407:
38:
184:
209:
696:
406:
672:
unincluded regions, this was rejected by all parties, including the People's
Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the RSFSR, who rejected the proposal. This led to the proposal being given to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars, who rejected the proposal
473:
Karelization means that the
Karelian dialects have civil rights everywhere, that Karelians in all offices and meetings will be able to explain their business in their own dialect. But if one thinks of Karelization as meaning that one wants to use the Karelian dialects, which often are mixed up with
581:
on April 28, 1920, when they adopted a special resolution in which a congress would be held on the subject of independence, joining
Finland or staying within Russia for Karelia. The All-Karelian Congress of Soviets was however not only related to independence, as it also adopted an order for the
37:
374:
would form to be the majority of the region, as according to the census carried out in 1920, 145,753 people lived there, of which 60.8%, or 89,951 people, were ethnically
Karelians. The bitter infighting led to the eastern border to run roughly along the
553:
of the
Karelian Labor Commune, within the congress the delegates represented around 105,000 Karelian people. The All-Karelian Congress of Soviets was held to see the opinions of regions relating to the subject of
677:, and it was said to be a need for the preservation of the old province, and its subject economic, food and land departments. P.F. Anokhin was later elected the chairman of the Presidium in August 1920.
566:. The results of the congress were that 88.3% of all respondents were in favor of remaining a part of the RSFSR, 10.8% were in favor of independence, and 0.9% were in favor of joining Finland.
363:. The existence of two administrative centers led to infighting and petty disputes, such as the demarcation of the border based on either ethnic, legal/historical or economic boundaries.
613:
became the supreme state power of the
Karelian Labour Commune following a resolution on 8 June 1920 when the Karrevkom resigned due it having completed its temporary task.
782:
in its expansion. It is often thought that the
Commune was meant to be a runway for the expansion of the communist revolution to Finland. These ideas were killed with the
1070:
1042:
778:
The
Karelian Labor Commune was not meant to be just limited to East Karelia or Karelia as a whole, the intentions reflecting the sometimes debated intentions of the
304:
906:"Kirja-arvostelu | Kirkkaasti paras selvitys suomalaisten surmaamisesta Neuvosto-Karjalassa: lähes 15 000 ammuttiin tai tuomittiin leirille"
563:
300:
811:
1214:
332:. Much of the leadership of the Karelian Labor Commune were that of Red Finns, who were expatriates that got government jobs, such as
879:
779:
766:. The Karelian Labor Commune had been given economic and administrative autonomy relating to their resources by the Government in
284:
1144:
999:
969:
942:
889:
862:
1134:
837:
641:(CPC). The formation of the Provincial Executive Committee did not solve a lot of problems, as areas which were inside the
268:
359:. This was a problem as this led to the formation of two administrative centers for the Commune, for the existence of the
731:
534:
144 delegates took part in this session of congress and Edward
Gylling was elected to be chairman of the Karoblispolkom.
244:
638:
989:
754:. The extreme infighting within the Karelian Labor Commune led to the sporadic division of resources between the
341:
707:
959:
474:
Russian words more than half of the time, as a literary language, then
Karelization is naturally irrational.
