577:"... we find a strange mixture of capacity and caprice, of far-sighted wisdom and reckless infatuation, strenuous endeavours after a high ideal and flagrant violations of the simplest principles of justice. He cut off Paraguay from the rest of the world by stopping foreign commerce, but carefully fostered its internal industries and agriculture under his personal supervision. Dr. Francia disposed to be hospitable to strangers from other lands, and kept them prisoners for years; lived a life of republican simplicity, and severely punished the slightest want of respect. As time went on he appears to have grown more arbitrary and despotic. Deeply imbued with the principles of the French Revolution, he was a stern antagonist of the church. He abolished the Inquisition, suppressed the college of theology, did away with the tithes, and inflicted endless indignities on the priests. He kept the aristocracy in subjection and discouraged marriage both by precept and example, leaving behind him several illegitimate children. For the extravagances of his later years the plea of insanity has been put forward."
666:("hairy feet") uncovered and quickly crushed a plot by the elites and many leading independence figures to assassinate him. Juan Bogarin, the only conspirator who was still free, confessed the plot to his priest and then Francia. Almost 200 prominent Paraguayans were arrested by Francia, who executed most of them. On 9 June 1821, a letter detailing an anti-Francia conspiracy was found by two slaves and Francia's priest, who had knowledge of the plot from the confessions of a conspirator. Francia had all 200 Spaniards arrested and made them stand in the plaza while he read the letter out. They were released 18 months later only when they had paid 150,000
729:
troops, but in 1834, it had only 649. Francia deliberately misled foreigners into thinking that the army was over 5,000 strong, but it rarely exceeded 2,000. He maintained a large militia of 15,000 reservists. The first
Paraguayan-built warship was launched in 1815, and by the mid-1820s, a navy of 100 canoes, sloops and flatboats had been built. People had to remove their hats when meeting any soldier, and Indians who could not afford headgear wore nothing but a hat brim so that they could obey this rule. Cash could be exported only in exchange for arms and ammunition, and in 1832, 2000 muskets and sabres were imported from Brazil.
611:. He is criticized by some scholars for being entirely against the Church, he wanted only to diminish the institution's all-encompassing political control. He actually built new churches and supported religious festivals using state funds. Francia's government also took over services usually under church supervision, such as orphanages, hospitals, and homeless shelters, to manage them more efficiently. Francia and his policies were in fact very well received by the majority of Paraguayans, excluding the small ruling classes, and his neutrality in foreign affairs kept peace in a period of turmoil.
384:
52:
2412:
566:
1856:
761:
of his purge of the power of the Church. Nevertheless, he made state education compulsory for all males in 1828, but he neither helped nor hindered private schools. However, illiteracy decreased, and the pupil-teacher ratio grew, with one teacher to 36 pupils by 1825, according to
Richard Alan White. In 1836, Francia opened Paraguay's first public library, which was stocked with books confiscated from his opponents. Books were one of the few duty-free items, munitions being another.
843:. In 1819, the bishop was persuaded to transfer authority to the vicar-general, and in 1820, friars were secularised. On 4 August 1820, all clergy were forced to swear allegiance to the state, and their clerical immunities were withdrawn. The four monasteries in the country were nationalised in 1824, with one later demolished and another becoming a parish church. The remaining two became an artillery park and barracks, and three convents also became barracks.
2791:
513:
648:
770:
lands of traitors and continued with clerics (1823), squatters (1825) and finally unused land (1828). The land was run directly by soldiers to make their own supplies, or it was leased to the peasants. By 1825, Paraguay was self-sufficient in sugarcane, and wheat was introduced. At the end of his life, Francia ruthlessly confined all cattle at Ytapua to stop a plague spreading from
Argentina until it died out.
1057:
891:(himself no friend to democracy) found material to admire even in the publications of Francia's detractors. Carlyle wrote in an 1843 essay that "Liberty of private judgement, unless it kept its mouth shut, was at an end in Paraguay", but considered that under the social circumstances this was of little detriment to a "Gaucho population ... not yet fit for constitutional liberty."
