History of the Jews in Hungary

8064:"The Hungarian Jews in 1944 knew all about it. They had a lot of information because Jewish refugees were coming to Hungary, in 1942 and 1943, giving reports about what was happening in Poland, and what was the reaction from the Jews. This is Hungary. This might be happening in Galicia to Polish Jews, but this can't happen in our very cultivated Hungarian state. It is impossible that even early in 1944, the Jewish leadership there didn't have some information about what was happening. People were escaping from the extermination camps just 80 km from the Hungarian border and there were letters and reports and of course the BBC. I think part of the problem of the Holocaust was that potential victims couldn't believe the information. The idea that something so atrocious would come from Germany and the European civilized environment was so unimaginable that they didn't take it for real, even when they received overwhelming reports from the death camps." 7384:) railroad station meticulously recorded the trains heading to Auschwitz with their place of departure and the number of people inside them. The first train went through Kassa on May 14. On a typical day, there were three or four trains, with between 3,000 and 4,000 people on each train, for a total of approximately 12,000 Jews delivered to the extermination facilities each day. There were 109 trains during these 33 days through June 16. (There were days when there were as many as six trains.) Between June 25 and 29, there were 10 trains, then an additional 18 trains on July 5–9. The 138th recorded train (with the 400,426th victim) heading to Auschwitz via Kassa was on July 20. Another 10 trains were sent to Auschwitz via other routes (24,000+ people) (the first two left Budapest and Topolya on April 29, and arrived at Auschwitz on May 2), while 7 trains with 20,787 people went to 5589:) denoted only religious affiliation and was free from the ethnic or national connotations usually attached to the term 'Jew'. Hungarian Jews attained remarkable achievements in business, culture and less frequently even in politics. By 1910 about 900,000 religious Jews made up approximately 5% of the population of Hungary and about 23% of Budapest's citizenry. Jews accounted for 54% of commercial business owners, 85% of financial institution directors and owners in banking, and 62% of all employees in commerce, 20% of all general grammar school students, and 37% of all commercial scientific grammar school students, 31.9% of all engineering students, and 34.1% of all students in human faculties of the universities. Religious Jews were accounted for 48.5% of all physicians, and 49.4% of all lawyers/jurists in Hungary. During the cabinet of pm. 7302: 7274: 7451: 2556: 4725:"In order that the condition of the Jews may be regulated pending such time as may elapse until their affairs and the privileges of various royal free towns relating to them shall have been determined by a commission to report to the next ensuing Diet, when his Majesty and the estates will decide on the condition of the Jews, the estates have determined, with the approval of his Majesty, that the Jews within the boundaries of Hungary and the countries belonging to it shall, in all the royal free cities and in other localities (except the royal mining-towns), remain under the same conditions in which they were on Jan. 1, 1790; and in case they have been expelled anywhere, they shall be recalled." 8073:"Another major activity, which was financed chiefly by Palestinian funds but which also received some support from JDC, was the smuggling into Romania of Hungarian Jews when the deportations to Auschwitz began in that country in May 1944. It is not quite clear just how many Hungarian Jews managed to get across, but the number was in the neighborhood of 4,0(X). Most of them came by a route organized by the youth movements, though some paid individual smugglers on the border. In Istanbul, Alexander Cretianu, the Rumanian minister, agreed that these Jews should be let into his country. Filderman and Zissu obtained similar assurances in Bucharest, despite heavy German pressure." 7540: 7827:, about 20,000 or so Jews fled the country. About 9,000 went to Israel while others settled in the United States, Canada, Australia, Western Europe, and Latin America. An estimated 20% of the Hungarian refugees entering Canada in 1957 were Jewish. The Hungarian Jewish population declined both because of emigration and because of high levels of assimilation and intermarriage and low birth rates. The Jews with the strongest Jewish identities were typically the ones who emigrated. By 1967, only about 80,000–90,000 Jews (including non-religious Jews) remained in the country, with the number dropping further before the country's Communist regime collapsed in 1989. 5495: 7459: 5457: 8101:"In late July there was a lull in the deportations. After the failed attempt on Hitler's life, the Germans backed off from pressing Horthy's regime to continue further, large-scale deportations. Smaller groups continued to be deported by train. At least one German police message decoded by GC&CS revealed that one trainload of 1,296 Jews from the town of Sarvar in western Hungary Hungarian Jews being rounded up in Budapest (Courtesy: USHMM) had departed for Auschwitz on August 4.112 In late August, Horthy refused Eichmann's request to re-start the deportations. Himmler ordered Eichmann to leave Budapest." 5442: 5483: 6583: 3819: 5078:, Slovakia) were exempted from this order, as they remained loyal to the existing Austrian government. The military commission added a clause to tax requirements, to the effect that individuals or communities might be exempted from the punishment, if they could prove by documents or witnesses, before a commission to be appointed, that they had not taken part in the Revolution, either by word or deed, morally or materially. The Jews refused this means of clearing themselves. They declared to be willing to redeem the tax by collecting a certain sum for a national school fund. Emperor 7857: 5469: 4714: 4661: 6560: 5183: 5670: 7906:: "The overshadowing of the Holocaust by a politically guided preoccupation with the horrors of the Communist era has led, among other things, to giving priority to the compensation of the victims of Communism over those of Nazism. To add insult to injury, an indeterminate number of the Christian victims who were compensated for properties nationalized by the Communist regime had, in fact, 'legally' or fraudulently acquired them from Jews during the Nazi era. Compounding this virtual obscenity, the government of 5513:

population of Hungary. At the time, the Jewish natural growth rate was higher than the Christian (although the difference had been narrowing), but so was the emigration rate, mainly to the United States. (The total emigration from Austria-Hungary to the U.S. in 1881–1912 was 3,688,000 people, including 324,000 Jews (8.78%). In the 1880–1913 period, a total of 2,019,000 people emigrated from Hungary to the US. Thus, an estimated 177,000 Jews emigrated from Hungary to the US during this total period.)

8037:"By 1941, over 17 percent of Budapest's Jews (as defined by law) belonged to Christian denominations. The number of converts was so great and the influence of some of them so weighty that the Catholic episcopate created an association for their legal and social protection --- the Holy Cross Society – in October 1938. It battled officials over enforcement of the racial laws, campaigned against further legislation, and, later, tried to help converts who were drafted into labor battalions." 10648: 3811: 7434:'s official German reports. One hundred and forty-seven trains were sent to Auschwitz, where most of the deportees were murdered on arrival. Because the crematoria could not cope with the corpses, special pits were dug near them, where bodies were burned. It has been estimated that one-third of the murdered victims at Auschwitz were Hungarian. For most of this period, 12,000 Jews were delivered to Auschwitz in a typical day, among them the future writer and Nobel Prize-winner 6551:. Horthy's personal role in these reprisals is still subject of debate (in his memoirs he refused to disavow the violence, saying that "only an iron broom" could have swept the country clean). Tallying the numbers of victims of the different terror campaigns in this period is still a matter of some political dispute but the White Terror is generally considered to have claimed more lives than the repressions of the Kun regime by an order of magnitude, thousands vs hundreds. 7199: 7800:(30,000–35,000) and Western countries (15,000–20,000). Between 1948 and 1951 14,301 Hungarian Jews immigrated to Israel, and after 1951 exit visas became increasingly expensive and restrictive. People of Jewish origin dominated the post-war Communist regime until 1952–53 when many were removed in a series of purges. During its first years, the regime's top membership and secret police were almost entirely Jewish, albeit naturally anti-religious. Leaders like 7167:" (munkaszolgálat) units which were used to repair bombed railroads, build airports or to clean up minefields at the front barehanded. Approximately 42,000 Jewish labour service troops were killed at the Soviet front in 1942–43, of which about 40% perished in Soviet POW camps. Many died as a result of harsh conditions on the Eastern Front and cruel treatment by their Hungarian sergeants and officers. Another 4,000 forced laborers died in the copper mine of 5195: 8046:"A few thousand of the deportees were simply abandoned by their captors in the areas surrounding Kaminets-Podolsk. Most subsequently perished with other Jewish residents of the area as a result of transports or aktions in the many ghettos that were established but a handful survived, either by returning to the area of their homes, or otherwise. The number of people deported over the Carpathians was 19,426 according to a document found in 2012 ." 12139: 4703: 3264: 96: 4616:; but their exclusion from the mining-towns remained in force. Christian masters were allowed to have Jewish apprentices. All distinctive marks hitherto worn by the Jews were to be abolished, and they might even carry swords. On the other hand, they were required to discard the distinctive marks prescribed by their religion and to shave their beards. Emperor Joseph regarded this decree so seriously that he allowed no one to violate it. 5260: 122: 6042:. Class distinction was very significant in Hungary in general, and among the Jewish population in particular. Rich bankers, factory owners, lower middle class artisans and poor factory workers did not mingle easily. In 1926, there were 50,761 Jewish families living in Budapest. Of that number, 65% lived in apartments that contained one or two rooms, 30% had three or four rooms, while 5% lived in apartments with more than 4 rooms. 4181:), stating that his edict would be recalled only in case they accepted Christianity. The Jews, however, remained in the city, without abandoning their religion. They were in constant conflict with the citizens. On 1 June 1582 the municipal council decreed that no one should harbor Jews, or even transact business with them. The feeling against the Jews in that part of the country not under Turkish rule is shown by the decree of the 12151: 8055:"he BBC broadcast every day, giving updates on the war, general news, and opinion pieces on Hungarian politics. But among all these broadcasts, there were crucial things that were not being said, things that might have warned thousands of Hungarian Jews of the horrors to come in the event of German occupation. A memo setting out policy for the BBC Hungarian Service in 1942 states: 'We shouldn't mention the Jews at all.'" 7253:, a British Foreign Office adviser on Hungary, said: "We shouldn't mention the Jews at all." Macartney believed that most Hungarians were antisemitic and that mentioning the Jews would alienate much of the population. Most of the Jews did not believe that the Holocaust might happen in Hungary: "This might be happening in Galicia to Polish Jews, but this can't happen in our very cultivated Hungarian state." According to 8110:"Himmler did issue a definite order against it which reached Budapest on the night between August 24 and August 25, as Veesenmayer reported to Ribbentrop on the latter day. This order stood after Himmler received Becher's cable. It seems, therefore, that in return for nothing more than Mayer's promise to see whether the Germans’ demands would be met, Himmler was ready to desist from the deportation of Budapest Jewry." 53: 5689:(5,000) became part of Austria and finally 0.2% (2,000) lived in Fiume, which became part of Italy after 1924. According to the censuses of 1930–1931, 238,460/192,833/about 22,000 Jews lived in parts of Czechoslovakia/Romania/Yugoslavia formerly belonging to Hungary, which means that the overall number of people declaring themselves Jewish remained unchanged in the Carpathian basin between 1910 and 1930 . 5092: 4581: 7630:

to check out the fate of their families. Their number was 116,000. It is estimated that from an original population of 861,000 people considered Jewish inside the borders of 1941–1944, about 255,000 survived. This gives a 29.6 percent survival rate. According to another calculation, Hungary's Jewish population at the time of the German invasion was 800,000, of which 365,000 survived.

7133:

Germans between July 15 and August 12, 1941. In practice, the Hungarians deported many people whose families had lived in the area for generations. In some cases, applications for residency permits were allowed to pile up without action by Hungarian officials until after the deportations had been carried out. The vast majority of those deported were massacred in Kameniec-Podolsk (

6721:, with 1,025,508 people including 15,000 Jews (data are from October 1941). This means that inside the May 1941 borders of Hungary, there were 861,000 people (or 5.87%) who were at least half Jewish, and therefore were considered Jewish. From this number, 725,000 (or 4.94%) were Jewish in accordance with Jewish religious law (4.30% in pre-1938 Hungary, 7.15% in the territories 4990:, all the Jews of Hungary sent delegates to a conference at Pest on July 5, 1848. It chose a commission of ten members to lobby with the Diet for emancipation. The commission delegates were instructed not to make any concessions related to practicing the Jewish faith. The commission soon after addressed a petition to the Parliament for emancipation, but it proved ineffective. 4593:

school. The usual school-inspectors were to supervise the Jewish schools and to report to the government. The Jews were to create a fund for organizing and maintaining their schools. Jewish youth might enter the academies, and might study any subject at the universities except theology. Jews might rent farms only if they could cultivate the same without the aid of Christians.

8028:"Jews in Hungary were culturally Hungarian. They spoke Hungarian, even the Orthodox among them, and identified strongly with the cause of Hungarian nationalism, often to the point of chauvanism. Jews living in the Hungarian territories that were given to the countries surrounding Hungary after the Treaty of Versailles (1919) maintained their Hungarian ethnic identity. 7257:, when the deportations to Auschwitz began in May 1944, the Zionist youth movements organized smuggling of Hungarian Jews into Romania. Around 4,000 Hungarian Jews were smuggled into Romania, including the smugglers and those who paid them on the border. The Romanians agreed to let those Jews in, despite heavy German pressure. However Romania allied itself with 6669:

instance, the support for Nazi parties was above 43% in the election districts of Zala, Győr-Moson, Budapest surroundings, Central and Northern Pest-Pilis, and above 36% in Veszprém, Vas, Szabolcs-Ung, Sopron, Nógrád-Hont, Jász-Nagykun, Southern Pest town and Buda town. The Nazi parties were not on the ballot mainly in the Eastern third of the country and in

4060:. During this session it was decreed that the Jews should immediately be expelled from every part of the country. Zápolya, however, did not ratify these laws; and the Diet held at Pressburg in December 1526, at which Ferdinand of Habsburg was chosen king (1526–1564), annulled all the decrees of that of Székesfehérvár, including Zápolya's election as king. 3990:, arrived with his army at Buda, the representatives of the Jews who had remained in the city appeared garbed in mourning before him, and, begging for grace, handed him the keys of the deserted and unprotected castle in token of submission. The sultan himself entered Buda on September 11; and on September 22 he decreed that all the Jews seized at Buda, 3782:, that every Jew appearing in public should wear on the left side of his upper garment a piece of red cloth; that any Christian transacting business with a Jew not so marked, or living in a house or on land together with any Jew, should be refused admittance to the Church services; and that a Christian entrusting any office to a Jew should be 4969:, and other Jewish societies, freely contributed silver and gold, armor and provisions, clothed and fed the soldiers, and furnished lint and other medical supplies to the Hungarian camps. Meanwhile, they did not forget to take steps to obtain their rights as citizens. When the Diet of 1847–1848 (in which, according to ancient law, only the 5553:

attested to its successful integration. Indeed, commentators opined in 1911 that Hungary had "absorbed" their Jews and "it has come to pass that there is no anti-Semitism in Budapest, although the Hebrew element is proportionately much larger (21% as compared to 9%) than it is in Vienna, the Mecca of the Jew-baiter" At that time

3944:, together with his family and all the other Hungarian Jews, under his protection, according to them all the rights enjoyed by his other subjects. Under Ladislaus' successor, Louis II (1516–1526), persecution of the Jews was a common occurrence. The bitter feeling against them was in part augmented by the fact that the baptized 5569:

the shoemakers of Hungary were Jewish. 48.5% of the physicians in the country (2701 out of 5565) were Jewish. In the 1893–1913 period, Jews made up roughly 20% of the students of the gimnázium high school (where classical subjects were emphasized) students and 37% of reál high school (where practical subjects were emphasized).

4983:

practices. This reform had been first demanded in the session of 1839–1840. From this session onward, the press and general assemblies pushed for religious reform. Several counties instructed their representatives not to vote for the emancipation of the Jews until they desisted from practising the externals of their religion.

6579:

Hungarian population by the territorial losses at Trianon. That and the highly visible role of Jews in the economy, the media and the professions, as well as in the leadership of the 1919 Communist dictatorship left Hungary's Jews as an ethnically separate group which could serve as a scapegoat for the nation's ills.

6665:

lost their income. Most of them lost their right to vote as well: before the second Jewish law, about 31% of the Jewish population of Borsod county (Miskolc excluded), 2496 people had this right. At the next elections, less than a month after this new anti-Jewish legislation, only 38 privileged Jews could vote.

7561:), and two ghettos were set up in Budapest. The small "international ghetto" consisted of several "starred" houses under the protection of neutral powers in the Újlipótváros district. Switzerland was allowed to issue 7,800 Schutzpasses, Sweden 4,500, and the Vatican, Portugal, and Spain 3,300 combined. The big 6031:

Jewish. Districts V (31%), VI (28%), VII (36%), VIII (22%), IX (13%) had large Jewish populations, while district X had 6%. The four Neolog communities of Budapest (I-II, III, IV-IX, X) had a total of 66,300 members paying their dues, while the Orthodox community had about 7,000 members paying religious taxes.

4577:

the salutary effects of these decrees. The subjects to be taught in the Jewish schools were to be the same as those taught in the national schools; the same text-books were to be used in all the elementary schools; and everything that might offend the religious sentiment of non-conformists was to be omitted.

