527:. Ilyan was a subject of Roderic, the Lord of Andalus , who used to reside in Toledo. Tarik put himself in communication with Ilyan, and treated him kindly, until they made peace with each other. Ilyan had sent one of his daughters to Roderic, the Lord of Andalus, for her improvement and education; but she became pregnant by him. Ilyan having heard of this, said, I see for him no other punishment or recompense, than that I should bring the Arabs against him. He sent to Tarik, saying, I will bring thee to Andalus; Tarik being at that time in
933:(1970), a book in which he, in his own words, imagines "the destruction of Spanish mythology, its Catholicism and nationalism, in a literary attack on traditional Spain." He identifies himself "with the great traitor who opened the door to Arab invasion." The narrator in this novel, an exile in Morocco, rages against his beloved Spain, forming an obsessive identification with the fabled Count Julian, dreaming that, in a future invasion, the ethos and myths central to Hispanic identity will be totally destroyed.
119:, appear in the 11th century. The debate concerning Julian's historicity ranges at least to the 19th century; by the 21st century, the academic consensus seemed to lean toward Julian being ahistorical, with most scholars since the 1980s agreeing with Roger Collins that the portions of the story concerning Florinda la Cava are fantastical and that arguments for even Julian's existence are weak, while not entirely excluding the possibility that he was a real personage.
550:
insult to his daughter, although this is not necessarily the exclusive reason, and admits that the timeline is problematic, as
Roderic only became king the same year that Julian is supposed to have betrayed him, and he finds it problematic to interpret the text as implying that the insult occurred before Roderic assumed the kingship. He surmises that Julian sent his daughter to the royal court for her education, where King Roderic forced himself upon her.
1701:
163:, a city on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa that is today an exclave of Spain, was the only place on the coast of the former province that could be sealed off with a small number of troops and held without significant reinforcement. The last securely known commander of Septem is Philagrius, a Byzantine treasurer who was exiled there in 641. Afterwards, the Byzantines may have lost control of the fortress in the chaos of
539:. But Tarik said I cannot trust thee until thou send me a hostage. So be sent his two daughters, having no other children. Tarik allowed them to remain in Tlemsen, guarding them closely. After that Tarik went to Ilyan who - was in Septa on the straits. The latter rejoicing at his coming, said, I will bring thee to Andalus
860:
wicked
Christian woman;" for it is a tradition among them that La Cava, through whom Spain was lost, lies buried at that spot; "cava" in their language meaning "wicked woman," and "rumia" "Christian;" moreover, they count it unlucky to anchor there when necessity compels them, and they never do so otherwise. (
750:
What is unclear is whether Julian hoped to place a son of
Wittiza on the throne and gain power and preference thereby or whether he was intentionally opening up Iberia to foreign conquest. The latter, though unlikely, is possible since Julian may have long been on good terms with the Muslims of North
859:
Meanwhile, the wind having changed we were compelled to head for the land, and ply our oars to avoid being driven on shore; but it was our good fortune to reach a creek that lies on one side of a small promontory or cape, called by the Moors that of the "Cava rumia," which in our language means "the
814:
on July 19, Roderic's army of around 25,000 men was defeated by Tariq's force of approximately 7,000, although some credible sources give Tariq 12,000 soldiers. This occurred largely due to a reversal of fortune when the wings commanded by
Roderic's relatives Sisbert and Osbert deserted or switched
1028:
According to
Patricia Grieve, with important exceptions, including to some extent, Grieve herself, although she is careful to know that she might have her own biases: "While the lack of embellishment suggests to me to keep in mnd that part of every myth is true, and the difficulty lies in figuring
549:
Jones thinks that
Christian writers do not mention Julian either out of ignorance, or as a deliberate choice to avoid scandalising their readers with a tale of state betrayal for personal revenge. Jones also finds no reason to doubt the Arab chronicles' assertion that Julian sought revenge for an
308:
views these army troops as intended to garrison Africa after its reconquest, while the naval and mercenary elements were there only temporarily to help effect it. This view is supported by the fact that the same levels of army troop numbers for Africa (15,000) are still reported in the time of
782:
coast. Legend says that Julian participated as a guide and emissary, arranging for Tarif to be hospitably received by supportive
Christians, perhaps Julian's kinsmen, friends, and supporters, who agreed to become allies in the contemplated battle for the Visigothic throne.
