eastern Aleut in 1846. 6358: 6177: 6132: 7922: 7685: 7527:International Journal of American Linguistics 7217:. St. Petersburg, Russia: Synodal Typography. 7193:. St. Petersburg, Russia: Synodal Typography. 6992:International Journal of American Linguistics 6251:Unlike the Eskimo languages, Aleut is not an 2522:* denotes letters typically used in loanwords 1510:* denotes letters typically used in loanwords 7421:Digital initiatives for indigenous languages 7417: 7344:] (in Russian). Санкт-Петербург: Наука. 6941:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6480: 6428: 4146:'umbilical cord' is pronounced similar to 3931:, except in some obsolete suffixes, such as 3559: 3557: 16:Language of the Eskimo–Aleut language family 7653:Learn and practice Unangam Tunuu on Memrise 7329: 7105: 6896:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics 5790: 5784: 5778: 5727:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 5678: 5671: 5663: 5656: 5644: 5637: 5629: 5622: 5615: 5602: 5595: 5584: 5577: 5551: 5539: 5532: 5524: 5517: 5505: 5498: 5490: 5483: 5476: 5463: 5456: 5445: 5438: 5412: 5371:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 5320: 5310: 5300: 5290: 5278: 5268: 5258: 5248: 5241: 5228: 5218: 5208: 5198: 5191: 5178: 5168: 5158: 5148: 5141: 5120: 5110: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5055: 5049: 5040: 5005: 4998: 4990: 4983: 4971: 4964: 4956: 4949: 4937: 4930: 4922: 4915: 4907: 4882: 4872: 4866: 4853: 4846: 4838: 4831: 4819: 4812: 4804: 4797: 4765: 4758: 4750: 4743: 4731: 4724: 4716: 4709: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4524: 4518: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4460: 4454: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4333: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4177: 4171: 4165: 4159: 4147: 4141: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3663: 3657: 921: 888: 855: 822: 789: 756: 723: 690: 657: 490: 484: 476: 470: 462: 447: 46: 40: 34: 7929: 7915: 7692: 7678: 7521:Rask, Rasmus; Thalbitzer, William (1921). 285: 273: 7538: 7489: 7467: 7323: 7147: 6727: 6701: 6334: 5747:Learn how and when to remove this message 5688: 5391:Learn how and when to remove this message 3554: 629:All dialects show lexical influence from 7274: 6955: 6529:United States Department of the Interior 6467:The first Frenchman to record Aleut was 5048:Most are used in absolutive case, as in 1516: 498: 297:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger 7699: 7514:The Vanishing Voices of the Pacific Rim 7118: 6158: 6117: 6113: 6102: 6098: 6008: 5993: 5989: 5915: 5893: 3604:are pronounced with strong aspiration. 1552:in modern Aleut Cyrillic publications. 456:. The Aleut language consists of three 318:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 279:Aleut is spoken on the Aleutian Islands 8246: 7936: 7618:Alaska Native Languages: Unangam Tunuu 7555: 7511: 7311: 6974: 6259:of the verb (i.e. whether the verb is 5808:Most Aleut words can be classified as 4017:in Atkan Aleut). Only in loanwords do 4001:Words begin with any consonant except 3971:do not occur in intervocalic positions 8294:Indigenous languages of North America 7910: 7673: 7270: 7268: 7232: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7067: 7024: 6889: 6565:have published articles about Aleut. 6346: 6214: 6210: 6173: 6162: 6141:Peter-SG.ABS man-SG.ABS help-PRES-3SG 6128: 6061: 6050: 6004: 5937: 5759:There are 570 derivational suffixes ( 3901: 503:Exhibit on the Aleut language at the 8304:Languages written in Cyrillic script 7236: 6989: 6904:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.9 6723: 6721: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6370:'Perhaps he tried to fool me again.' 6278:Ting adaluusanaaĝiiĝutamasux̂takux̂. 5849:(singular, dual, or plural) and for 5725:adding citations to reliable sources 5692: 5369:adding citations to reliable sources 5336: 4534: 6374: 6085:and number. Person/number endings 5068:The numeral system is decimal with 5022: 5019:they function as subject markers. 4369:a regular three consonant cluster: 3949:in modern Eastern and Atkan Aleut. 3682:The pronunciation of the sibilant 13: 7516:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7428:from the original on 29 March 2024 7293:from the original on 24 March 2023 7265: 7221: 6958:Handbook of North American Indians 6485:(Paris, 1879). In 1878, American 5845:Nouns are obligatorily marked for 4659:Ordinary nouns have suffixes for 3937:'your' (pl.) which is realized as 3879:is lowered to . In contact with a 3845:is pronounced slightly lower than 3640:The voiceless glottal approximant 3615:is pronounced voiced or devoiced. 3563:Only found in Attuan and loanwords 2529:The modern Aleut orthography (for 1521:The Aleut Cyrillic alphabet, 1846. 641:Russian loanwords in Bering Aleut 14: 8320: 7658:Unangam Tunuu Tools and Resources 7606: 7459:Berge, Anna; Moses Dirks (2009). 6706: 6684: 6629: 6218: 6181: 5948: 3797: 3774: 3760: 3675:and approximants have been lost. 3581:Only found in Atkan and loanwords 3542: 3527: 3520: 3500: 3492: 3486: 3478: 3471: 3450: 3443: 3434: 3427: 3420: 3404: 3397: 3390: 3383: 3376: 3368: 3343: 3330: 3321: 3304: 3297: 3290: 3283: 3276: 3268: 3244: 3233: 3226: 3208: 3197: 3190: 2509: 2487: 2382: 2320: 2296: 2272: 2248: 2224: 2200: 2176: 2152: 2128: 2104: 2080: 2074: 2050: 2026: 2002: 1978: 1954: 1930: 1906: 1882: 1858: 1834: 1816: 1792: 1768: 1744: 1720: 1696: 1672: 1648: 1624: 1600: 1499: 1484: 1469: 1454: 1439: 1424: 1409: 1394: 1379: 1373: 1358: 1343: 1328: 1313: 1298: 1283: 1268: 1253: 1238: 1223: 1208: 1193: 1178: 1163: 1148: 1133: 1118: 1103: 1088: 1073: 1058: 1043: 1028: 1013: 998: 983: 637:can be seen in the Bering Aleut. 