924:
humiliated at the big
Cathedral Sunday Mass by being removed for wearing corsets and gold combs in their hair. In the next chapter, "Service By Edict", Francia forces the Catholic clerics he assembles to hold a third Sunday Mass before noon and give public prominence to the two women, who are allowed their corsets but not their gold hair combs:
855:, and sleep with a pistol under his pillow. Even so, a maid tried to poison him with a piece of cake. No one could come within six paces of him or even bear a cane near him. Whenever he would go out riding, he had all bushes and trees along the route uprooted so that assassins could not hide, all shutters had to be closed, and pedestrians had to
606:
of the post-colonial era, but he deviated from the elitist tendencies of most of his contemporaries. Instead, he attempted to reorganize
Paraguay in accordance with the wishes of the lower classes and other marginalized groups. He greatly limited the power of the Church and the landed elites in favor
870:
The final chapter of
Rengger & Longchamps' work published in English in 1827 describes details of his personal life. This work seems to have had great impact in the English-speaking world, for many of its claims and descriptions have been accepted and used in other works. Thus, White's fictional
760:
Francia abolished higher education on the grounds that it was the nation's financial priority to fund the army and that private study could be freely conducted in his library. Francia closed the country's only religious seminary in 1822, mainly because of the bishop's mental illness but also because
481:
In March 1814, Francia imposed a law that no
Spaniard may intermarry with another Spaniard, and that they may only wed mestizos, Amerindians, or Africans. This was done to eliminate any socioeconomic disparities along racial lines, and also to end the predominantly criollo and peninsulare influence
435:
and included in the five-man governing junta by
Congress meeting on 17 June 1811. On 1 August, he resigned because of the army's dominance over Congress. He retired to the countryside, where he spread rumours that the country was going to be betrayed by the incompetent government. He was one of the
923:
published a historical work of fiction regarding
Francia and Paraguay of the mid-1810s in 1916. The author reworks some history in a playful fashion. For example, he has an almost comedic section (Chapter XX, "Gold Combs in Church") where the protagonist helps two friends whose family members were
769:
In
October 1820, a plague of locusts destroyed most of the crops. Francia ordered a second harvest planted. It proved abundant and so from then on, Paraguay's farmers planted two crops a year. Throughout the decade, Francia nationalised half the land in four stages. He started by confiscating the
728:
should form a confederation based on equality of nations and joint defence. He created a small but well-equipped army, which was equipped largely with the confiscated Jesuit arsenal. The size of the army varied compared to the magnitude of the threat. In 1824, for example, the army had over 5,500
490:
On 1 October 1814, Congress named him as sole consul, with absolute powers for three years. He consolidated his power to such an extent that on 1 June 1816, another Congress voted him absolute control over the country for life. For the next 24 years, he ran the country with the aid of only three
638:
was so great that many foreign travelers reported that the country had no begging, hunger or conflict. The agrarian reform has allowed for a fairly equitable distribution of land. Asunción was one of the first capitals on the continent to inaugurate a railroad network. The country had a growing
477:
as alternate consuls for a year. Francia was given an initial term of four months. Francia's initial term was followed by a four-month term for Yegros, which was then followed by a second four-month term for Francia. Each consul controlled half of the army. On 12 October 1813 Paraguay declared
685:
Francia outlawed all opposition and established a secret police force. His underground prison was known as the "chamber of truth", and most of Paraguay's manufactures were made with prison labor. He abolished flogging, but his implementation of the death penalty was brutal, as he insisted all
375:, and the French Encyclopedists, Francia had the largest library in Asunción. His interest in astronomy, combined with his knowledge of French and other subjects considered arcane in Asunción, caused some superstitious Paraguayans to regard him as a wizard who could predict the future.
430:
in Buenos Aires, Governor Velasco convened the Congress of the province on 24 July 1810. Francia shocked the other members by saying it was irrelevant which king they had. When Paraguay's independence was declared on 15 May 1811, he was appointed secretary to the three-man ruling
345:, Francia was awarded a coveted chair of theology at the Seminary of San Carlos in Asunción in 1790. His radical views made his position as a teacher there untenable, and he soon gave up theology to study law. Eventually, he became a lawyer and learned five languages:
862:
Francia lived a spartan lifestyle, and apart from some books and furniture, his only possessions were a tobacco case and a pewter confectionery box. Francia left the state treasury with at least twice as much money in it as when he took office, including 36,500
736:
with Argentina. Francia initially abandoned it in 1815, but in 1821, he built a fort on the border, another the next year, and a third in 1832. In 1838, the army again occupied Candelaria on the grounds that Francia was protecting the native
690:("stool") under an orange tree outside his window. To avoid wasting bullets, most victims were bayoneted, and their families were not allowed to collect the corpses until they had been lying there all day to make sure that they were dead.
1590:
Bealer, Lewis W. "Francia, Supreme Dictator of Paraguay" in South American Dictators During the First Century of Independence, edited by A. Curtis Wilgus (George Washington University Press, 1937; reissued by Russell & Russell Inc.,
447:(farm or country estate) at Ibaray near Asunción, he told countless ordinary citizens who came to visit him that their revolution had been betrayed, the change in government had only traded a Spanish-born elite for a
334:, originally in training for the Catholic priesthood, but never became a priest. On 13 April 1785, after four years studying, he became a doctor of theology and master of philosophy at the College of Monserrat at the
782:, the hero of Uruguay's independence, was given asylum in 1820, along with 200 of his men. Artigas stayed in Paraguay even after Francia's death on a pension of $ 30 a month and was pursued by
894:
Francia imbued Paraguay with a tradition of autocratic rule that lasted, with only a few breaks, until 1989. He is still considered a national hero, with a museum dedicated to his memory in
455:
in October if Bogarin was removed and resigned again on 15 December. He did not return again until 16 November 1812 and then only if he was in charge of foreign policy and half of the army.
626:
system promoted by the United Kingdom while entrusting their national bourgeoisie with the task of piloting wealth creation. This model, continued after Francia's death by his successors
851:
Francia took several precautions against assassination. He would lock the palace doors himself, unroll the cigars that his sister made to ensure there was no poison, prepare his own
491:
other people. According to the historian Richard Alan White, the congresses were actually very progressive for the era; all men over 23 could vote for them. From 1817, he appointed
1522:
436:
few men in the country with any significant education and soon became the country's real leader. Only one other Paraguayan had a doctorate: Juan Bogarin, one of the five
2220:
871:
account of Francia relies heavily on snippets of the work (e.g., one sentence in a footnote dealing with a tailor and cloth becomes an almost tragi-comic scene in
716:. Francia later granted Bonpland clemency because of his value as a physician and allowed him to live in a house if he acted as a doctor to the local garrison.
