1006:
597:
609:
1659:
1035:
935:
1133:
978:
1351:
2361:
955:
478:
1117:
1359:
1463:
1447:
2662:
2347:
1102:
2543:
1825:
1964:
1084:, worth 10 ducats, which were based on Portuguese 10-ducat coins. Eventually the term was applied to numerous similar coins worth more than a single thaler. These coins are very rare and highly sought after by collectors. As few of them were circulated in any real sense, they are often well-preserved.
2268:
customs union led to a more vigorous transition into the
Prussian currency standard, with North German thalers being replaced by lower-valued Prussian thalers worth 14 to a Cologne Mark of fine silver (or 16.704 g), and with each thaler now divided into 30 silbergroschen. The Prussian thaler was also
1277:
Lion
Daalders were used a lot in Europe, Africa, the Middle East and in what's now known as the USA. The city of New Amsterdam, currently New York, was founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century. "The Lion Daalder holds an important place in American history as America’s first dollar and the root
700:
Similar coins began to be minted in neighbouring valleys rich in silver deposits, each named after the particular 'thal' or valley from which the silver was extracted. There were soon so many of them that these silver coins began to be known more widely as 'thaler' in German and 'tolar' in Czech.
2061:
that lowered the guldengroschen's fineness to 0.882 but raised its weight to 31.18 g. Many German states begin to accept this standard guldengroschen, but valued higher at 24 groschen or 72 kreuzer, further reinforcing its separation from the accounting gulden defined as only 60 kreuzer. A huge
1835:
Though various silver thaler coins were minted in most of Europe until the 1870s, these coins were more often counted in non-thaler currency units like Dutch or
Austrian guilders, French francs, Spanish reales, etc. By the mid-19th century the thaler (or reichsthaler, rigsdaler) was still the
1884:
Thaler-sized coins minted to late-19th century standards would be minted until 1914 in Mexico and in most of Europe, until 1928 in
Switzerland, and until 1934 in the United States. Henceforth thaler-sized silver coins would be minted as bullion or numismatic pieces, among them:
2053:
and
Bohemia alter the fineness of their guldiners (or 1-guilder coin) down from .9375 purity to .903 while maintaining the same coin weight, thus lowering the actual amount of pure silver in the coin. This made the imperial Guldengroschen worth more than the locally issued
38:
1005:
1552:
Eventual transition to this first new Swiss franc stalled in the 19th century while public preference shifted to the South German
Kronenthaler of 25.71 g fine silver, valued at 3.9 francs or 39 batzen. In 1850 Switzerland established the modern-day
1076:, and indeed the majority were struck there. Some of these coins reached colossal size, as much as sixteen normal thalers, exceeding a full pound (over 450 g) of silver and being over 12 cm (5 in) in diameter. The name
2069:, yet another money ordinance is decreed at Augsburg, which discontinued the 72-kreuzer guldengroschen (minted at 8.533 to a Cologne Mark of fine silver) in favor of a 60-kreuzer "guldiner" or 1-gulden coin minted at 10.24 to a Mark.
1378:
well into the 20th century, weighing 27.47 g, 0.9306 fine. Being of nearly identical weight to the German reichsthaler, British colonists in North
America eventually called the Spanish coin the dollar, which became the model for the
2180:
the
Speciethaler, or 12 Leipzig thalers minted from a Cologne Mark of fine silver. The Leipzig standard eventually prevailed all over the Empire, with a variety of subdivisions still used by the different states for this thaler:
1505:
cities began to represent "city views" on the obverse of their thalers, as they did not have the option to represent either patron saint or ruling princes. The first city view thaler of Zürich was minted in 1651 (the so-called
572:("gold-groat", being of silver but equal in value to a Goldgulden). It was an instant and unqualified success. Soon it was being copied widely by many states who had the necessary silver. The engravers, no less affected by the
531:
This trend was inverted with the discovery of new and substantial silver deposits in Europe beginning in about the 1470s. Italy began the first tentative steps toward a large silver coinage with the introduction in 1472 of the
2165:
1690: The
Leipzig Money Convention met to deal with the poor quality of coinage in Saxony, Brandenburg, and Brunswick, as well as the limited acceptance of the 1667 Zinnaische standard. The agreement reached was to reduce the
576:
than were other artists, began creating intricate and elaborate designs featuring the heraldic arms and standards of the minting state as well as brutally realistic, sometimes unflattering, depictions of the ruler (monarch).
2285:
1857: The Vienna monetary contract finally eliminates the
Cologne Mark as a standard against which the silver coinage of Austria and Germany are reckoned, replacing it with a simple tariff of 500 g fine silver. 30
977:
1042:
The "city view" thalers of the 17th and 18th century have predecessors in stylised representations of cities (as three towers, or a city gate) on the obverse of thaler coins in the late 16th century, such as the
1766:
until 1908 when they were withdrawn and demonetized. Some old countermarked thalers circulated as emergency coinage in Germany during the inflationary period following its defeat in the First World War.
1428:
was established, with the 5-franc coin of 25.0 g, 90% fine silver being closest in size to the thalers used elsewhere. The French franc system would be expanded to other countries in the advent of the
2092:
of fine silver). While modestly lighter than the guldengroschen, its public acceptance at the same price of 24 groschen or 72 kreuzer (or 10.8 guilders to a Mark) doomed the now-underpriced guldiner.
1778:
minted from 1751, enjoyed a special role as trade currency and continued to be minted long after the death of Maria Theresa in 1780, with coins minted after her death always showing the year 1780.
1478:
and their Associates each minted their own coins, with most larger silver coins conforming to established German or French standards. Thaler and half thaler coins were minted by the cities of
1561:, with 40 Swiss francs exchanged for 7 kronenthaler. The five-franc coin of 25.0 g, 90% fine silver became the coin with the closest value to the different historical thalers.