7359:

on June 30, subsequently pleaded with Horthy to use his influence to stop the deportations. Roosevelt specifically threatened military retaliation if the transports were not ceased. On July 7, Horthy, at last, ordered the transports halted. According to historian Péter Sipos, the Hungarian government

5548:

The majority (75.7%) of the Jewish population reported Hungarian as their primary language, so they were counted as ethnically Hungarian in the census. The Yiddish speakers were counted as ethnically German. According to this classification, 6.94% of the ethnic Hungarians and 11.63% of the Germans of

5240:

In 1942 during World War II, when Hungary became allied with Germany, the Hungarian Defense Ministry was tasked with "race validation." Its officials complained that no Hungarian or German names were "safe," as Jews might have any name. They deemed Slavic names to be "safer", but the decree listed 58

4619:

The Jews, in a petition dated April 22, 1783, expressed their gratitude to the emperor for his favors, and, reminding him of his principle that religion should not be interfered with, asked permission to wear beards. The emperor granted the prayer of the petitioners, but reaffirmed the other parts of

4518:

petitioned the government to be appointed primate of the Hungarian Jews to be able to settle difficulties that might arise among them, and to collect the tax. The government did not recommend Hirsch, but decided that in case the Jews should refuse to pay, it might be advisable to appoint a primate to

4253:

to expel its Jews, who had immigrated from the Austrian provinces. The government, desiring to enforce the edict of the last Diet, decreed soon afterward that Jews should be removed from the office of collector. The order proved ineffective, however; and the employment of Jewish customs officials was

7898:

In April 1997, the Hungarian parliament passed a Jewish compensation act that returns property stolen from Jewish victims during the Nazi and Communist eras. Under this law, property and monetary payment were given back to the Jewish public heritage foundation and to Jewish victims of the Holocaust.

7629:

An estimated 119,000 Jewish people were liberated in Budapest (25,000 in the small "international" ghetto, 69,000 in the big ghetto, and 25,000 hiding with false papers) and 20,000 forced laborers in the countryside. Almost all the surviving deportees returned between May and December 1945, at least

5692:

According to the census of December 1920 in the "small" Hungary, the percentage of Jews increased in the preceding decade in Sátoraljaújhely (to 30.4%), Budapest (23.2%), Újpest (20.0%), Nyíregyháza (11.7%), Debrecen (9.9%), Pécs (9.0%), Sopron (7.5%), Makó (6.4%), Rákospalota (6.1%), Kispest (5.6%)

5568:

Before the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, Jews in Hungary were prevented from owning land, which resulted in many going into business. In 1910, 60.96% of merchants, 58.11% of the book printers, 41.75% of the innkeepers, 24.42% of the bakers, 24.07% of the butchers, 21.04% of the tailors, and 8.90% of

4576:

Documents written in Hebrew or in Yiddish were not legal; Hebrew books were to be used at worship only; the Jews were to organize elementary schools; the commands of the emperor, issued in the interests of the Jews, were to be announced in the synagogues; and the rabbis were to explain to the people

4510:

The commission laid these complaints before the Queen, indicating the manner in which they could be relieved; and their suggestions were subsequently willed by the queen and made into law. The queen relieved the Jews from the tax of toleration in Upper Hungary only. In regard to the other complaints

4429:

The queen confirmed this agreement of the commission, except the eight-year clause, changing the period to three years, which she subsequently made five. The agreement, thus ratified by the queen, was brought on November 26 before the courts, which were powerless to relieve the Jews from the payment

4388:

In 1735, another census of the Jews of the country was taken with the view of reducing their numbers. There were at that time 11,621 Jews living in Hungary, of which 2,474 were male heads of families, and fifty-seven were female heads. Of these heads of families 35.31 per cent declared themselves to

8091:

Veesenmayer's telegram to Wilhelmstrasse (German Foreign Ministry) on July 11: "The concentration and transportation of the Jews from Zone V and the Budapest suburbs were concluded with 55,741 Jews on July 9, as planned. The total result from Zones I-V and the Budapest suburbs has been 437,402." p.

6668:

In the elections of May 28–29, Nazi and Arrow Cross (Nyilas) parties received one quarter of the votes and 52 out of 262 seats. Their support was even larger, usually between 1/3 and 1/2 of the votes, where they were on the ballot at all, since they were not listed in large parts of the country For

6034:

In the countryside of the post-WWI Hungary, the Orthodox had a slight edge (about 49%) over the Neolog (46%). Budapest and countryside combined, 65.72% of the 444,567 Jews belonged to Neolog communities, 5.03% to status quo ante, while 29.25% were Orthodox in 1930. The Jewish communities suffered a

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2,300,000 . As the communities were unable to collect such monies, they petitioned the government to remit it. The Jewish communities of the entire country were ordered to share in raising the sum, on the grounds that most of the Jews of Hungary had supported the Revolution. Only the communities of

4355:

Jews continued to live in Hungary as Moravian subjects; even those that went there for the purpose of marrying and settling promised on oath before leaving that they would pay the same taxes as those living in Moravia. In 1734 the Jews of Trencsén bound themselves by a secret oath that in all their

7132:

It is not clear whether the 10,000–20,000 Jewish refugees (from Poland and elsewhere) were counted in the January 1941 census. They and anyone who could not prove legal residency since 1850, about 20,000 people, were deported to southern Poland and either abandoned there or were handed over to the

6664:

Their employment in government at any level was forbidden, they could not be editors at newspapers, their numbers were restricted to six per cent among theater and movie actors, physicians, lawyers and engineers. Private companies were forbidden to employ more than 12% Jews. 250,000 Hungarian Jews

6578:

Unfortunately for Jews they had also become, by a quirk of history, the most visible minority remaining in Hungary (besides ethnic Germans and Gypsies); the other large "non-Hungarian" populations (including Slovaks, Slovenes, Croats, and Romanians, among others) had been abruptly excised from the

6574:

Resentment of this Jewish trend of success was widespread: Admiral Horthy himself declared that he was "an anti-Semite", and remarked in a letter to one of his prime ministers, "I have considered it intolerable that here in Hungary everything, every factory, bank, large fortune, business, theater,

6506:

to cede a significant part of the Great Plains to Romania and the communists took control of Hungary's governing institutions. While popular at first among Budapest's progressive elite and proletariat, the so-called Hungarian Soviet Republic fared poorly in almost all of its aims, particularly its

6030:

In 1926, the districts I, II, III of Buda were Jewish 8%,11%,10% respectively. The 19,000 Jews of Buda constituted about 9.3% of both the total population of Buda and the entire Jewish population of Budapest. On the left (Pest) side of the Danube, downtown Pest (Belváros, district IV then) was 18%

5700:

The following table shows the number of people who declared to be Israelite (Jewish) at the censuses inside the post-WWI territory of Hungary. Between 1920 and 1945, it was illegal for Hungarians to fail to declare their religion A person's religion was written on their birth certificate, marriage

5544:

The net loss for Judaism due to conversions was relatively low before the end of the Great War: 240 people/year between 1896 and 1900, 404 between 1901 and 1910, and 435 people/year between 1911 and 1917. According to records, 10,530 people left Judaism, and 2,244 converted to Judaism between 1896

5532:

and organ were both used in religious worship in the synagogues). Traditionalists ("Status quo ante") were the smallest of the three, mainly in the North. The East and North of the country were overwhelmingly Orthodox (more orthodox than "status quo ante"). In broad terms, Jews whose ancestors had

4592:

During the early years Christian teachers were to be employed in the Jewish schools, but they were to have nothing to do with the religious affairs of such institutions. After the lapse of ten years a Jew might establish a business, or engage in trade, only if he could prove that he had attended a

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if they entered the city during the day, if only for an hour. In many places they might not even stay overnight. They therefore begged permission to settle, or at least to visit the fairs, in Croatia and Slavonia and in those places from which they had been driven in consequence of the jealousy of

4425:

50,000. This sum being excessive, the delegates protested; and although the queen had fixed ƒ30,000 as the minimum tax, they were finally able to compromise on the payment of ƒ20,000 a year for a period of eight years. The delegates were to apportion this amount among the districts; the districts,

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inhabitants. In 1726 the king decreed that in the Austrian provinces, from the day of publication of the decree, only one male member in each Jewish family be allowed to marry. This decree, restricting the natural increase of the Jews, materially affected the Jewish communities of Hungary. All the

4241:

of Hungary, advised the king to give the preference to the German Catholics so that the country might in time become German and Catholic. He held that the Jews could not be exterminated at once, but they must be weeded out by degrees, as bad coin is gradually withdrawn from circulation. The decree

5790:

The net loss for Judaism due to official conversions was 26,652 people between 1919 and 1938, while 4,288 people converted into the faith, 30,940 left it. The endpoints of this period, 1919–1920 (white terror) and 1938 (anti-Jewish law) contributed to more than half of this loss; between 1921 and

5696:

In 1920, 46.3% of the medical doctors, 41.2% of the veterinarians, 21.4% of the pharmacists of Hungary were Jewish, as well as 34.3% of the journalists, 24.5% of performers of music, 22.7% of the theater actors, 16.8% of the painters and sculptors. Among the owners of land of more than 1000 hold,

5688:

Using data from the 1910 census, 51.7% of the Hungarian Jews lived in territories that stayed inside the "small" Hungary after 1921, 25.5% (232,000) lived in territories that later became part of Czechoslovakia, 19.5% (178,000) became part of Romania, 2.6% (23,000) became part of Yugoslavia, 0.5%

5512:

According to the 1910 census, the number of Jews was 911,227, or 4.99% of the 18,264,533 people living in Hungary (In addition, there were 21,231 Jews in autonomous Croatia-Slavonia). This was a 28.7% increase in absolute terms since the 1890 census, and a 0.3% increase (from 4.7%) in the overall

5103:

While the House of Habsburg controlled Hungary, emancipation of Jews was postponed. When the Austrian troops were defeated in Italy in 1859, activists pressed for liberty. In that year the cabinet, with Emperor Franz Joseph in the chair, decreed that the status of the Jews should be regulated in

4313:, where a number of rich Jews were living. The king granted letters of protection to those that had been ruined by the revolt, and demanded satisfaction for those that had been injured; but in return for these favors he commanded the Jews to furnish the sums necessary for suppressing the revolt. 4199:

community suffered much during this siege, as did also that of Székesfehérvár when the imperial troops took that city in September 1601; many of its members were either slain or taken prisoner and sold into slavery, their redemption being subsequently effected by the German, Italian, and Ottoman

7034:

The question about Jewish grandparents was added late to the questionnaires at the census of 1941, when some of the sheets had already been printed. In addition, a lot of Christians of Jewish ancestry did not answer this question truthfully. So while about 62,000 Christians admitted some Jewish

5552:

Population of the capital, Budapest, was 23% Jewish (about the same ratio as in New York City). This community had established numerous religious and educational institutions. Pest was more Jewish than Buda. The prosperity, cultural, and financial prominence of Budapest's large Jewish community

4982:

Many Jews thought to pave the way for emancipation by a radical reform of their religious life. They thought this might ease their way, as legislators in the Diets and articles printed in the press suggested that the Jews should not receive equal civic rights until they reformed their religious

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and those having the rights of nobles might take part) was dissolved (April 11), and the new Parliament – at which under the new laws the delegates elected by the commons also appeared – was convened at Pest (July 2, 1848), the Jews hopefully looked forward to the deliberations of the new body.

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urged for an immediate halt to the deportations. Horthy ordered the suspension of all deportations on July 6. Nonetheless, another 45,000 Jews were deported from the Trans-Danubian region and the outskirts of Budapest to Auschwitz after this day. "After the failed attempt on Hitler's life, the

6601:

Anti-Jewish policies grew more repressive in the interwar period as Hungary's leaders, who remained committed to regaining territories lost in WWI, chose to align themselves (albeit warily) with the fascist governments of Germany and Italy – the international actors most likely to stand behind

5572:

The strong class divisions of Hungary were represented in the Jewish population. About 3.1% of the Jews belonged to the "large employer" and "agricultural landowner of more than 100 hold, i.e. 57 hectares" class, 3.2% to the "small (<100 hold) landholder" class, 34.4% to the "working", i.e.

4371:

The government could not, however, check the large immigration; for although strict laws were drafted in 1727, they could not be enforced owing to the good-will of the magnates toward the Jews. The counties either did not answer at all, or sent reports bespeaking mercy rather than persecution.

7565:

was set up and walled in the Erzsébetváros part of Budapest on November 29. Nyilas raids and mass executions occurred in both ghettos regularly. In addition, in the two months between November 1944 and February 1945, the Nyilas shot 10,000–15,000 Jews on the banks of the Danube. Soviet troops

4375:

Meanwhile, the king endeavored to free the mining-towns from the Jews – a work which Leopold I had already begun in 1693. The Jews, however, continued to settle near these towns; they displayed their wares at the fairs; and, with the permission of the court, they even erected a foundry at Ság

4736:

law was gratefully received by the Jews; for it not only afforded them protection, but also gave them the assurance that their affairs would soon be regulated. Still, although the Diet appointed on February 7, 1791, a commission to study the question, the amelioration of the condition of the

3672:

The cruelties inflicted upon the Jews of Bohemia induced many of them to seek refuge in Hungary. It was probably the immigration of the rich Bohemian Jews that induced Coloman soon afterward to regulate commercial and banking transactions between Jews and Christians. He decreed, among other

7799:

At the end of World War II, only 140,000 Jews remained in Hungary, down from 750,000 in 1941. The difficult economic situation coupled with the lingering antisemitic attitude of the population prompted a wave of migration. Between 1945 and 1949, 40,000–50,000 Jews left Hungary for Israel

5608:

While the Jewish population of the lands of the Dual Monarchy was about five percent, Jews made up nearly eighteen percent of the reserve officer corps. Thanks to the modernity of the constitution and to the benevolence of emperor Franz Joseph, the Austrian Jews came to regard the era of

4647:

petitioned the municipal council that after May 1, 1790, the Jews should no longer be allowed to live in the city. The government interfered; and the Jews were merely forbidden to engage in peddling in the city. Seven days previously a decree of expulsion had been issued at Nagyszombat

4188:

By article XV of the law promulgated by the Diet of 1630, Jews were forbidden to take charge of the customs; and this decree was confirmed by the Diet of 1646 on the ground that the Jews were excluded from the privileges of the country, that they were unbelievers, and had no conscience

5152:, a bill in favor of emancipation was adopted; it was passed by the upper house on the following day. Although the Antisemitic Party was represented in the Parliament, it was not taken seriously by the political elite of the country. Its agitation against Jews was not successful (see 7494:

Germans backed off from pressing Horthy's regime to continue further, large-scale deportations, although some smaller groups continued to be deported by train. In late August, Horthy refused Eichmann's request to restart the deportations. Himmler ordered Eichmann to leave Budapest."

5104:

agreement with the times, but with due regard for the conditions obtaining in the several localities and provinces. When the emperor convened the Diet on April 2, 1861, Jews pushed for emancipation but the early dissolution of that body prevented it from taking action in the matter.

7910:

sought in late 1998 to ease the collective conscience of the nation by offering to compensate survivors by paying approximately $ 150 for each member of their particular immediate families, assuming that they can prove that their loved ones were in fact victims of the Holocaust."

4652:), May 1 being fixed as the date of the Jews' departure. The Jews appealed to the government; and in the following December the city authorities of Nagyszombat were informed that the Diet had confirmed the former rights of the Jews, and that the latter could not be expelled. 6491:, which ceded to neighboring nations fully two-thirds of Hungary's imperial territory and two-thirds of its population, including a third of its ethnically Magyar citizens and many Jews. These losses provoked deep anger and hostility in the remaining Hungarian population. 5064:

Several communities petitioned to be relieved of the war taxes. The ministry of war, however, increased the burden, requiring that the communities of Pest, Óbuda, Kecskemét, Czegléd, Nagykőrös, and Irsa should pay this tax not in kind, but in currency to the amount of

5013:, and of inducing the Jews to organize their religious life in conformity with the demands of the time, for instance, business hours on Saturday, the Jewish Sabbath. The bill included the clause referring to marriages between Jews and Christians, which clause both 6233:

Seven of the thirteen Nobel prize winners born in Hungary are Jewish. In sports, 55.6% of the individual gold medal winners of Hungary at the Summer Olympic Games between 1896 and 1912 were Jewish. This number dropped to 17.6% in the interwar period of 1924–1936.

