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given task. Instead, Weizenbaum asserts that the definition of tasks and the selection of criteria for their completion is a creative act that relies on human values, which cannot come from computers. Weizenbaum makes the crucial distinction between deciding and choosing. Deciding is a computational activity, something that can ultimately be programmed. Choice, however, is the product of judgment, not calculation. In deploying computers to make decisions that humans once made, the agent doing so has made a choice based on their values that will have particular, non-neutral consequences for the subjects who will experience the outcomes of the computerized decisions that the agent has instituted.
284:, who introduced the use of open-ended questions to encourage patients to communicate more effectively with therapists. He was shocked that his program was taken seriously by many users, who would open their hearts to it. Famously, when he was observing his secretary using the software - who was aware that it was a simulation - she asked Weizenbaum: "would you mind leaving the room please?" Many hailed the program as a forerunner of thinking machines, a misguided interpretation that Weizenbaum's later writing would attempt to correct.
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300:, Weizenbaum elaborated on his fears, expanding them beyond the realm of mere artificial intelligence, explaining that his fears for society and the future of society were largely because of the computer itself. His belief was that the computer, at its most base level, is a fundamentally conservative force and that despite being a technological innovation, it would end up hindering social progress. Weizenbaum used his experience working with
342:
displays his ambivalence towards computer technology and lays out his case: the possibility of programming computers to perform one task or another that humans also perform (i.e., whether
Artificial Intelligence is achievable or not) is irrelevant to the question of whether computers can be put to a
31:
246:(Symmetric Lisp Processing) software. Within four years, he had been awarded tenure and a full professorship in computer science and engineering (in 1970). In addition to working at MIT, Weizenbaum held academic appointments at Harvard, Stanford, the University of Bremen, and other universities.
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as justification for his reasoning, saying that the computer allowed banks to deal with an ever-expanding number of checks in play that otherwise would have forced drastic changes to banking organization such as decentralization. As such, although the computer allowed the industry to become more
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280:.) Driven by a script named DOCTOR, it was capable of engaging humans in a conversation which bore a striking resemblance to one with an empathic psychologist. Weizenbaum modeled its conversational style after
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328:, believing that there are certainly times where arms are necessary, but by referring to defense as killings and bombings, humanity as a whole would be less inclined to embrace violent reactions so quickly.
324:, on public viewpoints. He believed that the terms "the military" and "defense" did not accurately represent the organizations and their actions. He made it clear that he did not think of himself as a
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When asked about his belief that a computer science professional would more often than not end up working with defense, Weizenbaum detailed his position on the effect of
227:, a computer system that introduced the use of the magnetically encoded fonts imprinted on the bottom border of checks, allowing automated check processing via
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Weizenbaum also worried about the negative effects computers would have with regards to the military, calling the computer "a child of the military."
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of
Weizenbaum's own creation. The program applied pattern matching rules to statements to figure out its replies. (Programs like this are now called
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A German documentary film on
Weizenbaum, "Weizenbaum. Rebel at Work.", was released in 2007 and later dubbed in English. The documentary film
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212:" status. After the war, in 1946, he returned to Wayne State, obtaining his B.S. in Mathematics in 1948, and his M.S. in 1950.
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Miller, Stephen, MIT Professor's Work Led Him to Preach the Evils of
Computers, Wall Street Journal March 15–16, 2008, p. 6
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As of 1987, Weizenbaum had five children: one son from his first marriage and four daughters from his second.
408:"ELIZA — A Computer Program for the Study of Natural Language Communication between Man and Machine,"
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Joseph
Weizenbaum: 1988 Winner of CPSR's Norbert Wiener Award for Professional and Social Responsibility
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in 1962 entitled "How to Make a
Computer Appear Intelligent" that described the strategy used in a
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In 1996, Weizenbaum moved to Berlin and lived in the vicinity of his childhood neighborhood.