1229:
577:
region wishing more for outright independence or joining Finland. The congress itself was promoted by the
1224:
686:
446:. As they saw it to be the legitimate option as the Governorate had never been formally dissolved and in
388:
1219:
495:
189:
303:. The Commune was founded on 8 June 1920 and was disestablished on 25 July 1923 and succeeded by the
783:
1177:
530:(Karoblispolkom), which had jurisdiction over all territory other than that in conflict with the
791:
315:
345:
8:
665:
654:
653:. These areas outside the Commune which retained their powers were neighbouring areas of
642:
439:
431:
227:
231:
1100:
Cahiers du monde russe. Russie - Empire russe - Union soviétique et États indépendants
1140:
1115:
995:
965:
938:
905:
885:
858:
763:
479:
349:
337:
252:
664:
This led to the Administrative Commission of the Presidium proposing to include the
1189:
1168:
1107:
1095:
669:
658:
483:
79:
75:
340:
and et cetera. Around 20,000 Finnish people, mostly people who were a part of the
1019:
932:
1096:"Conflict and complicity : The expansion of the Karelian Gulag, 1923-1933"
727:
674:
503:
443:
333:
325:
288:
276:
100:
1136:
Border Disputes [3 volumes]: A Global Encyclopedia [3 volumes]
280:
1208:
1119:
787:
735:
611:
All-Karelian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Peasants' and Red Army Deputies
574:
539:
All-Karelian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Peasants' and Red Army Deputies
520:
All-Karelian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Peasants' and Red Army Deputies
376:
202:
1111:
366:
The borders of the Karelian Labor Commune were drawn in such a way that the
730:
due to conflict in the region, this alongside the political motives of the
616:
555:
542:
356:
264:
61:
51:
595:
392:
316:
Karelian Revolutionary Committee & the Executive Committee of Olonets
695:
507:
396:
384:
272:
256:
486:
would only have their services in the Finnish language. The policy of
430:/the Labour Commune and Red represents areas under the control of the
630:
491:
380:
367:
934:
Palkkana pelko ja kuolema: Neuvosto-Karjalan suomalaiset rakentajat
743:
603:
546:
400:
248:
812:"Tarton rauha oli tiukan neuvottelun takana - eikä kestänyt kauan"
673:
on 11 September 1920, the rejection to the proposal was signed by
739:
646:
599:
559:
499:
447:
296:
292:
260:
65:
767:
591:
587:
550:
747:
371:
549:
election between the 142 delegates representing 24 Karelian
399:
would remain outside of the Commune, to limit the number of
320:
The Government of the Karelian Labor Commune was run by the
637:, alongside this a lot of political power was granted to a
329:
961:
Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926
569:
The congress was filled with regionalist debate, with the
42:
Area claimed and controlled by the Karelian Labor Commune
617:
Joint Presidium & the Provincial Executive Committee
348:
fled to the Commune following or nearing the end of the
16:
Autonomous labor commune in Northern Europe (1920-1923)
478:
This led to the policy of regions that spoke majority
1182:
625:(Karrevkom) despite its continued authority over the
267:
shortly before the beginning of negotiations for the
750:until Gylling requested it for it to be run by the
513:
247:established in 1920 following the successes of the
991:Communism in Finland: A History and Interpretation
645:but outside the reach of the CPC still were under
573:having wishes to stay within the RSFSR, while the
881:Ethnicity and Nation Building in the Nordic World
522:was held between 11 and 19 February 1921. The 1.
1206:
852:
853:Nenonen, Kaisu-Maija; Teerijoki, Ilkka (1998).
1021:Kremlin kellot: muistelmia vuosilta, 1933-1939
1132:
726:The Karelian Labor Commune was faced with a
355:The Capital of the Commune was chosen to be
301:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
633:between the two groups, which was called a
328:, a former member of the government of the
283:, former members of the government of the
36:
930:
842:. Russian Soviet Government Bureau. 1922.
790:, in result of the Soviet failure in the
1133:Brunet-Jailly, Emmanuel (28 July 2015).
1071:"Образование трудовой коммуны (часть 2)"
1043:"Образование трудовой коммуны (часть 1)"
1024:(in Finnish). Kustannusosakeyhtiö Tammi.
1017:
405:
403:within the borders of the labor commune.
987:
958:Smele, Jonathan D. (19 November 2015).
307:, following the end of the Heimosodat.
1207:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1013:
1011:
957:
877:
528:Karelian Regional Executive Committee
988:Hodgson, John H. (8 December 2015).
983:
981:
773:
690:
545:between 1–3 July 1920 and it was a
285:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
13:
1215:History of the Republic of Karelia
1084:
1056:
1028:
1008:
263:give up on attempting to liberate
14:
1241:
978:
426:Green represents areas under the
410:Map of the situation between the
324:(Karrevkom), which was headed by
255:, to undermine and discredit the
738:within its territory, such as a
694:
623:Karelian Revolutionary Committee
584:Karelian Revolutionary Committee
524:All-Karelian Congress of Soviets
514:All-Karelian Congress of Soviets
416:Karelian Revolutionary Committee
322:Karelian Revolutionary Committee
207:
182:
1126:
532:Executive Committee of Olonets.
456:
452:Executive Committee of Olonets.
1159:
994:. Princeton University Press.
951:
924:
912:(in Finnish). 13 November 2021
898:
871:
846:
830:
804:
651:Executive Committee of Olonets
639:Council of People's Commissars
635:provincial executive committee
627:Executive Committee of Olonets
579:Executive Committee of Olonets
571:Executive Committee of Olonets
436:Executive Committee of Olonets
412:Executive Committee of Olonets
361:Executive Committee of Olonets
1:
1184:Karel´skaya trudovaya kommuna
1139:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
818:(in Finnish). 14 October 2020
797:
438:wished for were those of the
310:
1094:Baron, Nick (1 April 2001).