684:
for education (and as a gauge of Julian's loyalty) and
Roderic subsequently made her pregnant. When Julian learned of the affair he removed his daughter from Roderic's court and, out of vengeance, betrayed Hispania to the Muslim invaders, thus making possible the
167:'s reign. Julian, who held what Kaegi characterizes as the "vague" title of count (quite common in this period, as detailed below), may have, in Kaegi's view, had some Byzantine title or rank for which no documentation exists before falling under the control of
585:
by a mysterious person" who became known to history and legend as Count Julian. Muslim historians have referred to him as Ilyan or Ulyan, "though his real name was probably Julian, the Gothic Uldoin or perhaps Urban or Ulbán or Bulian."
138:, advocated dispersal and retreat back to artificially or naturally fortified places and ambush tactics against a superior foe. This left scattered Byzantine garrisons surrounded by territory already conquered by the Arabs. The
508:: Al-Dhahabi records that "Abu Suleyman-Ayub, Ibn al-Hakim, Ibn Abdallah, Ibn Melka, Ibn Bitro, Ibn Ilyan, was originally a Goth"...Ilyan who conducted the Muslims into Spain was his ancestor. He died in 326 (937-8 )." in
699:
However, it might well be only a legend. Personal power politics were possibly at play, as historical evidence points to a civil war among the
Visigothic aristocracy. Roderic had been appointed to the throne by the
636:
to be occupied by the Arabs: around 708 AD, as Muslim armies approached the city, its
Byzantine governor, Julian (described as "King of the Ghomara"), changed his allegiance and exhorted the Muslims to invade the
1596:
609:
We are not certain whether he was a Berber, a Visigoth, or a Byzantine; as a "count" he may have been the ruler of the fortress of Septem, once part of the Visigoth kingdom; or he may have been an
309:
Maurice, with 5,000 for Byzantine Spain (although after the mutiny against and deposition of Maurice, Africa's troop strength was probably reduced due to Visigothic and Moorish attacks). The
2117:
374:, who had been deposed, mutilated and exiled in 695, only a few years before the Arabs broke through into the province of Africa in 697. For a while, a Byzantine expeditionary force under
689:. Later ballads and chronicles inflated this tale, Muslims making her out an innocent virgin who was ravished, Christians making her a seductress. In Spanish she came to be known as
1664:
751:
Africa and found them to be more tolerant than the Catholic Visigoths. Moreover, if Julian was the Greek commander of the last Byzantine outpost in Africa, he would have had only a
1669:
920:
mostly written while living in that country. These consist of "Legend of Don Roderick," "Legend of the Subjugation of Spain," and "Legend of Count Julian and His Family."
818:
Afterwards, Julian was apparently granted the lands he was promised by the Muslims but, as the story goes, he lived on friendless and full of guilt for having become a
2003:
1029:
out which parts, I am also aware that for me, Florinda La Cava became real through the tellings of her story, and quite simply, I may be loath to let her go."
