33:
392:. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, the British started replacing ethnic Burmans in the military with Chin, Kachin, and Karen soldiers. This exclusion of ethnic Burmans from the British military was formally adopted in 1925 when policy was written only allowing ethnic minorities to enlist in the army. Due to this change in military composition, many ethnic Burmans began associating the ethnic minorities with British oppression. Following the
238:, a different categorization is applied and peoples grouped as Wunpong are grouped into four nations. The Chinese definition of Jingpo (which include all speakers of Zaiwa cluster of Northern Burmese languages) is broader than that in Kachin Hills and is somewhat comparable to Wunpong in Kachin Hills. Lisu, Anung (Rawang) and Derung (Taron) peoples in Yunnan are not subordinated to ethnic Jingpo thus are classified outside the
558:
refugee status by the
Chinese government. This lack of recognition as refugees or asylum seekers has forced many Kachin peoples to form large IDP camps in Myanmar. Only IDP camps in Tatmadaw controlled areas, however, are provided access to UN convoys and international aid. International actors attempting to provide aid in KIA controlled areas are often denied access by the Myanmar government on the basis of security.
174:
226:. Therefore, he wrote "Ga hkyeng" in his notes. European writers called the Kachins "Kakhyens" until 1899. The book "The Great Queen is Coming 1890" described Major Ecy Brong was the first person who started using "Kachin" in Roman script. It is also possible that the name comes from the Harari (Harla) word "qachin", which means thin, lean, slender, or narrow.
446:(Myanmar Army) and the KIO. The ceasefire primarily ended military activity but also included stipulations that the Myanmar government fund development projects in the Kachin state. At the time of signing, the KIO was facing increased military pressure from the Tatmadaw and decreasing support from foreign actors to continue warfare against the State.
400:(BIA) and fight against the British alongside the Japanese. The Kachin Peoples, however, were recruited by the British and America to fight against Japanese forces with the promise of autonomy after the war. After the end of World War II and British rule in the region, the Kachin Peoples agreed to join the Union of Burma at the
497:
near a hydroelectric plant. During the attack, Tatmadaw forces abducted KIO Lance
Corporal Chang Ying only to return his tortured body days later. The move prompted retaliation from KIO and began a series of deadly skirmishes between the two. By 2012 fighting between KIA and Tatmadaw forces escalated
429:
was created to be the armed wing of the KIO. While the KIA initially started with a hundred members, current reports from KIA commanders indicate an army 10,000 strong with another 10,000 in reserves. Both the KIO and KIA support their missions with the trade of jade, timber, and other raw materials
557:
The conflict between the KIA and
Tatmadaw has led to a large-scale refugee crisis with over 100,000 Kachin people displaced. These internally displaced people (IDPs) often attempt to cross the border into neighboring China. In 2011, however, Kachin IDPs were forcibly sent back to Myanmar and denied
545:
The Kachin
Peoples have suffered numerous human rights violations and transgressions against the community, especially by the Tatmadaw continue to be documented. Violations by the Tatmadaw include rape and sexual assault, extrajudicial killings, forced labor, torture, physical abuse, and many other
475:
engaged in land-grabs across the Kachin State. Leveraging weak land governance policies, SLORC and SPDC invited foreign actors to invest in mining, logging, dam construction, and other infrastructure projects in lands traditionally owned by Kachin People. Furthermore, the Kachin State is rich in
454:
Prior to the 2010 elections, the
Tatmadaw implored government officials to turn the KIA, along with other ethnic insurgent groups, into militia forces under the jurisdiction of the Tatmadaw. The order stemmed from a military-drafted 2008 Constitution mandating all armed forces surrender their
498:
to all regions of the Kachin state. After multiple rounds of discussion, President Thein Sein declared a temporary ceasefire in May 2013 against the desires of
Tatmadaw commanders on the ground. By the end of the two year conflict, an estimated 100,000 Kachin people were displaced.
459:(BGF). The KIO refused to transform into a BGF and instead provided a counter-proposal which would rebrand the KIA as the Kachin Regional Guard Force (KRGF). The new organization would work towards ethnic equality for Kachin Peoples but the effort was dismissed by the Tatmadaw.