115:in Alaska; extinct in Russia 2021 7889: 7888: 7214:Алеутскій Букварь (Aleut Primer) 5697: 5341: 5086:on the base numeral followed by 4400:'you are getting skinny' beside 2535: 385: 192: 8259:Critically endangered languages 7452: 7411: 7397: 7383: 7358: 7197: 7173: 7153: 7094:from the original on 2021-03-08 7076: 7061: 7018: 6983: 6968: 6949: 6920: 6883: 6861: 6638:There is an Aleut course named 6138:Piitra-x̂ tayaĝu-x̂ kidu-ku-x̂. 5795:'to be terrible, frightening'. 4648: 4033:, and the borrowed consonants ( 3994:does not occur in contact with 3981:does not occur in contact with 3918: 3575: 3566: 3131:International Phonetic Alphabet 922: 889: 856: 823: 790: 757: 724: 691: 658: 47: 41: 8269:Indigenous languages of Alaska 7275:Merchant, Jason (3 May 2008). 6871:. The Alaska State Legislature 6834: 6809: 6783: 6758: 6732: 6670: 6656: 6190:Peter-SG.REL help-PRES-3SG.ANA 5842:is subject–object–verb (SOV). 5550:Present tense negative marker 5060:'the house behind the store'. 4316: 3907:(C)(C)V(V) ± {C(C)(C)V(V)} ± C 3588:The palato-alveolar affricate 955: 496:(Western Aleut, now extinct). 426:is the language spoken by the 1: 6649: 6471:, in 1871, shortly after the 4688:Number & relational case 4642: 4581:'the interior of the house'. 4321:The details of the extensive 3117: 8299:Official languages of Alaska 7623:Unangam Tunuu Language Tools 7088:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty 6253:ergative-absolutive language 6235:Comparison to Eskimo grammar 5791: 5785: 5779: 5094: 5088: 5082: 5076: 5070: 5056: 5050: 5041: 4873: 4867: 4666:: singular, dual, and plural 4634: 4628: 4622: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4586: 4577: 4571: 4525: 4519: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4461: 4455: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4402: 4396: 4387: 4381: 4371: 4362: 4353: 4340: 4334: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4182:'to say; to tell; to call'. 4178: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4148: 4142: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3664: 3658: 3112: 928: 895: 862: 829: 796: 763: 730: 697: 664: 454:Eskimo–Aleut language family 7: 6413:Yuriy Feodorovich Lisyansky 6144:'Peter is helping the man.' 5803: 5063: 4523:'from him' pronounced and 3618:Voiceless approximants and 3572:Only found in Eastern Aleut 2525:† only found in Atkan Aleut 1513:† only found in Atkan Aleut 942: 909: 876: 843: 810: 777: 744: 711: 678: 556: 10: 8325: 7556:Sadock, Jerrold M (2000). 6678:"Alaska State Legislature" 6581:Bering Island dialect and 5039:. The most important stem 4590:'he is bleeding awfully'. 4375:'after a short while (he)' 517: 18: 8216: 8165: 8092: 7974: 7967: 7944: 7884: 7846: 7825: 7707: 7205:St. Innocent (Veniaminov) 7181:St. Innocent (Veniaminov) 7161:St. Innocent (Veniaminov) 7004:10.1086/ijal.57.2.3519765 6890:Berge, Anna (June 2016). 6417:Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov 5798: 4411: 3720: 3710: 3708: 3701: 3662:('to turn the head') and 3460: 3356: 3256: 3179: 3138: 1812: 1809: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 935: 902: 869: 836: 803: 770: 737: 704: 685:take leave; tell goodbye 671: 615: 368: 360: 344: 336: 304: 284: 272: 260: 244: 228: 210: 205: 187:Official language in 185: 180: 158: 144: 119: 107: 96: 61: 54: 33: 28: 6421:Johann Christoph Adelung 6406:at that time, she hired 6077:Verbs are inflected for 6018:man-SG.ABS work-PRES-SG. 5789:'to fear, be afraid of' 5332: 4654: 4465:, both meaning 'arrow'. 3607:Attuan labial fricative 1547:voiceless uvular plosive 1541:has replaced the letter 19:Not to be confused with 8289:Agglutinative languages 7643:Orthodox texts in Aleut 7119:Головко, Е. В. (1994). 6496:From 1909 to 1910, the 6353: 6341: 6329: 6321: 6313: 6305: 6297: 6289: 6281: 6205: 6193:'Peter is helping him.' 6168: 6153: 6123: 6108: 6093: 6056: 6045: 5999: 5984: 5943: 5932: 5910: 5888: 5679: 5672: 5664: 5657: 5645: 5638: 5630: 5623: 5616: 5603: 5596: 5585: 5578: 5552: 5540: 5533: 5525: 5518: 5506: 5499: 5491: 5484: 5477: 5464: 5457: 5446: 5439: 5413: 5321: 5311: 5301: 5291: 5279: 5269: 5259: 5249: 5242: 5229: 5219: 5209: 5199: 5192: 5179: 5169: 5159: 5149: 5142: 5121: 5111: 5057:laavki-m agal-a-n ula-a 5006: 4999: 4991: 4984: 4972: 4965: 4957: 4950: 4938: 4931: 4923: 4916: 4908: 4883: 4854: 4847: 4839: 4832: 4820: 4813: 4805: 4798: 4776:Anaphoric third person 4766: 4759: 4751: 4744: 4732: 4725: 4717: 4710: 4406:'I am getting skinny'. 4351:clusters of two stops: 4045:appear word-initially. 3887:is raised to or , and 602:) was a Russian-Attuan 505:Museum of the Aleutians 491: 485: 477: 471: 463: 448: 35: 7833:American Sign Language 7583:10.1006/jpho.2001.0142 7558:Aleut Number Agreement 7251:10.1006/jpho.2001.0142 6481: 6429: 5689:Derivation (postbases) 4871:'the man's house' and 4683:third, reflexive third 1522: 507: 306:This article contains 7209:St. Jacob (Netsvetov) 7185:St. Jacob (Netsvetov) 6583:Mednyj Aleut language 6419:collected some more. 6070:man-REL direction-LOC 5783:'to scare, frighten' 5411:Present tense marker 4980:reflexive 3rd person 4529:'a boy' pronounced . 4360:geminate consonants: 1520: 502: 7571:Journal of Phonetics 7424:. pp. 101–102. 7277:"Aleut case matters" 7239:Journal of Phonetics 7068:Berge, Anna (2014). 