4774:. Various communities founded Hungarian reading-circles; and the Hungarian dress and language were more and more adopted. Many communities began to use Hungarian on their seals and in their documents, and some liberal rabbis even began to preach in that language. 6546:

Beginning in July 1919, officers of Horthy's National Army engaged in a brutal string of counter-reprisals against Hungarian communists and their allies, real or imagined. This series of pogroms directed at Jews, progressives, peasants and others is known as the

7210:

summoned Horthy to a conference in Austria, where he demanded greater acquiescence from the Hungarian state. Horthy resisted, but his efforts were fruitless – German tanks rolled into Budapest while he attended the conference. On March 23, the government of

7484:

designated 2,000 (5%) "starred" houses where every Jew (20%+) had to move together. The authorities thought that the Allies would not bomb Budapest because the "starred" houses were scattered around the town. At the end of June, Pope Pius XII, Swedish King

4309:); while others, who could not leave their business in this time of distress, sent their families to safe places, and themselves braved the danger. While not many Jews lost their lives during this revolt, it made great havoc in their wealth, especially in 4071:

was brought against these inconvenient creditors in 1529. Although Mendel, the prefect, and the Jews throughout Hungary protested, the accused were burned at the stake. For centuries afterward Jews were forbidden to live at Bösing. The Jews of Nagyszombat

3900:

in Hungary. The period following the death of Matthias was a sad one for the Hungarian Jews. He was hardly buried, when the people fell upon them, confiscated their property, refused to pay debts owing to them, and persecuted them generally. The pretender

6498:, and was the first modern effort at liberal democratic government in Hungary. But it was cut short in a spasm of communist revolution, which would have serious implications for the manner in which Hungarian Jews were viewed by their fellow-countrymen. 4797:

Although the session of the Diet convened on November 7, 1847, was unfavorable to the Jews, the latter not only continued to cultivate the Hungarian language, but were also willing to sacrifice their lives and property in the hour of danger. During the

7823:. Some armed rebel leaders like István Angyal, an Auschwitz survivor executed on December 1, 1958, were Jewish. Jewish writers and intellectuals such as Tibor Déry, imprisoned from 1957 to 1961, occupied the forefront of the reform movement. After the 7556:

After the Nyilaskeresztes (Arrow Cross) coup d'état on October 15, tens of thousands of Jews of Budapest were sent on foot to the Austrian border in death marches, most forced laborers under Hungarian Army command so far were deported (for instance to

5229:

Emperor Joseph II believed that Germanization could facilitate the centralization of his empire. Beginning in 1783, he ordered Jews to either choose or be given German family names by local committees. The actions were dependent on local conditions.

4683:

for their opinions. The question was brought before the estates of the country on December 2, and the Diet drafted a bill showing that it intended to protect the Jews. This decision created consternation among the enemies of the latter. Nagyszombat

4420:

County, assembled at Pressburg and met a royal commission, which informed them that they would be expelled from the country if they did not pay this tax. The frightened Jews at once agreed to do so; and the commission then demanded a yearly tax of

4017:

Although the Ottoman Army turned back after the battle, in 1541 it again invaded Hungary to help repel an Austrian attempt to take Buda. By the time the Ottoman Army arrived, the Austrians were defeated, but the Ottomans seized Buda by ruse.

4777:

At the sessions of the Diet subsequent to that of 1839–1840, as well as in various cities, a decided antipathy—at times active and at times merely passive—toward the Jews became manifest. In sharp contrast to this attitude was that of Baron

6571:. In 1920, 60 percent of Hungarian doctors, 51 percent of lawyers, 39 percent of all privately employed engineers and chemists, 34 percent of editors and journalists, and 29 percent of musicians identified themselves as Jews by religion. 6501:

In March 1919, Communist and Social Democrat members of a coalition government ousted Karolyi; soon after (March 21), the Communists were to take power as their Social Democrat colleagues were willing neither to accept nor to refuse the

7334:). The plan was to use 45 cattle cars per train, 4 trains a day, to deport 12,000 Jews to Auschwitz every day from the countryside, starting in mid-May; this was to be followed by the deportation of Jews of Budapest from about July 15. 4526:) and offered to increase the amount of their tax to 25,000 florins a year if the queen would promise that it should remain at that sum for the next ten years. The queen had other plans, however; not only did she dismiss the renewed 5001:(July 28, 1849). The bill, which was quickly debated and immediately became a law, fulfilled the hopes of the Reform party. The Jews obtained full citizenship. The Ministry of the Interior was ordered to call a convention of Jewish 10738: 6535:– were of Jewish ancestry. As in other countries where Communism was viewed as an immediate threat, the presence of ethnic Jews in positions of revolutionary leadership helped foster the notion of a Jewish-Bolshevik conspiracy. 10546: 6705:, the census of January 31, 1941, found that 6.2% of the population of 13,643,621, i.e. 846,000 people, were considered Jewish according to the racial laws of that time. In addition, in April 1941, Hungary annexed the Bácska ( 4551:, which wiped out at one stroke the decrees that had oppressed the Jews for centuries. The royal free towns, except the mining-towns, were opened to the Jews, who were allowed to settle at leisure throughout the country. The 8543: 8227:"Hungarian census 2011 / Országos adatok (National data) / 2.1.7 A népesség vallás, felekezet és fontosabb demográfiai ismérvek szerint (Population by religion, denomination combined by main demographical data) (Hungarian)" 4741:(r. 1835–1848), during the session of the Diet of 1839–1840. It is estimated that the Jewish population in Hungary grew by about 80% between 1815 and 1840, bolstered by immigration due to the perception of royal tolerance. 6543:. The sufferings endured during the brief revolution, and their exploitation by ultra-nationalist movements, helped generate stronger suspicions among non-Jewish Hungarians, and undergirded pre-existing antisemitic views. 7441:

The devotion to the cause of the "final solution" of the Hungarian gendarmes surprised even Eichmann himself, who supervised the operation with only twenty officers and a staff of 100, which included drivers, cooks, etc.

4636:). A decree was issued by the emperor (July 23, 1787) to the effect that every Jew should choose a German surname; and a further edict (1789) ordered, to the consternation of the Jews, that they should henceforth perform 4336:

Jews in the Austrian provinces who could not marry there went to Hungary to found families; thus the overflow of Austrian Jews peopled Hungary. These immigrants settled chiefly in the northwestern counties, in Nyitra (

5580:

because they hoped that somehow they could achieve equality with other Hungarian citizens, not just in law but in fact, and that they could be integrated into the country as Hungarian Israelites. The word 'Israelite'

4041:) also received permission from the queen (9 October 1526) to expel the Jews living within its territory, because they had expressed their intention of fleeing before the Turks. The Jews left Pressburg on November 9. 4688:) addressed a further memorandum to the estates (December 4) in which it demanded that the Diet should protect the city's privileges. The Diet decided in favor of the Jews, and its decision was laid before the king. 7379:

began in early May 1944, and continued, even as Soviet troops approached. The Hungarian government was solely in charge of the Jews' transportation up to the northern border. The Hungarian commander of the Kassa

5693:

and Békéscsaba (to 5.6%), while decreased in the other 27 towns with more than 20 thousand inhabitants. Overall, 31.1% of the Jewish population lived in villages and towns with less than 20 thousand inhabitants.

5107:

The decade of absolutism in Hungary (1849–1859) resulted in Jews establishing schools, most of which were in charge of trained teachers. Based on the Jewish school fund, the government organized model schools at

4541:(1780–1790), son and successor of Maria Theresa, showed immediately on his accession that he intended to alleviate the condition of the Jews, communicating this intention to the Hungarian chancellor, Count Franz 7322:, whose duties included supervising the extermination of Jews, set up his staff in the Majestic Hotel and proceeded rapidly in rounding up Jews from the Hungarian provinces outside Budapest and its suburbs. The 5143:

When the Parliament dissolved in 1861, the emancipation of the Jews was deferred to the coronation of Franz Joseph. On December 22, 1867, the question came before the lower house, and on the favorable report of

3645:(1095–1116), the successor of St. Ladislaus, renewed the Szabolcs decree of 1092, adding further prohibitions against the employment of Christian slaves and domestics. He also restricted the Jews to cities with 9000:

Politically..... It has thus come to pass that there is no anti-Semitism in Budapest, although the Hebrew element is proportionately much larger (21% as compared with 9%) than it is in Vienna, the Mecca of the

7497:

The Sztójay government rescheduled the date of deportation of the Jews of Budapest to Auschwitz to August 27. But the Romanians switched sides on August 23, 1944, causing huge problems for the German military.

5024:

to Russian troops, which had come to aid the Austrians in suppressing the Hungarian struggle for liberty, the Jews were severely punished by new authorities for having taken part in the uprising. Field Marshal

4862:

Jews entered the national guard as early as March 1848; although they were excluded from certain cities, they reentered as soon as the danger to the country seemed greater than the hatred of the citizens. At

6538:

Kun's regime was crushed after four and a half months when the Romanian army entered Budapest; it was quickly followed by the reactionary forces under the command of the former Austro-Hungarian admiral,

8082:

After the war, Horthy claimed that he did not know about the Final Solution until August and that he thought the Jews were being sent to concentration camps for labor. Some historians accept this claim.

5082:

remitted the war-tax (September 20, 1850), but ordered that the Jews of Hungary without distinction should contribute toward a Jewish school fund of ƒ1,000,000; they raised this sum within a few years.

4748:, superintendent of the Jewish hospital, the general assembly of the county of Pest drafted instructions for the delegates on June 10, 1839, to the effect that if the Jews would be willing to adopt the 4331:(1711–1740). He informed the government (June 28, 1725) that he intended to decrease the number of Jews in his domains, and the government thereupon directed the counties to furnish statistics of the 11221: 5233:

With the rise of Hungarian nationalism, the first wave of Magyarization of family names occurred between 1840 and 1849. After the Hungarian revolution, this process was stopped until 1867. After the

7816:

was outlawed and Jewish observance was curtailed. Moreover, members of the upper class, Jews and Christians alike, were expelled from the cities to the provinces for 6–12 months in the early 1950s.

4503:), on the ground that otherwise the Jews living there would have to pay two such taxes; and they asked also to be relieved from a similar tax paid to the Diet. Finally, they requested that Jewish 4483:) they had to pay three times the ordinary sum, namely, for the driver, for the vehicle, and for the animal drawing the same; and in three villages belonging to the same district they had to pay 4242:

passed by the Diet of Pressburg (1687–1688), imposing double taxation upon the Jews. Jews were not permitted to engage in agriculture, nor to own any real estate, nor to keep Christian servants.

4200:

Jews. After the conclusion of peace, which the Jews helped to bring about, the communities were in part reconstructed; but further development in the territory of the Habsburgs was arrested when

3865:-deeds of the Jews. An important office which was created by Louis was the office of the "judge of all the Jews living in Hungary," who was chosen from among the dignitaries of the country, the 5125: 4380:). When King Charles ordered them to leave (March 1727), the royal mandate was in some places ignored; in others the Jews obeyed so slowly that he had to repeat his edict three months later. 3826:

Under the rule of the foreign kings who occupied the throne of Hungary on the extinction of the house of Arpad, the Hungarian Jews were subjected to many persecutions. During the time of the

10110:

Gábor Kádár – Zoltán Vági: Magyarok Auschwitzban. (Hungarians in Auschwitz) In Holocaust Füzetek 12. Budapest, 1999, Magyar Auschwitz Alapítvány-Holocaust Dokumentációs Központ, pp. 92–123

6598:" law that placed limits on the number of minority students in proportion of their size of the population, thus restricting the Jewish enrollment at universities to five percent or less. 7360:

had already known about the Jewish genocide since 1943. Horthy's son and daughter-in-law both received copies of the Vrba-Wetzler report in early May before mass deportations began. The

5174:

In the 1890 Hungarian census, 64.0% of the Jewish population were counted as ethnic Hungarian by mother tongue, 33.1% as German 1.9% as Slovak, 0.8% as Romanian, and 0.2% as Ruthenian.

4849:

as a means of escape; and a society was founded at Pest, with a branch at Pressburg, for that purpose. A few left Hungary, seeking a new home across the sea, but the majority remained.

3325:. From the second part of the 13th century, the general religious tolerance decreased and Hungary's policies became similar to the treatment of the Jewish population in Western Europe. 7834:(ruled 1957–1988) leftist Jewish intelligentsia remained an important and vocal part of Hungarian art and sciences. Diplomatic relations with Israel were severed in 1967 following the 4010:, there existed four Jewish communities in the second half of the 16th century: Romaniote, Ashkenazi, Sephardi and "Ungarus". The overflow of Hungarian Jews from Sofia also settled in 3519:. In 2008, a team of archeologists discovered a 3rd-century AD amulet in the form of a gold scroll with the words of the Jewish prayer Shema' Yisrael inscribed on it in Féltorony (now 10554: 7249:

Although in 1943, the BBC Polish Service broadcast about the exterminations, the BBC Hungarian Service did not discuss the Jews. A 1942 memo for the BBC Hungarian Service, written by

4530:

of the Jews, but rather imposed stiffer regulations upon them. Their tax of ƒ20,000 was increased to ƒ30,000 in 1760; to ƒ50,000 in 1772; to ƒ80,000 in 1778; and to ƒ160,000 in 1813.

4360:) only. In the course of time the immigrants refused to pay taxes to the Austrian provinces. The Moravian Jews, who had suffered by the heavy emigration, then brought complaint; and 3317:

in 895 CE by over 600 years. Written sources prove that Jewish communities lived in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary and it is even assumed that several sections of the heterogeneous

11246: 6515:. All the less palatable excesses of Communist uprisings were in evidence during these months, particularly the formation of squads of brutal young men practicing what they called " 11216: 3506:(southern Hungary near Croatian border), clearly refers to her Jewishness ("Judaea"). The Intercisa tablet was inscribed on behalf of "Cosmius, chief of the Spondilla customhouse, 4915: 4225:

on 2 September 1686, most Jewish residents were massacred, some captured and later released for ransom. In the following years the whole of Hungary now came under the rule of the

7144:) and villages nearby, 2,550–2,850 Serbs, 700–1,250 Jews and 60–130 others were murdered by the Hungarian Army and "Csendőrség" (Gendarmerie) in January 1942. Those responsible, 3846:, King Louis attempted to impose conversion on Hungarian Jews as well. However, he failed in his attempt to convert them to Catholicism, and expelled them. They were received by 10356: 8680: 5549:

Hungary were Jewish. In total, Hungarian speakers made up a 54.45% majority in Hungary; German speakers (including those who spoke Yiddish), made up 10.42% of the population.

9885: 9645: 4208:, in 1683, the Jews that had returned to that city were again maltreated. The Ottomans plundered some communities in western Hungary, and deported the members as slaves. 4037:(Ödenburg) began hostilities by expelling the Jews of that city, confiscating their property, and pillaging the vacated houses and the synagogue. The city of Pressburg ( 1189: 10222:

German embassy telegram sent by Grell on August 19, 1944. The plan envisaged 6 trains with 20,000 people on August 27, then 3 trains with 9,000 people a day thereafter

3343:

Anti-Jewish policies grew more repressive in the interwar period as Hungary's leaders, who remained committed to regaining the territories lost at the peace agreement (

9606: 9580: 4879:, rabbi of Pápa, joined the Hungarian ranks, inspiring his companions by his words of encouragement. Jews were also to be found in the volunteer corps, and among the 3830:(1349), they were expelled from the country. Even though the Jews were immediately readmitted, they were persecuted again, and in 1360, they were expelled by King 7617:

to prevent deportations to Auschwitz, succeeding only minimally by sending Jews to still horrific labor battalions in Austria and ultimately saving 1,680 Jews in

3857:

Some years later, when Hungary was in financial distress, the Jews were readmitted. They learned that during their absence, the king had introduced the custom of

3712:; he would cause both peoples to be distinguished from Christians by means of badges; and would forbid both Jews and Saracens to buy or to keep Christian slaves. 4802:

they displayed their patriotism, even though attacked by the populace in several places at the beginning of the uprising. On March 19 the populace of Pressburg (

7238:

A few days later, Ruthenia, Northern Transylvania, and the border region with Croatia and Serbia were placed under military command. On April 9, Prime Minister

6471: 3941: 1767: 5167:. The university is still operating, celebrating its 130th anniversary on October 4, 2007. Since its opening, it has been the only Jewish institute in all of 10082:

Gabor Kadar, Zoltan Vagi "Self-Financing Genocide: The Gold Train – The Becher Case – The Wealth of Jews, Hungary" (Central European University Press, 2004)

9811: 9114: 4147:

At the end of the Ottoman era, the approximately one thousand Jews living in Buda worshipped in three synagogues: an Ashkenazi, a Sephardi and a Syrian one.

3913:(1490–1516), always in need of money, laid heavy taxes upon them. During his reign, Jews were for the first time burned at the stake, many being executed at 3851: 3740: 1422: 1117: 10653: 10382: 8399: 6170:

Those who could afford went to study to other European countries like Austria, Germany, Italy and Czechoslovakia. In 1930, of all males aged six and older,

5149: 10873: 7326:

and Ghettoization laws, and deportation, were accomplished in less than 8 weeks, with the enthusiastic help of the Hungarian authorities, particularly the

5041:, commander-in-chief of the Austrian army, on his triumphant entry into the Hungarian capital at the beginning of 1849. Haynau punished the communities of 4752:

language they should be given equal rights with other Hungarian citizens. From now on much attention was paid to the teaching of Hungarian in the schools;

3744: 7477:'s sermon in Kolozsvár on May 18). The Catholic Primate of Hungary, Serédi decided not to issue a pastoral letter condemning the deportation of the Jews. 1309: 11659: 10309:

Braham, Randolph L. – Tibori Szabó, Zoltán, A Magyarországi Holokauszt Földrajzi Enciklopediája . Budapest: Park Publishing, 3 vol. (2006). Vol. 1, p. 91

7960: 7219:, which quickly began organizing. During the four days interregnum following the German occupation, the Ministry of the Interior was put in the hands of 7149: 4745: 3673:

regulations, that if a Christian borrowed from a Jew, or a Jew from a Christian, both Christian and Jewish witnesses must be present at the transaction.