383:
Due to the remote location of the Kachin State and its rugged landscape, however, Kachin
Peoples were relatively untouched by British rule. American missionaries were the first to heavily interact with Kachin Peoples and they converted large tracts of the population from
492:
as
President of Myanmar additional ceasefires were signed with many of the largest ethnic armed organizations (EAOs) signaling reconciliation. However, on June 9, 2011, Tatmadaw forces broke the 17-year ceasefire and launched an armed offensive against the KIO along the
412:
which granted the ethnic border states autonomy in local administration and equal treatment by the State. The assassination of
General Aung San, however, reduced government support for the agreement and led to feelings of betrayals on the part of Kachin Peoples.
532:
in different areas. According to a source, approximately two-thirds of the Kachin people identify themselves as
Christians, while another places the figure at 90 to 95 per cent. Many religious rituals and symbols, such as the annual Manau festival in
608:
Sadan, M. 2007, TRANSLATING GUMLAU:HISTORY, THE ‘KACHIN’ AND EDMUND LEACH. in Sadan, M and Robinne, F. (eds) 2007. Social Dynamics in the Highlands of Southeast Asia, Reconsidering Political Systems of Highland Burma by E. R. Leach. Brill. Leiden,
480:(Myanmar Army) and KIO fight for control over. Throughout the late 1900s and early 2000s, the Tatmadaw established military presence in areas designated for commercial development, eroding the control of land under the governance of the KIO.
205:
and the Lawngwaw/Maru. Some definitions distinguish Kachin and Shan (Tai) peoples though some Kachin people have demonstrated the over-simplicity of the concept of lineage-based ethnic identity by culturally "becoming Shans".
1312:
222:. When he arrived to the northern part of Myanmar, he first met with the Gahkyeng people. When he asked them who they were, they replied that they were the villagers from
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Debating Democratization in Myanmar: Chapter 14 State Terrorism and International Compliance: The Kachin Armed Struggle for Political Self-Determination
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2018:
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1945:
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1329:"Myanmar's Human Rights and Humanitarian Violations in Kachin State and its Duty to Investigate, Prosecute, and Provide Victims with Remedies"
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147:. About 1.5 million Kachin peoples live in the region. The term Kachin people is often used interchangeably with the main subset, called the
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Htoi Ya Tsa Ji, Mungkan hta grin nga ai Jinghpaw mabyin (4) hte Kachin Mabyin (4) hpe chye na ai lam, The Kachin Times, Volume 2,2017
550:. In another incident, a Kachin civilian was tortured and subsequently forced to guide Tatmadaw soldiers through combat areas in the
292:
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1960:
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468:
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1423:
1075:
857:
785:
2328:
1359:"Mobilising affinity ties: Kachin internal displacement and the geographies of humanitarianism at the China–Myanmar border"
948:"Why Do Some Insurgent Groups Agree to Cease-Fires While Others Do Not? A Within-Case Analysis of Burma/Myanmar, 1948–2011"
425:
was formed on October 25, 1960, to advocate for and protect the rights of Kachin Peoples. A year after its inception, the
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forms of discrimination or outright violence. In 2014 alone, over 100 rapes in the Kachin State were recorded by the
572:
422:
2323:
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The Rouruo people form a sub-division of the Nu ethnic minority, which also has the sub-division of Anong people.
512:
The Kachin people are traditionally known for their disciplined fighting skills, complex clan inter-relations,
17:
404:. The conference brought together Kachin, Chin, and Shan leaders - along with the Burman leader at the time
181:
Kachin is an ethnicity that comprises various linguistic groups with overlapping territories and integrated
780:, Carnets de l’Irasec, Bangkok: Institut de recherche sur l’Asie du Sud-Est contemporaine, pp. 17–32,
689:
345:
547:
393:
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667:
214:
There are many theories of how Kachin people got their name. One of them comes from American baptist
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version was subsequently developed. The Singhpo dialect is spoken in Northeast India and Jingpho in
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1439:
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The Jingpo people is divided into 5 subgroups: Jingpo, Zaiwa, Leqi, Lang'e (Langsu) and Bola.