375:
1679:
519:
The governor of the straits between this district and Andalus was a foreigner called Ilyan, Lord of Septa. He was also the governor of a town called
613:
or a governor ruling in the name of the Byzantine Empire: or, as appears more likely, he may have been a Berber who was the lord and master of the
1776:
1806:
1446:
2168:
1923:
1913:
366:
The Arab conquest of North Africa was quite rapid. The Umayyads faced an internally weakened Byzantine state, one of whose emperors,
378:
was able to re-supply coastal garrisons and in some cases aid in the reconquest of lost territory, especially the important city of
1586:
496:
on Julian's part; Jones replies that these only seem true if one consults Christian sources, and names both Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam and
2173:
1968:
500:
as 9th-century historians who mention both Julian and his rift with Roderic. Jones also cites the 13th-century Arabic annalist
1674:
1948:
1943:
338:) in battle, and up to 520 at fully authorized garrison strength (excluding officers' servants, and, in cavalry regiments,
766:
name, Hispania) or to topple a king and his religious allies, Julian provided military intelligence, troops and ships.
1505:
1422:
1240:
1197:
1169:
861:
554:
1887:
1867:
1563:
869:
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army of 1,7000 men. Julian approached Musa to negotiate the latter's assistance in an effort to topple Roderic.
1892:
1624:
1388:
108:
790:. Julian also briefed Tariq, their general. The latter left Julian behind among the merchants and crossed the
1654:
75:
before secretly allying with the Muslims. According to Arab chroniclers, Julian had an important role in the
95:
As a historical figure, little is known about Count Julian. The earliest extant source describing Julian is
1973:
1659:
1629:
799:
686:
446:). Its 19th-century translator into English, John Harris Jones, noted that Julian is usually called يليان (
112:
76:
390:
outside the walls, the expeditionary force retreated to its island naval bases to re-group, whereupon the
358:. In the case of an exarchate like Africa, ultimate civil and military command were joined in the exarch.
2148:
2143:
1928:
348:
sizes in the field — the better to confuse the enemy. In battle, the counts normally reported to a
653:
in 740 AD, but Christian Berbers remained there (even if harshly persecuted in the next centuries). in
313:
reports that the army troops in Africa under Maurice comprised about 5,000 cavalry and 10,000 infantry.
2153:
1963:
1953:
1897:
898:
873:
489:
474:
1528:[Legend and nationalism: allegories concerning defeat in La Malinche and Florinda "La Cava"].
300:(marines), 1,000 mercenaries, and various members of Belisarius' own personal retinue to fight in the
2158:
1998:
1978:
505:
2122:
279:) and numerous staff officers in addition to the counts in charge of each legion under his command.
2072:
1958:
387:
1882:
1938:
1877:
1649:
842:. Despite having multiple variants, they tend to begin with the phrase "Amores trata Rodrigo..."
838:
poetry, with extant copies dating to the early modern period, shortly before Cervantes wrote his
350:
382:, but the next year the Arabs sent in their own reinforcements after an appeal to the caliph by
316:
A count/tribune from this time period could command anywhere from 200 to 400 men in a regiment (
2008:
1862:
1726:
1689:
1639:
383:
235:
199:
2102:
1872:
1852:
1634:
1098:
1005:
878:
614:
485:
455:
157:, this strategy was designed to protect the key towns and communications routes, and did so.
1133:
Kitāb futuḥ misr wa akbārahā: The History of the Conquests of Egypt, North Africa, and Spain
497:
79:, a key event in the history of Islam, and in the subsequent history of what were to become
2062:
1766:
1684:
1604:
1356:
1190:
The Eve of Spain: Myths of Origins in the History of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Conflict
1128:
997:
929:
890:
673:
450:) by later Arabic authors, while in the manuscripts available to Jones he is called بليان (
431:
222:
96:
17:
458:, who in his critical edition of the Arabic text, gave the least corrupt form as بؙلْيان (
8:
2067:
1746:
1736:
1556:
1525:
852:
811:
791:
650:
168:
145:
tribes also resisted either in concert with the Byzantines, or under native leaders like
2077:
1801:
641:. After Julian's death, the Arabs took direct control of the city, which the indigenous
488:
and "most Spanish critics", who held that Julian was a fictional character, as well as
1918:
1811:
1781:
1761:
1614:
1591:
1440:
386:, and forced the Byzantines to yield most of the province. After losing the subsequent
267:
139:
605:. But Valdeavellano notes other possibilities, arguing that he probably was a Berber.