1202:
530:
2860:
299:, and his mother was a Paraguayan descended from Spanish colonists. He was christened Joseph Gaspar de Franza y Velasco but later used the more popular name
837:
Taking the prerrogatives of the "Real Patronato" to an extreme, in mid-June 1816, Dr. Francia ordered all nighttime processions to be banned except that of
2092:
752:
merchants to trade in Candelaria. Francia would spend most of the state's budget on the army, but soldiers were also used for labour on public projects.
2835:
2389:
482:
in Paraguay. De Francia himself was not a mestizo, but feared that racial disparities would create tensions that could threaten his absolute rule.
599:. To create such a utopia, he imposed a ruthless isolation upon Paraguay, interdicting all external trade, and he fostered national industries.
1188:
367:, which was imposed by Spain, and as a lawyer, he would defend the less fortunate against the affluent. A devotee of the Enlightenment and the
1633:
The Reign of Doctor J.G.R. de Francia, in Paraguay; being an account of a six years' residence in that republic, from July, 1819 to May, 1825.
2840:
786:, who saw one of his warships also desert to Paraguay. In 1820, Francia ordered for runaway slaves to be given refuge and for refugees from
2830:
2087:
1556:
1517:
2850:
790:
to be given canoes and land. In 1839, a whole company of Brazilian deserters was welcomed. Many ex-slaves were also sent to guard the
272:
1911:
1724:
1835:
1823:
2865:
1135:
1321:
1551:
682:, were arrested and imprisoned for life. Caballero committed suicide on 13 July 1821, and Yegros was executed four days later.
778:
Contrary to popular belief, Paraguay was not completely isolated. Francia welcomed political refugees from various countries.
2287:
1966:
697:, a prison camp 70 miles (110 km) away from any other settlements, surrounded by a large swamp on the east, and by the
257:
2382:
2024:
1941:
1906:
1783:
1097:
950:
830:. At most, Paraguay's isolation, forced both by external pressures and by Dr. Francia himself, made it very difficult for
2731:
2335:
1901:
1813:
1737:
1688:
1604:
1212:
1164:
679:
552:
420:
1818:
1808:
335:
224:
1886:
639:
industry and a merchant fleet made up of ships built in national shipyards, had a trade surplus and was debt-free.
2200:
2845:
2747:
2375:
2215:
2195:
875:). The work is cited by historians to this day, as one of the few personal accounts, even if biased against him.
744:
Paraguayan soldiers saw action only on the outposts of the frontier, which frequently came under attack from the
470:, they thought he was talking to night demons. Francia would later use it to straighten the streets of Asunción.
783:
2157:
2097:
2059:
1798:
1664:
1409:
1085:
534:
701:
desert on the west. Upon his death, there were 606 prisoners in Paraguay's jails, who were mainly foreigners.
1956:
1717:
2855:
2680:
2116:
1840:
1758:
899:
267:
He is considered to be the chief ideologue and political leader of the faction that advocated for the full
466:). A few Indians believed that he had supernatural powers: when some saw him measuring the stars with his
2540:
2277:
2205:
2014:
1803:
1788:
1407:
Jerry W. Cooney (Winter 1983). "Repression to Reform: Education in the Republic of Paraguay, 1811–1850".
618:
state in order to undertake the economic modernization of the country. Paraguay thus instituted rigorous
2604:
2571:
415:). He had tried in 1798 but failed because of his humble background. Other significant members included
2292:
2019:
1896:
1891:
1876:
1610:
1599:
2697:
2517:
1358:
260:. His official title was "Supreme and Perpetual Dictator of Paraguay", but he was popularly known as
2658:
2461:
631:
2342:
2297:
2167:
2132:
2074:
1997:
1992:
1961:
1855:
1710:
1005:
635:
268:
2529:
2478:
2466:
2152:
2054:
2007:
523:
2720:
2456:
1773:
704:
In 1821, Francia ordered the arrest and imprisonment of the famous French botanist and explorer
627:
292:
2590:
2225:
2064:
1987:
1845:
839:
2398:
2262:
2162:
2137:
2102:
1971:
1951:
1864:
1276:
733:
634:, made Paraguay one of the most modern and socially advanced countries in Latin America: the
582:
383:
372:
2775:
2709:
2621:
2079:
1286:
2825:
2820:
2546:
2507:
2451:
2441:
2187:
2002:
1946:
1925:
1469:
1313:
1111:
353:
341:
Although he was dogged by suggestions that his father, a Brazilian tobacco exporter, was a
113:
822:
in Paraguay; however, there is no evidence nor tangible proof that Dr. Francia provoked a
8:
2736:
2552:
2484:
2328:
2309:
2244:
2172:
2042:
1881:
1745:
587:
312:
2685:
2446:
1132:
51:
2726:
2691:
2647:
2490:
2257:
2252:
2142:
2069:
1501:
1492:
1434:
1426:
1182:
1098:
https://theconversation.com/amp/from-paraguay-a-history-lesson-on-racial-equality-68655
920:
903:
713:
655:
120:
63:
2741:
2714:
2523:
2502:
2472:
573:
One Latin American scholar, Antonio de la Cova, summarised Francia's rule as follows:
288:
2351:
2282:
2272:
2267:
2210:
2177:
2147:
1684:
1660:
1438:
1372:
1208:
1170:
1160:
1081:
972:
565:
393:
368:
357:
324:
2703:
2411:
1753:
738:
397:
member in 1807, fiscal officer in 1808 and attained with difficulty the position of
2610:
2565:
2512:
2431:
2421:
2302:
1763:
1484:
1418:
1330:
962:
745:
675:
651:
474:
463:
416:
346:
276:
244:
166:
154:
100:
2780:
1280:
705:
2764:
2496:
2356:
1829:
1654:
1635:(Thomas Hurst, Edward Chance & Co., London 1827, translated from the French).
