369:, 203 U.S. 1, suggests a contrary holding, it is overruled." Footnote 78: "e note that the entire Court agreed upon at least one proposition: the Thirteenth Amendment authorizes Congress not only to outlaw all forms of slavery and involuntary servitude, but also to eradicate the last vestiges and incidents of a society half slave and half free by securing to all citizens, of every race and color, the same right to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, give evidence, and to inherit, purchase, lease, sell and convey property, as is enjoyed by white citizens.... The conclusion of the majority in
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31:
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358:
Syllabus: "he badges and incidents of slavery that the
Thirteenth Amendment empowered Congress to eliminate included restraints upon those fundamental rights which are the essence of civil freedom, namely, the same right... to inherit, purchase, lease, sell and convey property, as is enjoyed by white
307:
Reversing many precedents, the
Supreme Court held that the Civil Rights Act of 1866 prohibited both private and state-backed discrimination and that the 13th Amendment authorized Congress to prohibit private acts of discrimination as among "the badges and incidents of slavery." Congress possessed the
280:
case which held that
Congress could regulate the sale of private property to prevent racial discrimination: " bars all racial discrimination, private as well as public, in the sale or rental of property, and that the statute, thus construed, is a valid exercise of the power of Congress to enforce the
373:
rested upon a concept of congressional power under the
Thirteenth Amendment irreconcilable with the position taken by every member of this Court in the Civil Rights Cases and incompatible with the history and purpose of the Amendment itself. Insofar as Hodges is inconsistent with our holding today,
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power to "determine what are the badges and incidents of slavery, and the authority to translate that determination into effective legislation."
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allows
Congress to regulate the sale of private property to prevent racial discrimination, as such racial discrimination is a badge of slavery.
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Stewart, joined by Warren, Black, Douglas, Brennan, Fortas, Marshall
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348:. Legal Information Institute at Cornell University Law School
1247:
109:
to the United States Court of
Appeals for the Eighth Circuit
2697:
2475:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
2721:
African
American founding fathers of the United States
1074:
Chicago
Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
939:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
296:) provided the basis for this decision as embodied by
3028:
United States
Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court
546:
327:(1948), private landowners racial discrimination case
318:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 392
54:
Joseph Lee Jones et ux. v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. et al.
2769:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
346:"Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. 392 U.S. 409 (1968)"
245:This case overturned a previous ruling or rulings
3014:
1305:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
1295:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
1228:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
1119:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
2774:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
338:
2997:
2682:List of lynching victims in the United States
1020:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
532:
3063:United States racial discrimination case law
3033:United States Thirteenth Amendment case law
1149:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
3048:Implied statutory cause of action case law
3004:
2990:
1198:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
539:
525:
3043:American Civil Liberties Union litigation
2754:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
2789:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
829:University of Georgia desegregation riot
2703:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
2440:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
2435:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
3015:
2617:African-American women in the movement
1069:White House Conference on Civil Rights
900:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
389:
1058:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
520:
434:
292:(passed by Congress over the veto of
18:1968 United States Supreme Court case
3058:African-American history of Missouri
2956:
2826:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
1290:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
1238:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
1184:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
661:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
586:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
1233:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
1169:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
839:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
13:
2970:Supreme Court of the United States
2677:African-American churches attacked
1243:Montgomery Improvement Association
1218:Georgia Council on Human Relations
1203:Council of Federated Organizations
1174:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
932:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
890:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
696:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
600:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
383:
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
3079:
3068:United States Supreme Court stubs
3023:United States Supreme Court cases
2749:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
2622:Jews in the civil rights movement
450:409 (1968) is available from:
428:
2960:
2943:Civil rights movement portal
2936:
2784:Freedom Riders National Monument
2526:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
1038:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
997:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
884:Second Emancipation Proclamation
29:
2811:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
2799:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
1275:National Council of Negro Women
1213:Deacons for Defense and Justice
392:"Thirteenth Amendment optimism"
390:Greene, Jamal (November 2012).