569:
chieftains had greatly extended their African dominions, and as early as the year 682
1857:
1786:
1756:
1526:"Leyenda y nacionalismo: alegorías de la derrota en La Malinche y Florinda "La Cava""
1501:
1428:
1418:
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1193:
1165:
973:
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913:
835:
779:
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713:
638:
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stated that confusing the two could only be the action of a "fairly drunken scribe".
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230:
2178:
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1312:
1228:
937:
831:
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sides. Legend would later attribute that to a deliberate plan developed by Julian.
775:
677:
633:
558:
410:. The only serious resistance the Arabs encountered after this was the fortress of
344:
305:
261:
192:
191:" (present-day Ceuta), and according to some scholars, possibly the last Byzantine
116:
72:
30:
1751:
676:, writing a century and a half after the events, Julian sent one of his daughters—
406:
was himself deposed and mutilated, to be replaced by Apsimar, now calling himself
2163:
1791:
1609:
1360:
985:
964:
740:
736:
735:
At that time, the surrounding area of the Maghreb had recently been conquered by
582:
532:
492:'s assertion that no sources prior to the 11th century mention any quarrel with
38:
1490:
361:
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1832:
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1619:
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618:
574:
325:
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244:
212:
720:(Septem), the Pillar of Hercules in North Africa on the northern shore of the
712:, who died or was killed in 710. Thus, Wittiza's relatives and partisans fled
171:. In Kaegi's view, if Julian had a daughter in Spain, it would have been in a
122:
2137:
2107:
2044:
1796:
1432:
1376:
681:
642:
632:(then called "Septem") and the surrounding territories were the last area of
570:
562:
478:
131:
774:
Musa was initially unsure of Julian's project and so, in July 710, directed
1716:
1157:
886:
786:
The next summer Julian provided the ships to carry Muslim troops across to
763:
407:
371:
370:, was assassinated in his bath in the midst of an army revolt and another,
301:
296:
226:
203:
154:
1362:
Dhikr Fatḥ Al-Andalus: Ibn Abd-el-Hakem's History of the Conquest of Spain
2097:
2038:
1731:
969:
847:
391:
367:
291:
164:
135:
2030:
1816:
759:
501:
419:
287:
1074:“Amroes trata Rodrigo” is translated as “Rodrigo’s in love” by Grieve.
897:
handle the legends associated with these events poetically: Scott in "
2052:
1933:
1842:
1500:]. Translated by Helen R. Lane. New York: The Viking Press, Inc.
1334:. Translated by Joan Hussey. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
795:
670:
646:
520:
283:
127:
469:
Some later scholars would posit that one Julian was the same as one
175:
situation, used as a check on his loyalty on the part of the Goths.
2057:
2024:
1535:
1008:, as a copying error. 'Abd al-Hakam gives him the title صاحب سبتة (
725:
705:
602:
598:
536:
524:
403:
379:
84:
68:
54:
1721:
243:. The Exarchate of Africa was divided into ducates led by a duke (
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819:
721:
709:
594:
578:
528:
493:
355:
240:
172:
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1383:. Oxford & Cambridge, Massachusetts: Basil Blackwell, Ltd.
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but that is the way he is referred to in the mediaeval Spanish
787:
701:
610:
590:
399:
339:
1365:. Translated by John Harris Jones. Gottingen: W. Fr. Kaestner.