7039:10.3378/027.082.0505 6931:. Anchorage: Aurora. 6746:on February 24, 2013 6624:Alaska State Library 6587:Georgy Menovshchikov 6425:Johann Severin Vater 6243:differences. Aleut 6081:and, if finite, for 5957:man-REL father-POSSM 5721:improve this section 5365:improve this section 5092:'ten'. For example, 5051:ula-m agal-a agikux̂ 4618:'he's about to come' 4575:'on the ground' and 4403:ting saak(u)tikuqing 4397:txin saakutikux̂txin 4093:postlingual stop or 3849:in the vowel space. 1525:The historic Aleut ( 652:English translation 8284:Languages of Russia 8187:Inuktitut syllabics 8139:St. Lawrence Island 7701:Languages of Alaska 6640:Unangam Qilinĝingin 6400:Catherine the Great 6187:Piitra-m kidu-ku-u. 6039:Morphosyntactically 6015:tayaĝu-x̂ awa-ku-x̂ 5556: 5417: 5103: 4887: 4777: 4689: 4443:'without talking', 3875:is backed to , and 2811: 1561:Modern equivalents 1545:(Aleut Ka) for the 1531:Russian orthography 642: 8309:Eskaleut languages 7938:Eskaleut languages 7838:Inuk Sign Language 7664:The Aleut Language 7636:2011-05-01 at the 6533:The Aleut Language 6501:Waldemar Jochelson 6408:Peter Simon Pallas 6385:Captain James King 6021:The man is working 5960:'the man's father' 5847:grammatical number 5838:Aleut's canonical 5549: 5410: 5101: 4880: 4775: 4687: 4545:Word-final nasals 4227:'short fishline'. 4082:a coronal stop or 3902:Syllable structure 3863:In contact with a 3632:⟨hm⟩ 2809: 1523: 883:ambush, ambuscade 640: 528:Proto-Eskimo-Aleut 508: 482:(Atka Aleut), and 152:Proto-Eskimo–Aleut 113:<80 (2022) 8241: 8240: 8225:extinct languages 8203:Kaktovik numerals 8161: 8160: 8073: 7904: 7903: 7874:Ninilchik dialect 7645:, 1826–1967 (cf. 7504:978-1-55500-064-6 7482:978-1-55500-047-9 7351:978-5-02-025542-5 7134:978-5-09-002312-2 6559:Michael Fortescue 6506:Aleksey Yachmenev 6491:Benedykt Dybowski 6442:literary language 5757: 5756: 5749: 5686: 5685: 5639:-lakax̂-txichi(n) 5547: 5546: 5401: 5400: 5393: 5328: 5327: 5013: 5012: 4861: 4860: 4773: 4772: 4679:: first, second, 4669:relational case: 4623:ixchiinhan aĝikuq 4603:waaĝaaĝan aĝikux̂ 4587:aamg(ii) iĝanalix 4535:Phrasal phonology 4507:'please eat!' vs 4498:kúufyax̂ àqakúx̂! 4338:'it is good' and 3812: 3811: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3628:⟨h⟩ 3550: 3549: 3110: 3109: 2810:comparison table 2807: 2806: 2519: 2518: 1507: 1506: 953: 952: 468:(Eastern Aleut), 440:Commander Islands 378: 377: 332: 331: 314:rendering support 310:phonetic symbols. 90:Commander Islands 78:Alaskan Peninsula 8316: 8189:(writing system) 8129:Central Siberian 8067: 8043:Kangiryuarmiutun 7972: 7971: 7931: 7924: 7917: 7908: 7907: 7892: 7891: 7694: 7687: 7680: 7671: 7670: 7629: 7602: 7565: 7552: 7542: 7517: 7508: 7486: 7464: 7441: 7440: 7435: 7433: 7415: 7409: 7408: 7401: 7395: 7394: 7387: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7368:. Archived from 7362: 7356: 7355: 7333: 7327: 7321: 7315: 7309: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7292: 7281: 7272: 7263: 7262: 7234: 7219: 7218: 7201: 7195: 7194: 7177: 7171: 7170: 7157: 7151: 7145: 7139: 7138: 7116: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7099: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7065: 7059: 7058: 7022: 7016: 7015: 6987: 6981: 6980: 6972: 6966: 6965: 6953: 6947: 6946: 6940: 6932: 6924: 6918: 6917: 6887: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6865: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6838: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6813: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6787: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6736: 6730: 6725: 6704: 6699: 6682: 6681: 6674: 6668: 6667: 6660: 6617: 6606: 6595: 6487:Lucien M. Turner 6484: 6450:Russian Orthodox 6446:Ioann Veniaminov 6432: 6427:published their 6393:Saint Petersburg 6375:Research history 6360: 6348: 6336: 6227:help-PRES-PL.ANA 6220: 6216: 6212: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6164: 6160: 6134: 6130: 6119: 6115: 6104: 6100: 6073:'toward the man' 6063: 6052: 6010: 6006: 5995: 5991: 5950: 5939: 5917: 5895: 5794: 5788: 5782: 5752: 5745: 5741: 5738: 5732: 5701: 5693: 5682: 5675: 5667: 5660: 5648: 5641: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5606: 5599: 5588: 5581: 5557: 5555: 5548: 5543: 5536: 5528: 5521: 5509: 5502: 5500:-ku-x̂-txichi(n) 5494: 5487: 5480: 5467: 5460: 5449: 5442: 5418: 5416: 5409: 5396: 5389: 5385: 5382: 5376: 5345: 5337: 5324: 5314: 5304: 5294: 5282: 5272: 5262: 5252: 5245: 5232: 5222: 5212: 5202: 5195: 5182: 5172: 5162: 5152: 5145: 5124: 5114: 5104: 5100: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5073: 5059: 5053: 5044: 5023:Positional nouns 5009: 5002: 4994: 4987: 4975: 4968: 4960: 4953: 4941: 4934: 4926: 4919: 4911: 4888: 4886: 4879: 4876: 4870: 4857: 4850: 4842: 4835: 4823: 4816: 4808: 4801: 4778: 4774: 4769: 4762: 4754: 4747: 4735: 4728: 4720: 4713: 4690: 4686: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4589: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4560: 4552: 4528: 4522: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4464: 4458: 4448: 4442: 4436: 4430: 4405: 4399: 4390: 4388:(h)iil(ax̂)talix 4384: 4382:(h)iis(ax̂)talix 4374: 4365: 4363:yuug(i)gaadakux̂ 4356: 4343: 4337: 4312: 4304: 4296: 4288: 4277: 4269: 4261: 4253: 4245: 4237: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4200: 4192: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4151: 4145: 4133: 4125: 4117: 4108: 4100: 4089: 4079: 4071: 4060:, followed by a 4059: 4032: 4024: 4016: 4008: 3997: 3993: 3984: 3980: 3970: 3962: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3926: 3891:is fronted to . 