964:. Rowman & Littlefield.
756:Executive Committee of Aunus
526:elected the chairman of the
469:, which in his words meant:
7:
1194:Karjalan työkansan kommuuni
1183:
1173:Карельская трудовая коммуна
687:Economy of the Soviet Union
586:to take measures to combat
502:due to their sponsoring of
342:Finnish People's Delegation
30:Karjalan työkansan kommuuni
28:Карельская трудовая коммуна
10:
1246:
684:
680:
496:Karelian United Government
190:Karelian United Government
1172:
760:Karelian Economic Council
752:Karelian Economic Council
223:
161:
151:
146:
142:
132:
122:
118:
110:
106:
94:
90:
85:
71:
57:
47:
35:
23:
931:Kamppinen, Ossi (2019).
784:Socialism in One Country
734:had established various
590:, in order to prevent a
461:Gylling was infavour of
434:. The borders which the
295:to propose autonomy for
1112:10.4000/monderusse.8471
1018:Tuominen, Arvo (1957).
937:(in Finnish). Docendo.
855:Historian suursanakirja
153:• 1920 census
72:Official languages
1193:
762:, which was headed by
629:, resorted to a Joint
490:was meant to make the
476:
423:
259:movements and to make
251:'s incursion into the
241:Karelian Labor Commune
134:• Disestablished
58:Administrative centers
25:Karelian Labor Commune
746:which was run by the
685:Further information:
471:
409:
395:and the mouth of the
878:Tägil, Sven (1995).
1230:Communism in Russia
643:Olonets Governorate
541:held a congress in
440:Olonets Governorate
432:Olonets Governorate
228:Republic of Karelia
124:• Established
1225:History of Karelia
786:policy applied by
780:Karelo-Finnish SSR
736:forced labor camps
706:. You can help by
562:or staying in the
500:Finnish Government
442:of that under the
424:
232:Russian Federation
1220:Russian Civil War
1181:
1146:978-1-61069-024-9
1001:978-1-4008-7562-7
971:978-1-4422-5281-3
944:978-952-291-608-2
910:Helsingin Sanomat
891:978-1-85065-239-7
864:978-951-0-22044-3
792:Polish–Soviet War
774:Planned expansion
724:
723:
480:Karelian language
377:Murmansk railroad
350:Finnish Civil War
253:Republic of Uhtua
245:autonomous region
237:
236:
219:
218:
215:
214:
195:
194:
1237:
1199:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1163:
1151:
1150:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1106:(2–4): 615–648.
1091:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1067:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1039:
1026:
1025:
1015:
1006:
1005:
985:
976:
975:
955:
949:
948:
928:
922:
921:
919:
917:
902:
896:
895:
875:
869:
868:
857:. Porvoo: WSOY.
850:
844:
843:
834:
828:
827:
825:
823:
808:
719:
716:
698:
691:
494:not support the
484:Finnish language
338:Aleksandr Šotman
230:as a subject of
211:
210:
199:
198:
186:
185:
179:
178:
163:
162:
96:• Chairman
40:
21:
20:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1131:
1127:
1092:
1085:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1029:
1016:
1009:
1002:
986:
979:
972:
956:
952:
945:
929:
925:
915:
913:
904:
903:
899:
892:
876:
872:
865:
851:
847:
836:
835:
831:
821:
819:
810:
809:
805:
800:
776:
732:Bolshevik Party
720:
714:
711:
704:needs expansion
689:
683:
649:control of the
619:
516:
492:Karelian people
467:Karelianization
459:
450:control of the
368:Karelian people
318:
313:
271:and during the
269:Treaty of Tartu
208:
183:
154:
135:
125:
97:
78:
43:
31:
29:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1243:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1187:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1125:
1083:
1055:
1027:
1007:
1000:
977:
970:
950:
943:
923:
897:
890:
870:
863:
845:
829:
802:
801:
799:
796:
775:
772:
728:labor shortage
722:
721:
701:
699:
682:
679:
675:Vladimir Lenin
618:
615:
515:
512:
504:anti-communist
458:
455:
444:Russian Empire
401:Russian people
372:Finnish people
326:Edvard Gylling
317:
314:
312:
309:
289:Vladimir Lenin
277:Edvard Gylling
235:
234:
225:
221:
220:
217:
216:
213:
212:
205:
196:
193:
192:
187:
175:
174:
169:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
144:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
104:
103:
101:Edvard Gylling
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
87:
83:
82:
73:
69:
68:
59:
55:
54:
49:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1242:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1102:(in French).