762:(the Arab name for the area the Visigoths still called by its
692:
342:): Byzantine strategy at the time dictated varying regimental
282:
The Army of Africa initially had 15,000 troops: the historian
115:. Other details, such as the existence of a daughter known as
105:
The History of the Conquests of Egypt, North Africa, and Spain
1700:
1572:
1039:
1012:
744:
717:
667:
629:
415:
362:
Disintegration and Mauretanisation of the Byzantine exarchate
329:
216:
207:
188:
160:
146:
80:
64:
59:
1462:
798:(Jebel Tariq in Arabic) on April 30, 711 and thus began the
294:) took with him to Africa 15,000 soldiers, as well as 2,000
1051:
755:
with the Kingdom of the Visigoths and not been part of it.
566:
123:
Byzantine and native resistance and the importance of Ceuta
1004:, the latter is treated by the editor of the Arabic text,
398:, Apsimar, seized control of the fleet's remnants after a
729:
523:, situated on the same side of the straits of Andalus as
354:
who commanded 2,000–3,000 men, and in turn reported to a
1541:
1534:(Spanish-language article comparing La Cava and Mexican
1162:
Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa
511:
The first full passage on Ilyan in Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥakam's
425:
23:
Possible 8th-century Byzantine governor in North Africa
1415:
Narratives of the Islamic conquest from medieval Spain
1332:
History of the Byzantine State (Revised Edition, 1969)
430:
The earliest extant source for Julian is a chapter in
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1127:
553:
Luis García de Valdeavellano writes that, during the
462:), which he supposed should be corrected to يُلْيان (
2004:
Divisiones Regionales de Fútbol in Ceuta and Melilla
1403:
see Slane's Translation, Appendix II, p. 346, Note 2
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1010:
805:
454:). A better manuscript with vowels was available to
47:
1307:
1305:
656:
178:
1489:
1338:
1329:
1323:
1319:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
16:"Count Julian" redirects here. For the novel, see
1112:
515:reads (in the 19th-century English translation):
187:Julian was reportedly a count, the "Commander of
2135:
1480:
1478:
1458:
1456:
1355:
1302:
1050:Again, the forerunner of the mediaeval title of
708:church, snubbing the sons of the previous king,
504:and refers readers to an English translation by
1092:
1090:
107:), which claims that Julian first resisted the
1484:
1397:
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1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
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1209:
1152:
1150:
1148:
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1142:
1099:"Spanish 591, Romancero: Seducción de la Cava"
589:Julian is sometimes regarded as having been a
304:; they were ferried there by 30,000 oarsmen..
1557:
1475:
1453:
794:with a force of some 17000 men. He landed at
1317:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
1183:
1181:
1087:
581:, for he was forced to turn back toward the
239:, was analogous to the title and dignity of
1924:Ceuta (Spanish Congress Electoral District)
1274:
1206:
1139:
645:resented. They destroyed Septem during the
418:), which held out until 711, and the local
1564:
1550:
1445:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1249:
71:who subsequently submitted to the king of
1412:
1311:
1227:
1178:
769:
1523:
1097:(Anonymous). Suzanne H. Peterson (ed.).
834:, are the subject of numerous mediaeval
758:Perhaps, then, in exchange for lands in
680:in later accounts—to Roderic's court at
130:strategy at the time, as articulated by
1375:
1096:
2136:
1969:Socialist Party of the People of Ceuta
1914:2007 Morocco–Spain diplomatic conflict
1610:Cathedral of St Mary of the Assumption
1187:
825:
1545:
1463:Luis García de Valdeavellano (1968).
1255:
1156:
1131:(1922). Charles Cutler Torrey (ed.).
1949:Movement for Dignity and Citizenship
1944:Democratic and Social Party of Ceuta
1532:. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
876:recounts Julian's story in his play
661:
53:) was, according to some sources, a
1471:] (in Spanish). Madrid: Alanza.
1280:
1135:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
989:
42:
13:
2169:8th-century people from al-Andalus
1413:Geraldine, Hazbun (8 April 2016).