3577:

ordered that markets should take place on Saturdays instead of the traditional Sundays (Hungarian language has preserved the previous custom, "Sunday" =

4955: 5133: 4695:; on January 10, 1791, the king approved the bill of the Diet; and the following law, drafted in conformity with the royal decision, was read by Judge 2517: 8546:(March 13, 2008) Universität Wien: Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Veranstaltungsmanagement (University of Vienna: Public relations and Event management). 6639:" (May 29, 1938) restricted the number of Jews in each commercial enterprise, in the press, among physicians, engineers and lawyers to twenty percent. 5435:

Almost a quarter (22.35%) of the Jews of Hungary lived in Budapest in 1910. Some of the surviving large synagogues in Budapest include the following:

4846: 4706: 4195:). The Jews had to pay a special war-tax when the imperial troops set out toward the end of the 16th century to recapture Buda from the Ottomans. The 8932: 7175:, Prime Minister from March 9, 1942, and Regent Horthy resisted German pressure and refused to allow the deportation of Hungarian Jews to the German 281: 9293: 8252: 8138: 4899: 3603:. This decree had been promulgated in the Christian countries of Europe since the 5th century, and St. Ladislaus merely introduced it into Hungary. 4927: 4911: 4515: 2575: 1304: 10271: 7520:

Despite the change of government, Hungarian troops occupied parts of Southern Transylvania, Romania, and massacred hundreds of Jews in Kissármás (

7179:

in occupied Poland. This "anomalous" situation lasted until March 19, 1944, when German troops occupied Hungary and forced Horthy to oust Kállay.

7860:

The weeping willow monument in Budapest to Hungarian victims of the Holocaust. Each leaf is inscribed with the family name of one of the victims.

6568: 6154: 5281: 4696: 4511:

she ordered that the Jews should specify them in detail, and that the government should remedy them insofar as they came under its jurisdiction.

4155: 3771: 2785: 1552: 9403: 8456: 8425: 7242:

and the Germans obligated Hungary to place at the disposal of the Reich 300,000 Jewish laborers. Five days later, on April 14, Endre, Baky, and

4931: 11001: 10711: 10206: 8544:"Archaeological sensation in Austria. Scientists from the University of Vienna unearth the earliest evidence of Jewish inhabitants in Austria," 4753: 4389:

be Hungarians; the rest had immigrated. Of the immigrants 38.35 per cent came from Moravia, 11.05 per cent from Poland, and 3.07 per cent from

6646:" (May 5, 1939), for the first time, defined Jews racially: individuals with two, three or four Jewish-born grandparents were declared Jewish. 3332:. By the early 20th century, the community had grown to constitute 5% of Hungary's total population and 23% of the population of the capital, 10931: 10770: 4691:

The Jews, confidently anticipating the king's decision in their favor, organized a splendid celebration on November 15, 1790, the day of his

1806: 9918: 8170: 8122:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Büchler, Alexander (1904). "Hungary". In Singer, Isidore (ed.).

7570:

on January 18, 1945. On the Buda side of the town, the encircled Nyilas continued their murders until the Soviets took Buda on February 13.

7513:’s promise to see whether the Germans' demands would be met. Horthy finally dismissed Prime Minister Sztójay on August 29, the same day the 3751:

with its domains in pawn. Béla also entrusted the Jews with the mint; and Hebrew coins of this period are still found in Hungary. In 1251 a

11844: 11347: 10493: 7503: 7246:, the SS officer in charge of organizing the deportation of Hungarian Jews to the German Reich, decided to deport all the Jews of Hungary. 3292: 3040: 2880: 2805: 10568: 3834:(1342–1382). Although King Louis had initially shown tolerance to the Jews during the early years of his reign, following his conquest of 9844: 7417:"There is no doubt that this is probably the greatest and most horrible crime ever committed in the whole history of the world ..." 5494: 791: 754: 8994: 3736: 10049: 9287:"In addition, 56.8% of the people of Budapest were atheists, non-religious or did not want to answer the question about their religion" 7950: 5565:, alluding to the high proportion of Jews. Budapest had the second largest Jewish population among the world's cities, after New York. 3314: 2645: 3715:

The year 1240 was the closing one of the fifth millennium of the Jewish era. At that time the Jews were expecting the advent of their

11138: 10951: 10352: 9275:

In addition, 35.6% of the people of Budapest were atheists, non-religious or did not want to answer the question about their religion

1730: 10146: 9762: 8676: 6888:

The following is from another source, a statistical summary written in the beginning of 1944 and referring to the 1941 census data:

4814:), were settling in the city itself—began hostilities that were continued after some days, and were renewed more fiercely in April. 11622: 11279: 10976: 10866: 10124: 9969:. Nicholas Horthy, Miklós Horthy, Andrew L. Simon, Nicholas Roosevelt (illustrated ed.). Simon Publications LLC. p. 348. 7265:, 380,000–400,000 Jews were murdered in the Holocaust in Romanian-controlled areas such as Bessarabia, Bukovina, and Transnistria. 5441: 4204:(1657–1705) expelled the Jews (24 April 1671). He, however, revoked his decree a few months later (August 20). During the siege of 3723:

in 1241 seemed to conform to expectation, as Jewish imagination expected the happy Messianic period to be ushered in by the war of

1753: 4845:) especially suffered from the brutality of the mob. Bitter words against the Jews were also heard in the Diet. Some Jews advised 4324:

must not be desecrated by them. But the Jews living in the country, on the estates of their landlords, were generally left alone.

3626:(Gran) and by the time they had repaired it and had entered the town, the Jews were just leaving the synagogue. The unintentional 3451:

ordered the transfer of some of his rebellious troops from Syria to Pannonia in 175 CE. These troops had been recruited partly in

12076: 11148: 10660: 5456: 4076:) soon shared a similar fate, being first punished for alleged ritual murder and then expelled from the city (19 February 1539). 3732: 3020: 1103: 10696: 9882: 7473:

Very few Catholic or Protestant clergy members raised their voices against sending the Jews to their death. (Notable was Bishop

6575:

press, commerce, etc. should be in Jewish hands, and that the Jew should be the image reflected of Hungary, especially abroad."

4166:

of Transylvania granted a letter of privileges (18 June 1623) to the Spanish Jews from Anatolia. But the community of Judaizing

11236: 11188: 11063: 11058: 10805: 10706: 9641: 8230: 7945: 3974:(29 August 1526), on which occasion Louis II lost his life on the battlefield. When the news of his death reached the capital, 2690: 2510: 1680: 1615: 1497: 9743: 9493: 9467: 4709:(1782–1847), Hungarian Jewish banker, trader, founder of the Pesti Magyar Kereskedelmi Bank (Pesti Hungarian Commercial Bank). 11352: 10327: 10087: 8378: 5482: 5160: 3459:), which still had a sizable Jewish population at that time. The Antiochian troops were transferred to Ulcisia Castra (today 2870: 2755: 801: 9712: 9610: 5038: 4675:

The Jews of Hungary handed a petition, in which they boldly presented their claims to equality with other citizens, to King

3994:, and elsewhere, more than 2,000 in number, should be distributed among the cities of the Ottoman Empire. They were sent to 11666: 11193: 11023: 10019: 9584: 9231: 9202: 9161: 9043: 9017: 7925: 7438:, at age 15. Photographs taken at Auschwitz were found after the war showing the arrival of Jews from Hungary at the camp. 7301: 6480:. But these sacrifices by patriotic Hungarian Jews may have been outweighed by the chaotic events following the war's end. 4079:

The Jews living in the parts of Hungary occupied by the Ottoman Empire were treated far better than those living under the

3873:

from the Jews, protect their privileges, and listen to their complaints, which had become more frequent since the reign of

1239: 8201: 11561: 11513: 11503: 11198: 10859: 9689: 7273: 5500: 5099:

returned to Hungary from Vienna following the emancipation in 1867. He was a national-level politician from 1875 to 1905.

3910: 2930: 1507: 1324: 1314: 554: 11425: 11690: 11420: 11382: 11342: 11332: 11327: 11123: 8998:. Vol. 04 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 734–737, see page 736, third para, last sentence. 7231:, was another committed antisemite. Immediately after the occupation, the German and Hungarian authorities established 6603: 5468: 3391: 3209: 3000: 2980: 2845: 2720: 2680: 1903: 1853: 1818: 1512: 1377: 1244: 7160:

and others were later tried in Budapest during December 1943 and were sentenced, but some of them escaped to Germany.

4790:

of the Jews. This cause also found a friend in Count Charles Zay, the chief ecclesiastical inspector of the Hungarian

4495:

of taxes. In Upper Hungary they asked for the revocation of the toleration-tax imposed by the chamber of Zips County (

4463:

Counties, or in several free royal towns and localities; nor might they visit the markets there. At Stuhlweissenburg (

3562:, who, in turn, would transmit it farther. About the same time Ibrahim ibn Jacob says that Jews went from Hungary to 3527:, in Austria). Hungarian tribes settled the territory 650 years later. In the Hungarian language, the word for Jew is 12171: 12102: 11887: 11762: 11676: 11566: 11292: 11093: 11053: 11033: 11013: 10916: 10763: 10679: 10637: 10623: 10458: 10415: 10243: 9998: 9974: 9947: 9871: 9795: 9564: 9527: 9093: 8318: 8293: 7812:

repudiated Judaism and were strict atheists per Communist doctrine. Indeed, under Communist rule from 1948 to 1988,

7450: 5307: 5225:

1780: Bárány, Csonka, Horpács, Jónap, Kohányi, Kossuth, Kosztolányi, Lengyel, Lőrincz, Lukács, Szarvas, Szabó, Varga.

4182: 4174: 3336:. Jews became prominent in science, the arts and business. By 1941, over 17% of Budapest's Jews had converted to the 2503: 1595: 1557: 1532: 1452: 1437: 1284: 1224: 1179: 5289: 4487:, although there was no toll-gate. Jews living on the estates of the nobles had to give their wives and children as 4416:" was imposed upon the Hungarian Jews. On September 1, 1749, the delegates of the Hungarian Jews, except those from 4033:

of western Hungary. The widow of Louis II, the queen regent Maria, favored the enemies of the Jews. The citizens of

11787: 11642: 11407: 11226: 11028: 7594: 7558: 7409: 4965:

The Hungarian Jews served their country not only with the sword, but also with funds. Communities and individuals,

4903: 4643:

After the death of Joseph II the royal free cities showed a very hostile attitude toward the Jews. The citizens of

4573:, the languages used in the country at the time, and which the young Jews were required to learn within two years. 3929: 3661:

did not sympathize with them, and Coloman even opposed them. The infuriated Crusaders attacked some cities, and if

3285: 2710: 1888: 1870: 1776: 1670: 1522: 1517: 1442: 1407: 1274: 10595: 9819: 11231: 11178: 11153: 11108: 11103: 11078: 10936: 10820: 10475: 10378: 8817: 8395: 6141: 6035:

5.6% decline in the 1910–1930 period, on the territory of the "small" Hungary, due to emigration and conversion.

4441:. While still at Presburg the delegates had brought their grievances before the mixed commission that was called 4057: 3933: 3382:. Estimates of Hungary's Jewish population in 2010 range from 54,000 to more than 130,000 mostly concentrated in 3189: 2406: 2305: 1860: 1843: 1796: 1695: 1605: 1542: 1492: 1472: 1467: 1387: 1361: 1336: 1214: 1204: 1194: 1174: 1169: 17: 10716: 9253: 4545:

as early as May 13, 1781. In consequence the Hungarian government issued (March 31, 1783) a decree known as the

11435: 11397: 11143: 11133: 11083: 11043: 10996: 10981: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10941: 10926: 10921: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 8528: 7990: 7639: 5285: 5061:, Serbia) with equal severity. Numerous Jews were imprisoned and executed; others sought refuge in emigration. 4676: 4328: 3567: 3204: 3085: 2950: 1879: 1865: 1833: 1813: 1781: 1725: 1700: 1675: 1645: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1600: 1590: 1585: 1562: 1477: 1462: 1382: 1341: 1294: 1289: 1209: 1154: 9428:

Bodo, Bela, Paramilitary Violence in Hungary After the First World War, East European Quarterly, June 22, 2004

9345: 12021: 12011: 11777: 11241: 11183: 11128: 11118: 11098: 11088: 11073: 11068: 11048: 11018: 10986: 10971: 10946: 10882: 10717:

Interview with István Domonkos, son of Miksa Domonkos, who died after the show trial preparations (Hungarian)

10200:"Eavesdropping on Hell: Historical Guide to Western Communications Intelligence and the Holocaust, 1939–1945" 7995: 4679:(1790–1792) at Vienna on November 29, 1790. He sent it the following day to the chancelleries of Hungary and 4538: 4201: 3957: 3874: 3866: 3756: 3371:; between May and July that year, 437,000 Jews were sent there from Hungary, most of them gassed on arrival. 3352: 3154: 2835: 2635: 2300: 1838: 1823: 1786: 1748: 1720: 1710: 1705: 1690: 1685: 1665: 1650: 1635: 1610: 1576: 1547: 1447: 1432: 1356: 1346: 1264: 1234: 1159: 1145: 7502:

ordered the cancellation of further deportations from Hungary on August 25, in return for nothing more than

4522:

Before the end of the period of five years the delegates of the Jews again met the commission at Pressburg (

3665:

is to be believed, the Jews suffered a fate similar to that of their coreligionists in France, Germany, and

11867: 11739: 11612: 11402: 11357: 11272: 11158: 11113: 11038: 11008: 10800: 10756: 10632:. (Rev. and enl. ed.) 2 vols. Boulder: Social Science Monographs; Distributed by Columbia University Press 10172: 7877: 7824: 7820: 7341:

reached the Allied officials. Details from the report were broadcast by the BBC on June 15, and printed in

7134: 6726: 4951: 4806:), encouraged by the antipathies of the citizens—who were aroused by the fact that the Jews, leaving their 4316:

After the restoration of peace the Jews were expelled from many cities that feared their competition; thus

4230: 4185:

of 1578, to the effect that Jews were to be taxed double the amount which was imposed upon other citizens.

3368: 3095: 2900: 1908: 1828: 1791: 1715: 1660: 1527: 1502: 1427: 1402: 1392: 1331: 1254: 1249: 1229: 1219: 1199: 1184: 1077: 781: 545: 540: 11523: 10729: 10701: 8940: 7539: 12071: 12061: 12016: 11811: 11654: 11528: 11430: 10691: 10070: 9317:

Budapest Székesfőváros Statisztikai Évkönyve az 1944–1946. évekről, KSH, Budapest 1948, p. 14 (Hungarian)

9286: 8502: 8259: 8145: 7145: 4254:

continued. Even the treasurer of the realm set the example in transgressing the law by appointing (1692)

3937: 3779: 3538:

The first historical document relating to the Jews of Hungary is the letter written about 960 CE to King

3355:– the international actors most likely to stand behind Hungary's claims. Starting in 1938, Hungary under 3278: 3214: 3199: 2555: 2535: 1898: 1893: 1848: 1801: 1487: 1457: 1417: 1412: 1269: 575: 8623: 7880:). Despite the decline, in 2010 Hungary had the largest Jewish population in Eastern Europe outside the 6602:

Hungary's claims. The inter-war years also saw the emergence of flourishing fascist groups, such as the

4437:

The Jews, thus burdened by new taxes, thought the time ripe for taking steps to remove their oppressive

4281:

imprisoned and slew the Jews, who had incurred their anger by siding with the king's party. The Jews of

3978:, the court and the nobles fled together with some wealthy Jews, among them the prefect. When the grand 12129: 11948: 11941: 11907: 11632: 11571: 11539: 11450: 11337: 10840: 10795: 10437:

Stanley Rothman and S. Robert Lichter, Roots of radicalism: Jews, Christians, and the Left (1996) p. 89

10279: 7232: 6653:" (August 8, 1941) prohibited intermarriage and penalized sexual intercourse between Jews and non-Jews. 5573:

wage-earning employee class, while 59.3% belonged to the self-employed or salary-earning middle class.

4426:

their respective sums among the communities; and the communities, theirs among the individual members.

3983: 3184: 2730: 2372: 2217: 1925: 1319: 515: 505: 241: 8448: 5612:

In absolute numbers, Budapest had by far the largest number of Jews (203,000), followed by Nagyvárad (

5448: 5209:

Most Jews did not have family names before 1783. Some family names were recorded for Jewish families:

4584:

A medal minted during the reign of Josef II, commemorating his grant of religious liberty to Jews and

4302: 3387: 11685: 11649: 11553: 11392: 10790: 8421: 7486: 5702: 5697:

i.e. 570 hectares, 19.6% were Jewish. Among the 2739 factories in Hungary, 40.5% had a Jewish owner.