3053:Civil rights movement case law
3038:1968 in United States case law
691:Mansfield school desegregation
1:
2821:National Voting Rights Museum
2764:Civil Rights Movement Archive
2563:Lynching in the United States
2450:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
905:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
878:University of Chicago sit-ins
645:Davis v. Prince Edward County
331:
262:, 109 U.S. 3 (1883) (in part)
2976:. You can help Knowledge by
2968:This article related to the
2816:National Civil Rights Museum
2672:March on Washington Movement
2657:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
1126:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
440:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
365:, 09 U.S. 3, 22. Insofar as
273:, 392 U.S. 409 (1968), is a
270:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
24:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
7:
2460:"This Little Light of Mine"
1208:Dallas County Voters League
1154:Atlanta Negro Voters League
917:Letter from Birmingham Jail
624:Brown v. Board of Education
311:
278:United States Supreme Court
256:, 203 U.S. 1 (1906), &
90:) ¶ 9832; 47 Ohio Op. 2d 43
10:
3084:
2955:
2794:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
2662:Holt Street Baptist Church
2632:16th Street Baptist Church
1616:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
1260:Nashville Student Movement
1190:An Appeal for Human Rights
500:Oyez (oral argument audio)
86:2980; 1 Empl. Prac. Dec. (
2932:
2834:
2736:
2550:
2483:
2425:
2404:
2291:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
2261:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
1333:
1325:Women's Political Council
1320:Wednesdays in Mississippi
1315:United Auto Workers (UAW)
1300:Southern Regional Council
1270:Northern Student Movement
1179:Committee for Freedom Now
1139:
1086:Memphis sanitation strike
1052:Voting Rights Act of 1965
974:
795:Savannah Protest Movement
757:
615:
576:Journey of Reconciliation
568:
555:
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232:
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132:
127:
118:
113:
100:
95:
59:
49:
42:
28:
23:
1159:Atlanta Student Movement
1108:Civil Rights Act of 1968
1033:1964–1965 Scripto strike
1014:Civil Rights Act of 1964
912:1963 Birmingham campaign
805:Civil Rights Act of 1960
729:Civil Rights Act of 1957
374:it is hereby overruled."
290:Civil Rights Act of 1866
2711:Voter Education Project
2465:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
2126:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
1561:Josephine Dobbs Clement
987:Chester school protests
982:Twenty-fourth Amendment
944:Detroit Walk to Freedom
686:Tallahassee bus boycott
607:Baton Rouge bus boycott
367:Hodges v. United States
253:Hodges v. United States
223:Harlan, joined by White
2924:Movement photographers
2166:Bernice Johnson Reagon
1886:Martin Luther King Sr.
1881:Martin Luther King Jr.
1451:William Holmes Borders
1223:Highlander Folk School
1113:Poor People's Campaign
966:St. Augustine movement
816:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
739:Katz Drug Store sit-in
710:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
672:Montgomery bus boycott
167:William J. Brennan Jr.
43:Argued April 1–2, 1968
2759:Civil Rights Memorial
2647:Bethel Baptist Church
2296:Charles Kenzie Steele
1741:Audrey Faye Hendricks
1646:Myrlie Evers-Williams
1626:Patricia Stephens Due
1596:Abraham Lincoln Davis
1531:Colia Lafayette Clark
1285:Operation Breadbasket
1280:National Urban League
1027:Katzenbach v. McClung
895:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
548:Civil rights movement
45:Decided June 17, 1968
2804:other King memorials
2779:Freedom Rides Museum
2716:1960s counterculture
2667:Edmund Pettus Bridge
2346:Walter Francis White
2251:Alexander D. Shimkin
765:New Year's Day March
734:Ministers' Manifesto
581:Executive Order 9981
283:Thirteenth Amendment
121:Thirteenth Amendment
2542:Mary McLeod Bethune
2503:Sermon on the Mount
2470:"We Shall Overcome"
2051:William Lewis Moore
1831:Frank Minis Johnson
1806:Richie Jean Jackson
1761:Donald L. Hollowell
1566:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
1371:Gwendolyn Armstrong
1366:William G. Anderson
1346:Victoria Gray Adams
1310:The Freedom Singers
1164:Black Panther Party
949:March on Washington
862:Garner v. Louisiana
823:Boynton v. Virginia
491:Library of Congress
420:on January 7, 2015.