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1026:"A certain danger lurks there': how the inventor of the first chatbot turned against AI"
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Remembering Joe
Weizenbaum, ELIZA Creator - Artificial Intelligence - InformationWeek
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Kurs auf den
Eisberg, oder, Nur das Wunder wird uns retten, sagt der Computerexperte
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Plug & Pray, Documentary film by Jens
Schanze, featuring Joseph Weizenbaum,
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In 1963 he took a position of associate professor at MIT on the strength of his
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as a meteorologist, having been turned down for cryptology work because of his "
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on
Weizenbaum and the ethics of artificial intelligence was released in 2010.
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Islands in the Cyberstream: Seeking Havens of Reason in a Programmed Society
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204:, in Detroit, Michigan. In 1942, he interrupted his studies to serve in the
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Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
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509:(in German) (Orig.-Ausg., 1. Aufl ed.). Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
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German Internet Institute (Weizenbaum Institute for the Networked Society)
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and later became one of its leading critics. In an interview with MIT's
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article about a documentary that was filmed shortly before his death
670:"The Limits of Computation: Joseph Weizenbaum and the ELIZA Chatbot"
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Wolfgang Löw, Leibniz-Institut für Neurobiologie, Magdeburg, Germany
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Around 1952, as a research assistant at Wayne, Weizenbaum worked on
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30:
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in Berlin. A memorial service was held in Berlin on 18 March 2008.
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701:"Joseph Weizenbaum, professor emeritus of computer science, 85"
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He started to think philosophically about the implications of
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Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment To Calculation
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efficient, it prevented a fundamental re-haul of the system.
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and helped create a digital computer. In 1956, he worked for
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In 1966, he published a comparatively simple program called
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Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery 9
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Apprehensions about computers and artificial intelligence
272:, which could chat to the user. ELIZA was written in the
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Ich habe vier Kinder, alles Mädchen, die Jüngste ist 23.
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Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
775:"Weizenbaum examines computers and society - The Tech"
192:
Born in Berlin, Germany to Jewish parents, he escaped
924:
Documentary film by Peter Haas and Silvia Holzinger.
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Documentary film by Peter Haas and Silvia Holzinger.
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Tarnoff, Ben (4 August 2023). "Lessons from Eliza".
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in January 1936, immigrating with his family to the
477:Zur Anpassung des Designs an die digitalen Medien
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552:by Rudolf Steiner, Anthroposophic Press, 1985
16:German American computer scientist (1923–2008)
1245:Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
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651:Joseph Weizenbaum – a biography (German)
200:. He started studying mathematics in 1941 at
394:"How to Make a Computer Appear Intelligent"
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1005:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 11.11.2010
506:Computermacht und Gesellschaft freie Reden
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674:Weizenbaum Journal of the Digital Society
579:Artificial intelligence and human dignity
239:program that could beat novice players.
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332:Difference between deciding and choosing
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822:""Es ist eine Explosion des Quatsches""
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629:"Computer Pioneers - Joseph Weizenbaum"
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231:(MICR). He published a short paper in
161:(8 January 1923 – 5 March 2008) was a
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480:(in German). Leipzig: Form + Zweck.
1225:Artificial intelligence researchers
857:"AI pioneer Joseph Weizenbaum dies"
382:was named after Joseph Weizenbaum.
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229:magnetic ink character recognition
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536:, Sacramento: Litwin Books, 2015
1275:20th-century German philosophers
422:. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
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339:Computer Power and Human Reason
820:Haller, Michael (1987-03-01).
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726:"BBC: Adam Curtis, "NOW THEN""
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549:Renewal of the Social Organism
1:
1240:Wayne State University alumni
1024:Tarnoff, Ben (25 July 2023).
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357:Weizenbaum was buried at the
863:. 2008-03-13. Archived from
451:(in German). Zürich: Pendo.
250:Psychology simulation at MIT
7:
1255:Stanford University faculty
954:"Home: Weizenbaum Institut"
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503:Weizenbaum, Joseph (2001).
474:Weizenbaum, Joseph (1997).
445:Weizenbaum, Joseph (1984).
416:Weizenbaum, Joseph (1976).