5517: 5079: 5029:, the new governor of Hungary, imposed heavy war-taxes upon them, especially upon the communities of 4842: 4664: 4629: 4368:, while those who had emigrated before that date were to be released from their Moravian allegiance. 3618:) coming into Hungary with merchandise from Russia, on a Friday; the wheel of their wagon broke near 3075: 2970: 2775: 2765: 2580: 2486: 2179: 2030: 1971: 862: 10199: 8677:"From the second half of the 19th century the surviving Szekler Sabbatarians intermarried with Jews" 7864:

Hungary's Jewish population (within its current borders) decreased from nearly half a million after

7605:, and other officers who took Jews out from camps with fake papers), an Interior Ministry official ( 4447:. These complaints pictured the distress of the Jews of that time. They were not allowed to live in 12051: 11986: 11852: 11823: 11725: 11720: 11637: 11546: 11372: 9759:""The Uneasy Closeness to Ourselves": Interview with Dr. Götz Aly, German Historian and Journalist" 7851: 7547:, a Swiss diplomat who saved the lives of tens of thousands of Hungarian Jews during the Holocaust. 7514: 7462: 7188: 7164: 5538: 5474: 5270: 4881: 4405: 4361: 3987: 3642: 3234: 3115: 2960: 2189: 2169: 1279: 759: 300: 9841: 7458: 7261:

from 1940 to 1944. Despite Romania not being under German occupation, during the dictatorship of

5537:

in the 18th century tended to become Neolog at the split in 1869; those whose ancestors were from

3755:

was granted by Béla to his Jewish subjects which was essentially the same as that granted by Duke

12056: 11935: 11902: 11833: 11797: 11767: 11731: 11627: 11617: 11602: 11477: 11387: 11322: 11265: 9915: 8174: 7955: 7902:

Critics have asserted that the sums represent nothing more than a symbolic gesture. According to

6484: 5274: 5066: 5026: 4907: 4422: 4274: 3775: 3630:-breakers were heavily fined. The ritual of the Hungarian Jews faithfully reflected contemporary 3559: 3224: 3164: 3050: 2670: 2330: 2320: 2285: 2164: 2154: 1937: 1108: 1050: 884: 563: 520: 235: 11757: 10497: 5601:(Minister of Finance). By 1910 22% of the Members of Parliament were Jews (45% in the governing 5021: 4841:

scrolls, and threw them into a well. Nor did the Jews of Pest escape, while those at Vágújhely (

3861:, i.e., cancelling by a stroke of his pen, on the request of a subject or a city, the notes and 11897: 11367: 10576: 8370: 7920: 7590: 7430:

By July 9, 1944, 437,402 Jews had been deported, according to Reich plenipotentiary in Hungary

6548: 5602: 4738: 4170:, which had existed in Transylvania since 1588, was persecuted and driven underground in 1638. 3693: 3662: 3588: 3328:

The Ashkenazi of Hungary were fairly well integrated into Hungarian society by the time of the

2940: 2449: 2184: 2098: 1164: 716: 335: 305: 10448: 10405: 10233: 7315: 5137: 4826: 4464: 4049: 3759:

to the Austrian Jews in 1244, but which Béla modified to suit the conditions of Hungary. This

12066: 12006: 11882: 11862: 11597: 11455: 10825: 10810: 10235:

American Jewry and the Holocaust: The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 1939–1945

9787:

American Jewry and the Holocaust: The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 1939–1945

9335:

1949. évi népszámlálás, vallási adatok településenként, KSH, Budapest 1995, p. 17 (Hungarian)

9126: 7525: 7490: 7352: 7282: 7035:

ancestry (including 38,000 in Budapest), their actual number was estimated at least 100,000:

6582: 4479:

The Jews also had to pay heavier bridge-and ferry-tolls than the Christians; at Nagyszombat (

4460: 4438: 3818: 3787: 3650: 3440: 3179: 2340: 2335: 2280: 2068: 983: 711: 698: 593: 310: 10721: 10547:"Mai születésnapos: Horn Gyula, egy zsidó munkásfiú és miniszterelnök és még egy meglepetés" 10045: 8362: 7801: 5153: 4898:

Many Jews throughout the country joined the army to fight for their fatherland; among them,

4779: 4542: 4488: 3945: 3407:

It is not definitely known when Jews first settled in Hungary. According to tradition, King

12031: 11892: 11838: 11792: 11671: 11607: 11533: 11491: 11312: 7856: 7469:

River in Budapest. The shoes represent Hungarian Jews who lost their lives in January 1945.

6516: 6476:

More than 10,000 Jews died and thousands were wounded and disabled fighting for Hungary in

5681: 5109: 5002: 4167: 3881: 3681: 3677: 3579: 3443:

may have been brought back by the victorious Roman legions normally stationed in Provincia

3364: 3322: 3321:

practiced Judaism. Jewish officials served the king during the early 13th century reign of

3229: 2890: 2570: 2411: 2363: 2103: 1961: 774: 639: 628: 586: 6038:

The Jews of Hungary were fairly well integrated into Hungarian society by the time of the

5625: 4942:

The conduct of the Jewish soldiers in the Hungarian army was highly commended by Generals

4891:; and they constituted one-third of the volunteer division of Pest that marched along the 4713: 4660: 4245:

This advice soon bore fruit and was in part acted upon. In August 1690, the government at

3574: 8: 11912: 11772: 11585: 11508: 10815: 10779: 10150: 10120: 9758: 9326:

1949. évi népszámlálás, 9. Demográfiai eredmények, KSH, Budapest 1950, p. 324 (Hungarian)

8286:

Acculturation and Occupation: A Study of the 1956 Hungarian Refugees in the United States

7985: 7881: 7847: 7361: 7338: 7176: 6495: 5520:

saw the development of three religious denominations. Budapest, the South and West had a

5010: 4987: 4787: 4620:

the decree (April 24, 1783). The Jews organized schools in various places, at Pressburg (

3885: 3689: 3249: 3030: 2700: 2615: 2464: 2159: 837: 704: 607: 600: 530: 418: 293: 9274: 8984: 8624:"Ottoman Empire - Turkmen Nomads, Standing Army, Kapıkulu, and Janissaries | Britannica" 7831: 7613:

deserves special attention because of his enduring negotiations with Adolf Eichmann and

7157: 6710: 6559: 3971: 3764: 3692:(1222), to deprive the Jews of these high offices. When Andrew needed money in 1226, he 12095: 12026: 11993: 11927: 11877: 11782: 11708: 11518: 11467: 11440: 11300: 10611: 7965: 7940: 7903: 7887:

After the fall of communism, Hungary had two prime ministers of partial Jewish origin,

7618: 7431: 7356: 7343: 7172: 5582: 5392:(Emigration to the US in the previous decade, '00–'09) / population at previous census 4799: 4749: 4570: 4364:

ordered that all Jewish and Christian subjects that had emigrated after 1740 should be

3831: 3791: 3704:

that he would enforce the decrees of the Golden Bull directed against the Jews and the

3543: 3310: 3194: 3174: 3169: 3159: 3010: 2825: 2544: 2315: 2265: 2212: 2207: 2121: 1991: 1259: 1088: 847: 767: 621: 187: 146: 7582: 4053: 3735:

to the office of court chamberlain (Teka had filled this office under Andrew II); and

3390:, the largest synagogue in Europe and the second largest synagogue in the world after 11966: 11961: 11857: 11744: 11460: 11377: 10675: 10633: 10619: 10454: 10411: 10239: 10083: 9994: 9970: 9943: 9867: 9791: 9560: 9523: 8524: 8374: 8363: 8314: 8311:

Leaving the Jewish Fold: Conversion and Radical Assimilation in Modern Jewish History

8289: 7930: 7838:, but it was not followed by antisemitic campaigns as in Poland or the Soviet Union. 7606: 7602: 7597:

deserve mentioning, as well as some members of the army and police who saved people (

7481: 7422: 7306: 7250: 7239: 7220: 7216: 7212: 6607: 6488: 5182: 5145: 4947: 4811: 4613: 4398: 4226: 3889: 3847: 3697: 3592: 3566:

for business purposes. Nothing is known concerning the Jews during the period of the

3516: 3344: 3105: 2990: 2459: 2401: 2381: 2198: 1758: 1397: 857: 728: 658: 535: 448: 315: 8226: 7533: 6718: 6124:" Law on the percentage of Jewish university students at two Budapest Universities. 5598: 3838:, during which he tried to force the local population to convert from the "heretic" 3547: 12111: 12041: 12036: 11917: 11828: 11749: 10835: 10528: 10520: 9739: 9489: 9463: 8092:

881, document No. 697 in "Wilhelmstrasse és Magyarország", Budapest, Kossuth, 1968.

7809: 7586: 7574: 7474: 7224: 5198: 4914:, who, under the name of "Eduard Horn," subsequently became state secretary of the 4761: 4456: 4238: 3464: 3379: 3149: 2815: 2429: 2310: 2270: 2234: 1932: 1482: 993: 749: 653: 568: 458: 250: 10532: 10320: 7888: 7153: 6624: 6540: 6520: 4943: 4867:

the Jewish national guard formed a separate division. When the national guards of

4732:, which forms the thirty-eighth article of the laws of the Diet of 1790–1791. The 3700:) thereupon excommunicated him, until, in 1233, he promised the papal ambassadors 3360: 3356: 12046: 12001: 11979: 11472: 11445: 11362: 10733: 10592:"Hungary and the Holocaust: The Nationalist Drive To Whitewash The Past (Part 2)" 9964: 9922: 9889: 9848: 9785: 9716: 8358: 8000: 7980: 7935: 7567: 7562: 7294: 7286: 6595: 6121: 6039: 5129: 4558: 4401:, most being merchants, traders, or shopkeepers; only a few pursued agriculture. 4310: 4290: 4163: 4045: 4030: 3843: 3720: 3709: 3539: 3448: 3419:

to settle in his territory. Dacia included part of modern-day Hungary as well as

3337: 3329: 3219: 2920: 2910: 2795: 2625: 2391: 2350: 2345: 2325: 2247: 2241: 2174: 2126: 1966: 1947: 1098: 827: 739: 722: 266: 10851: 10023: 9227: 9198: 9157: 9039: 9013: 7907: 6532: 5590: 4357: 12155: 12143: 12116: 11972: 10830: 10618:. Boulder: Social Science Monographs; Distributed by Columbia University Press 7975: 7970: 7868:

and kept declining between 1920 and 2010, significantly between 1939 and 1945 (

7805: 7610: 7369: 7319: 7243: 6678: 6674: 6628: 6528: 5525: 5521: 5187: 5168: 5046: 4966: 4413: 4259: 4159: 4154:(at that time an independent principality) also fared well. At the instance of 3995: 3963: 3783: 3631: 3551: 3532: 3509: 3268: 2491: 2290: 2145: 2025: 2004: 1981: 1976: 1954: 1942: 1537: 1018: 952: 917: 895: 832: 670: 648: 510: 489: 465: 231: 213: 171: 9989:

Ilona Edelsheim-Gyulai, Becsület és kötelesség, part I, p. 264. Európa press,

9685: 8253:"Immigration to Israel from the establishment of the state in 1948 until 2010" 5669: 5020:

The Jews' civic liberty lasted for just two weeks. After the Hungarian army's

4876: 4393:. The largest Jewish community, numbering 770 persons, was that of Pressburg ( 3374:

The 2011 Hungary census data had 10,965 people (0.11%) who self-identified as

12165: 11956: 10272:"Spared Lives: The Actions of Three Portuguese Diplomats During World War II" 9859: 9515: 8989: 8005: 7508: 7405: 7397: 7348: 7262: 7227:, right-wing politicians well known for their hostility to Jews. Their boss, 6670: 5121: 5030: 5014: 4864: 4644: 4605: 4600:

and to engage in various industrial occupations, and to be admitted into the

4557:

decreed that the legal documents of the Jews should no longer be composed in

4444:

delegata in puncto tolerantialis taxae et gravaminum Judeorum commissio mixta

4294: 3906: 3902: 3724: 3701: 3646: 3471: 3318: 2439: 2434: 1640: 1567: 1093: 942: 937: 932: 922: 900: 852: 614: 453: 358: 320: 271: 7598: 4935: 4320:

expelled them in 1712, on the ground that the city which had given birth to

9935: 8953:

Decree to quicken the process of race validation, May 16, 1942 – quoted in

8197: 7869: 7521: 7323: 7258: 7254: 7228: 7207: 6722: 4770: 4744:

In consequence of the petition of the Jews of Pest, the mover of which was

4637: 4345: 4266:); and at Hirsch's death he transferred the office to Hirsch's son-in-law. 4255: 4151: 3869:, and treasurers, and he was aided by a deputy. It was his duty to collect 3862: 3810: 3348: 2469: 2295: 2136: 2131: 2089: 2042: 1136: 1003: 988: 947: 912: 525: 367: 10616:

The Holocaust in Hungary: a selected and annotated bibliography, 1984–2000

9440:, U. S. Edition: Robert Speller & Sons, Publishers, New York, NY, 1957 9089: 6567:

Jews represented one-fourth of all university students and 43% percent at

5649: 5113: 5071: 5042: 4718: 4356:

communal affairs they would submit to the Jewish court at Ungarisch-Brod (

3802:), that the Jews in that city should enjoy all the liberties of citizens. 3606:

The Jews of Hungary at first formed small settlements, and had no learned

10707:

Wallenberg: More Twists to the Tale, Mária Ember, They Wanted to Blame Us

7865: 7835: 7614: 7454:

Captured Jewish women in Wesselényi Street, Budapest, October 20–22, 1944

7435: 7327: 7290: 7168: 6477: 5641: 5554: 4998: 4830: 4585: 4321: 4286: 4068: 4006:, where they maintained their separate community for several decades. In 3922: 3914: 3827: 3495: 3487: 2454: 2396: 2061: 967: 962: 957: 927: 6524: 4083:. During the periods of 1546–1590 and 1620–1680, the community of Ofen ( 3239: 11872: 10591: 7892: 7372:

no later than April 28, 1944; however, Kastner did not make it public.

7198: 6594:

The scapegoating began quickly. In 1920, Horthy's government passed a "

5673: 5633: 5594: 5096: 5075: 5054: 4950:. Einhorn estimated the number of Jewish soldiers who took part in the 4895:

against the Croatians, being blessed by Rabbi Schwab on June 22, 1848.

4803: 4757: 4692: 4621: 4523: 4394: 4365: 4341: 4327:

The lot of the Jews was not improved under the reign of Leopold's son,

4298: 4282: 4192:

veluti jurium regni incapaces, infideles, et nulla conscientia praediti

4178: 4038: 3967: 3839: 3799: 3658: 3615: 3596: 3570:, except that they lived in the country and engaged in commerce there. 3524: 3460: 2112: 1126: 1055: 1013: 842: 822: 381: 288: 208: 175: 10748: 8809: 5194: 4417: 4306: 3940:(1512), the emperor, with the consent of Ladislaus, took the prefect, 3748: 3728: 7873: 7578: 7544: 7385: 7376: 6714: 5645: 5629: 5234: 4887: 4872: 4791: 4702: 4609: 4484: 4377: 4317: 4263: 4234: 4080: 3991: 3928:

For protection, the Hungarian Jews applied to the Holy Roman Emperor

3778:(1272–1290), it was decreed, in the presence of the papal ambassador 3623: 3479: 3408: 2275: 2260: 1350: 1298: 1060: 1008: 998: 679: 675: 665: 580: 340: 10476:"1956 crises decimated two Jewish communities, in Hungary and Egypt" 10353:"YIVO | Population and Migration: Population since World War I" 8126:. Volume 6. New York and London: Funk and Wagnalls Co., pp. 494–503. 7381: 5791:

1930, the net loss rested around pre-war levels (260 people/year).:

5653: 5617: 5259: 5050: 4507:

might be allowed to follow their trades in their homes undisturbed.