1526:
1139:
1073:
819:
2559:
818:. He used this Regal Patronage in a severe way, controlling every aspect of the
779:
423:; Manuel Atanasio Cabañas; and the last colonial governor, Bernardo de Velasco.
2770:
2753:
1778:
1595:
1096:
Paraguay, a history lesson in racial equality, Juan Manuel Casal, 2 Dec, 2016.
992:
Dr. José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia: ideólogo de la independencia del Paraguay
912:
888:
884:
807:
427:
407:
2675:
1335:
967:
2814:
2758:
2669:
2663:
2633:
2627:
2615:
2577:
2534:
2367:
2230:
1275:
1174:
1061:
976:
725:
619:
2597:
2653:
2640:
1609:. The Works of Thomas Carlyle in Thirty Volumes. Vol. XXIX. New York:
1254:
1152:
902:
as well as his sweets box, candlestick and tobacco case. Paraguayan author
831:
791:
451:
one, and the government was incompetent and mismanaged. He returned to the
412:
20:
1042:
296:
2583:
856:
592:
256:(1814–1840) of Paraguay following its 1811 independence from the Spanish
895:
331:
211:
194:
1505:
1496:
906:
wrote an ambivalent depiction of the life of Francia, a novel entitled
852:
787:
709:
698:
623:
537: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
467:
219:
1430:
391:
He demonstrated an early interest in politics. He became a provincial
1793:
1282:
Letters on Paraguay: comprising an account of a four years' residence
815:
806:
Dr. Francia inherited the "Patronato Regio" (Regal Patronage) of the
615:
614:
Francia's authoritarian regime built the foundations of a strong and
1702:
1488:
512:
2790:
2401:
1733:
1628:, vol. 2, pp. 607–108. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
1422:
811:
647:
596:
253:
249:
1060:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
712:
on the banks of the Paraná, which was seen to be a threat to the
342:
24:
823:
795:
749:
694:
405:, by August 1809, the highest position he could aspire to as a
1006:"Homenajes SESQUICENTENARIOS JOSE GASPAR RODRIGUEZ DE FRANCIA"
295:. Francia's father was an officer turned tobacco planter from
867:
of his unspent salary, the equivalent of several years' pay.
458:
Paraguayans often referred to him simply as "Dr. Francia" or
362:
323:
to style himself "Rodríguez de Francia y Velasco". He was of
1539:
At the Tomb of the Inflatable Pig: Travels through Paraguay
827:
311:. Although his father was simply García Rodríguez Francia (
133:
12 October 1813 – 12 February 1814
1569:
John Gimlette, At the Tomb of the Inflatable Pig, page 161
1624:
Reber, Vera Blinn. "José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia" in
1519:
Pequeña Enciclopedia de Historias Minúsculas del Paraguay
1470:"Paraguayan Isolation under Dr. Francia: A Re-Evaluation"
834:
to establish communications with priests of the country.
79:
12 June 1814 – 20 September 1840
1204:
Una Otan de la Economía. Revista Punto de Vista Número 8
801:
662:
In February 1820, Francia's political police called the
1647:
The Rise and Fall of the Paraguayan Republic, 1800–1870
1314:"Paraguayan Isolation under Dr Francia: A Reevaluation"
1029:
The Rise and Fall of the Paraguayan Republic, 1800–1870
951:"Britain and the Paraguayan Dictatorship, c. 1820–1840"
929:
El Supremo: A Romance of the Great Dictator of Paraguay
607:
of giving peasants a way to make a living on state-run
1157:
A history of modern Latin America: 1800 to the present
622:
at a time when most other countries were adopting the
581:
Francia aimed to found a society on the principles of
352:
During his studies, he was influenced by the ideas of
1640:
El Doctor Francia visto y oido por sus contemporáneos
330:
He studied at the monastery school of San Francisco,
1467:
1626:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
1585:Ensayo sobre la Ditadura de do Paraguai, 1814–1840
1450:
1448:
732:No wars were fought, but there were disputes over
248:) (6 January 1766 – 20 September 1840) was a
642:
2812:
887:, for one, hoped he would be overthrown, though
1445:
1406:
31: and the second or maternal family name is
2397:
1109:
473:On 1 October 1813, Congress named Francia and
387:Depiction of José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia.
2803:indicate acting, interim or provisional role.