3890: 3886: 3878: 3874: 3871:is lowered to , 3870: 3859: 3855: 3848: 3844: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3822:, and high back 3821: 3817: 3808: 3801: 3783: 3778: 3769: 3764: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3706: 3705: 3693: 3685: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3647: 3633: 3629: 3614: 3603: 3596:and uvular stop 3595: 3582: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3564: 3561: 3546: 3531: 3524: 3517: 3504: 3496: 3490: 3482: 3475: 3468: 3454: 3447: 3438: 3431: 3424: 3417: 3408: 3401: 3394: 3387: 3380: 3372: 3364: 3347: 3334: 3325: 3317: 3308: 3301: 3294: 3287: 3280: 3272: 3264: 3248: 3237: 3230: 3223: 3212: 3201: 3194: 3187: 3136: 3135: 2812: 2808: 2536: 2513: 2491: 2469: 2447: 2425: 2386: 2345: 2324: 2300: 2276: 2252: 2228: 2204: 2180: 2156: 2132: 2108: 2084: 2078: 2054: 2030: 2006: 1982: 1958: 1934: 1910: 1886: 1862: 1838: 1820: 1796: 1772: 1748: 1724: 1700: 1676: 1652: 1628: 1604: 1558:Obsolete script 1555: 1554: 1551: 1503: 1488: 1473: 1458: 1443: 1428: 1413: 1398: 1383: 1377: 1362: 1347: 1332: 1317: 1302: 1287: 1272: 1257: 1242: 1227: 1212: 1197: 1182: 1167: 1152: 1137: 1122: 1107: 1092: 1077: 1062: 1047: 1032: 1017: 1002: 987: 963: 962: 945: 939: 931: 925: 924: 912: 906: 898: 892: 891: 879: 873: 865: 859: 858: 846: 840: 832: 826: 825: 813: 807: 799: 793: 792: 780: 774: 766: 760: 759: 747: 741: 733: 727: 726: 714: 708: 700: 694: 693: 681: 675: 667: 661: 660: 643: 639: 617: 575:Pribilof Islands 494: 488: 480: 474: 466: 451: 444:Alaska Peninsula 436:Pribilof Islands 432:Aleutian Islands 416: 411: 410: 407: 406: 403: 400: 397: 394: 391: 373:Unangam Tanangin 334: 333: 289: 277: 256: 240: 233: 224: 223: 215: 198: 196: 195: 176:(Alaska, Russia) 164: 125: 74:Pribilof Islands 50: 49: 44: 43: 38: 26: 25: 21:Alutiiq language 8324: 8323: 8319: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8314: 8313: 8244: 8243: 8242: 8237: 8212: 8193:Inuit phonology 8157: 8107:Central Alaskan 8088: 8070:Iñupiaq Braille 7963: 7940: 7935: 7905: 7900: 7880: 7842: 7821: 7772:Upper Kuskokwim 7703: 7698: 7638:Wayback Machine 7627: 7609: 7505: 7491:Bergsland, Knut 7483: 7469:Bergsland, Knut 7455: 7450: 7445: 7444: 7431: 7429: 7416: 7412: 7403: 7402: 7398: 7389: 7388: 7384: 7375: 7373: 7364: 7363: 7359: 7352: 7334: 7330: 7322: 7318: 7310: 7306: 7296: 7294: 7290: 7279: 7273: 7266: 7235: 7222: 7202: 7198: 7178: 7174: 7158: 7154: 7146: 7142: 7135: 7117: 7106: 7097: 7095: 7082: 7081: 7077: 7066: 7062: 7023: 7019: 6988: 6984: 6973: 6969: 6954: 6950: 6934: 6933: 6925: 6921: 6914: 6888: 6884: 6874: 6872: 6867: 6866: 6862: 6852: 6850: 6840: 6839: 6835: 6825: 6823: 6815: 6814: 6810: 6800: 6798: 6797:on 30 July 2018 6789: 6788: 6784: 6775: 6773: 6764: 6763: 6759: 6749: 6747: 6738: 6737: 6733: 6726: 6707: 6700: 6685: 6676: 6675: 6671: 6662: 6661: 6657: 6652: 6632: 6611: 6609:Nikolay Vakhtin 6600: 6598:Yevgeny Golovko 6589: 6525:St. Paul Island 6518:Melville Jacobs 6516:time, linguist 6510:Leontiy Sivtsov 6469:Alphonse Pinart 6458:Iakov Netsvetov 6377: 6372: 6362: 6351: 6339: 6327: 6319: 6311: 6303: 6295: 6287: 6279: 6237: 6232: 6222: 6195: 6185: 6166: 6146: 6136: 6121: 6106: 6075: 6067:tayaĝu-m had-an 6065: 6054: 6023: 6013: 5997: 5962: 5952: 5941: 5929: 5919: 5907: 5897: 5851:absolutive case 5806: 5801: 5753: 5742: 5736: 5733: 5718: 5702: 5691: 5676: 5642: 5620: 5600: 5582: 5537: 5503: 5481: 5461: 5443: 5397: 5386: 5380: 5377: 5362: 5346: 5335: 5246: 5196: 5146: 5095:qankudim hatix̂ 5066: 5025: 5003: 4969: 4935: 4920: 4851: 4817: 4763: 4729: 4657: 4645: 4569:. For example, 4537: 4414: 4319: 4209:. For example, 4035:p, b, f, d, g, 3921: 3908: 3904: 3852:The long vowel 3841:Notably, Aleut 3704: 3631: 3627: 3586: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3555: 3515: 3466: 3415: 3362: 3315: 3262: 3221: 3185: 3158: 3120: 3115: 1568: 969:Minuscule form 966:Majuscule form 958: 559: 520: 414: 388: 384: 352: 312:Without proper 300: 299: 280: 252: 236: 229: 219: 218: 211: 193: 191: 188: 181:Official status 172: 165: 160: 154: 147: 140: 126: 123:Language family 121: 114: 110: 109:Native speakers 39: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8322: 8312: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8264:Aleut language 8261: 8256: 8239: 8238: 8236: 8235: 8232: 8228: 8227: 8217: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8184: 8181:Proto-Eskimoan 8177: 8174:Proto-Eskaleut 8169: 8167: 8163: 8162: 8159: 8158: 8156: 8155: 8148: 8143: 8142: 8141: 8136: 8126: 8125: 8124: 8119: 8117:Nunivak Cup'ig 8114: 8104: 8098: 8096: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8086: 8085: 8084: 8079: 8062: 8061: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8020: 8019: 8018: 8013: 8008: 7998: 7997: 7996: 7991: 7980: 7978: 7969: 7965: 7964: 7962: 7961: 7954: 7948: 7946: 7942: 7941: 7934: 7933: 7926: 7919: 7911: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7898: 7885: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7878: 7877: 7876: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7850: 7848: 7847:Non-Indigenous 7844: 7843: 7841: 7840: 7835: 7829: 7827: 7826:Sign languages 7823: 7822: 7820: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7732:Siberian Yupik 7729: 7724: 7719: 7713: 7711: 7705: 7704: 7697: 7696: 7689: 7682: 7674: 7668: 7667: 7661: 7655: 7650: 7640: 7631:Aleut Language 7625: 7620: 7615: 7608: 7607:External links 7605: 7604: 7603: 7577:(3): 231–271. 