512:
of the 15th century which occurred for several reasons including continued warfare and the centuries-long loss of silver and gold in indirect one-sided trades importing
2132:
to help make the minting of small coins more economical than could be done under the old Augsburg ordinances led to the creation of a lower-valued Thaler, still worth 1
1132:
1871:. The thaler (and its linguistic variants) would also survive as the informal name of coins identical to the historical coin like the German 3-mark coin, the Dutch 2
47:
Clockwise from top left: Saxe-Altenburg 1616 (reverse), Saxony 1592, Austria 1701 (obverse), Saxony 1592 (obverse), Center: double thaler, Austria 1635 (obverse).
1163:(the "lion thaler", depicting the Belgic Lion) in 1575, the latter of weight 27.68 g (427.2 grains) and 0.743 fineness. With the growing popularity of the German
1254:
become Europe's financial center in the 17th century and maintain the reichsthaler as its banking currency unit despite Germany's descent into the chaos of the
1258:. As a bullion entrepôt of the period, the Netherlands produced reichsthalers for Germany and Scandinavia, and exported leeuwendaalders to the Levant and the
670:
1881:-gulden coin, the 5-franc coins of the Latin Monetary Union (among them France, Belgium, Switzerland), and the Greek 5-drachma coin (τάληρο, taliro).
524:
and other fine cloths and exotic goods from India, Indonesia and the Far East. This continual debasement had reached a point that silver content in
1933:
in twenty-three currencies used in countries including Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, New Zealand and the United States of America, and also in the
528:-type coins had dropped, in some cases, to less than five percent, making the coins of much less individual value than they had in the beginning.
934:
2221:, with ten to a Cologne Mark of fine silver (or 23.3856 g). Its weight was 28.06 g with a fineness of .833. This Conventionsthaler was worth 1
2290:
are set to be minted from this 500 g standard (hence 16.67 g fine silver, or weight 18.52 g .900 fine). The Vereinsthaler was made equal to 1
954:
2162:
Zinnaische thalers to a Cologne Mark of fine silver). Northern European states like Denmark, Hamburg and Lübeck acceded to this convention.
1291:
of weight 29.45 g and 0.873 fineness, or 25.71 g fine silver. This coin was adopted by many South German states by the early 19th century.
1224:
quickened from the 1570s, with the leeuwendaalder rising from 32 to 40 stuivers by 1619, and the rijksdaalder from 42 to 50 stuivers. The
2429:
242:. These days thaler-sized silver coins are not in active circulation anymore, but are minted by various government mints as bullion or
1997:
1499: Hungary issues the first Guldiner/Guldengroschen. It is the earliest year of issue with Arabic numerals on the coins in Hungary.
555:
of roughly 15 g. This was a very rare coin, almost a trial piece, but it did circulate so successfully that demand could not be met.
205:
of fine silver (or 25.984 g), and which was issued in various versions from 1566 to 1875. From the 17th century a lesser-valued
1168:
1066:
In the late 16th and 17th centuries, there was a fashion of oversized thaler coins, the so-called "multiple thalers", often called
2975:
327:
908:
of fine silver. While it was adopted by most German states, Scandinavia and a few North German states retained the original
853:
for the development of the Reichsthaler and related currency units from 1566 to 1875. Confusingly, there also was defined a
2990:
2249:
From 1820: The Kronenthaler (a thaler with 3 or 4 crowns between the Burgundy cross), a coin first issued in 1754 by the
1782:
declared it an official trade coinage in 1857 just before it lost legal tender status in Austria following issue of the
1059:
1631). The type continues to be popular throughout the 18th century, culminating in detailed city panoramas rendered in
2985:
2706:
86:
2575:
827:
of fine silver, or 25.984 g. It was widely adopted and produced for the next 300 years at rates varying from 9 to 9
1420:
of 6 livres with about 26.7 g fine silver; it would also find currency in Southern Germany and Switzerland as the
628:
2980:
2246:. Over time this coin would spread into a large portion of central and southern Germany but not in Scandinavia.
945:
17:
608:
596:
2217:
1754: The monetary agreement between Austria and Bavaria in 1753 replaced the original Speciethaler by a new
2066:
1116:
1048:
964:
461:
was introduced in the first half of the 19th century to refer to the coins of the German states, as the word
1390:
The rise of German and Spanish dollars in 16th century European trade lessened the demand for French silver
2725:
1658:
1034:
42:
1101:
1762:
Within the new German Empire, silver vereinsthaler coins remained unlimited legal tender at a value of 3
1629:
1073:
235:
2632:
2477:
1837:
2441:
2637:
2622:
1779:
807:
of silver or 29.232 g, and had a fineness 0.9375. However, its longest-lasting standard coin was the
784:
690:
627:. The obverse side pictures St Joachim, the reverse side features the Bohemian Lion and the name of
2207:
1921:, which at 1 troy ounce (31 g) fine silver is actually heavier than the original silver dollar.
988:
2610:
1332:
was also known as the silver ducat, which is still minted for collectors in the Netherlands today.
1051:
made in 1584. More elaborate city views become current in the first half of the 17th century (e.g.
103:
2397:
1678:
valued at 2.7 gulden - hence a reduced fine silver content for the gulden at 9.52 g. In 1837, the
1175:
in 1583, of weight 29.03 g (448 grains) and 0.885 fineness, and featuring an armored half bust of
1068:
276:
had opened in 1516, and the first such coins were minted there in 1518. The original spelling was
2300:
2239:
1607:(1625). In the early 19th century, these countries introduced their modern currency based on the
1204:
1060:
31:
2459:
2334:
1908: The Vereinsthaler was officially demonetised in Germany and made worth only bullion value.