2383:
1718:
1043:"Paraguay – Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia"
2861:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
1159:(Second ed.). Chichester, West Sussex.
810:, that was originally given to the colonial
708:, who was running a private farm harvesting
670:(by comparison, the 1820 budget was 164,723
495:members, but in 1825, he decided to end the
349:, Spanish, French, Latin, and some English.
282:
2390:
2376:
1725:
1711:
1187:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
237:José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia y Velasco
50:
1334:
966:
948:
553:Learn how and when to remove this message
245:[xoˈseɣasˈpaɾroˈðɾiɣesðeˈfɾansia]
1395:Armies of the 19th Century: The Americas
1311:
1026:
646:
564:
382:
2836:Paraguayan people of Portuguese descent
1678:
1594:
1477:The Hispanic American Historical Review
1322:The Hispanic American Historical Review
1307:
1305:
1303:
898:. It contains portraits of him and his
273:United Provinces of the Río de la Plata
2813:
1393:Terry Hooker, "The Paraguayan War" in
989:
478:independence from the Spanish Empire.
360:. Francia was disgusted by Paraguay's
16:Dictator of Paraguay from 1814 to 1840
2371:
1732:
1706:
1468:Williams, John Hoyt (February 1972).
1312:Williams, John Hoyt (February 1972).
1151:
1022:
1020:
1018:
802:Relationship with the Catholic Church
693:Many prisoners were also banished to
338:in what would soon become Argentina.
319:), the dictator inserted the article
252:lawyer and politician, and the first
243:
2841:Paraguayan people of Spanish descent
1300:
883:His reputation abroad was negative:
535:adding citations to reliable sources
506:
1613:(published 1904). pp. 261–321.
1279:; William Parish Robertson (1839).
1207:. Editorial UNED. 2 November 2015.
602:Francia in some ways resembles the
378:
13:
1814:Dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner
1672:
1576:
1015:
443:From his retirement in his modest
258:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
14:
2877:
2851:Paraguayan independence activists
1698:
1605:Critical and Miscellaneous Essays
1557:Critical and Miscellaneous Essays
994:. Asunción (Paraguay): A.R. Impr.
2831:People from Paraguarí Department
2789:
2410:
1854:
1769:José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia
1683:. Asunción: Tiempo de Historia.
1655:Paraguay's Autonomous Revolution
1631:Rengger, J.R. & Longchamps.
1229:Paraguay's Autonomous Revolution
1055:
846:
511:
2866:19th-century Paraguayan lawyers
1563:
1544:
1531:
1510:
1461:
1400:
1387:
1365:
1350:
1269:
1247:
1234:
1221:
1195:
1145:
1112:"Jose Gaspar Rodriguez Francia"
724:Francia believed the states of
686:executions be carried out at a
522:needs additional citations for
1410:History of Education Quarterly
1373:"Permanent Council of the OAS"
1126:
1103:
1090:
1067:
1035:
998:
983:
942:
931:(E. P. Dutton & Co., 1916)
764:
643:1820 uprising and police state
336:National University of Córdoba
225:National University of Córdoba
1:
935:
371:, a keen reader of Voltaire,
1759:Governorate of New Andalusia
1031:. University of Texas Press.
1027:Williams, John Hoyt (1979).
755:
23:, the first or paternal
7:
990:Romero, Roberto A. (1988).
773:
748:. In 1823, Francia allowed
719:
502:
485:
10:
2882:
1681:Francia, Vol. I, 1762–1816
1583:Andrade e Silva, Raul de.
1142:Retrieved 14 November 2010
1133:War of The Triple Alliance
1114:. Latinamericanstudies.org
674:). The arch-conspirators,
401:, or head of the Asunción
18:
2798:
2787:
2417:
2408:
2322:
2243:
2186:
2128:
2124:
2115:
2050:
2041:
1980:
1937:
1933:
1924:
1872:
1863:
1852:
1744:
1336:10.1215/00182168-52.1.102
968:10.1017/S0018246X21000339
878:
859:before him as he passed.
591:and was also inspired by
230:
218:
201:
181:
176:
172:
160:
148:
126:
119:
107:
94:
72:
62:
58:
49:
44:José Rodríguez de Francia
42:
1942:Administrative divisions
1836:2000 coup d'état attempt
1824:1996 coup d'état attempt
1456:Empress of South America
1242:Empress of South America
1078:Empress of South America
949:Middleton, Alex (2021).
636:redistribution of wealth
283:Early life and education
269:independence of Paraguay
1981:Legal system and issues
1611:Charles Scribner's Sons
1359:The American Cyclopædia
399:alcalde del primer voto
317:Garcia Rodrigues França
2846:Presidents of Paraguay
2088:Science and technology
955:The Historical Journal
659:
632:Francisco Solano López
579:
570:
388:
241:Spanish pronunciation:
1846:2017 political crisis
1841:2012 political crisis
1652:White, Richard Alan.
1645:Williams, John Hoyt.
1617:Chávez, Julio César.
1285:. J. Murray. p.
1277:John Parish Robertson
1257:(in Spanish). Wdl.org
1138:7 August 2014 at the
1045:. Library of Congress
658:and Francia's nemesis
650:
575:
568:
386:
373:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
2437:Rodríguez de Francia
2427:Rodríguez de Francia
1912:World Heritage Sites
1887:Environmental issues
1774:Carlos Antonio López
1679:Bareiro, D. (2009).