406:Columbia Law School
397:Columbia Law Review
78:88 S. Ct. 2186; 20
2859:Michael Eric Dyson
2744:In popular culture
2627:Fifth Circuit Four
2611:Loving v. Virginia
2604:Hernandez v. Texas
2583:Buchanan v. Warley
2575:Separate but equal
2569:Plessy v. Ferguson
2532:Frederick Douglass
2366:Robert F. Williams
2276:Kelly Miller Smith
2256:Fred Shuttlesworth
2181:Frederick D. Reese
2161:George Raymond Jr.
2151:A. Philip Randolph
2131:Fay Bellamy Powell
2046:Queen Mother Moore
1931:Z. Alexander Looby
1876:Coretta Scott King
1821:Barbara Rose Johns
1801:Jimmie Lee Jackson
1726:William E. Harbour
1506:Stokely Carmichael
1421:Randolph Blackwell
1091:King assassination
1080:Loving v. Virginia
1064:March Against Fear
1044:How Long, Not Long
922:Children's Crusade
873:Cambridge movement
810:Ax Handle Saturday
775:Greensboro sit-ins
702:Give Us the Ballot
362:Civil Rights Cases
324:Shelley v. Kraemer
259:Civil Rights Cases
155:William O. Douglas
143:Associate Justices
2985:
2984:
2950:
2949:
2727:Eyes on the Prize
2642:A.G. Gaston Motel
2637:Kelly Ingram Park
2597:Sweatt v. Painter
2281:Mary Louise Smith
2241:Cleveland Sellers
2226:Michael Schwerner
2191:Gloria Richardson
1971:Thurgood Marshall
1891:Bernard Lafayette
1621:John Wesley Dobbs
1135:
1134:
854:Birmingham attack
834:Rock Hill sit-ins
785:Sibley Commission
780:Nashville sit-ins
652:Gebhart v. Belton
638:Briggs v. Elliott
631:Bolling v. Sharpe
592:Sweatt v. Painter
266:
265:
191:Thurgood Marshall
159:John M. Harlan II
3075:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2964:
2957:
2941:
2940:
2904:Charles M. Payne
2889:Steven F. Lawson
2879:David Halberstam
2849:Clayborne Carson
2590:Hocutt v. Wilson
2537:W. E. B. Du Bois
2386:Sammy Younge Jr.
2371:Q. V. Williamson
2336:Wyatt Tee Walker
2201:Bernice Robinson
2146:Lincoln Ragsdale
2136:Rodney N. Powell
2031:Douglas E. Moore
1906:Sanford R. Leigh
1841:J. Charles Jones
1716:Fannie Lou Hamer
1631:Joseph Ellwanger
1591:Jonathan Daniels
1581:Claudette Colvin
1571:Annie Lee Cooper
1556:Kathleen Cleaver
1551:Eldridge Cleaver
1526:Shirley Chisholm
1416:Gloria Blackwell
1007:workers' murders
954:"I Have a Dream"
849:Anniston bombing
800:Greenville Eight
715:Little Rock Nine
678:Browder v. Gayle
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416:. Archived from
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128:Court membership
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2909:Thomas E. Ricks
2899:Diane McWhorter
2884:Vincent Harding
2869:Adam Fairclough
2836:
2830:
2732:
2687:Freedom Schools
2546:
2479:
2427:
2421:
2412:Omaha, Nebraska
2400:
2316:Hartman Turnbow
2306:Dorothy Tillman
2266:Glenn E. Smiley
2246:Charles Sherrod
2206:Jo Ann Robinson
2081:Charles Neblett
2071:Elijah Muhammad
2036:Harriette Moore
1996:Floyd McKissick
1981:Franklin McCain
1916:Stanley Levison
1781:T. R. M. Howard
1731:Vincent Harding
1661:Walter Fauntroy
1546:Xernona Clayton
1496:John H. Calhoun
1481:Aurelia Browder
1471:Stanley Branche
1466:Raylawni Branch
1446:Joseph E. Boone
1431:Ezell Blair Jr.