7566: 7553: 7540:10.1086/463733 7533:(1/2): 40–57. 7518: 7509: 7503: 7487: 7481: 7465: 7454: 7451: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7410: 7396: 7382: 7357: 7350: 7328: 7326:, p. 123. 7324:Bergsland 1997 7316: 7304: 7264: 7245:(3): 231–271. 7220: 7196: 7172: 7152: 7150:, p. xvi. 7148:Bergsland 1994 7140: 7133: 7104: 7090:. 2021-03-08. 7075: 7060: 7017: 6982: 6967: 6948: 6919: 6912: 6892:"Eskimo-Aleut" 6882: 6860: 6833: 6808: 6782: 6757: 6731: 6728:Bergsland 1997 6705: 6702:Bergsland 1994 6683: 6669: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6631: 6630:Revitalization 6628: 6563:Jerrold Sadock 6551:Michael Krauss 6540:Knut Bergsland 6404:Russian empire 6376: 6373: 6352: 6340: 6328: 6320: 6312: 6304: 6296: 6288: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6236: 6233: 6204: 6203: 6167: 6152: 6151: 6122: 6107: 6092: 6091: 6055: 6044: 6043: 5998: 5983: 5982: 5972:The number of 5954:tayaĝu-m ada-a 5942: 5931: 5930: 5909: 5908: 5887: 5886: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5755: 5754: 5705: 5703: 5696: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5668: 5661: 5654: 5650: 5649: 5646:-lakax̂txichix 5634: 5631:-lakax̂-txidix 5627: 5612: 5608: 5607: 5592: 5589: 5574: 5570: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5545: 5544: 5529: 5522: 5515: 5511: 5510: 5495: 5488: 5473: 5469: 5468: 5453: 5450: 5435: 5431: 5430: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5399: 5398: 5349: 5347: 5340: 5334: 5331: 5326: 5325: 5318: 5315: 5308: 5305: 5298: 5295: 5288: 5284: 5283: 5276: 5273: 5266: 5263: 5256: 5253: 5238: 5234: 5233: 5226: 5223: 5216: 5213: 5206: 5203: 5188: 5184: 5183: 5176: 5173: 5166: 5163: 5156: 5153: 5138: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5118: 5115: 5108: 5065: 5062: 5024: 5021: 5011: 5010: 4995: 4988: 4981: 4977: 4976: 4961: 4954: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4927: 4912: 4905: 4901: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4891: 4881:Pronoun forms 4868:tayaĝu-m ula-a 4859: 4858: 4843: 4836: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4809: 4802: 4795: 4791: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4771: 4770: 4755: 4748: 4741: 4737: 4736: 4721: 4714: 4707: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4685: 4684: 4674: 4667: 4656: 4653: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4638:'I'll go home' 4619: 4609:waaĝaa-aĝikux̂ 4536: 4533: 4474:'how many' vs 4449:'he himself'. 4413: 4410: 4391:'being said'. 4377: 4376: 4372:ingam(a)sxakum 4367: 4358: 4357:'he killed it' 4335:ìx̂am(a)nákux̂ 4318: 4315: 4221:'to wrap up', 4176:'fit for me', 4164:'rain pants', 4135: 4134: 4126:, followed by 4109: 4101:, followed by 4091: 4080: 3999: 3998: 3985: 3972: 3920: 3917: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3810: 3809: 3804: 3802: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3779: 3772: 3770: 3765: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3703: 3700: 3584: 3583: 3574: 3565: 3552: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3525: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3498: 3483: 3476: 3469: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3448: 3441: 3439: 3432: 3425: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3402: 3395: 3388: 3381: 3374: 3365: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3327: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3302: 3295: 3288: 3281: 3274: 3265: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3231: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3195: 3188: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3096: 3092: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3083: 3080: 3076: 3075: 3072: 3068: 3067: 3064: 3060: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3028: 3027: 3024: 3020: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3008: 3004: 3003: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2992: 2988: 2987: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2971: 2968: 2964: 2963: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2952: 2948: 2947: 2944: 2940: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2915: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2899: 2896: 2892: 2891: 2888: 2884: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2872: 2868: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2859: 2856: 2852: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2819: 2816: 2805: 2804: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2651: 2648: 2643: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2527: 2526: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2495: 2492: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2470: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2451: 2448: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2430: 2429: 2426: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2304: 2301: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2280: 2277: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2256: 2253: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2232: 2229: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2208: 2205: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2181: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2161: 2160: 2157: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2137: 