376:
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713:
1010:"Protecting civilians in the Kachin borderlands, Myanmar: key threats and local responses"
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136:
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778:
The Kachin Conflict : Testing the Limits of the Political Transition in Myanmar
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Being and Becoming Kachin: Histories Beyond the State in the Borderworlds of Burma
1141:"Cooperation, Contestation, Conflict: Ethnic Political Interests in Myanmar Today"
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common to many of the Kachin has a variety of dialects and is written with a
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After 33 years of insurgency, the KIO signed a ceasefire agreement with the
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2028:
1936:
1886:
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1300:
1270:
Mang, Pum Za (July 2016). "Buddhist Nationalism and Burmese Christianity".
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weapons, fall under the central authority of the Tatmadaw, and rebrand as
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1965:
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186:
185:. Contemporary usage of Kachin relates to a grouping of six ethnicities;
654:(Volume 1 ed.). University of California Publications. p. 122.
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2038:
1991:
1955:
1926:
1691:
1627:
1374:
629:
Political Systems of Highland Burma: a study of Kachin social structure
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215:
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1099:
Lintner, Bertil (18 December 2012). "More war than peace in Myanmar".
972:
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922:
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339:
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1198:"The Situation of Kachin Women during the Current Political Crisis"
599:(limited access - may require subscription) Retrieved 15 April 2017
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477:
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405:
223:
740:"Ethnicity, Conflict, and History in Burma: The Myths of Panglong"
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1906:
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120:
2012:
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1502:
774:"Kachin history, perceptions, and beliefs: contextual elements"
309:
235:
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128:
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132:
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in 1942, many Burmese soldiers rallied together to form the
173:
846:
Hlaing., Ganesan, N. (Narayanan), 1958- Kyaw Yin (2007).
714:"The Long War Pt. 4; The Kachin Independence Army (KIA)"
809:"Ethnic Nationalities and the Peace Process in Myanmar"
442:, ending all military missions instigated by both the
483:
1363:
Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers
1404:. Oxford University Press and the British Academy.
2300:
924:China, the United States and the Kachin conflict
476:natural resources, particularly jade, which the
520:and jungle survival skills. In recent decades,
469:State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC)
440:State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC)
416:
1031:"Border guard plan could fuel ethnic conflict"
528:beliefs have been left, and are now embracing
372:British colonial rule and Burmese independence
111:("The Confederation"), are a confederation of
1424:
73:
1438:
900:"Burma's Kachin army prepares for civil war"
880:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
849:Myanmar : state, society, and ethnicity
663:
661:
813:Social Research: An International Quarterly
433:
53:
1431:
1417:
884:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
738:Walton, Matthew (November–December 2008).
537:, are celebrated as folkloric traditions.
473:State Peace and Development Council (SPDC)
162:created in the late nineteenth century. A
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1059:Managing Conflicts in a Globalizing ASEAN
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852:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
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107:, "The Kachin Confederation") or simply
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946:Dukalskis, Alexander (3 October 2015).
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952:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism
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484:2011–2013 conflict in Kachin State
467:Following the 1994 ceasefire, the
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652:Etymological Dictionary of Harari
618:Kachin National Museum, Myitkyina
229:
36:Kachin women in traditional dress
27:Ethnic group in Myanmar and China
2339:Ethnic groups in Northeast India
1202:Asian Journal of Women's Studies
1139:Farrelly, Nicholas (June 2014).
573:Kachin Independence Organisation
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1118:. ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute.
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1008:South, Ashley (December 2018).
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488:Following the 2011 election of
1214:10.1080/12259276.2013.11666153
772:Jaquet, Carine (3 July 2018),
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427:Kachin Independence Army (KIA)
379:began in 1824 after the first
249:(Jingpo: Jinghpaw Pawngyawng)
13:
1:
1272:Studies in World Christianity
964:10.1080/1057610X.2015.1056631
712:Nash, Ed (30 November 2020).