1426:Unita Blackwell
1401:Harry Belafonte
1341:Ralph Abernathy
1329:
1265:Nation of Islam
1141:
1131:
970:
927:Birmingham riot
868:Albany Movement
790:Atlanta sit-ins
770:Sit-in movement
753:
749:Biloxi wade-ins
721:Cooper v. Aaron
611:
557:
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384:Further reading
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2919:Akinyele Umoja
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2508:Mahatma Gandhi
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2500:
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2417:South Carolina
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2368:
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2356:Hosea Williams
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2341:Hollis Watkins
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2271:A. Maceo Smith
2268:
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2228:
2223:
2221:Bernie Sanders
2218:
2213:
2211:Angela Russell
2208:
2203:
2198:
2196:David Richmond
2193:
2188:
2186:Walter Reuther
2183:
2178:
2173:
2171:Cordell Reagon
2168:
2163:
2158:
2156:George Raymond
2153:
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2138:
2133:
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2123:
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2116:Charles Person
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2098:
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2086:Huey P. Newton
2083:
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2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2041:Harry T. Moore
2038:
2033:
2028:
2026:Cecil B. Moore
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2006:James Meredith
2003:
1998:
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1576:Dorothy Cotton
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1521:J. L. Chestnut
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1002:Freedom Summer
999:
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992:Bloody Tuesday
989:
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429:External links
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298:42 U.S.C.
294:Andrew Johnson
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2692:Freedom songs
2690:
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2558:Jim Crow laws
2556:
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2468:
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2461:
2458:
2456:
2455:"Oh, Freedom"
2453:
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2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2418:
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2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2381:Whitney Young
2379:
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2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2361:Kale Williams
2359:
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2321:Albert Turner
2319:
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2311:A. P. Tureaud
2309:
2307:
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2299:
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2239:
2237:
2234:
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2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2216:Bayard Rustin
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
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2187:
2184:
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2066:William Moyer
2064:
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2034:
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2029:
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2024:
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2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:Joseph McNeil
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1986:Charles McDew
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1976:Benjamin Mays
1974:
1972:
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1967:
1964:
1962:
1961:Vivian Malone
1959:
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1936:Joseph Lowery
1934:
1932:
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1861:Clyde Kennard
1859:
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1851:Vernon Jordan
1849:
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1846:Matthew Jones
1844:
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1811:T. J. Jemison
1809:
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1796:Jesse Jackson
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1686:Robert Graetz
1684:
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1676:Golden Frinks
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1636:Charles Evers
1634:
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1586:Vernon Dahmer
1584:
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1569:
1567:
1564:
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1542:
1541:Septima Clark
1539:
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1529:
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1524:
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1461:Bruce Boynton
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1386:James Baldwin
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1379:
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1359:
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1356:Mathew Ahmann
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1254:
1253:Youth Council
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1162:
1160:
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1146:
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1128:
1127:
1123:
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1120:
1116:
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1022:
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1003:
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985:
983:
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979:
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973:
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964:
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947:
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933:
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928:
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869:
866:
864:
863:
859:
855:
852:
850:
847:
846:
845:
844:Freedom Rides
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
824:
820:
818:
817:
813:
811:
808:
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766:
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756:
750:
747:
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742:
740:
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732:
730:
727:
723:
722:
718:
717:
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713:
711:
708:
703:
699:
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697:
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689:
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601:
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584:
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579:
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571:
569:Prior to 1954
567:
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561:
554:
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542:
537:
535:
530:
528:
523:
522:
519:
510:
501:
492:
483:
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465:
464:CourtListener
456:
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419:
415:
411:
408:: 1733–1768.