2257:(present-day Belgium), became widely adopted by various Southern German that the rate of to 2.7
430:
the Conventionsthaler. From 1840 the various North German thalers converged to the value of the
2627:
1536:
2508:
2495:
1794:
introduced at par with this taler, and it continued to be in use into the 20th century in the
1234:
with the rijksdaalder of 29.03 g, 0.875 fine (or 25.4 g fine silver) fixed at 50 stuivers or 2
2644:
2598:
1918:
1613:
1574:
1475:
1018:
2129:
2682:
2568:
2254:
2106:
1977:
1963:
1890:
1771:
1429:
1284:
1255:
654:
544:
509:
466:
445:
239:
2023:
8:
2780:
2751:
2739:
2313:
2279:
2258:
2243:
2231:
2167:
2027:
1954:
1828:
1752:
1739:
1699:
1692:
1671:
1645:
1414:, weighing 27.19 g and 0.917 fine. In 1726 France issued its own thaler coin, the silver
1192:
1144:
854:
740:
The new large silver coins that became ubiquitous as the 16th century went on were named
731:
650:
490:
412:
207:
126:
1844:. By 1875 the thaler itself disappeared as currency unit in Europe upon adoption of the
1730:
fine silver at the start of the 19th century, was revalued in the 1840s at par with the
1350:
2827:
2745:
2650:
2366:
1851:
Nonetheless, use of the thaler as currency continued outside Europe in the form of the
1176:
1172:
789:
646:
624:
341:
was soon used in compounds denoting various types of silver coins of thaler size, thus
166:
1279:
2924:
2857:
2792:
2694:
2688:
2218:
2110:
2062:
variety of other accounting subdivisions of the coin prevailed throughout the Empire.
2031:
2005:
1958:
1807:
1775:
1756:
1713:
1674:, or 9.744 grams fine silver per gulden. Afterwards, however, they began to mint the
1667:
1600:
1578:
1502:
1491:
1226:
1152:
1093:
896:
776:
735:
705:
406:
173:
148:
122:
118:
2418:
2088:), of weight 29.232 g and fineness 0.889 (hence, 9 Specie Reichsthalers issued to a
566:, Sigismund issued, in 1486, large numbers of the first true thaler-sized coin, the
2946:
2903:
2852:
2719:
1934:
1787:
1763:
1604:
1570:
1487:
1471:
1283:
By the 18th century the Spanish-controlled Dutch territories eventually became the
290:
63:
2867:
2331:
despite its bullion value dropping below 3 gold marks over the next several years.
1902:
1819:
1479:
369:
226:
silver coin type continued to be minted until the 20th century in the form of the
2970:
2935:
2875:
2713:
2561:
2250:
2235:
2211:
2117:
2050:
1938:
1864:
1856:
1731:
1679:
1633:
1441:
1416:
1384:
1371:
941:
901:
891:
761:
477:
431:
281:
256:
and now mostly English), also survives as the name of several modern currencies.
95:
1151:
has had a history of minting large silver coins separately from the rest of the
2815:
2547:
2198:
1750: This year saw yet another reduction in weight in the areas controlled by
2001:
1981:
1868:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1407:
1375:
1341:
1259:
1251:
1200:
1148:
769:
757:
678:
568:
482:
253:
179:
536:
2964:
2862:
2847:
2798:
2786:
2733:
2676:
2616:
2374:
2324:
2320:
2287:
2084:
1968:
1845:
1783:
1735:
1653:
1625:
1495:
1263:
1244:
694:
620:
563:
540:
533:
436:
214:
2038:, or 233.856 g), its fineness at 0.9375, and proposed it be divided into 21
1458:
stamped "40 BZ" (batzen) in Bern became 4 francs under the Helvetic Republic
1358:
1278:
of the word from where the current currency, the US Dollar, found its name."
1138:
Maria Theresa Kronenthaler, 1770, showing the Burgundian Cross with 4 crowns
1080:
most likely was derived from a large gold coin minted in Hamburg called the
2881:
2842:
2836:
2821:
2757:
2700:
2604:
2528:
HISTORY OF THE REDEEMABLE, MULTIPLE AND MINING TALERS OF BRUNSWICK-LUNEBERG
2417:
Year: 1620–1621; Composition: Silver; Weight: 28,4 gram; Diameter: 42 mm -
2352:
2192:
2089:
2078:
2035:
2034:. It fixed the weight of the guldengroschen weight at 29.232 g (or 1/8th a
2009:
1950:
1860:
1727:
1675:
1649:
1621:
1558:
1483:
1425:
1345:
1288:
1271:
1267:
1164:
1022:
910:
809:
804:
727:
548:
494:
227:
202:
187:
2327:, with the silver Vereinsthaler remaining unlimited legal tender at three
1462:
1215:
minted armored half bust rijksdaalders until the end of the 17th century.
2774:
2125:
2121:
1852:
1841:
1755:
was adopted as the standard coin by most German states as well as in the
1554:
1380:
658:
573:
385:
343:
231:
114:
2661:
2016:
1759:. Vereinsthalers were issued until 1871 in Germany and 1867 in Austria.
1666:
At the beginning of the 19th century the South German states valued the
1446:
1056:
1044:
674:
489:
The development of large silver coins is an innovation of the beginning
273:
162:
2265:
1399:
1231:
1196:
1184:
243:
294:). By the late 16th century, the word was variously spelled as German
2328:
2095:
1618: The Reichsthaler was valued at 24 groschen, or 90 kreuzer, or 1
1180:
1011:
753:
704:
In the 17th century, some Joachimsthalers were in circulation in the
517:
211:
currency unit emerged, which by the 19th century became par with the
2113:
financial crisis which destroyed Germany's various monetary systems.
2058:
2039:
1052:
992:
968:
662:
2261:. The kronenthaler had a weight of 29.45 g and a fineness of .873.