583:
417:Kachin independence movement
209:
7:
2329:Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh
1357:Ho, Elaine Lynn-Ee (2017).
1196:Ying, Lwin (January 2013).
561:
408:. Together they signed the
10:
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1313:Manao Festival description
1056:Oishi, Mikio, ed. (2020).
807:Kipgen, Nehginpao (2015).
505:
394:Japanese invasion of Burma
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1303:" Retrieved 15 April 2017
1114:Lahpai, Seng Maw (2014).
1068:10.1007/978-981-32-9570-4
1017:Humanitarian Policy Group
398:Burmese Independence Army
261:
74:
2319:Ethnic groups in Myanmar
1440:Ethnic groups in Myanmar
1145:South East Asia Research
756:10.1525/as.2008.48.6.889
597:Jingpho - Ethnologue.com
434:1994 ceasefire agreement
402:1947 Panglong Conference
270:Subethnic Jinghpo proper
1559:Ka-Yun (Kayan; Padaung)
1315:Retrieved 15 April 2017
631:. Boston: Beacon Press.
548:Women's League of Burma
96:[kətɕɪ̀ɰ̃lùmjó]
2324:Ethnic groups in China
2314:Ethnic groups in India
1157:10.5367/sear.2014.0209
502:Culture and traditions
178:
99:), more precisely the
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2222:Unrecognised / Others
1400:Sadan, Mandy (2013).
1299:"to propitiate local
1284:10.3366/swc.2016.0147
825:10.1353/sor.2015.0027
650:Leslau, Wolf (1963).
377:British rule in Burma
267:Ethnic Jingpo proper
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35:
1035:The New Humanitarian
690:Jingpo - Orientation
627:Leach, E. R. (1965)
297:Other subethnicities
463:Land rights dispute
457:Border Guard Forces
450:Border Guard Forces
87:ka. hkyang lu myui:
1608:Mon Kayin (Sarpyu)
1375:10.1111/tran.12148
1037:. 29 November 2010
902:. 22 February 2010
758:– via JSTOR.
410:Panglong Agreement
381:Anglo-Burmese War.
179:
160:Latin-based script
145:Northeastern India
38:
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1907:Zahnyet (Zanniat)
1338:. 27 October 2016
1077:978-981-32-9569-8
859:978-981-230-434-6
787:978-2-35596-015-4
183:social structures
137:Arunachal Pradesh
135:, and as well as
127:and neighbouring
105:Jinghpaw Wunpawng
16:(Redirected from
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1646:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1597:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1493:Maru (Lawgore)
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1455:
1454:
1450:Burmese people
1447:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1349:
1317:
1305:
1297:Manao Festival
1289:
1278:(2): 148–167.
1262:
1249:Joshua Project
1235:
1208:(2): 162–171.
1188:
1151:(2): 251–266.
1131:
1124:
1106:
1091:
1076:
1048:
1022:
995:
938:
913:
891:
858:
838:
819:(2): 399–425.
799:
786:
761:
750:(6): 889–910.