1227:Richard Alan White,
1110:Antonio de la Cova.
919:The American author
628:Carlos Antonio López
531:improve this article
421:Pedro Juan Caballero
307:to the more Spanish
293:Paraguarí Department
287:Francia was born in
114:Manuel Antonio Ortiz
2856:Presidents for life
2196:Freedom of religion
2173:List of Paraguayans
1799:February Revolution
1619:El supremo dictador
1525:16 May 2011 at the
1155:(19 January 2016).
64:Perpetual Dictator
2158:Indigenous peoples
2098:Telecommunications
1638:Vázquez, Antonio.
1356:"Bonpland, Aimé".
921:Edward Lucas White
904:Augusto Roa Bastos
714:Paraguayan economy
660:
656:Consul of Paraguay
571:
389:
121:Consul of Paraguay
2808:
2807:
2399:Heads of state of
2365:
2364:
2318:
2317:
2239:
2238:
2111:
2110:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2032:
1967:Political parties
1957:Foreign relations
1920:
1919:
1550:Thomas Carlyle, "
1454:Nigel Cawthorne,
1240:Nigel Cawthorne,
784:Francisco Ramírez
741:who lived there.
563:
562:
555:
462:("great lord" in
369:French Revolution
358:French Revolution
234:
233:
205:20 September 1840
2873:
2793:
2414:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2369:
2368:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2083:
2048:
2047:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1870:
1869:
1858:
1819:1989 coup d'état
1809:1954 coup d'état
1789:Second Civil War
1764:Jesuit reduction
1727:
1720:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1694:
1621:. 4th ed. (1964)
1614:
1570:
1567:
1561:
1548:
1542:
1535:
1529:
1514:
1508:
1500:
1474:
1465:
1459:
1452:
1443:
1442:
1404:
1398:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1369:
1363:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1318:
1309:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1255:"Map at wdl.com"
1251:
1245:
1238:
1232:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1178:
1153:Meade, Teresa A.
1149:
1143:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1107:
1101:
1094:
1088:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1002:
996:
995:
987:
981:
980:
970:
946:
676:Fulgencio Yegros
652:Fulgencio Yegros
558:
551:
547:
544:
538:
515:
507:
475:Fulgencio Yegros
417:Fulgencio Yegros
379:Political career
291:, in modern-day
277:Empire of Brazil
247:
242:
208:
191:
189:
177:Personal details
167:Fulgencio Yegros
163:
155:Fulgencio Yegros
151:
144:
142:
138:
131:
110:
101:Fulgencio Yegros
97:
90:
88:
84:
77:
67:
54:
40:
39:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2794:
2785:
2748:González Macchi
2605:González Navero
2572:González Navero
2415:
2404:
2396:
2366:
2361:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2314:
2278:Public holidays
2235:
2206:Catholic Church
2182:
2107:
2081:
2029:
2015:Law enforcement
1976:
1916:
1907:Protected areas
1859:
1850:
1830:Marzo paraguayo
1804:Third Civil War
1784:First Civil War
1740:
1731:
1701:
1691:
1675:
1673:Primary sources
1670:
1596:Carlyle, Thomas
1579:
1577:Further reading
1574:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1549:
1545:
1537:John Gimlette,
1536:
1532:
1527:Wayback Machine
1515:
1511:
1489:10.2307/2512144
1472:
1466:
1462:
1453:
1446:
1405:
1401:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1316:
1310:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1239:
1235:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1180:
1179:
1167:
1150:
1146:
1140:Wayback Machine
1131:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1108:
1104:
1095:
1091:
1074:Nigel Cawthorne
1072:
1068:
1056:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1025:
1016:
1008:
1004:
1003:
999:
988:
984:
947:
943:
938:
881:
849:
820:Catholic Church
804:
776:
767:
758:
722:
680:Pedro Caballero
645:
588:Social Contract
559:
548:
542:
539:
528:
516:
505:
488:
411:(a native-born
381:
285:
240:
210:
206:
193:
187:
185:
161:
149:
140:
136:
134:
132:
127:
108:
95:
86:
82:
80:
78:
73:
65:
45:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2879:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2806:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2700:
2695:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2625:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2575:
2568:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2544:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2493:
2488:
2481:
2476:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2395:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2093:Stock Exchange
2090:
2085:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2005:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1902:National parks
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1779:Paraguayan War
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1754:Guaraní people
1750:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1730:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1707:
1700:
1699:External links
1697:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1562:
1560:, pp. 253–312.
1543:
1530:
1509:
1483:(1): 102–122.
1460:
1444:
1423:10.2307/368077
1417:(4): 413–428.
1399:
1386:
1364:
1349:
1329:(1): 102–122.
1299:
1268:
1246:
1233:
1220:
1213:
1194:
1165:
1144:
1125:
1102:
1089:
1066:
1034:
1014:
997:
982:
961:(2): 371–392.