2136: 2133: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2089: 2088: 2085: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2059: 2058: 2055: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2034: 2031: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2010: 2007: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1914: 1911: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1890: 1887: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1749: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1653: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1570: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1505: 1504: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1489: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1459: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1399: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1356: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1333: 1326: 1323: 1319: 1318: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1303: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1288: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1273: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1243: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1228: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1198: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1176: 1173: 1169: 1168: 1161: 1158: 1154: 1153: 1146: 1143: 1139: 1138: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1101: 1098: 1094: 1093: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1026: 1023: 1019: 1018: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1003: 996: 993: 989: 988: 981: 978: 974: 973: 970: 967: 957: 954: 951: 950: 949:liquid, fluid 947: 933: 918: 917: 914: 900: 885: 884: 881: 867: 852: 851: 848: 834: 819: 818: 817:wound, injury 815: 801: 786: 785: 782: 768: 753: 752: 749: 735: 720: 719: 716: 702: 687: 686: 683: 669: 654: 653: 650: 647: 604:mixed language 558: 555: 519: 516: 430:living in the 376: 375: 370: 366: 365: 362: 358: 357: 346: 342: 341: 338: 330: 329: 316:, you may see 302: 301: 291: 290: 282: 281: 278: 270: 269: 264: 258: 257: 250: 242: 241: 234: 226: 225: 216: 208: 207: 206:Language codes 203: 202: 189: 186: 183: 182: 178: 177: 166: 162:Writing system 159: 156: 155: 150: 148: 145: 142: 141: 139: 138: 129: 127: 120: 117: 116: 111: 108: 105: 104: 98: 94: 93: 86:Kamchatka Krai 63: 62:Native to 59: 58: 56: 52: 51: 42:Уна́ӈам тунуу́ 31: 30: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8321: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8254:Aleut culture 8252: 8251: 8249: 8233: 8230: 8229: 8226: 8222: 8219: 8218: 8215: 8209: 8208:Yugtun script 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8198:Inuit grammar 8196: 8194: 8191: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8182: 8178: 8176: 8175: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8164: 8154: 8153: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8130: 8127: 8123: 8122:Chevak Cup’ik 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8109: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8095: 8091: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8074: 8071: 8066: 8063: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8025: 8024: 8021: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8003: 8002: 7999: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7986: 7985: 7982: 7981: 7979: 7977: 7973: 7970: 7966: 7960: 7959: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7932: 7927: 7925: 7920: 7918: 7913: 7912: 7909: 7897: 7896: 7887: 7886: 7883: 7875: 7872: 7871: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7845: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7830: 7828: 7824: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7727:Central Yupik 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7695: 7690: 7688: 7683: 7681: 7676: 7675: 7672: 7665: 7662: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7648: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7635: 7632: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7610: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7519: 7515: 7510: 7506: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7457: 7456: 7449: 7439: 7427: 7423: 7422: 7414: 7406: 7400: 7392: 7386: 7372:on 2015-05-08 7371: 7367: 7361: 7353: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7332: 7325: 7320: 7313: 7308: 7289: 7285: 7278: 7271: 7269: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7233: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7216: 7215: 7210: 7206: 7200: 7192: 7191: 7186: 7182: 7176: 7168: 7167: 7162: 7156: 7149: 7144: 7136: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7109: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7079: 7071: 7064: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7027:Human Biology 7021: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6986: 6978: 6971: 6963: 6959: 6952: 6944: 6938: 6930: 6923: 6915: 6913:9780199384655 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6886: 6870: 6864: 6849: 6848: 6843: 6837: 6822: 6818: 6812: 6796: 6792: 6786: 6772:on 2018-01-23 6771: 6767: 6761: 6745: 6741: 6735: 6729: 6724: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6703: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6679: 6673: 6665: 6659: 6655: 6647: 6645: 6641: 6636: 6627: 6625: 6619: 6615: 6610: 6604: 6599: 6593: 6588: 6584: 6579: 6576: 6572: 6570: 