730:
704:
693:
682:
671:
657:
642:
633:
620:
611:
601:
588:
587:
585:
582:
581:
580:
575:
570:
568:Kachin Cuisine
563:
560:
552:Mansi Township
542:
539:
518:herbal healing
503:
500:
485:
482:
464:
461:
451:
448:
435:
432:
418:
415:
373:
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289:
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277:
271:
265:
231:
230:Categorisation
228:
211:
208:
164:Burmese script
101:Kachin Wunpong
42:Kachin peoples
26:
18:Kachin peoples
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2351:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2309:Kachin people
2307:
2306:
2304:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2229:Anglo-Burmese
2227:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2063:Danaw (Danau)
2061:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1977:
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1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
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1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
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1938:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1923:
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1918:
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1913:
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1900:
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1740:
1738:
1737:Kwangli (Sim)
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
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1708:
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1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:Kayin (Karen)
1591:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
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1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1526:
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1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
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1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
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1463:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1434:
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1427:
1422:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1337:
1330:
1324:
1322:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
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1250:
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1231:
1227:
1223:
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1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
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1146:
1142:
1135:
1127:
1125:9789814519151
1121:
1117:
1110:
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1079:
1073:
1069:
1065:
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1032:
1026:
1018:
1011:
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1002:
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991:
987:
983:
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965:
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949:
942:
934:
930:
926:
925:
917:
901:
895:
887:
883:
877:
869:
865:
861:
855:
851:
850:
842:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
803:
789:
783:
779:
775:
768:
766:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
734:
719:
715:
708:
702:
697:
691:
686:
680:
675:
669:
664:
662:
653:
646:
637:
630:
624:
615:
605:
598:
593:
589:
579:
578:Jingpo people
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
565:
559:
555:
553:
549:
538:
536:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
514:craftsmanship
509:
508:Manau (dance)
499:
496:
491:
481:
479:
474:
470:
460:
458:
447:
445:
441:
431:
428:
424:
414:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
378:
362:
361:Derung nation
359:
354:
350:
347:
343:
341:
337:
335:
331:
330:
329:
326:
324:
321:
316:
313:
311:
307:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
288:
284:
282:
278:
276:
272:
269:
268:
266:
259:
255:
251:
250:
248:
247:Jingpo nation
245:
244:
243:
241:
240:Jingpo nation
237:
227:
225:
221:
217:
207:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
175:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
152:
150:
149:Jingpo people
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
113:ethnic groups
110:
106:
102:
97:
89:
83:
71:
51:
47:
43:
34:
30:
19:
2088:Khmu (Khamu)
2034:Miram (Mara)
1677:Bre (Ka-Yaw)
1458:
1448:
1401:
1369:(1): 84–97.
1366:
1362:
1352:
1340:. Retrieved
1335:
1308:
1301:nat (spirit)
1292:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1253:. Retrieved
1247:
1238:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1115:
1109:
1100:
1094:
1058:
1051:
1039:. Retrieved
1034:
1025:
1016:
955:
951:
941:
923:
916:
904:. Retrieved
894:
848:
841:
816:
812:
802:
791:, retrieved
777:
747:
744:Asian Survey
743:
733:
721:. Retrieved
717:
707:
696:
685:
674:
651:
645:
636:
628:
623:
614:
604:
592:
556:
544:
541:Human rights
530:Christianity
511:
495:Taping River
487:
466:
453:
437:
430:with China.
420:
390:Christianity
375:
233:
213:
203:Lashi/Lachik
180:
153:
125:Kachin State
119:in Northern
117:Kachin Hills
108:
104:
100:
85:
76:ကချင်လူမျိုး
49:
41:
39:
29:
2213:Hkun (Khün)
2083:Khamti Shan
2004:(Arakanese)
1966:Kadu (Kado)
1892:Torr (Tawr)
1687:Dai (Yindu)
1618:Ta-Hlay-Pwa
1101:Asian Times
323:Lisu nation
2303:Categories
1564:Manu Manaw
1544:Geba Karen
1166:1885/50156
973:10197/8472
921:Sun, Yun.
584:References
506:See also:
490:Thein Sein
291:Subethnic
285:Subethnic
279:Subethnic
273:Subethnic
216:missionary
151:in China.
92:pronounced
63:"red soil"
2283:Pakistani
2113:Shan Gale
2029:Maramagyi
1852:Saing Zan
1697:Eik-swair
1643:Shu (Pwo)
1603:Pa-Le-Chi
1579:Yin Talai
1537:Kayah (9)
1383:1475-5661
1230:218770577
1222:1225-9276
1183:144657499
1175:0967-828X
1086:242795448
990:108469636
982:1057-610X
933:872666485
876:cite book
868:124063677
833:1944-768X
679:景颇族高日支系考释
535:Myitkyina
355:-speaking
348:-speaking
328:Nu nation
317:-speakers
210:Etymology
103:(Jingpo:
50:Ga Hkyeng
2288:Taungtha
2273:Rohingya
2246:Bayingyi
2208:Maingtha
2203:Maw Shan
2118:Shan Gyi
2024:Daingnet
2002:Rakhine
1867:Tangkhul
1862:Senthang
1742:Kwelshin
1638:Monnepwa
1528:Ngochang
1342:17 April
1244:"Kachin"
1041:29 March
906:29 March
793:29 March
723:29 March
562:See also
526:Buddhist
478:Tatmadaw
444:Tatmadaw
224:Gahkyeng
2239:Panthay
2234:Chinese
2168:Yin Net
2163:Yin Kya
2153:Wa (Va)
2148:Taungyo
2143:Taishon
2138:Tai-Lay
2133:Tai-Lon
2128:Tai Nua
2123:Tai-Loi
2108:Palaung
2015:(Kaman)
1985:Mon (1)
1897:Yin Gog
1877:Tay-Zan
1747:Kwe Myi
1722:Kaungso
1712:Hualngo
1574:Yin Baw
1554:Karenni
1473:Dalaung
1468:Jingpaw
1255:12 July
609:Boston.