940:
939:
937:
934:
933:
932:
913:I, the Supreme
889:Thomas Carlyle
885:Charles Darwin
880:
877:
848:
845:
840:Corpus Christi
808:Spanish Empire
803:
800:
775:
772:
766:
763:
757:
754:
739:Guaraní people
721:
718:
644:
641:
561:
560:
519:
517:
510:
504:
501:
487:
484:
428:May Revolution
380:
377:
303:, and changed
284:
281:
232:
231:
228:
227:
222:
216:
215:
209:(aged 74)
203:
199:
198:
192:6 January 1766
183:
179:
178:
174:
173:
170:
169:
164:
158:
157:
152:
146:
145:
124:
123:
117:
116:
111:
105:
104:
98:
92:
91:
70:
69:
60:
59:
56:
55:
47:
46:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2878:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2754:Duarte Frutos
2752:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2698:J.N. González
2696:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2664:Eusebio Ayala
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2634:Eusebio Ayala
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2518:J.G. González
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2231:San La Muerte
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2026:
2025:Supreme Court
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1692:
1690:9789995381646
1686:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1601:
1600:"Dr. Francia"
1597:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1566:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1396:
1390:
1374:
1368:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1256:
1250:
1243:
1237:
1230:
1224:
1216:
1214:9788495798268
1210:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1190:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1166:9781118772485
1162:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1063:
1062:public domain
1044:
1038:
1030:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1007:
1001:
993:
986:
978:
974:
969:
964:
960:
956:
952:
945:
941:
930:
927:
926:
925:
922:
917:
915:
914:
909:
908:Yo el Supremo
905:
901:
897:
892:
890:
886:
876:
874:
868:
866:
860:
858:
854:
847:Personal life
844:
842:
841:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
771:
762:
753:
751:
747:
742:
740:
735:
730:
727:
726:Latin America
717:
715:
711:
707:
706:Aimé Bonpland
702:
700:
696:
691:
689:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
657:
653:
649:
640:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:protectionism
617:
612:
610:
605:
600:
598:
594:
590:
589:
584:
578:
574:
567:
557:
554:
546:
536:
532:
526:
525:
520:This section
518:
514:
509:
508:
500:
498:
494:
483:
479:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
434:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
409:
404:
400:
396:
395:
385:
376:
374:
370:
366:
364:
359:
356:and then the
355:
354:Enlightenment
350:
348:
344:
339:
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
280:
278:
275:and from the
274:
270:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
246:
238:
229:
226:
223:
221:
217:
213:
204:
200:
196:
184:
180:
175:
171:
168:
165:
159:
156:
153:
147:
130:
125:
122:
118:
115:
112:
106:
102:
99:
93:
76:
71:
68:
61:
57:
53:
48:
41:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2800:
2776:Abdo Benítez
2763:
2746:
2719:
2702:
2690:
2681:Estigarribia
2668:
2654:Eligio Ayala
2646:
2641:Eligio Ayala
2639:
2632:
2620:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2570:
2558:
2551:
2539:
2522:
2495:
2483:
2471:
2452:Roque Alonso
2436:
2426:
2343:Bibliography
2298:Coat of arms
2133:Demographics
2075:Central Bank
1998:Human rights
1993:Constitution
1828:
1768:
1680:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1603:
1584:
1565:
1555:
1546:
1538:
1533:
1518:
1516:Luis Veron,
1512:
1480:
1476:
1463:
1455:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1394:
1389:
1377:. Retrieved
1367:
1357:
1352:
1340:. Retrieved
1326:
1320:
1290:. Retrieved
1281:
1271:
1259:. Retrieved
1249:
1241:
1236:
1228:
1223:
1203:
1197:
1156:
1147:
1128:
1116:. Retrieved
1105:
1092:
1077:
1069:
1047:. Retrieved
1037:
1028:
1000:
991:
985:
958:
954:
944:
928:
918:
911:
907:
893:
882:
872:
869:
864:
861:
850:
838:
836:
805:
792:penal colony
780:José Artigas
777:
768:
759:
743:
731:
723:
703:
692:
687:
684:
671:
667:
663:
661:
613:
608:
603:
601:
586:
580:
576:
572:
549:
540:
529:Please help
524:verification
521:
496:
492:
489:
480:
472:
459:
457:
452:
448:
444:
442:
437:
432:
425:
406:
402:
398:
392:
390:
361:
351:
340:
329:
320:
316:
308:
304:
300:
286:
266:
261:
236:
235:
207:(1840-09-20)
162:Succeeded by
128:
109:Succeeded by
74:
37:
32:
28:
21:Spanish name
2826:1840 deaths
2821:1766 births
2686:H. Morínigo
2524:M. Morínigo
2153:Immigration
2055:Agriculture
2020:Nationality
1657:, 1810–1840
1607:: Volume IV
1552:Dr. Francia
765:Agriculture
593:Robespierre
569:Dr. Francia
460:Karai Guasu
150:Preceded by
103:(as Consul)
96:Preceded by
66:of Paraguay
2815:Categories
2727:Stroessner
2485:Jovellanos
2462:F.S. López
2457:C.A. López
2263:Literature
2226:Mennonites
2082:(currency)
2065:Ecotourism
1988:Civil Code
1972:Presidents
1665:0826304869
1659:. (1978),
1292:8 November
1086:0434008982
936:References
873:El Supremo
853:yerba mate
788:Corrientes
734:Candelaria
710:Yerba mate
699:Gran Chaco
624:free-trade
468:theodolite
426:After the
325:Portuguese
313:Portuguese
262:El Supremo
250:Paraguayan
220:Alma mater
214:, Paraguay
197:, Paraguay
188:1766-01-06
141:1814-02-12
137:1813-10-12
87:1840-09-20
83:1814-06-12
2765:F. Franco
2732:Rodríguez
2670:R. Franco
2616:M. Franco
2530:Egusquiza
2508:Caballero
2163:Languages
2138:Education
2103:Transport
2060:Companies
1952:Elections
1865:Geography
1794:Chaco War
1439:145261845
1379:16 August
1375:. Oas.org
1342:16 August
1261:16 August
1183:cite book
1175:915135785
1118:16 August
1080:, p. 29,
977:0018-246X
857:prostrate
826:with the
816:Governors
756:Education
750:Brazilian
688:banquillo
616:dirigiste
609:estancias
604:caudillos
440:members.