1734:, at 14 to a Mark, though with varying subdivisions. In 1857, the
1525:
of 26.7 g fine silver as its most widely used thaler, valued at 4
2199:
2043:
1985:
1220:
1208:
1188:
686:
2898:
2542:
1531:
1212:
752:, respectively, both names taken from what had originally been
559:
248:
1786:. The Maria Theresa taler became the de facto currency of the
1363:
78:
2908:
2203:
2015:
1518: The first coin actually called a "Thaler" is minted in
1824:
1803:
586:
539:
in excess of 6 grams, a substantial increase over the 4-gram
513:
505:
or "thick penny". These rarely exceeded a weight of 6 grams.
72:
1620:
These currencies in Denmark and Sweden were replaced by the
443:
The corresponding English silver coin of the period was the
2030:
is the first attempt at a standard currency system for the
1992:
1514:
996:
765:
521:
246:
items for collectors. The current derivative of the name,
2553:
2494:
Künker Auktion 316, Numismatischer Verlag Künker (2019),
37:
1159:(depicting the Cross of Burgundy) in 1567, and then the
744:
in German, while in England and France, they were named
147: in) and a weight of about 25 to 30 grams (roughly
1929:
survives in various modern currency names, in the form
1038:
Half portugalöser (five ducats) minted in Hamburg, 1679
41:
Four thalers and one double thaler, compared to a U.S.
1632:. Norway joined the Monetary Union and introduced the
551:
issued the first truly revolutionary silver coin, the
508:
Even these coins were increasingly debased due to the
27:
Large silver coin used in 16th- to 19th-century Europe
2019:, Bohemia, Holy Roman Empire, also weighing 29.232 g.
1991:
1493: Switzerland issues its first Guldengroschen at
1262:. The latter survives to this day in the form of the
849:
645:
were popping up everywhere in central Europe. In the
133:
size silver coin has a diameter of about 40 mm (
87:
2342:
1374:
in the 1530s enabled the massive minting of Spain's
75:
69:
1944:
1311:
in currency even after the discontinuation of the 1
1218:The pace of depreciation of the small-denomination
66:
2072:1566: Protestations over the disappearance of the
1517:and many Western Swiss cantons adopted the French
813:("imperial thaler") defined in 1566 as containing
493:. The largest medieval silver coins were known as
268:is recorded from the 1530s, as an abbreviation of
2419:https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces94533.html
1900:minted in German-speaking Europe; e.g. the Swiss
1583:The name thaler was introduced to Scandinavia as
558:Finally, with the silver deposits—being mined at
2962:
2065:1559: After the death of the Holy Roman Emperor
1535:of Bern. In 1798 this system was adopted by the
775:The first large silver coin standardized by the
449:. The Low German word was adopted in English as
2214:were minted from a Cologne mark of fine silver.
1230:was then founded in 1608 to establish a stable
1029:
2210:down to just 22.272 g and a .750 fineness. 14
1628:in 1873, the new currencies introduced by the
318:. In 18th to 19th-century German orthography,
2569:
1925:Unrelated to specific coins, the name of the
713:
661:— of similar physical size but slightly less
543:of France. However, it was only in 1484 that
2316:, 30 silbergroschen, and other subdivisions.
1370:The discovery of massive silver supplies in
465:was increasingly understood to refer to the
212:
185:
177:
152:
117:minted in the states and territories of the
108:
868:specie coin; this thaler was worth 12 to a
693:, was portrayed on the coin along with the
399:
389:
2576:
2562:
2057:1551: A new money ordinance is decreed in
673:at a rich source near Joachimsthal (today
1617:was chosen as the currency name in 1816.
1595:was minted from 1560. Later Scandinavian
1591:coins were minted in 1534. The Norwegian
1072:in Germany. The first were minted in the
756:. The thaler size silver coins minted in
404:. From 1754, many German states used the
1962:
1823:
1695:- hence 9.545 g fine silver per gulden.
1657:
1461:
1445:
1357:
1349:
1169:Republic of the Seven United Netherlands
1033:
476:
184:of 1524, its longest-lived coin was the
36:
1639:
894:) by the 1840s. Furthermore, in 1754 a
14:
2963:
2501:
2430:Gold medallic portugalöser (10 ducats)
995:design on coins from the mints in the
718:) – a distortion of the name Joachim.
685:(Tal) means "valley" in German. Saint
649:, then ruled together with Hungary by
2557:
2008:weighing 29.232 grams, or eight to a
172:While the first standard coin of the
102:
2525:
1539:with the first Swiss franc equal to
721:
2152:of the original Speciethaler (or 10
2142:gulden or 90 kreuzer, but equal to
1790:in the late 18th century, with the
1335:
928:as their standard coin until 1875.
24:
2460:"Production of the Leeuwendaalder"
25:
3002:
2707:Austrian Netherlands kronenthaler
2535:
2323:was adopted by the newly unified
1774:, the most famous example of the
1486:, Lucerne, Zug, Basel, Fribourg,
1354:The Spanish 8-real coin or dollar
1087:
580:
2660:
2541:
2359:
2345:
2076:resulted in the issuance of the
1945:Chronology of thaler development
1466:40 batzen minted in Zurich, 1813
1171:had to follow up with their own
1131:
1115:
1100:
1004:
976:
953:
933:
864:) of less value to the standard
850:chronology of thaler development
623:of a 1525 Joachimsthaler of the
607:
595:
62:
1941:(before adoption of the euro).
669:, from the silver mined by the
472:
2976:Coins of the Holy Roman Empire
2488:
2470:
2452:
2434:
2423:
2411:
2404:as the English translation of
2386:
1564:
1435:
1250:The bank's success helped the
665:—that was named in German the
562:—to work with and his mint at
151:). The word is shortened from
13:
1:
2442:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
2380:
238:until 1935, and the Austrian
2726:Danish West Indian rigsdaler
2478:"Lion Dollar – Introduction"
1980:of Tirol issues his 31.93 g
1896:Modern silver commemorative
1094:Dutch guilder § History
1030:City view thalers and lösers
322:became standard, changed to
259:
7:
2338:
2264:From 1837: the Prussia-led
1806:and throughout much of the
1630:Scandinavian Monetary Union
1402:therefore introduced a new
1325:piece in the 19th century.