1381:The Arab Conquest of Spain 710-797
830:Julian and his putative daughter,
14:
2190:
1517:
936:In 2000, Julian's story became a
918:Legends of the Conquest of Spain,
806:Battle of Guadalete and aftermath
557:, in "their struggle against the
221:) was applied to the leader of a
2118:Medalla de la Autonomía de Ceuta
1699:
1675:Parque Marítimo del Mediterráneo
1233:Byzantium and Its Army: 284-1081
1038:The ancestor of the noble title
916:retells the legends in his 1835
901:" (1811), Landor in his tragedy
739:, who established his governor,
657:Role in the conquest of Hispania
555:Umayyad conquest of North Africa
513:Chapter on the Conquest of Spain
444:Chapter on the Conquest of Spain
1868:Roman Catholic Diocese of Ceuta
1406:
1293:
1265:
1068:
1056:
1044:
907:Roderick, the Last of the Goths
477:. Disputing this in the 1980s,
402:by naval officers. The emperor
2174:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
1164:. Cambridge University Press.
1032:
1022:
978:
956:
577:, but he was unable to occupy
573:had reached the shores of the
265:(στρατηγός). According to the
109:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
90:
1:
1655:Military Museum of the Legion
1235:. Stanford University Press.
1081:
290:(a general under the emperor
271:, each duke would have had a
1974:Statute of Autonomy of Ceuta
1660:Monumento del Llano Amarillo
1630:Shrine of Our Lady of Africa
1188:Grieve, Patricia E. (2009).
923:Expatriate Spanish novelist
800:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
724:. There, they gathered with
687:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
153:(Caecilius). In the view of
134:, a Byzantine general under
113:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
101:Kitāb futuḥ misr wa akbārahā
77:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
57:governor, possibly a former
7:
1929:Ceuta (Senate constituency)
1888:Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)
1670:Palace of Assembly of Ceuta
1330:George Ostrogorsky (1999).
1011:
716:for Julian's protection at
48:
10:
2195:
1954:List of governors of Ceuta
1898:COVID-19 pandemic in Ceuta
1893:Siege of Ceuta (1790–1791)
1598:Bienes de interés cultural
1290:XII B preface, VIII.2 (85)
899:The Vision of Don Roderick
845:In Part I, Chapter 41, of
490:Pascual de Gayangos y Arce
475:Mozarabic Chronicle of 754
426:Identification of "Julian"
330:
217:
35:Don Julián, Conde de Ceuta
15:
2090:
2017:
1999:Ceuta Football Federation
1994:
1987:
1979:Union of Muslims of Ceuta
1906:
1825:
1709:
1696:
1579:
1571:
1262:I.15.ii & III.ii.2-19
506:William McGuckin de Slane
256:
1959:Mayor-President of Ceuta
1665:Mosque of Muley El Mehdi
1192:. Baltimore: JHU Press.
949:
927:takes up the legends in
885:The British writers Sir
420:Moorish tribes (Berbers)
225:(a successor to the old
63:in Byzantine service in
1964:People's Party of Ceuta
1939:Ceutan Democratic Union
1878:Treaty of Lisbon (1668)
1650:Punta Almina Lighthouse
1625:Church of San Francisco
905:(1812), and Southey in
778:to lead a probe of the
2123:Radio Televisión Ceuta
2009:Estadio Alfonso Murube
1863:Kingdom of the Algarve
1838:Julian, Count of Ceuta
1727:Isla de Santa Catalina
1690:Marinid Walls of Ceuta
1640:Estadio Alfonso Murube
770:Umayyad reconnaissance
623:
547:
321:
248:
200:Byzantine North Africa
183:in the late Roman army
111:, and then joined the
34:
27:Julian, Count of Ceuta
2103:Coat of arms of Ceuta
1883:Vidal Marín del Campo
1873:Siege of Ceuta (1419)
1853:Daniel and Companions
1635:Ermita de San Antonio
743:, at Tangier with an
628:Indeed, historically
607:
517:
486:Juan Francisco Masdeu
440:Dhikr Fatḥ Al-Andalus
229:), and, according to
1833:Septem (Roman Ceuta)
1767:Playa El Desnarigado
1685:Royal Walls of Ceuta
1605:Casa de los Dragones
1019:, "Lord of Ceuta").