6566: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6521: 6519: 6513: 6511: 6507: 6502: 6499: 6494: 6492: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6474: 6473:United States 6470: 6465: 6461: 6459: 6454: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6434: 6431: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6396: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6371: 6368: 6365: 6361: 6355: 6350: 6343: 6338: 6331: 6326: 6323: 6318: 6315: 6310: 6307: 6302: 6299: 6294: 6291: 6286: 6283: 6275: 6273: 6272:polysynthetic 6268: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6249: 6246: 6242: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6221: 6207: 6202: 6200: 6194: 6191: 6188: 6184: 6170: 6165: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6142: 6139: 6135: 6125: 6120: 6110: 6105: 6095: 6090: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6074: 6071: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6053: 6047: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6035:postpositions 6032: 6028: 6022: 6019: 6016: 6012: 6001: 5996: 5986: 5981: 5977: 5975: 5970: 5966: 5961: 5958: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5940: 5934: 5928: 5925: 5922: 5918: 5912: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5896: 5890: 5885: 5883: 5878: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5855:relative case 5852: 5848: 5843: 5841: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5796: 5793: 5787: 5781: 5775: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5762: 5751: 5748: 5740: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5706:This section 5704: 5700: 5695: 5694: 5681: 5674: 5669: 5666: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5647: 5640: 5635: 5632: 5628: 5625: 5618: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5593: 5590: 5587: 5580: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5567: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5558: 5554: 5542: 5535: 5530: 5527: 5523: 5520: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5508: 5501: 5496: 5493: 5492:-ku-x̂-txidix 5489: 5486: 5479: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5466: 5459: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5441: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5419: 5415: 5408: 5405: 5395: 5392: 5384: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5355: 5350:This section 5348: 5344: 5339: 5338: 5330: 5323: 5319: 5316: 5313: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5299: 5296: 5293: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5280:qamchiingidim 5277: 5274: 5271: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5244: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5194: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5154: 5151: 5144: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5119: 5116: 5113: 5109: 5106: 5105: 5099: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5061: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5043: 5038: 5034: 5029: 5020: 5018: 5008: 5001: 4996: 4993: 4989: 4986: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4974: 4967: 4962: 4959: 4955: 4952: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4928: 4925: 4918: 4913: 4910: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4889: 4885: 4878: 4877:'his house'. 4875: 4869: 4863: 4856: 4849: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4815: 4810: 4807: 4803: 4800: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4768: 4761: 4756: 4753: 4749: 4746: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4727: 4722: 4719: 4715: 4712: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4691: 4682: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4652: 4650: 4636: 4630: 4629:ixchii-aĝikuq 4624: 4620: 4616: 4610: 4604: 4600: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4591: 4588: 4582: 4579: 4573: 4572:tana(m) kugan 4566: 4558: 4550: 4543: 4540: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4521: 4514: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4463: 4457: 4450: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4422: 4420: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4389: 4385:'saying' and 4383: 4373: 4368: 4364: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4345: 4344:'what for?'. 4342: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4324: 4314: 4310: 4302: 4294: 4286: 4279: 4275: 4267: 4259: 4251: 4243: 4235: 4228: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4206: 4198: 4190: 4183: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4131: 4123: 4115: 4110: 4106: 4098: 4092: 4087: 4081: 4077: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4030: 4022: 4014: 4006: 3991: 3986: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3960: 3955: 3954: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3916: 3914: 3909: 3899: 3897: 3892: 3882: 3866: 3861: 3850: 3839: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3786: 3780: 3777: 3773: 3771: 3766: 3763: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3726: 3723: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3707: 3699: 3697: 3691: 3680: 3676: 3674: 3669: 3666: 3660: 3653: 3645: 3638: 3635: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3612: 3605: 3601: 3593: 3578: 3569: 3560: 3558: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3526: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3484: 3481: 