1074:Duchy of Brunswick-Luneburg
288:means "of the valley" (cf.
10:
3007:
2991:Modern obsolete currencies
2583:
2394:Teutsch-Englisches Lexicon
2022:1524: The money ordinance
1948:
1838:North German Confederation
1836:currency unit used in the
1820:Bullion coin § Silver
1817:
1643:
1568:
1442:Swiss franc § History
1439:
1339:
1091:
725:
584:
410:as well as a lower-valued
29:
2917:
2891:
2808:
2767:
2669:
2658:
2591:
2195:, 36 mariengroschen, etc.
2105:gulden on the eve of the
1863:and the various pesos of
1813:
1780:Francis Joseph of Austria
1662:German 5 Mark coin (1888)
785:Imperial Minting Standard
714:
708:, where they were called
2986:Denominations (currency)
2611:Danish West Indian daler
2519:
2301:Austro-Hungarian florins
2240:Austro-Hungarian florins
1831:, 25.0 grams, 90% silver
1287:. In 1754 it issued the
886:after 1754, and 14 to a
234:coin until 1928, the US
2809:15th and 16th centuries
2191:gulden, 90 kreuzer, 24
2000:1500: The first German
1424:. Finally, in 1795 the
1298:continued to refer to 1
783:in 1524. Under the new
768:and in English as the "
457:by about 1600. English
32:Thaler (disambiguation)
2526:Duve, Gebhard (1966).
2509:German monetary system
2208:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
1972:
1832:
1663:
1537:Helvetic Confederation
1467:
1459:
1367:
1355:
1039:
989:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
860:currency (also called
764:, later also known as
486:
400:
390:
272:. The silver mines at
213:
186:
178:
153:
113:) is one of the large
109:
99:
49:
2981:Currencies of Germany
2645:Greenlandic rigsdaler
2599:Norwegian speciedaler
2530:. Johannseburg: Duve.
2109:of 1618–1648 and the
1966:
1949:Further information:
1919:American Silver Eagle
1827:
1818:Further information:
1661:
1599:coins included the
1575:Norwegian speciedaler
1513:By the 18th century,
1476:Old Swiss Confederacy
1465:
1449:
1361:
1353:
1061:one-point perspective
1037:
1019:Sigismund II Augustus
991:with the traditional
900:was developed by the
726:Further information:
641:of similar weight to
480:
453:by 1550, modified to
230:until 1914, the five
107:, previously spelled
40:
2683:Maria Theresa thaler
2550:at Wikimedia Commons
2255:Austrian Netherlands
2232:North German thalers
2082:(known later as the
1891:Maria Theresa thaler
1772:Maria Theresa thaler
1640:19th-century Germany
1587:. The first Swedish
1430:Latin Monetary Union
1285:Austrian Netherlands
1227:Amsterdam Wisselbank
1147:and the independent
1110:or lion thaler, 1660
689:, the father of the
655:Jagiellonian dynasty
510:Great Bullion Famine
467:United States dollar
328:1902 spelling reform
240:Maria Theresa thaler
30:For other uses, see
2781:North German thaler
2752:Norwegian rigsdaler
2740:Hesse-Kassel thaler
2314:South German gulden
2280:South German gulden
2259:South German gulden
2244:South German gulden
2168:North German thaler
1988:and .9375 fineness.
1955:North German thaler
1910:, and the Austrian
1829:Swiss 5 francs coin
1753:South German gulden
1740:North German thaler
1700:North German thaler
1693:South German gulden
1672:South German gulden
1646:South German gulden
1145:Spanish Netherlands
732:North German thaler
553:half Guldengroschen
491:Early Modern period
434:and afterwards the
413:North German thaler
208:North German thaler
127:Early Modern period
2833:Swiss Confederacy
2828:Dutch rijksdaalder
2746:Mecklenburg thaler
2651:Westphalian thaler
2446:www.etymonline.com
2392:Christian Ludwig,
2367:Numismatics portal
2130:Brunswick-Lüneburg
1973:
1833:
1664:
1468:
1460:
1368:
1356:
1177:William the Silent
1173:Dutch rijksdaalder
1040:
904:minted at 10 to a
647:Kingdom of Bohemia
625:Kingdom of Bohemia
545:Archduke Sigismund
487:
384:Units used in the
192:, which contained
50:
2958:
2957:
2793:Swedish riksdaler
2695:Hanoverian thaler
2689:Conventionsthaler
2546:Media related to
2219:Conventionsthaler
2111:Kipper und Wipper
2107:Thirty Years' War
2032:Holy Roman Empire
2024:Reichsmünzordnung
1959:Conventionsthaler
1808:Arabian Peninsula
1776:Conventionsthaler
1764:German gold marks
1714:Conventionsthaler
1668:Conventionsthaler
1611:unit. In Norway,
1601:Swedish riksdaler
1579:Swedish riksdaler
1256:Thirty Years' War
1153:Holy Roman Empire
897:Conventionsthaler
777:Holy Roman Empire
736:Conventionsthaler
722:Holy Roman Empire
706:Tsardom of Russia
671:Counts of Schlick
657:, a guldiner was
407:Conventionsthaler
174:Holy Roman Empire
123:Habsburg monarchy
119:Holy Roman Empire
48:
45:(bottom center):
16:(Redirected from
2998:
2951:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2720:Danish rigsdaler
2664:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2555:
2554:
2545:
2531:
2514:
2507:MAIN reference:
2505:
2499:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2482:www.coins.nd.edu
2474:
2468:
2467:
2464:www.coins.nd.edu
2456:
2450:
2449:
2438:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2390:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2236:Prussian thalers
2230:
2229:
2225:
2212:Prussian thalers
2190:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2124:between Saxony,
2104:
2103:
2099:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1788:Ethiopian Empire
1751:
1750:
1746:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1605:Danish rigsdaler
1603:(1604) and the
1571:Danish rigsdaler
1557:at par with the
1548:
1547:
1543:
1490:, Schaffhausen,
1472:Thirteen Cantons
1410:and worth three
1336:Spain and France
1320:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1155:. It issued the
1135:
1119:
1104:
1008:
980:
957:
937:
923:
922:
918:
881:
880:
876:
836:
835:
831:
822:
821:
817:
802:
801:
797:
717:
716:
621:Electrotype copy
611:
599:
503:denarius grossus
429:
428:
424:
403:
393:
218:
201:
200:
196:
191:
183:
156:
146:
145:
141:
138:
112:
106:
104:[ˈtaːlɐ]
90:
85:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
46:
21:
3006:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2913:
2887:
2876:Stolberg thaler
2804:
2763:
2714:Prussian thaler
2665:
2656:
2587:
2582:
2538:
2522:
2517:
2506:
2502:
2493:
2489:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2365:
2360:
2358:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2253:for use in the
2251:Austrian Empire
2227:
2223:
2222:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2004:is issued from