3805: 3614:

and customs. One tradition relates the story of Jews from Ratisbon (

3503: 1028: 11317: 11257: 9990: 8501:. Vol. 6. New York and London: Funk and Wagnalls Co. pp. 8171:"Jewish Life Takes to the Streets at Hungary's Celebrated Judafest" 7389: 7141: 6587: 6508: 6503: 6120:

Education. The following chart illustrates the effect of the 1920 "

5637: 5562: 5164: 5058: 4452: 4022: 3705: 3555: 3520: 3483: 3474:, stone inscriptions referring to Jews were found in Brigetio (now 3444: 3428: 3383: 3333: 2444: 2054: 1986: 817: 325: 276: 10321:"A magyar zsidóság a vészkorszakban és a második világháború után" 9115:

Peter Bihari (2016): Aspects of Anti-Semitism in Hungary 1915-1918

8555: 7529: 7215:

was installed. Among his other first moves, Sztójay legalized the

6706: 6682: 6627:

passed a series of anti-Jewish measures in emulation of Germany's

5086: 5034: 4939: 4837:. At Szombathely, the mob advanced upon the synagogue, cut up the 4625: 4408:(1740–1780), daughter of Charles III, the Jews were expelled from 3475: 3359:

passed a series of anti-Jewish measures in emulation of Germany's

11288: 8198:"Hungary: A new synagogue for Budapest but anti-Semitism on rise" 8173:. Jewish Federation of North America. May 9, 2012. Archived from 8010: 7813: 7499: 7401: 7365: 6660:" (September 6, 1942) banned Jews from owning or purchasing land. 6512: 5677: 5621: 5577: 5534: 5237:, many Jews changed their family names from German to Hungarian. 4834: 4737:

Hungarian Jews was not effected till half a century later, under

4680: 4597: 4580: 4562: 4504: 4492: 4468: 4448: 4390: 4352: 4216: 4064: 3897: 3716: 3666: 3654: 3627: 3611: 3452: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3375: 3125: 2420: 2386: 2255: 2049: 1038: 1033: 905: 796: 691: 687: 683: 432: 427: 404: 386: 261: 256: 246: 224: 199: 156: 101: 76: 58: 10407:

East Central European Migrations During the Cold War: A Handbook

10176: 8497:

Büchler, Alexander (1904). "Hungary". In Singer, Isidore (ed.).

6686: 5117: 4868: 4822: 4500: 4229:. As the devastated country had to be repopulated, Bishop Count 3814:

The Orthodox Synagogue of Sopron, Hungary, dates from the 1890s.

3649:– probably to have them under the continuous supervision of the 3595:

decreed (20 May 1092) that Jews should not be permitted to have

3491: 3367:

on March 19, 1944, Jews from the provinces were deported to the

10726: 10661:

Center or Frontier: Hungary and Its Jews, Between East and West

10205:. National Security Agency, United States Cryptologic History. 9842:

http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/e/eichmann-adolf/transcripts/

8983: 8422:"Jewish Budapest – Budapest Jewish Population, History, Sights" 7466: 7393: 6690: 5613: 5558: 5006: 4994: 4970: 4818: 4807: 4786:, the most prominent Hungarian review, a strong appeal for the 4765: 4685: 4668: 4649: 4633: 4496: 4480: 4473: 4250: 4246: 4205: 4073: 4034: 4026: 4011: 3999: 3979: 3918: 3835: 3685: 3600: 3563: 3436: 3415:

87–106 CE) permitted the Jews who aided him in his war against

2605: 2080: 2075: 2035: 2020: 1131: 1023: 443: 409: 395: 330: 151: 127: 80: 9761:. Yad Vashem, The International School for Holocaust Studies. 9731: 6519:" to intimidate and suppress dissident views. All but the one 3854:, the latter who afforded them special commercial privileges. 3822:

Medieval pottery artifacts inside the Sopron Synagogue Museum.

8492: 8490: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8482: 8480: 8478: 8476: 8474: 5701:

license (except in 1919, during the short-lived Commune, see

5529: 5091: 4923: 4919: 4892: 4838: 4601: 4566: 4337: 4278: 4270: 4091: 4007: 4003: 3870: 3607: 3499: 3412: 3386:. There are many active synagogues in Hungary, including the 3347:) of 1920, chose to align themselves with the governments of 1043: 472: 376: 345: 52: 9942:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 157. 9905:

Central European University Press, Budapest, 2005, pp. 50–54

8658: 8656: 8654: 8652: 8650: 8648: 8646: 8644: 5593:

three Jewish men were appointed as ministers. The first was

4094:-tax paying heads of household in Buda during Ottoman rule: 3708:(by this time, the papacy had changed, and the Pope was now 10672:

Apprentice in Budapest: Memories of a World That Is No More

10569:"Hungary Country Commercial Guide FY2001 Executive Summary" 5128:

was founded in 1859, the principals of which have included

4409: 4222: 4196: 4084: 3975: 3619: 3554:

ambassadors promised to deliver the message to the King of

3456: 3416: 2585: 195: 8884: 8853: 8769: 8728: 8695: 8563: 8471: 5597:(Minister of War), János Harkányi (Minister of Trade) and 4852: 4056:(1526–1540) was elected and crowned king in opposition to 10073:. Churchill Papers, Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge. 8641: 7163:

During the war, Jews were called up to serve in unarmed "

6487:, Hungary would be forced by the Allies to adhere to the 5406:

Increase of the Jewish population in the previous decade

4997:

granted emancipation of Jews on Saturday, the eve of the

4977: 4332: 3696:

to Jews, which gave ground for much complaint. The pope (

3502:

inscription, the epitaph of Septima Maria, discovered in

10450:

The Star and the Scepter: A Diplomatic History of Israel

8369:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 6511:(although achieving some transitional success here) and 5378:

Increase of the total population in the previous decade

4655: 9756: 9557:

The Geographic Encyclopedia of the Holocaust in Hungary

8915: 8913: 8911: 8874: 8872: 8870: 8868: 8843: 8841: 8839: 8837: 8835: 8792: 8790: 8788: 8786: 8784: 8759: 8757: 8755: 8753: 8751: 8749: 8747: 8745: 8743: 8718: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8710: 8594: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8586: 8584: 8582: 8580: 8578: 8514: 8512: 8283: 7289:. To be sent to the right meant labor; to the left the 3951: 9740:"Could the BBC have done more to help Hungarian Jews?" 8896: 8365:

Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews

6806:

lower Carpatho-Ruthenia (lower Ung and Bereg counties)

5249: 4954:

to be 20,000; but this is most likely exaggerated, as

12127: 10640:(1st ed.: New York: Columbia University Press, 1981.) 10252: 10092: 9883:

A holocaust Magyarországon: A deportálások leállítása

8933:"N?PSZ?ml?l?sok Erd?ly ter?let?n 1850 ?s 1910 k?z?tt" 8816:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. 8340: 8338: 8336: 8334: 8332: 8330: 5576:

Stephen Roth writes, "Hungarian Jews were opposed to

5350:

Emigration to the US in the previous decade, '00–'09

4177:(1563–1576) intended to expel the Jews of Pressburg ( 4150:

While the Ottomans held sway in Hungary, the Jews of

10743: 9532: 9384: 9372: 9058: 8908: 8865: 8832: 8781: 8740: 8707: 8575: 8509: 6685:. Their smallest support was in Békés county (15%), 5222:

16th century: Cseh, Jakab, Gazdag, Fekete, Nagy, Kis

4958:

enumerates only 755 combatants by name in his work,

4857: 3948:, the deputy treasurer, embezzled the public funds. 2059: 2040: 463: 9750: 9553:

A Magyarországi Holokauszt Földrajzi Enciklopediája

8604: 7961:

Category:Israeli people of Hungarian-Jewish descent

4514:The toleration-tax had hardly been instituted when 4021:While some of the Jews of Hungary were deported to 3463:), while the Hemesian troops settled in Intercisa ( 10630:The Politics of Genocide: the Holocaust in Hungary 10496:. .sympatico.ca. December 31, 1957. Archived from 10071:"Winston Churchill to Anthony Eden, July 11, 1944" 8327: 7609:) and some church institutions and personalities. 6472:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–20) 5609:Austria-Hungary as a golden era of their history. 3896:of Béla IV. Matthias created the office of Jewish 3688:of the country, however, induced the king, in his 2576:The Carpathian Basin before the Hungarian conquest 10881: 10645:Christianity and the Holocaust of Hungarian Jewry 10494:"Kanada és a magyar zsidó menekültek (1956–1957)" 9222: 9220: 8521:The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology 5186:Romantic style Great Synagogue in Pécs, built by 4794:, who warmly advocated Jewish interests in 1846. 4434:("queen's money" in Yiddish), as they called it. 3905:, Matthias' illegitimate son, expelled them from 3806:Expulsion, readmition and persecution (1349–1526) 12163: 10379:"YIVO | Hungary: Hungary from 1918 to 1945" 10197: 9631:Volume 3, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1982, p. 979 6586:Local customers in front of a Jewish grocery in 5524:majority (related to modern US Conservative and 4960:Az 1848-49-iki Magyar Szabadságharcz és a Zsidók 4926:who sympathized with Hungary; among them, Rabbi 4833:was demanded; in the last two cities there were 4397:). Most of the Jews were engaged in commerce or 3378:, of whom 10,553 (96.2%) declared themselves as 117:(self-identifying Jews by religion, 2011 census) 9916:Horthy Miklós és Magyarország német megszállása 9559:]. Vol. 1. Budapest: Park Publishing. 6618: 6155:Budapest University of Technology and Economics 5705:), and even on a child's school grade reports. 5087:Struggles for a second emancipation (1859–1867) 4277:, caused much suffering to Hungary's Jews. The 4090:The following table shows the number of Jewish 41: 10225: 9217: 9193: 9191: 8414: 8344:Mason, John W; "Hungary's Battle For Memory," 8308: 5659: 5241:Slavic-sounding names regularly held by Jews. 5177: 4217:Further persecution and expulsions (1686–1740) 4029:, sought refuge beyond the frontier or in the 4025:, others, who had fled at the approach of the 3653:. Soon after the promulgation of this decree, 3610:; but they were strictly observant of all the 11273: 10867: 10764: 10238:. Wayne State University Press. p. 415. 9790:. Wayne State University Press. p. 354. 9777: 8965: 8963: 8957:, 1962, edited by Elek Karsai, volume 2, p. 8 8221: 8219: 8195: 8189: 8163: 7364:is believed to have been passed to Hungarian 5336:Total population of Hungary, without Croatia 4728:Thus came into force the famous law entitled 4467:) they had to pay a poll-tax of 1 florin, 30 3798:granted by him to the community of Posonium ( 3286: 2511: 10525:Quest. Issues in Contemporary Jewish History 10403: 10231: 10147:"(Deportáltakat Gondozó Országos Bizottság)" 9892:(in Hungarian; retrieved September 11, 2006) 9876: 9783: 8523:. Wayne State University Press. p. 22. 8393: 6823:upper Carpatho-Ruthenia (ex-Czech part only) 6744:Jewish by law but not by confessed religion 6563:A Jewish Hungarian country girl around 1930. 4817:At this time the expulsion of the Jews from 4383: 3558:, who would hand the same to Jews living in 10433: 10431: 10429: 10427: 10326:. Regio – Kisebbség, politika, társadalom. 10318: 10294: 9642:"Magyar Statisztikai Szemle Jan–March 1944" 9449:see Andrew Simon's annotations to Horthy's 9188: 8313:. Princeton University Press. p. 152. 7268: 6693:town (22%) and in Northern Pest town (27%) 5288:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4552: 4546: 4442: 4285:, accompanied by those of the community of 4190: 3507: 755:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 11280: 11266: 10874: 10860: 10771: 10757: 10692:Jewish Virtual Library articles on Hungary 10149:. Degob.hu. March 19, 1944. Archived from 9804: 9125: 8960: 8396:"A magyarországi zsidók a számok tükrében" 8216: 7951:History of the Jews in Carpathian Ruthenia 7876:), and further between 1951 and 1960 (the 7193: 6725:in 1938–1940 and 1.38% in the territories 6507:efforts to regain territories occupied by 5095:Prominent newspaper editor and journalist 5037:, which had already been heavily taxed by 3315:Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin 3293: 3279: 2518: 2504: 51: 10744:Jewish Heritage Walking Tours in Budapest 10674:Lanham, Maryland, Lexington Books, 2000, 10521:"Jews and Jewishness in Post-war Hungary" 9346:"Population by denomination, 2001 census" 8357: 7536:) and other places starting September 4. 7445: 6494:The first post-war government was led by 5624:with about 10,000 each, Máramarossziget ( 5364:Jewish population, again without Croatia 5308:Learn how and when to remove this message 3731:(1235–1270) appointed a Jewish man named 3684:and mint-, salt-, and tax-officials. The 10590:Braham, Randolph L. (October 31, 2001). 10424: 10022:. Degob.hu. May 15, 1944. Archived from 9840:transcripts of his entire trial online: 9607:"VoksCentrum – a választások univerzuma" 9581:"VoksCentrum – a választások univerzuma" 8981: 8674: 7855: 7538: 7457: 7449: 7337:Just before the deportations began, the 7300: 7272: 7197: 6897:Yiddish+Hebrew by mother tongue in 1941 6581: 6558: 5714:December 31, 1910 (inside 1937 borders) 5668: 5244: 5193: 5181: 5090: 4712: 4701: 4659: 4579: 4533: 3817: 3809: 10778: 10474:Jordan, Michael J. (October 25, 2006). 9737: 9143:David S. Wyman, Charles H. Rosenzveig: 8919: 8902: 8890: 8878: 8859: 8847: 8796: 8775: 8763: 8734: 8722: 8701: 8662: 8598: 8569: 8496: 7489:, and, in strong terms, U.S. President 6735:year of annexation; from which country 6723:annexed from Czechoslovakia and Romania 6613: 6483:With the defeat and dissolution of the 5723:January 31, 1941 (inside 1937 borders) 4902:, subsequently rabbi at New York City; 4853:Revolution and emancipation (1848–1849) 3892:(1458–1490) all likewise confirmed the 3486:), Intercisa (Dunaújváros), Triccinae ( 3313:, with some records even predating the 14: 12164: 10806:Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Hungary 10598:from the original on January 21, 2020. 10589: 10518: 10473: 10020:"Death trains in 1944: the Kassa list" 9962: 9648:from the original on November 14, 2012 9550: 9470:from the original on September 3, 2012 9133:, Purdue University Press, p. 128 8683:from the original on February 10, 2013 8459:from the original on February 12, 2018 8447:Kulish, Nicholas (December 30, 2007). 8446: 8428:from the original on February 25, 2013 7946:History of the Jews in Bekes (Hungary) 7658: 7624: 6696: 6523:, the revolution's leaders, including 4978:Brief emancipation and aftermath, 1849 4604:. They were also permitted to engrave 11261: 10855: 10752: 10697:Documents on the Holocaust in Hungary 10446: 10385:from the original on January 28, 2019 10359:from the original on November 8, 2012 10258: 10098: 9983: 9934: 9765:from the original on January 16, 2019 9713:"A few thousand of the deportees ..." 9710: 9538: 9390: 9378: 9096:from the original on October 14, 2012 9064: 8814:Beit Hatfutsot Open Databases Project 8675:Fogelman, Shay (September 28, 2011). 8610: 8518: 7830:Under the milder communist regime of 7347:on June 20. World leaders, including 5161:Budapest University of Jewish Studies 4656:Toleration and oppression (1790–1847) 4548:Systematica gentis Judaicae regulatio 3932:. On the occasion of the marriage of 11287: 9853: 9496:from the original on August 10, 2012 9234:from the original on October 5, 2012 9205:from the original on October 5, 2012 9164:from the original on October 5, 2012 9046:from the original on October 5, 2012 9020:from the original on October 5, 2012 8309:Endelman, Todd (February 22, 2015). 7926:Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary 7388:between June 25 and 28 (2 each from 6703:Magyarország történelmi kronológiája 5286:adding citations to reliable sources 5253: 3952:War against the Ottomans (1526–1686) 3531:, which was adopted from one of the 107:(core population, estimation) (2010) 88:Regions with significant populations 10722:Chabad-Lubavitch Centers in Hungary 10333:from the original on March 29, 2007 10300:Anna Porter. Kasztner's Train. 2007 10212:from the original on March 4, 2016. 10127:from the original on March 18, 2013 10052:from the original on April 19, 2013 9746:from the original on June 21, 2018. 9738:Thomson, Mike (November 13, 2012). 9675:Statisztikai szemle 1944 4–5, p. 96 9666:Statisztikai szemle 1941 11, p. 773 9299:from the original on April 18, 2013 8204:from the original on March 15, 2013 7551: 5680:box, possibly for donations to the 5250:1890 / 1900 / 1910 census summaries 4717:The Jewish Cemetery in the city of 83:, does not include other countries) 24: 10605: 10404:Mazurkiewicz, Anna (May 6, 2019). 9692:from the original on March 9, 2007 8970:Magyar Statisztikai Szemle 1939-10 8955:Fegyvertelen álltak az aknamezőkön 8820:from the original on July 29, 2018 8402:from the original on June 19, 2018 8196:Myles, Robert (February 9, 2013). 7653: 7127: 6604:Hungarian National Socialist Party 6401:Jewish/total individual Hungarian 5501:Kazinczy Street Orthodox Synagogue 5126:Israelite State Teachers' Seminary 5039:Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz 3790:(1291–1301), the last king of the 3774:(1279), held in the reign of King 61:(dark green) in the European Union 25: 12183: 10712:Heroes of the Hungarian Holocaust 10685: 10447:Navon, Emmanuel (November 2020). 10278:. August 24, 2000. Archived from 9963:Horthy, Admiral Nicholas (2000). 9551:Braham, Randolph L., ed. (2007). 9145:The World Reacts to the Holocaust 9077:Magyarország tortenete, 1890–1918 7841: 7633: 6569:Budapest Technological University 6554: 4858:Jews and the Hungarian Revolution 3584: 2931:Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen 546:Historical population comparisons 12149: 12137: 10667:, vol. 1, Summer 2011, pp. 67–91 10583: 10561: 10539: 10512: 10486: 10467: 10440: 10397: 10371: 10345: 10312: 10303: 10264: 10216: 10191: 10165: 10139: 10113: 10104: 10076: 10064: 10038: 9609:. Vokscentrum.hu. Archived from 9583:. Vokscentrum.hu. Archived from 9410:. Washington DC. August 26, 1918 8284:Weinstock, S. Alexander (2013). 8233:from the original on May 9, 2015 8104: 8095: 8085: 7595:Carlos de Liz-Texeira Branquinho 7182: 6623:Starting in 1938, Hungary under 5493: 5481: 5467: 5455: 5440: 5258: 5017:and the Reform party advocated. 4904:Solomon Marcus Schiller-Szinessy 4211: 3397: 3262: 2554: 1190:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1104:Historical population by country 120: 94: 10821:Hungarian Greek Catholic Church 10012: 10003: 9966:Admiral Nicholas Horthy Memoirs 9956: 9928: 9908: 9895: 9834: 9812:"Murder of the Jews of Romania" 9704: 9678: 9669: 9660: 9634: 9625: 9599: 9573: 9544: 9508: 9482: 9456: 9443: 9431: 9422: 9396: 9360: 9338: 9329: 9320: 9311: 9279: 9268: 9246: 9183:Magyar Statisztikai Szemle 1923 9176: 9150: 9137: 9119: 9108: 9082: 9070: 9032: 9006: 8975: 8947: 8925: 8802: 8668: 8616: 8549: 8537: 8440: 8387: 8351: 8139:"World Jewish Population, 2010" 8076: 8067: 8058: 8049: 8040: 7819:Jews were on both sides of the 7109:Christian in the entire country 6142:Budapest University of Sciences 5204: 4782:, who published in 1840 in the 4667:was used for this Synagogue in 4221:The imperial troops recaptured 3587:"market day"). In the reign of 3490:), Dombovár, Siklós, Sopianae ( 10883:History of the Jews in Europe 10656:, US Holocaust Memorial Museum 9688:. degob.org. August 28, 1941. 9438:Admiral Miklos Horthy: Memoirs 8302: 8277: 8245: 8131: 8031: 8022: 7991:Freedom of religion in Hungary 7412:with 1,685 people on June 30. 5507: 5074:, Romania) and Pressburg (now 5009:for the purpose of drafting a 4916:Hungarian Ministry of Commerce 4699:in the session of February 5: 3848:Alexander the Good of Moldavia 3763:remained in force down to the 3680:(1205–1235) there were Jewish 3402: 3307:history of the Jews in Hungary 13: 1: 10519:Kovacs, Andras (April 2010). 9757:Kathryn Berman and Asaf Tal. 8116: 7996:Shoes on the Danube Promenade 7573:The names of some diplomats, 7140:In the massacres of Újvidék ( 6894:Region by year of annexation 6465: 5664: 4233:, subsequently Archbishop of 4067:) was in debt to the Jews, a 3958:History of the Jews in Turkey 3880:The successors of Sigismund: 2871:Rákóczi's War of Independence 2836:Principality of Upper Hungary 2636:Hungarian invasions of Europe 761:Christianity and Judaism 133:(immigrants to Israel) (2010) 112:(estimated population) (2012) 11348:Principality of Transylvania 10665:Journal of Levantine Studies 9925:, História (volume 04), 1994 9715:Betekinto.hu. Archived from 7878:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 7825:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 7285:after disembarking from the 7135:Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre 7092:Jewish in the entire country 6900:Jewish by ethnicity in 1941 6857:Bácska and other territories 6619:Anti-Jewish Laws (1938–1942) 6378:Hungarian Jewish Individual 5805:1911–1917 (pre-WWI borders) 5802:1901–1910 (pre-WWI borders) 5799:1896–1900 (pre-WWI borders) 5488:Vasvari Pal Street Synagogue 5462:Hegedus Gyula Utca Synagogue 5057:, Szeged, and Szabadka (now 4906:, afterward lecturer at the 4231:Leopold Karl von Kollonitsch 4121: 4098: 3757:Frederick II the Quarrelsome 3637: 3550:, in which he says that the 3369:Auschwitz concentration camp 3365:German occupation of Hungary 2881:Principality of Transylvania 2806:Principality of Transylvania 7: 11383:Interwar Kingdom of Hungary 10628:Braham, Randolph L. (2001) 10533:10.48248/issn.2037-741X/723 9847:September 19, 2012, at the 9514:All these figures are from 8449:"Out of Darkness, New Life" 7914: 7645:Hungarian Jewish population 7640:Hungarian People's Republic 7517:against the Nazis started. 7146:Ferenc Feketehalmy-Czeydner 6909:Jewish by religion in 1910 6906:Jewish by religion in 1930 6903:Jewish by religion in 1941 6741:Jewish by religion in 1941 5660:Interwar period (1918–1939) 5561:referred to the capital as 5178:Austria-Hungary (1867–1918) 4871:were mobilized against the 4289:, sought refuge at Vienna, 3921:) in 1494, on suspicion of 3599:wives or to keep Christian 3392:Temple Emanu-El of New York 3309:dates back to at least the 3086:Hungarian People's Republic 3021:Governorate of Subcarpathia 2961:Hungarian People's Republic 2691:Personal union with Croatia 2060: 2041: 1768:Latin America and Caribbean 464: 10: 12188: 9131:The Army of Francis Joseph 9090:"Hungary – Social Changes" 7845: 7637: 7186: 6469: 6355:Hungarian Individual Gold 6255:1976–1992 (1984 excluded) 4986:For the purpose of urging 4404:During the reign of Queen 4173:On 26 November 1572, King 3955: 3546:, the Jewish statesman of 2711:Mongol invasion of Hungary 2373:Jewish political movements 2070:Conversion to Judaism 12089: 11926: 11845:Universities and colleges 11819: 11810: 11716: 11707: 11593: 11584: 11499: 11490: 11416: 11308: 11299: 11207: 11169: 10889: 10786: 10732:November 5, 2012, at the 10727:Hungarian Jewish Homepage 10654:Hungary and the Holocaust 10480:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 10276:The Newark Public Library 10198:Robert J. Hanyok (2004). 10009:Gilbert 1981, pp. 201–205 7785: 7671:— 5703:Hungarian Soviet Republic 5656:) with about 7,000 each. 5518:schism in Hungarian Jewry 4993:The national assembly at 4810:around Pressburg Castle ( 4756:(Ballagi) translated the 4665:Neoclassical architecture 4384:Maria Theresa (1740–1780) 3694:farmed the royal revenues 3676:During the reign of King 3657:came to Hungary; but the 3560:"the country of Hungarin" 3076:Second Hungarian Republic 2971:Hungarian Soviet Republic 2921:Austro-Hungarian Monarchy 2776:Eastern Hungarian Kingdom 776:Hinduism and Judaism 170: 165: 142: 137: 92: 87: 71: 66: 50: 36: 12172:Jewish Hungarian history 11824:Anti-Hungarian sentiment 11504:Administrative divisions 9940:Rethinking the Holocaust 9866:, Public Affairs, 2005. 9864:Auschwitz: A New History 8982:Briliant, Oscar (1911). 8288:. Springer. p. 48. 8016: 7852:2006 protests in Hungary 7515:Slovak National uprising 7375:The first transports to 7269:Deportation to Auschwitz 7235:throughout the country. 7189:The Holocaust in Hungary 7137:) at the end of August. 6204:Jews in the countryside 5541:identified as Orthodox. 5475:Rumbach Street Synagogue 5159:On October 4, 1877, the 4158:, a Jewish physician of 3832:Louis the Great of Anjou 3116:Third Hungarian Republic 602:Temple in Jerusalem 295:Bar and bat mitzvah 11732:Hungarian National Bank 11363:Austro-Hungarian Empire 10801:Eastern Orthodox church 10046:"Auschwitz: Chronology" 9921:April 20, 2015, at the 9453:, English Edition, 1957 9079:, Budapest 1978, p. 465 8995:Encyclopædia Britannica 8519:Patai, Raphael (1996). 8499:The Jewish Encyclopedia 8124:The Jewish Encyclopedia 7956:Hungary in World War II 7463:Holocaust Shoe Memorial 7194:Germany invades Hungary 6727:annexed from Yugoslavia 6485:Austro-Hungarian Empire 5904:Population of Budapest 5848:Converted from Judaism 5640:with 8,000, Kolozsvár ( 5449:Dohány Street Synagogue 5027:Julius Jacob von Haynau 4908:University of Cambridge 4305:) dispersed to Göding ( 4063:As the lord of Bösing ( 3776:Ladislaus IV of Hungary 3388:Dohány Street Synagogue 3165:History of Transylvania 2671:Principality of Hungary 564:Twelve Tribes of Israel 11888:International rankings 11763:Science and technology 11643:Chief of General Staff 11338:Ottoman–Hungarian wars 10932:Bosnia and Herzegovina 10553:. 