327:descent.
301:Rodríguez
297:São Paulo
271:from the
129:In office
75:In office
2659:Guggiari
2611:Schaerer
2566:Ferreira
2541:Carvallo
2479:Rivarola
2467:Rivarola
2402:Paraguay
2352:Category
2188:Religion
2080:Guaraní
2003:Abortion
1962:Military
1947:Congress
1926:Politics
1738:articles
1734:Paraguay
1649:. (1979)
1642:. (1975)
1598:(1843).
1587:. (1978)
1541:, p. 161
1523:Archived
1397:, p. 171
1231:, p. 89.
1136:Archived
900:daughter
896:Yaguarón
812:Viceroys
774:Refugees
746:Guaycurú
720:Military
664:Pyraguës
654:, first
597:Napoleon
583:Rousseau
543:May 2015
503:Policies
486:Dictator
332:Asunción
289:Yaguarón
254:dictator
212:Asunción
195:Yaguarón
139: –
85: –
19:In this
2801:Italics
2781:S. Peña
2737:Wasmosy
2622:Montero
2598:P. Peña
2547:Escurra
2513:Escobar
2503:Bareiro
2497:Uriarte
2473:Machaín
2329:Outline
2310:Tourism
2288:Symbols
2258:Cuisine
2245:Culture
2216:Judaism
2117:Society
2043:Economy
1882:Climate
1746:History
1506:2512144
1497:2512144
1458:, p. 34
1362:. 1879.
1244:, p. 33
1049:3 March
497:cabildo
493:cabildo
464:Guarani
449:criollo
408:criollo
403:cabildo
394:cabildo
347:Guarani
343:mulatto
309:Francia
135: (
81: (
33:Velasco
29:Francia
25:surname
2771:Cartes
2721:Romero
2715:Chávez
2692:Frutos
2628:Gondra
2578:Gondra
2535:Aceval
2447:Medina
2432:Yegros
2422:Yegros
2357:Portal
2293:Anthem
2253:Cinema
2201:Baháʼí
2143:Health
2070:Energy
1877:Cities
1736:
1687:
1663:
1591:1963).
1554:", in
1504:
1495:
1437:
1431:368077
1429:
1211:
1173:
1163:
1084:
975:
879:Legacy
824:schism
796:Tevego
695:Tevego
445:chacra
365:system
305:Franza
2742:Cubas
2710:Molas
2704:Rolón
2676:Paiva
2648:Riart
2591:Rojas
2553:Gaona
2442:Ortiz
2336:Index
2283:Sport
2273:Music
2268:Media
2211:Islam
2178:Women
2148:Crime
1897:Flora
1892:Fauna
1502:JSTOR
1493:JSTOR
1473:(PDF)
1435:S2CID
1427:JSTOR
1317:(PDF)
1009:(PDF)
865:pesos
672:pesos
668:pesos
453:junta
438:junta
433:junta
413:White
363:casta
2759:Lugo
2584:Jara
2560:Báez
2491:Gill
2303:Flag
2168:LGBT
2008:LGBT
1685:ISBN
1661:ISBN
1381:2012
1344:2012
1294:2012
1263:2012
1209:ISBN
1189:link
1171:OCLC
1161:ISBN
1120:2012
1082:ISBN
1051:2016
973:ISSN
832:Rome
828:Pope
814:and
678:and
630:and
595:and
202:Died
182:Born
2221:LDS
1485:doi
1419:doi
1331:doi
1287:306
963:doi
916:).
794:of
585:'s
533:by
27:is
2817::
1602:.
1491:.
1481:52
1479:.
1475:.
1447:^
1433:.
1425:.
1415:23
1413:.
1327:52
1325:.
1319:.
1302:^
1185:}}
1181:{{
1169:.
1076:,
1017:^
971:.
959:65
957:.
953:.
798:.
499:.
419:;
321:de
315::
279:.
264:.
2391:e
2384:t
2377:v
1726:e
1719:t
1712:v
1693:.
1667:.
1499:.
1487::
1441:.
1421::
1383:.
1346:.
1333::
1296:.
1265:.
1217:.
1191:)
1177:.
1122:.
1100:.
1064:.
1053:.
1011:.
979:.
965::
910:(
556:)
550:(
545:)
541:(
527:.
239:(
190:)
186:(
143:)
89:)
35:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)