392:Weizenbaum, Joseph (1962).
10:
1296:
1280:Philosophers of technology
1250:Harvard University faculty
915:Weizenbaum. Rebel at Work.
885:Weizenbaum. Rebel at Work.
336:His influential 1976 book
35:Weizenbaum in Berlin, 2005
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359:Weißensee Jewish cemetery
274:SLIP programming language
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898:"Jewish Cemetery – Town"
668:Berry, David M. (2023).
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312:Position on the military
1235:General Electric people
627:IEEE Computer Society,
584:Artificial Intelligence
294:artificial intelligence
1260:Scientists from Berlin
378:The interdisciplinary
202:Wayne State University
112:Wayne State University
1146:Konrad Paul Liessmann
184:are named after him.
1151:Iva Mojžišová (2011)
967:The Article on ELIZA
182:Weizenbaum Institute
934:Variety Film Review
806:The Guardian Weekly
264:George Bernard Shaw
206:U.S. Army Air Corps
1165:Andrew Lass (2014)
1016:The New York Times
920:2021-02-25 at the
902:www.visitpankow.de
699:anonymous (2008).
634:2014-04-07 at the
258:, named after the
166:computer scientist
147:Harvard University
1202:
1201:
1161:Jiří Fiala (2013)
1155:Miloslav Petrusek
1098:Joseph Weizenbaum
1068:The VIZE 97 Prize
542:978-1-63400-000-0
516:978-3-518-29155-9
429:978-0-716-70464-5
159:Joseph Weizenbaum
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133:Scientific career
23:Joseph Weizenbaum
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1270:German ethicists
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1018:. 13 March 2008.
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217:analog computers
178:Weizenbaum Award
103:German, American
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1080:Karl H. Pribram
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989:The Independent
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783:the original
779:tech.mit.edu
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546:Foreword to
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139:Institutions
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77:Ludwigsfelde
71:(2008-03-05)
69:5 March 2008
1220:2008 deaths
1215:1923 births
1187:Josef Jařab
1086:Umberto Eco
826:Der Spiegel
609:Mike Cooley
404:(2): 22–24.
282:Carl Rogers
210:enemy alien
100:Citizenship
92:Nationality
1209:Categories
1070:recipients
1012:"Obituary"
996:Obituary,
987:Obituary,
871:2023-08-03
839:2022-09-25
789:2016-09-17
615:References
604:Psychology
398:Datamation
233:Datamation
47:1923-01-08
1175:Jan Sokol
998:The Times
834:2195-1349
686:2748-5625
525:248065619
322:euphemism
269:Pygmalion
170:professor
918:Archived
861:NBC News
736:4 August
632:Archived
573:See also
560:(cloth)
496:39949474
467:15197911
326:pacifist
318:rhetoric
298:The Tech
278:chatbots
180:and the
638:, 1995.
438:1527521
260:ingenue
85:Germany
59:Germany
1195:(2019)
1189:(2018)
1183:(2017)
1177:(2016)
1171:(2015)
1157:(2012)
1148:(2010)
1142:(2009)
1136:(2008)
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1124:(2006)
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1082:(1999)
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710:27 Jan
684:
568:(pbk.)
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365:Legacy
237:Gomoku
176:. The
168:and a
95:German
81:Gröben
55:Berlin
680:(3).
594:ELIZA
386:Works
256:ELIZA
122:ELIZA
830:ISSN
738:2014
712:2023
682:ISSN
562:ISBN
554:ISBN
538:ISBN
521:OCLC
511:ISBN
492:OCLC
482:ISBN
463:OCLC
453:ISBN
434:OCLC
424:ISBN
244:SLIP
225:ERMA
66:Died
41:Born
730:bbc
705:MIT
266:'s
262:in
223:on
174:MIT
172:at
143:MIT
1211::
1028:.
1014:.
940:,
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859:.
842:.
824:.
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766:^
728:.
703:.
676:.
672:.
658:^
643:^
519:.
490:.
461:.
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