912:The American writer
891:Walter Savage Landor
617:Berber tribe of the
422:in the hinterlands.
18:Count Julian (novel)
1747:Pillars of Hercules
1737:Peninsula of Almina
994:Youliān Kont Sabteh
853:Miguel de Cervantes
826:Literary treatments
812:Battle of Guadalete
651:Maysara al-Matghari
473:who appears in the
384:Hasan ibn al-Nu'man
2149:8th-century deaths
2144:7th-century births
1919:Caballas Coalition
1812:Tingitan Peninsula
1782:Playa de la Ribera
1762:Playa del Chorillo
1615:Ceuta border fence
1465:Historia de España
879:All's Lost by Lust
836:chivalric romances
792:Strait of Hercules
704:of the Visigothic
544:Ibn Abd-el Hakem,
388:Battle of Carthage
376:John the Patrician
268:Notitia Dignitatum
2154:People from Ceuta
2131:
2130:
2086:
2085:
1858:Conquest of Ceuta
1787:Playa del Sarchal
1757:Playa Calamocarro
1313:Treadgold, Warren
1258:Wars of Justinian
1229:Treadgold, Warren
1129:Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam
998:Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam
914:Washington Irving
753:military alliance
674:Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam
666:According to the
662:Rift with Roderic
649:rebellion led by
639:Iberian Peninsula
432:Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam
396:Cibyrrhaeot Theme
97:Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam
2186:
2159:History of Ceuta
2073:Imperio de Ceuta
2068:Ceuta 6 de Junio
2047:
2033:
1992:
1991:
1772:Playa El Tarajal
1704:
1703:
1645:Hotel Tryp Ceuta
1566:
1559:
1552:
1543:
1542:
1533:
1512:
1511:
1495:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1469:History of Spain
1460:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1436:
1417:. New York, NY.
1410:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1373:
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1366:
1357:Ibn Abd-el-Hakem
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990:يوليان كونت سبتة
982:
976:
960:
938:West End musical
832:Florinda la Cava
822:to his kingdom.
776:Tarif ibn Malluk
634:Byzantine Africa
545:
533:Musa Ibn Nossevr
333:
332:
259:), also called
258:
220:
219:
193:Exarch of Africa
73:Visigothic Spain
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2043:
2029:
2013:
1983:
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1792:Playa San Amaro
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1680:Plaza de África
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741:Tariq ibn Ziyad
737:Musa ibn Nusair
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583:Atlas Mountains
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484:Jones disputes
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1848:Taifa of Ceuta
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1524:Juan F. Mara.
1519:
1518:External links
1516:
1514:
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1486:Juan Goytisolo
1474:
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1377:Collins, Roger
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925:Juan Goytisolo
895:Robert Southey
874:William Rowley
866:
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810:Later, in the
807:
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768:
663:
660:
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597:, king of the
541:
498:Ibn al-Qūṭiyya
427:
424:
412:Septem Fratres
363:
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273:chief of staff
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2108:Flag of Ceuta
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2078:Ramón y Cajal
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140:autochthonous
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1807:Punta Blanca
1717:Bay of Ceuta
1597:
1580:Architecture
1529:
1498:Count Julian
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1102:. Retrieved
1070:
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928:
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902:
887:Walter Scott
884:
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867:
862:Spanish text
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411:
408:Tiberius III
372:Justinian II
365:
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343:
335:
315:
310:
302:Vandalic War
297:karabisianoi
295:
281:
276:
266:
260:
234:
206:
204:curial title
197:
186:
180:
159:
155:Walter Kaegi
126:
104:
100:
94:
58:
46:
26:
25:
2098:Africa Star
2039:AD Ceuta FC
1732:Monte Hacho
1286:Strategicon
1256:Procopius.