3477: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3463: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3433: 3430: 3426: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3386: 3382: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3286: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3125: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3009: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2818:Bering Aleut 2817: 2814: 2813: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2665: 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2193: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2179: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2131: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2083: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2008: 2005: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1936: 1933: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1822: 1819: 1815: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1695: 1692: 1689: 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1156: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1001: 997: 994: 991: 990: 986: 982: 979: 976: 975: 971: 968: 965: 964: 961: 948: 944: 938: 934: 930: 920: 919: 916:to interfere 915: 911: 905: 901: 897: 887: 886: 882: 878: 872: 868: 864: 854: 853: 849: 845: 839: 835: 831: 821: 820: 816: 812: 806: 802: 798: 788: 787: 783: 779: 773: 769: 765: 755: 754: 750: 746: 740: 736: 732: 722: 721: 717: 713: 707: 703: 699: 689: 688: 684: 680: 674: 670: 666: 656: 655: 651: 648: 645: 644: 638: 636: 632: 627: 625: 621: 613: 609: 608:Copper Island 605: 601: 597: 593: 591: 590:Bering Island 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 554: 553:, Kamchatka. 552: 551:Bering Island 548: 543: 539: 537: 532: 529: 525: 515: 513: 506: 501: 497: 495: 493: 487: 481: 479: 473: 467: 465: 459: 455: 450: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 424: 423:Unangam Tunuu 419: 418: 409: 382: 374: 371: 367: 364:Unangam Tunuu 363: 359: 355: 350: 347: 343: 339: 335: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 309: 303: 298: 295: 288: 283: 276: 271: 268: 265: 263: 259: 255: 251: 249: 248: 243: 239: 235: 232: 227: 222: 217: 214: 209: 204: 201: 190: 184: 179: 175: 170: 167: 163: 157: 153: 149: 143: 137: 134: 133: 132: 128: 124: 118: 112: 106: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 64: 60: 57: 55:Pronunciation 53: 37: 36:Unangam Tunuu 32: 27: 22: 8220: 8179: 8172: 8150: 8082:Uummarmiutun 8058:Utkuhiksalik 8023:Inuvialuktun 8006:North Baffin 7958:Mednyj Aleut 7956: 7951: 7893: 7792:Upper Tanana 7782:Lower Tanana 7716: 7628:(in Russian) 7574: 7570: 7557: 7530: 7526: 7513: 7494: 7472: 7460: 7453:Bibliography 7447: 7437: 7430:. Retrieved 7420: 7413: 7399: 7385: 7374:. Retrieved 7370:the original 7360: 7341: 7337: 7331: 7319: 7307: 7295:. Retrieved 7284:uchicago.edu 7283: 7242: 7238: 7213: 7199: 7189: 7175: 7165: 7155: 7143: 7124: 7120: 7096:. Retrieved 7087: 7078: 7069: 7063: 7033:(5–6): 5–6. 7030: 7026: 7020: 6995: 6991: 6985: 6976: 6970: 6961: 6957: 6951: 6928: 6922: 6895: 6885: 6873:. Retrieved 6863: 6851:. Retrieved 6845: 6836: 6824:. Retrieved 6811: 6799:. Retrieved 6795:the original 6785: 6774:. Retrieved 6770:the original 6760: 6748:. Retrieved 6744:the original 6734: 6672: 6658: 6639: 6637: 6633: 6620: 6580: 6573: 6567: 6549: 6537: 6532: 6522: 6514: 6495: 6475:purchase of 6466: 6462: 6455: 6435: 6397: 6381:Vitus Bering 6378: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6356: 6344: 6332: 6324: 6316: 6308: 6300: 6292: 6284: 6269: 6265:intransitive 6257:transitivity 6250: 6245:inflectional 6238: 6229: 6226: 6224:kidu-ku-ngis 6223: 6208: 6206:kidu-ku-ngis 6196: 6192: 6189: 6186: 6171: 6156: 6147: 6143: 6140: 6137: 6126: 6111: 6096: 6076: 6072: 6069: 6066: 6059: 6048: 6024: 6020: 6017: 6014: 6002: 5987: 5978: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5956: 5953: 5946: 5935: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5913: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5891: 5879: 5862: 5858: 5844: 5837: 5830:derivational 5807: 5776: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5758: 5743: 5734: 5719:Please help 5707: 5617:-lakax̂-txin 5507:-kux̂txichix 5406: 5402: 5387: 5378: 5363:Please help 5351: 5329: 5322:sichiingidim 5067: 5047: 5030: 5026: 5014: 4884:tx(i)- / ti- 4864: 4862: 4673:and relative 4658: 4649:§ Derivation 4646: 4615:waaĝaaĝikux̂ 4592: 4583: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4531: 4515: 4494: 4467: 4459:compared to 4451: 4423: 4415: 4408: 4393: 4378: 4354:asx̂at(i)kuu 4346: 4341:alqut(a)maan 4327: 4320: 4280: 4229: 4184: 4157: 4154: 4139: 4136: 4047: 4034: 4000: 3951: 3922: 3919:Phonotactics 3910: 3905: 3895: 3893: 3862: 3851: 3840: 3813: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3639: 3636: 3624:preaspirated 3617: 3606: 3587: 3577: 3568: 3121: 2815:Atkan Aleut 2528: 1569:Orthography 1536: 1524: 959: 646:Bering Aleut 628: 623: 619: 594: 587: 560: 544: 540: 536:Near Islands 533: 521: 509: 483: 469: 461: 460:, including 422: 421: 380: 379: 305: 245: 135: 82:Stepovak Bay 48:унаӈан умсуу 8038:Inuinnaqtun 7989:Kalaallisut 7984:Greenlandic 7649:, May 2015) 7312:Sadock 2000 6612: [ 6601: [ 6590: [ 6545:Moses Dirks 6498:ethnologist 6438:Rasmus Rask 6241:typological 6124:kidu-ku-x̂. 5653:3rd person 5611:2nd person 5573:1st person 5514:3rd person 5478:-ku-x̂-txin 5472:2nd person 5434:1st person 4946:2nd person 4904:1st person 4794:absolutive 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