407:
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309:
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199:Case opinions
197:
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184:
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176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:Chief Justice
134:
133:
131:
126:
122:
117:
112:
108:
107:
103:
99:
94:
89:
85:
81:
75:
74:
69:
66:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
41:
37:
27:
22:
16:
2978:expanding it
2967:
2952:
2934:
2874:David Garrow
2854:John Dittmer
2725:
2652:Brown Chapel
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2567:
2524:
2376:Andrew Young
2331:A. T. Walden
2326:C. T. Vivian
2286:Maxine Smith
2121:Homer Plessy
2101:James Orange
2056:Irene Morgan
2011:William Ming
1991:Ralph McGill
1926:Viola Liuzzo
1911:Jim Letherer
1896:James Lawson
1826:Vernon Johns
1816:Esau Jenkins
1771:Myles Horton
1721:Fred Hampton
1711:Prathia Hall
1701:Dick Gregory
1671:Marie Foster
1666:James Forman
1656:James Farmer
1641:Medgar Evers
1601:Angela Davis
1536:Ramsey Clark
1516:James Chaney
1511:Johnnie Carr
1491:Ralph Bunche
1486:H. Rap Brown
1476:Ruby Bridges
1436:Joanne Bland
1411:Claude Black
1391:Marion Barry
1361:Muhammad Ali
1188:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1078:
1056:
1025:
1018:
860:
821:
814:
744:Kissing Case
719:
676:
659:
650:
643:
636:
629:
622:
598:
590:
439:
435:
418:the original
401:
395:
370:
366:
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350:. Retrieved
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228:Laws applied
186:
174:
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150:
104:
96:Case history
71:
53:
15:
2894:Doug McAdam
2864:Chuck Fager
2491:Nonviolence
2396:James Zwerg
2391:Bob Zellner
2351:Roy Wilkins
2301:Hank Thomas
2236:Pete Seeger
2231:Bobby Seale
2096:Jack O'Dell
2091:Edgar Nixon
2021:Amzie Moore
2016:Jack Minnis
1956:Mae Mallory
1941:Clara Luper
1901:Bernard Lee
1791:Cecil Ivory
1786:Ruby Hurley
1756:Oliver Hill
1751:Aaron Henry
1651:Chuck Fager
1611:Dave Dennis
1501:Guy Carawan
1441:Julian Bond
1406:James Bevel
1396:Daisy Bates
667:Emmett Till
550:(1954–1968)
352:October 22,
302:§ 1982
238:§ 1982
212:Concurrence
179:Byron White
139:Earl Warren
82:1189; 1968
3017:Categories
2837:historians
2518:Satyagraha
2484:Influences
2176:James Reeb
2111:James Peck
2106:Rosa Parks
2076:Diane Nash
1946:Danny Lyon
1921:John Lewis
1866:A. D. King
1766:James Hood
1381:Ella Baker
1351:Zev Aelony
359:citizens.
332:References
183:Abe Fortas
147:Hugo Black
106:Certiorari
84:U.S. LEXIS
2496:Padayatra
2445:"Kumbaya"
2405:By region
2061:Bob Moses
1966:Bob Mants
1951:Malcolm X
1871:C.B. King
1691:Fred Gray
1334:Activists
975:1964–1968
758:1960–1963
616:1954–1959
80:L. Ed. 2d
60:Citations
2426:Movement
1856:Tom Kahn
1140:Activist
560:timeline
438:Text of
414:41708163
312:See also
275:landmark
204:Majority
2551:Related
2141:Al Raby
1096:funeral
959:Big Six
473:Findlaw
455:Cornell
220:Dissent
215:Douglas
114:Holding
2737:Legacy
2513:Ahimsa
1142:groups
603:(1950)
595:(1950)
556:Events
512:
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482:Justia
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371:Hodges
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2972:is a
2835:Noted
2428:songs
1248:NAACP
1101:riots
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410:JSTOR
404:(7).
101:Prior
2974:stub
509:vLex
448:U.S.
423:Pdf.
354:2015
288:The
119:The
73:more
65:U.S.
63:392
444:392
402:112
285:."
88:CCH
68:409
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