1961:
1947:
1939:Slovenian tolar
1877:
1873:
1872:
1865:Spanish America
1857:Canadian dollar
1822:
1816:
1757:Habsburg Empire
1748:
1744:
1743:
1732:Prussian thaler
1722:
1718:
1717:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1680:Prussian thaler
1656:
1642:
1634:Norwegian krone
1581:
1567:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1527:livres (francs)
1444:
1438:
1412:livres tournois
1398:. In 1641 King
1385:Canadian dollar
1376:eight-real coin
1372:Spanish America
1348:
1338:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1167:, however, the
1139:
1136:
1127:
1120:
1111:
1105:
1096:
1090:
1032:
1025:
1009:
1000:
981:
972:
958:
949:
942:County of Tyrol
938:
920:
916:
915:
902:Austrian Empire
892:Prussian thaler
878:
874:
873:
833:
829:
828:
819:
815:
814:
799:
795:
794:
762:eight real coin
738:
724:
635:
634:
633:
632:
617:
616:
615:
612:
604:
603:
600:
589:
583:
475:
432:Prussian thaler
426:
422:
421:
262:
198:
194:
193:
161:coin minted in
157:, the original
143:
139:
136:
134:
88:
65:
61:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3004:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2941:
2930:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2816:Reichsguldiner
2812:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2537:
2536:External links
2534:
2533:
2532:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2500:
2487:
2469:
2451:
2433:
2422:
2410:
2402:dollar, doller
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2356:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2317:
2288:Vereinsthalers
2283:
2262:
2247:
2215:
2196:
2163:
2122:Abbey of Zinna
2114:
2093:
2074:guldengroschen
2070:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2020:
2013:
2002:Guldengroschen
1998:
1995:
1989:
1982:Guldengroschen
1946:
1943:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1908:Helvetia-Taler
1894:
1869:Ethiopian birr
1815:
1812:
1800:Eastern Africa
1796:Horn of Africa
1792:Ethiopian birr
1682:was fixed at 1
1641:
1638:
1566:
1563:
1437:
1434:
1408:Spanish dollar
1404:Louis d'Argent
1342:Spanish dollar
1337:
1334:
1260:Ottoman Empire
1252:Dutch Republic
1205:West Friesland
1161:leeuwendaalder
1149:Dutch Republic
1141:
1140:
1137:
1130:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1112:
1108:leeuwendaalder
1106:
1099:
1089:
1088:Dutch Republic
1086:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1010:
1003:
1001:
982:
975:
973:
959:
952:
950:
940:thaler of the
939:
932:
872:after 1690, 13
781:Guldengroschen
770:Spanish dollar
758:Habsburg Spain
723:
720:
679:Czech Republic
667:Joachimsthaler
643:guldengroschen
619:
618:
613:
606:
605:
601:
594:
593:
592:
591:
590:
582:
581:Joachimsthaler
579:
569:Guldengroschen
483:Guldengroschen
474:
471:
401:leeuwendaalder
284:1540). German
261:
258:
180:Guldengroschen
154:Joachimsthaler
26:
18:Joachimsthaler
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3003:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2948:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:See also
2890:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2799:Wechselthaler
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2787:Speciesthaler
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2734:Danzig thaler
2732:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2677:Bremen thaler
2675:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:Vereinsthaler
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2513:
2512:. p. 360–393.
2510:
2504:
2497:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2385:
2376:
2375:Ausbeutetaler
2373:
2372:
2368:
2357:
2354:
2343:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2325:German Empire
2322:
2321:gold standard
2318:
2315:
2302:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2169:
2164:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2085:Speciesthaler
2081:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1969:Vereinsthaler
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1903:Schützentaler
1899:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1846:gold standard
1843:
1839:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1784:Vereinsthaler
1781:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1741:
1737:
1736:Vereinsthaler
1733:
1729:
1715:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1660:
1655:
1654:Vereinsthaler
1651:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1626:Swedish krona
1623:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1464:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1406:equal to the
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1360:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1321:gulden or 30
1310:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1264:Bulgarian lev
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1233:
1232:bank currency
1229:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
983:17th-century
979:
974:
970:
966:
962:
956:
951:
947:
943:
936:
931:
930:
929:
927:
913:
912:
907:
903:
899:
898:
893:
889:
885:
871:
867:
863:
862:Reichsthalers
859:
858:
855:North German
852:
851:
845:
843:
839:
838:Reichsthalers
826:
823:th a Cologne
812:
811:
806:
793:) it weighed
792:
791:
790:Reichsmünzfuß
786:
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
737:
733:
729:
719:
711:
707:
702:
698:
696:
695:Bohemian lion
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
630:
626:
622:
610:
598:
588:
578:
575:
571:
570:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
541:gros tournois
538:
535:
534:Venetian lira
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
484:
479:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
447:
441:
439:
438:
437:Vereinsthaler
433:
419:
415:
414:
409:
408:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
371:
370:Schützentaler
366:
362:
358:
354:
353:Albertustaler
350:
346:
345:
340:
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
310:; Low German
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
292:
291:Neanderthaler
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
270:Joachimstaler
267:
257:
255:
254:first Spanish
251:
250:
245:
241:
237:
236:silver dollar
233:
229:
225:
220:
217:
216:
215:Vereinsthaler
210:
209:
204:
190:
189:
182:
181:
175:
170:
169:, from 1520.