1000:, بؙلْيان,
970:anachronism
882:(c. 1619).
872:playwright
848:Don Quixote
840:Don Quixote
392:Droungarios
368:Constans II
311:Strategicon
292:Justinian I
236:Strategicon
165:Constans II
136:Justinian I
91:Historicity
2138:Categories
2031:AD Ceuta B
1817:Tramaguera
1592:Arab Baths
1492:Don Julián
1390:0631159231
1082:References
968:may be an
760:al-Andalus
559:Byzantines
502:Al-Dhahabi
436:Futuḥ misr
288:Belisarius
286:says that
2053:AgD Ceuta
1934:Ceuta Ya!
1843:Banu Isam
1710:Geography
1441:cite book
1433:922951300
1271:cited in
796:Gibraltar
671:historian
647:Kharijite
599:Visigoths
351:chiliarch
306:Treadgold
284:Procopius
262:strategos
169:Theodoric
128:Byzantine
2058:SD Ceuta
2025:AD Ceuta
1907:Politics
1802:Príncipe
1600:in Ceuta
1536:Malinche
1530:Especulo
1488:(1974).
1379:(1989).
1359:(1858).
1315:(1997).
1299:cited in
1231:(1995).
1160:(2010).
974:romances
909:(1814).
870:Jacobean
855:writes:
851:(1605),
706:Catholic
691:la Cava
668:Egyptian
615:Catholic
603:Hispania
575:Atlantic
561:and the
542:—
525:Tangiers
521:Alchadra
434:'s work
404:Leontius
380:Carthage
277:princeps
223:regiment
85:Portugal
69:Tangiers
55:renegade
2179:Comites
2113:Haketia
1826:History
1282:Maurice
1064:Boutros
984:Modern
943:La Cava
820:traitor
780:Iberian
722:Maghreb
710:Wittiza
702:bishops
678:La Cava
595:Roderic
579:Tangier
563:Berbers
537:Cairwan
529:Tlemsen
494:Roderic
471:Urbanus
438:headed
394:of the
356:merarch
345:tagmata
340:squires
241:tribune
231:Maurice
173:hostage
151:Kusaila
117:La Cava
31:Spanish
2164:Counts
1587:Anyera
1504:
1431:
1421:
1387:
1239:
1196:
1168:
1104:14 May
1015:Sabteh
1006:Torrey
1002:Bulyan
986:Arabic
893:, and
788:Europe
726:Arians
714:Iberia
682:Toledo
619:Gomera
611:exarch
591:vassal
565:, the
464:Yulyan
460:Bulyan
456:Torrey
452:Bilian
400:mutiny
322:bandum
227:legion
189:Septem
143:Berber
39:Arabic
2091:Other
2018:Teams
1988:Sport
1722:Benzú
1573:Ceuta
1496:[
1467:[
1040:count
1013:Sahib
996:; in
950:Notes
764:Roman
718:Ceuta
693:Rumía
630:Ceuta
448:Ilyan
416:Ceuta
336:tagma
331:τάγμα
326:Greek
318:Latin
253:Greek
245:Latin
218:κόμης
213:Greek
208:comes
181:comes
161:Ceuta
147:Dihya
81:Spain
65:Ceuta
60:comes
49:Īlyan
43:يليان
1502:ISBN
1447:link
1429:OCLC
1419:ISBN
1385:ISBN
1237:ISBN
1194:ISBN
1166:ISBN
1106:2017
1062:Cf.
1052:duke
868:The
745:Arab
730:Jews
728:and
625:in
571:Uqba
567:Arab
531:and
257:δούξ
202:the
179:The
83:and
67:and
965:Don
601:in
593:of
535:in
466:).
249:dux
233:'s
198:In
45:, (
37:,,
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1477:^
1455:^
1443:}}
1439:{{
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442:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.