522:animist
386:animism
367:History
338:Ethnic
332:Ethnic
308:Ethnic
302:Ethnic
293:Mungchi
258:Chinese
252:Ethnic
121:Myanmar
109:Wunpong
70:Burmese
57:
2266:Tamils
2261:Indian
2251:Gurkha
2178:Man Zi
2098:Kokang
2013:Kamein
1961:Yabein
1922:Zotung
1917:Zophei
1912:Sizang
1872:Tapong
1857:Saline
1847:Rongtu
1817:Lusayy
1777:Lyente
1772:Lhinbu
1767:Laymyo
1762:Lawhtu
1757:Laizao
1732:Khawno
1633:Monpwa
1584:Zayein
1518:Rawang
1488:Duleng
1483:Hkahku
1459:Kachin
1381:
1228:
1220:
1181:
1173:
1122:
1084:
1074:
988:
980:
931:
866:
856:
831:
784:
353:Derung
340:Zauzou
310:Lachik
287:Shatam
281:N'hkum
260::
236:Yunnan
201:, the
197:, the
195:Jingpo
193:, the
189:, the
187:Rawang
46:Jingpo
2278:Malay
2073:Intha
2019:Khami
1971:Ganan
1946:Dawei
1902:Zahau
1882:Thado
1842:Panun
1837:Oo-Pu
1832:Ngawn
1812:Mi-er
1792:Marma
1787:Malin
1782:Magun
1727:Kebar
1707:Guite
1682:Cumtu
1613:S'gaw
1549:Gheko
1523:Taron
1478:Gauri
1332:(PDF)
1226:S2CID
1179:S2CID
1082:S2CID
1013:(PDF)
986:S2CID
346:Anung
275:Gauri
254:Zaiwa
199:Zaiwa
141:Assam
133:China
82:MLCTS
2256:Mizo
2183:Pyin
2103:Lahu
2078:Pa-O
2068:Danu
2056:(33)
2054:Shan
2044:Thet
1976:Hpon
1951:Beik
1827:Naga
1807:Mgan
1797:Matu
1672:Asho
1667:Anun
1655:(53)
1653:Chin
1623:Paku
1596:(11)
1569:Pale
1513:Lisu
1508:Atsi
1498:Hpon
1461:(12)
1379:ISSN
1344:2021
1257:2019
1218:ISSN
1171:ISSN
1120:ISBN
1072:ISBN
1043:2021
978:ISSN
929:OCLC
908:2021
886:link
882:link
864:OCLC
854:ISBN
829:ISSN
795:2021
782:ISBN
725:2021
524:and
471:and
421:The
334:Nusu
315:Bola
304:Lisu
218:Dr.
191:Lisu
154:The
54:lit.
40:The
2193:Son
2188:Eng
2173:Yun
2158:Yao
2093:Kwi
2006:(7)
1992:Mon
1956:Yaw
1939:(9)
1927:Zou
1692:Dim
1662:Anu
1628:Bwe
1371:doi
1280:doi
1210:doi
1161:hdl
1153:doi
1064:doi
968:hdl
960:doi
821:doi
752:doi
388:to
262:載瓦人
242::
234:In
143:in
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