168:
164:
160:
155:
150:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
111:
105:
101:
97:
93:
92:
83:
59:
55:
44:
39:
33:
19:
2950:}}
2944:{{
2939:}}
2933:{{
2928:}}
2922:{{
2882:Wendenthaler
2822:Reichsthaler
2768:17th century
2758:Saxon thaler
2701:Kronenthaler
2670:18th century
2633:Hesse-Kassel
2605:Baden thaler
2592:19th century
2584:
2527:
2511:
2503:
2490:
2481:
2472:
2463:
2454:
2445:
2436:
2425:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2388:
2353:Money portal
2193:gutegroschen
2120:made at the
2090:Cologne Mark
2083:
2079:Reichsthaler
2077:
2073:
2036:Cologne Mark
2017:Joachimsthal
2010:Cologne Mark
1951:Reichsthaler
1930:
1926:
1924:
1912:Haller-Taler
1911:
1907:
1906:, the Swiss
1901:
1897:
1883:
1861:Mexican peso
1850:
1834:
1769:
1761:
1728:Cologne Mark
1702:, valued at
1697:
1676:Kronenthaler
1665:
1650:Kronenthaler
1622:Danish krone
1619:
1612:
1608:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1559:French franc
1551:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1507:
1500:
1469:
1455:
1451:
1426:French franc
1421:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1369:
1346:French franc
1330:rijksdaalder
1329:
1327:
1322:
1308:
1295:
1293:
1289:Kronenthaler
1282:
1276:
1272:Moldovan leu
1268:Romanian leu
1249:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1165:reichsthaler
1160:
1157:kruisdaalder
1156:
1142:
1124:rijksdaalder
1123:
1107:
1082:portugalöser
1081:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1041:
1023:Vilnius Mint
1021:, minted in
1014:
984:
967:, minted in
961:Reichsthaler
960:
925:
911:Reichsthaler
909:
905:
895:
887:
883:
869:
866:Reichsthaler
865:
861:
856:
848:
846:
841:
837:
824:
810:Reichsthaler
808:
805:Cologne Mark
788:
780:
774:
749:
745:
741:
739:
728:Reichsthaler
709:
703:
699:
682:
666:
642:
638:
636:
567:
557:
552:
530:
525:
507:
502:
498:
488:
473:Predecessors
462:
458:
454:
450:
444:
442:
435:
418:Reichsthaler
417:
411:
405:
396:rijksdaalder
395:
388:include the
383:
379:Speciethaler
378:
374:
368:
364:
361:Kronenthaler
360:
356:
352:
348:
342:
338:
334:
332:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
289:
285:
277:
269:
265:
263:
247:
228:Mexican peso
223:
221:
206:
203:Cologne Mark
188:Reichsthaler
171:
163:Joachimsthal
158:
130:
115:silver coins
57:
53:
51:
2775:Bancothaler
2722:(late 18C)
2623:Mecklenburg
2170:further to
2126:Brandenburg
1935:Samoan tālā
1853:U.S. dollar
1842:Scandinavia
1614:speciedaler
1593:speciedaler
1565:Scandinavia
1555:Swiss franc
1549:th an écu.
1508:Vögelitaler
1436:Switzerland
1381:U.S. dollar
914:specie of 9
691:Virgin Mary
574:Renaissance
386:Netherlands
349:Silbertaler
344:Reichstaler
274:Joachimstal
232:Swiss franc
125:during the
2965:Categories
2878:(late 15C)
2858:St. Gallen
2830:(late 16C)
2754:(late 18C)
2381:References
2329:gold marks
2319:1873: The
2269:fixed at 1
2266:Zollverein
2026:issued at
1893:trade coin
1867:, and the
1644:See also:
1569:See also:
1523:laubthaler
1492:St. Gallen
1456:laubthaler
1440:See also:
1422:laubthaler
1400:Louis XIII
1340:See also:
1197:Overijssel
1185:Gelderland
1092:See also:
1047:thaler of
1012:Lithuanian
999:mountains.
987:coin from
754:gold coins
585:See also:
375:Bankthaler
365:Ortsthaler
357:Laubthaler
244:numismatic
2853:Solothurn
2242:, or 2.4
2234:, or 1.4
2118:agreement
2116:1667: An
2067:Charles V
2054:guldiner.
2028:Esslingen
1978:Sigismund
1967:Austrian
1636:in 1876.
1488:Solothurn
1432:of 1865.
1294:The term
1181:Friesland
1049:Rudolf II
965:Leopold I
946:Leopold V
639:guldiners
637:By 1518,
518:porcelain
485:(obverse)
481:The 1486
347:(1566),
333:The name
260:Etymology
2925:Groschen
2638:Hannover
2396:(1789),
2339:See also
2059:Augsburg
2040:groschen
1986:Kreuzers
1937:and the
1855:and the
1738:worth 1
1503:Reformed
1482:(1512),
1396:testoons
1383:and the
1057:Nürnberg
1053:Augsburg
1045:Lüneburg
993:woodwose
971:in 1692.