1101:
1097:
1090:
1088:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1023:
1022:
1014:
1012:
1003:
997:
993:
992:
984:
982:
973:
967:
963:
962:
954:
946:
940:
936:
935:
927:
911:
907:
901:
893:
887:
883:
882:
874:
866:
860:
856:
849:
841:
840:
839:Soviet Russia
833:
817:
813:
807:
803:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
718:
709:
705:
702:This section
700:
697:
693:
692:
688:
678:
676:
671:
667:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
614:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
580:
576:
575:White Karelia
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
552:
548:
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
475:
470:
468:
464:
454:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
421:
417:
413:
408:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
308:
306:
305:Karelian ASSR
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
233:
229:
226:
224:Today part of
222:
206:
204:
203:Karelian ASSR
201:
200:
197:
191:
188:
181:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
168:
165:
164:
160:
156:
150:
145:
141:
137:
131:
127:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
102:
99:
93:
89:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60:
56:
53:
50:
46:
39:
34:
22:
19:
1161:
1135:
1128:
1103:
1099:
1074:. Retrieved
1046:. Retrieved
1020:
990:
960:
953:
933:
926:
914:. Retrieved
909:
900:
880:
873:
854:
848:
838:
832:
820:. Retrieved
815:
806:
777:
759:
755:
751:
725:
712:
708:adding to it
703:
666:Petrozavodsk
663:
655:Petrozavodsk
650:
634:
626:
622:
620:
610:
608:
583:
578:
570:
568:
556:independence
543:Petrozavodsk
538:
536:
531:
527:
523:
519:
517:
488:Karelization
487:
477:
472:
466:
463:Karelization
462:
460:
457:Karelization
451:
435:
427:
425:
419:
415:
411:
365:
360:
357:Petrozavodsk
354:
321:
319:
265:East Karelia
240:
238:
172:Succeeded by
171:
166:
138:25 July 1923
62:Petrozavodsk
52:Petrozavodsk
18:
596:agriculture
510:movements.
393:Shyoltozero
299:within the
287:, met with
281:Yrjö Sirola
167:Preceded by
128:8 June 1920
1209:Categories
798:References
715:April 2024
606:industry.
594:, restore
558:, joining
508:separatist
397:River Svir
387:, so that
385:Lake Onega
346:Red Guards
311:Government
273:Heimosodat
257:separatist
147:Population
86:Government
1178:romanized
1120:1252-6576
884:. Hurst.
631:Presidium
600:fisheries
428:Karrevkom
420:Karrevkom
381:White Sea
379:from the
758:and the
744:Neglinka
670:Povenets
659:Povenets
604:forestry
602:and the
547:de facto
498:and the
414:and the
249:Red Army
1190:Finnish
1180::
1169:Russian
1076:6 April
1048:6 April
916:4 April
822:5 April
740:sawmill
681:Economy
647:de jure
560:Finland
551:volosts
518:The 1.
448:de jure
370:and/or
334:Gylling
297:Karelia
293:Kremlin
291:in the
261:Finland
243:was an
157:145,753
111:History
80:Russian
76:Finnish
66:Olonets
48:Capital
1143:
1118:
998:
968:
941:
888:
861:
816:yle.fi
788:Stalin
768:Moscow
764:Šotman
592:famine
588:hunger
389:Shunga
114:
64:&
748:Cheka
564:RSFSR
1141:ISBN
1116:ISSN
1078:2024
1050:2024
996:ISBN
966:ISBN
939:ISBN
918:2024
886:ISBN
859:ISBN
824:2024
668:and
657:and
621:The
609:The
537:The
506:and
330:FSWR
279:and
239:The
1108:doi
742:in
710:.
482:or
465:or
383:to
344:or
1211::
1192::
1175:,
1171::
1114:.
1104:42
1098:.
1086:^
1058:^
1030:^
1010:^
980:^
908:.
814:.
794:.
770:.
661:.
598:,
422:).
391:,
352:.
336:,
275:.
1149:.
1122:.
1110::
1080:.
1052:.
1004:.
974:.
947:.
920:.
894:.
867:.
826:.
717:)
713:(
418:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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