969:Kremnitz
847:See the
779:was the
760:was the
681:) where
675:Jáchymov
663:fineness
651:Louis II
629:Louis II
526:Groschen
501:), from
499:Groschen
497:(German
398:and the
363:(1755),
359:(1726),
355:(1612),
326:in the
176:was the
121:and the
2947:Pfennig
2703:(1755)
2628:Prussia
2619:(1857)
2308:⁄
2295:⁄
2274:⁄
2238:, or 2
2226:⁄
2200:Prussia
2186:⁄
2175:⁄
2157:⁄
2147:⁄
2137:⁄
2100:⁄
2044:kreuzer
1876:⁄
1747:⁄
1721:⁄
1707:⁄
1687:⁄
1670:at 2.4
1544:⁄
1474:of the
1450:French
1323:stuiver
1316:⁄
1303:⁄
1296:daalder
1239:⁄
1221:stuiver
1209:Zeeland
1201:Utrecht
1189:Holland
948:- 1621.
919:⁄
877:⁄
840:to the
832:⁄
818:⁄
798:⁄
710:yefimok
687:Joachim
677:in the
653:of the
614:Reverse
602:Obverse
425:⁄
391:daalder
381:, etc.
308:thaller
282:Alberus
264:German
197:⁄
167:Bohemia
149:1 ounce
142:⁄
43:quarter
2971:Thaler
2936:Gulden
2899:Dollar
2868:Zürich
2863:Valais
2848:Geneva
2839:(1542)
2824:(1566)
2818:(1559)
2801:(1670)
2795:(1604)
2789:(1622)
2783:(1690)
2777:(1619)
2760:(18C?)
2748:(18C?)
2742:(18C?)
2736:(18C?)
2728:(1784)
2716:(1750)
2697:(1754)
2691:(1754)
2685:(1741)
2679:(1740)
2653:(1807)
2647:(1874)
2613:(1849)
2607:(1821)
2601:(1816)
2585:Thaler
2548:Thaler
2406:Thaler
2400:gives
2206:, and
2128:, and
2051:Saxony
2049:1534:
2042:or 60
2006:Saxony
1984:of 60
1976:1486:
1971:(1855)
1957:, and
1931:dollar
1927:thaler
1898:Talers
1859:, the
1814:Legacy
1652:, and
1577:, and
1532:batzen
1529:or 40
1496:Geneva
1480:Zürich
1392:francs
1309:gulden
1270:, and
1245:gulden
1213:Zwolle
1211:, and
1193:Kampen
1126:, 1622
1122:Dutch
1055:1627,
1015:Thaler
985:thaler
857:thaler
742:Thaler
734:, and
715:ефимок
659:minted
560:Schwaz
514:spices
463:dollar
459:thaler
455:dollar
420:worth
394:, the
339:thaler
320:Thaler
316:dahler
304:thaler
286:-taler
249:dollar
224:thaler
159:thaler
131:thaler
110:Thaler
96:German
54:thaler
2909:Tolar
2884:(16C)
2870:(16C)
2843:Berne
2837:Basel
2520:Books
2398:c.448
2204:Hesse
1804:India
1726:to a
1716:or 13
1609:daler
1597:daler
1589:daler
1585:daler
1078:Löser
1069:Löser
924:to a
890:(the
882:to a
803:th a
746:crown
587:Tolar
549:Tirol
495:groat
451:daler
446:crown
335:taler
324:Taler
312:daler
300:toler
296:taler
278:taler
266:taler
100:Taler
58:taler
2904:Tālā
1993:Bern
1917:The
1889:The
1840:and
1770:The
1742:or 1
1698:The
1624:and
1515:Bern
1501:The
1494:and
1484:Bern
1470:The
1394:and
1366:1784
1344:and
1328:The
1143:The
997:Harz
926:Mark
906:Mark
888:Mark
884:Mark
870:Mark
842:Mark
825:Mark
766:peso
748:and
683:Thal
564:Hall
537:tron
522:silk
280:(so
222:The
129:. A
91:-lər
2496:282
2303:, 1
1521:or
1519:écu
1510:).
1454:or
1452:écu
1417:écu
1364:écu
1017:of
963:of
772:".
750:écu
547:of
416:or
377:,
351:,
89:TAH
56:or
52:A
2967::
2480:.
2462:.
2444:.
2202:,
1953:,
1848:.
1810:.
1802:,
1798:,
1712:a
1648:,
1573:,
1498:.
1387:.
1362:1
1274:.
1266:,
1247:.
1207:,
1203:,
1199:,
1195:,
1191:,
1187:,
1183:,
1179:.
1063:.
944:,
844:.
730:,
697:.
520:,
516:,
469:.
440:.
373:,
367:,
337:,
330:.
314:,
306:,
302:,
298:,
219:.
165:,
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94:;
79:ər
73:ɑː
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2570:t
2563:v
2498:.
2484:.
2466:.
2448:.
2408:.
2310:4
2306:3
2297:2
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2282:.
2276:4
2272:3
2228:3
2224:1
2188:2
2184:1
2181:1
2177:4
2173:3
2159:2
2155:1
2149:7
2145:6
2139:2
2135:1
2102:2
2098:1
2046:.
2012:.
1914:.
1878:2
1874:1
1749:4
1745:3
1723:3
1719:1
1709:4
1705:3
1689:4
1685:3
1546:4
1542:1
1318:2
1314:1
1305:2
1301:1
1241:2
1237:1
921:4
917:1
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875:1
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830:1
820:9
816:1
800:8
796:1
787:(
712:(
631:.
427:4
423:3
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199:9
195:1
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34:.
20:)
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