2017. Archived from 9127:Rothenberg, Gunther E. 7921:List of Hungarian Jews 7861: 7591:Carlos Sampaio Garrido 7548: 7543:A Memorial plaque for 7470: 7455: 7446:Efforts to rescue Jews 7419: 7310: 7298: 7277:Hungarian Jews on the 7203: 7202:Adolf Eichmann in 1942 7044:4 Jewish grandparents 6591: 6564: 6332:Hungarian/total World 5685: 5603:National Party of Work 5586: 5201: 5191: 5100: 5097:Miksa (Maxmilian) Falk 4722: 4721:, now part of Romania. 4710: 4672: 4589: 4553: 4547: 4443: 4191: 3823: 3815: 3578: 3515:" during the reign of 3508: 42: 11333:Late Medieval Kingdom 11328:High Medieval Kingdom 10826:Hungarian neopaganism 10594:. Radio Free Europe. 10232:Yehuda Bauer (1981). 10121:"The Auschwitz Album" 9888:July 9, 2006, at the 9784:Yehuda Bauer (1981). 9404:"Hungary Expels Jews" 9367:Magyar Zsidó Lexikon. 9092:. Countrystudies.us. 8810:"The Jews of Hungary" 8394:László Sebők (2012). 8348:, Vol. 50, March 2000 7859: 7638:Further information: 7542: 7491:Franklin D. Roosevelt 7461: 7453: 7415: 7355:on June 26, and King 7353:Franklin D. Roosevelt 7351:(June 25), President 7309:arriving at Auschwitz 7304: 7283:Auschwitz II-Birkenau 7276: 7201: 7075:Christian in Budapest 6840:Northern Transylvania 6585: 6562: 5874:Converted to Judaism 5672: 5245:Population statistics 5197: 5185: 5094: 4847:emigration to America 4716: 4705: 4663: 4596:Jews were allowed to 4583: 4534:Joseph II (1780–1790) 4052:was opened, at which 4044:On that same day the 3821: 3813: 3540:Joseph of the Khazars 3427:and smaller areas of 3190:Transylvanian Princes 3041:Revisions of Délvidék 2826:Wesselényi conspiracy 2606:Kingdom of the Gepids 1310:São Tomé and Príncipe 1305:Republic of the Congo 699:Second Temple Judaism 570:Kingdom of Judah 541:Modern historiography 166:Related ethnic groups 75:(total estimated for 12077:World Heritage Sites 11949:Palaces and mansions 11313:Hungarian prehistory 10702:Magyar Zsidó Lexikon 10557:on October 26, 2020. 10319:Tamás Stark (1993). 10153:on February 15, 2012 9613:on February 13, 2012 9408:The Washington Times 8943:on February 7, 2019. 8937:www.bibl.u-szeged.hu 7305:Hungarian Jews from 6820:1939; Czechoslovakia 6803:1938; Czechoslovakia 6786:1938; Czechoslovakia 6614:Anti-Jewish measures 6517:revolutionary terror 6094:Christian = 159,113 5282:improve this section 5171:and Eastern Europe. 5022:surrender at Világos 4952:Hungarian Revolution 4843:Nové Mesto nad Váhom 4760:into Hungarian, and 4630:Nové Mesto nad Váhom 4168:Szekler Sabbatarians 3942:Jacob Mendel of Buda 3875:Sigismund Luxembourg 3840:Bogomil Christianity 2891:Hungarian Reform Era 2571:Hungarian prehistory 2412:World Agudath Israel 1553:United Arab Emirates 640:Second Temple period 630:Babylonian captivity 11170:States with limited 10780:Religion in Hungary 10739:Jewish Budapest Map 10612:Braham, Randolph L. 9822:on February 6, 2022 9520:The Jewish Century. 9492:. Graphic Witness. 9466:. Graphic Witness. 8893:, pp. 501–502. 8862:, pp. 500–501. 8778:, pp. 498–499. 8737:, pp. 497–498. 8704:, pp. 496–497. 8572:, pp. 494–495. 8200:. Digital Journal. 8177:on October 16, 2013 8151:on February 9, 2012 7986:Religion in Hungary 7882:former Soviet Union 7848:Revolutions of 1989 7646: 7625:Number of survivors 7362:Vrba-Wetzler Report 7339:Vrba-Wetzler Report 7316:Obersturmbannführer 7206:On March 18, 1944, 7177:extermination camps 6719:occupied Yugoslavia 6717:) regions from the 6697:January 1941 census 6443:Jews in population 6424:Jews in Gold Teams 6190:General population 5011:confession of faith 4988:Jewish emancipation 4519:adjust the matter. 4476:and the merchants. 4297:; those of Holics ( 3986:, preceding Sultan 3886:Ladislaus Posthumus 3852:Dano I of Wallachia 3794:, declared, in the 3747:held the castle at 3447:(Western Hungary). 3439:. Prisoners of the 3031:Second Vienna Award 2616:Ostrogothic Kingdom 705:Hellenistic Judaism 283:Land of Israel 242:Principles of faith 47: 12027:Hungarian language 11878:Hungarian diaspora 11778:Telecommunications 11403:Revolution of 1956 11358:Revolution of 1848 10500:on August 19, 2012 10282:on August 14, 2007 8628:www.britannica.com 8453:The New York Times 8265:on August 12, 2014 7966:Kiryat Mattersdorf 7941:History of Hungary 7904:Randolph L. Braham 7862: 7644: 7566:liberated the big 7549: 7471: 7456: 7432:Edmund Veesenmayer 7357:Gustaf V of Sweden 7344:The New York Times 7311: 7299: 7204: 7058:Jewish in Budapest 6592: 6565: 6185:university degree 5720:December 31, 1930 5717:December 31, 1920 5686: 5644:), Szatmárnémeti ( 5202: 5192: 5190:community in 1869. 5154:Tiszaeszlár affair 5101: 4962:(Budapest, 1898). 4800:Revolution of 1848 4723: 4711: 4673: 4632:), and Nagyvárad ( 4590: 4275:Francis II Rákóczi 4269:The revolt of the 3946:Emerich Szerencsés 3824: 3816: 3663:Gedaliah ibn Yaḥya 3544:Hasdai ibn Shaprut 3311:Kingdom of Hungary 3269:Hungary portal 3170:Hungarian language 3160:History of Hungary 3096:Revolution of 1956 3011:First Vienna Award 3001:Kingdom of Hungary 2981:Hungarian Republic 2901:Revolution of 1848 2846:Kingdom of Hungary 2721:Kingdom of Hungary 2681:Kingdom of Hungary 2646:Hungarian conquest 2266:Jewish Koine Greek 1808:Dominican Republic 1089:Judaism by country 768:Jews and Christmas 623:Assyrian captivity 32: 12125: 12124: 12085: 12084: 11868:Human trafficking 11806: 11805: 11703: 11702: 11667:Political parties 11613:Foreign relations 11580: 11579: 11486: 11485: 11398:People's Republic 11378:Treaty of Trianon 11255: 11254: 10849: 10848: 10643:Herczl, Moshe Y. 10579:on March 1, 2005. 10179:on April 11, 2014 10173:"Csillagos házak" 10123:. yadvashem.org. 10088:978-963-9241-53-4 10026:on March 30, 2012 9903:Trading in Lives? 9901:Szita, Szabolcs, 9816:www.yadvashem.org 9522:Princeton, 2004. 9348:. Nepszamlalas.hu 9254:"Pallas lexikona" 8380:978-0-19-280436-5 7931:Arrow Cross Party 7797: 7796: 7482:Mayor of Budapest 7423:Winston Churchill 7307:Carpatho-Ruthenia 7293:. Photo from the 7281:(Jewish ramp) at 7251:Carlile Macartney 7217:Arrow Cross Party 7125: 7124: 7032: 7031: 6886: 6885: 6789:southern Slovakia 6769:pre-1938; Hungary 6752:pre-1938; Hungary 6713:) and Muravidék ( 6658:Fourth Jewish Law 6644:Second Jewish Law 6608:Arrow Cross Party 6489:Treaty of Trianon 6463: 6462: 6231: 6230: 6218:Jews in Budapest 6166: 6165: 6116: 6115: 6026: 6025: 6001:166,198 (23.6%)o 5899: 5898: 5788: 5787: 5682:Keren Kayemet/JNF 5626:Sighetu Marmaţiei 5433: 5432: 5318: 5317: 5310: 4922:slew the Jews at 4918:. The rebellious 4812:Bratislava Castle 4746:Philip Jacobovics 4412:(1746), and the " 4344:), and Trencsén ( 4262:at Leopoldstadt ( 4227:House of Habsburg 4145: 4144: 3938:archduchess Maria 3890:Matthias Corvinus 3888:(1453–1457), and 3698:Pope Honorius III 3593:Synod of Szabolcs 3591:(1077–1095), the 3517:Alexander Severus 3441:Jewish-Roman Wars 3345:Treaty of Trianon 3303: 3302: 3134: 3133: 3106:Goulash Communism 3059: 3058: 2991:Treaty of Trianon 2854: 2853: 2739: 2738: 2654: 2653: 2528: 2527: 2477: 2476: 2225: 2224: 1972:Reconstructionist 1916: 1915: 1068: 1067: 875: 874: 712:Jewish–Roman wars 660:Hasmonean dynasty 576:Kingdom of Israel 480: 479: 181: 180: 16:(Redirected from 12179: 12154: 12153: 12152: 12142: 12141: 12140: 12133: 12105: 12098: 11996: 11989: 11982: 11975: 11951: 11944: 11847: 11817: 11816: 11754: 11734: 11714: 11713: 11693: 11679: 11591: 11590: 11556: 11549: 11542: 11514:Cities and towns 11497: 11496: 11343:Habsburg Kingdom 11306: 11305: 11282: 11275: 11268: 11259: 11258: 11208:Dependencies and 11149:Northern Ireland 10890:Sovereign states 10876: 10869: 10862: 10853: 10852: 10773: 10766: 10759: 10750: 10749: 10670:Patai, Raphael, 10600: 10599: 10587: 10581: 10580: 10575:. Archived from 10565: 10559: 10558: 10543: 10537: 10536: 10516: 10510: 10509: 10507: 10505: 10490: 10484: 10483: 10471: 10465: 10464: 10444: 10438: 10435: 10422: 10421: 10401: 10395: 10394: 10392: 10390: 10375: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10364: 10349: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10338: 10332: 10325: 10316: 10310: 10307: 10301: 10298: 10292: 10291: 10289: 10287: 10268: 10262: 10256: 10250: 10249: 10229: 10223: 10220: 10214: 10213: 10211: 10204: 10195: 10189: 10188: 10186: 10184: 10175:. Archived from 10169: 10163: 10162: 10160: 10158: 10143: 10137: 10136: 10134: 10132: 10117: 10111: 10108: 10102: 10096: 10090: 10080: 10074: 10068: 10062: 10061: 10059: 10057: 10042: 10036: 10035: 10033: 10031: 10016: 10010: 10007: 10001: 9987: 9981: 9980: 9960: 9954: 9953: 9932: 9926: 9912: 9906: 9899: 9893: 9880: 9874: 9857: 9851: 9838: 9832: 9831: 9829: 9827: 9818:. Archived from 9808: 9802: 9801: 9781: 9775: 9774: 9772: 9770: 9754: 9748: 9747: 9735: 9729: 9728: 9726: 9724: 9708: 9702: 9701: 9699: 9697: 9682: 9676: 9673: 9667: 9664: 9658: 9657: 9655: 9653: 9638: 9632: 9629: 9623: 9622: 9620: 9618: 9603: 9597: 9596: 9594: 9592: 9587:on July 27, 2012 9577: 9571: 9570: 9548: 9542: 9536: 9530: 9512: 9506: 9505: 9503: 9501: 9486: 9480: 9479: 9477: 9475: 9460: 9454: 9447: 9441: 9435: 9429: 9426: 9420: 9419: 9417: 9415: 9400: 9394: 9388: 9382: 9376: 9370: 9364: 9358: 9357: 9355: 9353: 9342: 9336: 9333: 9327: 9324: 9318: 9315: 9309: 9308: 9306: 9304: 9298: 9291: 9283: 9277: 9272: 9266: 9265: 9263: 9261: 9250: 9244: 9243: 9241: 9239: 9224: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9195: 9186: 9180: 9174: 9173: 9171: 9169: 9154: 9148: 9141: 9135: 9134: 9123: 9117: 9112: 9106: 9105: 9103: 9101: 9086: 9080: 9074: 9068: 9062: 9056: 9055: 9053: 9051: 9036: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9025: 9010: 9004: 9003: 8987: 8985:"Budapest" 8979: 8973: 8967: 8958: 8951: 8945: 8944: 8939:. Archived from 8929: 8923: 8917: 8906: 8900: 8894: 8888: 8882: 8876: 8863: 8857: 8851: 8845: 8830: 8829: 8827: 8825: 8806: 8800: 8794: 8779: 8773: 8767: 8761: 8738: 8732: 8726: 8720: 8705: 8699: 8693: 8692: 8690: 8688: 8672: 8666: 8660: 8639: 8638: 8636: 8634: 8620: 8614: 8608: 8602: 8596: 8573: 8567: 8561: 8553: 8547: 8541: 8535: 8534: 8516: 8507: 8506: 8494: 8469: 8468: 8466: 8464: 8444: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8433: 8418: 8412: 8411: 8409: 8407: 8391: 8385: 8384: 8368: 8359:Longerich, Peter 8355: 8349: 8342: 8325: 8324: 8306: 8300: 8299: 8281: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8270: 8264: 8258:. Archived from 8257: 8249: 8243: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8223: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8209: 8193: 8187: 8186: 8184: 8182: 8167: 8161: 8160: 8158: 8156: 8150: 8144:. Archived from 8143: 8135: 8111: 8108: 8102: 8099: 8093: 8089: 8083: 8080: 8074: 8071: 8065: 8062: 8056: 8053: 8047: 8044: 8038: 8035: 8029: 8026: 7891:(1990–1993) and 7660: 7655: 7647: 7643: 7587:Giorgio Perlasca 7575:Raoul Wallenberg 7552:Arrow Cross rule 7526:Sărmașu massacre 7512: 7480:On June 15, the 7426: 7287:transport trains 7171:. Nevertheless, 7038: 7037: 7028:753,415 (6.22%) 6989:134,225 (6.14%) 6969:63,324 (12.75%) 6929:471,378 (6.19%) 6891: 6890: 6882:782,000–861,000 6854:1941; Yugoslavia 6849:154,000–166,000 6781:232,000–254,000 6764:221,000–257,000 6732: 6731: 6711:Međimurje County 6709:), the Muraköz ( 6651:Third Jewish Law 6637:First Jewish Law 6309:Hungarian Golds 6237: 6236: 6173: 6172: 6130:Jewish students 6127: 6126: 6048:# of households 6045: 6044: 6013:184,453 (15.8%) 6010:204,371 (20.3%) 6007:215,512 (23.2%) 6004:203,687 (23.1%) 5998:102,377 (21.0%) 5901: 5900: 5794: 5793: 5708: 5707: 5497: 5485: 5471: 5459: 5444: 5320: 5319: 5313: 5306: 5302: 5299: 5293: 5262: 5254: 5199:Szeged Synagogue 5150:Zsigmond Bernáth 5134:Heinrich Deutsch 4784:Budapesti Szemle 4762:Moritz Rosenthal 4638:military service 4556: 4550: 4446: 4194: 4097: 4096: 4069:blood accusation 4031:free royal towns 3972:Battle of Mohács 3765:Battle of Mohács 3586: 3514: 3455:and Hemesa (now 3380:ethnic Hungarian 3363:. Following the 3319:Hungarian tribes 3295: 3288: 3281: 3267: 3266: 3265: 3072: 3071: 2867: 2866: 2816:Bocskai uprising 2752: 2751: 2667: 2666: 2602: 2601: 2558: 2548: 2530: 2529: 2520: 2513: 2506: 2369: 2368: 2250: 2071: 2065: 2046: 2010: 2009: 1957: 1904:New Zealand 1856: 1819:El Salvador 1809: 1741:Northern America 1733: 1327: 1083: 1082: 994:Crimean Karaites 890: 889: 868: 866: 787: 785: 777: 771: 762: 750:Rabbinic Judaism 731: 725: 719: 707: 695: 661: 654:Maccabean Revolt 631: 624: 618: 610: 603: 597: 589: 571: 495: 494: 469: 364: 363: 296: 284: 183: 182: 126: 124: 123: 100: 98: 97: 67:Total population 55: 48: 46: 45: 38: 31: 21: 12187: 12186: 12182: 12181: 12180: 12178: 12177: 12176: 12162: 12161: 12160: 12150: 12148: 12138: 12136: 12128: 12126: 12121: 12108: 12101: 12094: 12081: 11992: 11985: 11978: 11971: 11947: 11940: 11922: 11908:Public holidays 11843: 11802: 11752: 11730: 11699: 11691: 11677: 11633:Law enforcement 11576: 11552: 11545: 11538: 11482: 11412: 11393:Second Republic 11295: 11286: 11256: 11251: 11209: 11203: 11189:Northern Cyprus 11171: 11165: 11064:North Macedonia 10885: 10880: 10850: 10845: 10841:Reformed Church 10796:Catholic Church 10782: 10777: 10734:Wayback Machine 10688: 10608: 10606:Further reading 10603: 10588: 10584: 10567: 10566: 10562: 10545: 10544: 10540: 10517: 10513: 10503: 10501: 10492: 10491: 10487: 10472: 10468: 10461: 10445: 10441: 10436: 10425: 10418: 10402: 10398: 10388: 10386: 10377: 10376: 10372: 10362: 10360: 10351: 10350: 10346: 10336: 10334: 10330: 10323: 10317: 10313: 10308: 10304: 10299: 10295: 10285: 10283: 10270: 10269: 10265: 10257: 10253: 10246: 10230: 10226: 10221: 10217: 10209: 10202: 10196: 10192: 10182: 10180: 10171: 10170: 10166: 10156: 10154: 10145: 10144: 10140: 10130: 10128: 10119: 10118: 10114: 10109: 10105: 10097: 10093: 10081: 10077: 10069: 10065: 10055: 10053: 10044: 10043: 10039: 10029: 10027: 10018: 10017: 10013: 10008: 10004: 9988: 9984: 9977: 9961: 9957: 9950: 9933: 9929: 9923:Wayback Machine 9913: 9909: 9900: 9896: 9890:Wayback Machine 9881: 9877: 9858: 9854: 9849:Wayback Machine 9839: 9835: 9825: 9823: 9810: 9809: 9805: 9798: 9782: 9778: 9768: 9766: 9755: 9751: 9736: 9732: 9722: 9720: 9719:on May 17, 2014 9709: 9705: 9695: 9693: 9684: 9683: 9679: 9674: 9670: 9665: 9661: 9651: 9649: 9640: 9639: 9635: 9630: 9626: 9616: 9614: 9605: 9604: 9600: 9590: 9588: 9579: 9578: 9574: 9567: 9549: 9545: 9537: 9533: 9513: 9509: 9499: 9497: 9488: 9487: 9483: 9473: 9471: 9462: 9461: 9457: 9448: 9444: 9436: 9432: 9427: 9423: 9413: 9411: 9402: 9401: 9397: 9389: 9385: 9377: 9373: 9365: 9361: 9351: 9349: 9344: 9343: 9339: 9334: 9330: 9325: 9321: 9316: 9312: 9302: 9300: 9296: 9289: 9285: 9284: 9280: 9273: 9269: 9259: 9257: 9252: 9251: 9247: 9237: 9235: 9230:. Mek.niif.hu. 9226: 9225: 9218: 9208: 9206: 9201:. Mek.niif.hu. 9197: 9196: 9189: 9181: 9177: 9167: 9165: 9160:. Mek.niif.hu. 9156: 9155: 9151: 9142: 9138: 9124: 9120: 9113: 9109: 9099: 9097: 9088: 9087: 9083: 9075: 9071: 9063: 9059: 9049: 9047: 9042:. Mek.niif.hu. 9038: 9037: 9033: 9023: 9021: 9016:. Mek.niif.hu. 9012: 9011: 9007: 8980: 8976: 8968: 8961: 8952: 8948: 8931: 8930: 8926: 8918: 8909: 8901: 8897: 8889: 8885: 8877: 8866: 8858: 8854: 8846: 8833: 8823: 8821: 8808: 8807: 8803: 8795: 8782: 8774: 8770: 8762: 8741: 8733: 8729: 8721: 8708: 8700: 8696: 8686: 8684: 8679:. Haaretz.com. 8673: 8669: 8661: 8642: 8632: 8630: 8622: 8621: 8617: 8609: 8605: 8597: 8576: 8568: 8564: 8554: 8550: 8542: 8538: 8531: 8517: 8510: 8495: 8472: 8462: 8460: 8445: 8441: 8431: 8429: 8420: 8419: 8415: 8405: 8403: 8392: 8388: 8381: 8356: 8352: 8343: 8328: 8321: 8307: 8303: 8296: 8282: 8278: 8268: 8266: 8262: 8255: 8251: 8250: 8246: 8236: 8234: 8225: 8224: 8217: 8207: 8205: 8194: 8190: 8180: 8178: 8169: 8168: 8164: 8154: 8152: 8148: 8141: 8137: 8136: 8132: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8105: 8100: 8096: 8090: 8086: 8081: 8077: 8072: 8068: 8063: 8059: 8054: 8050: 8045: 8041: 8036: 8032: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8001:Siebengemeinden 7981:Oberlander Jews 7936:Budapest Ghetto 7917: 7854: 7844: 7787: 7642: 7636: 7627: 7619:Kastner's train 7583:Ángel Sanz Briz 7568:Budapest ghetto 7563:Budapest ghetto 7554: 7528:), Marosludas ( 7506: 7448: 7428: 7421: 7297:(May/June 1944) 7295:Auschwitz Album 7271: 7196: 7191: 7185: 7130: 7128:First massacres 7023:725,007 (4.94%) 7020:139,455 (0.95%) 7009:17,642 (1.87%) 6986:148,288 (6.20%) 6983:151,125 (5.86%) 6966:71,782 (12.11%) 6963:80,960 (11.67%) 6949:66,845 (7.69%) 6926:444,567 (5.12%) 6923:400,980 (4.30%) 6699: 6621: 6616: 6596:numerus clausus 6557: 6474: 6468: 6182:>= 12 years 6122:numerus clausus 6071:Jewish= 50,761 6040:First World War 5995:70,227 (19.7%) 5992:44,890 (16.6%) 5989:26,887 (15.1%) 5940:2011 (Greater) 5937:2001 (Greater) 5667: 5662: 5616:) with 15,000, 5510: 5503: 5498: 5489: 5486: 5477: 5472: 5463: 5460: 5451: 5445: 5314: 5303: 5297: 5294: 5279: 5263: 5252: 5247: 5213:1050: Jászkonti 5207: 5180: 5130:Abraham Lederer 5110:Sátoraljaújhely 5089: 4980: 4860: 4855: 4658: 4536: 4386: 4291:Wiener-Neustadt 4219: 4214: 4164:Gabriel Bethlen 4054:János Szapolyai 3966:vanquished the 3960: 3954: 3808: 3780:Philip of Fermo 3721:Mongol invasion 3710:Pope Gregory IX 3640: 3494:) and Savaria ( 3449:Marcus Aurelius 3405: 3400: 3338:Catholic Church 3330:First World War 3299: 3263: 3261: 3256: 3255: 3254: 3185:Hungarian Kings 3144: 3136: 3135: 3120:1989–2012 3110:1956–1989 3090:1949–1989 3080:1946–1949 3069: 3061: 3060: 3055:1941–1945 3025:1939–1945 3005:1920–1946 2985:1919–1920 2965:1918–1919 2955:1918–1941 2951:Interwar period 2945:1914–1918 2935:1867–1918 2925:1867–1918 2911:Hungarian State 2905:1848–1849 2895:1825–1848 2885:1711–1867 2875:1703–1711 2864: 2856: 2855: 2850:1699–1867 2840:1682–1685 2830:1664–1671 2820:1604–1606 2810:1570–1711 2800:1541–1699 2796:Ottoman Hungary 2790:1526–1699 2780:1526–1570 2770:1526–1699 2749: 2741: 2740: 2735:1366–1526 2725:1301–1526 2715:1241–1242 2695:1102–1918 2685:1000–1301 2664: 2656: 2655: 2599: 2591: 2590: 2566: 2546: 2539: 2524: 2479: 2478: 2366: 2356: 2355: 2346:Judeo-Malayalam 2326:Judaeo-Georgian 2246: 2237: 2227: 2226: 2127:Yiddish theatre 2069: 2007: 1997: 1996: 1955: 1928: 1918: 1917: 1854: 1807: 1731: 1325: 1109:Genetic studies 1080: 1070: 1069: 887: 877: 876: 864: 863: 783: 782: 775: 765: 760: 742:and Middle Ages 740:Rabbinic period 727: 721: 714: 702: 673: 659: 629: 622: 613: 605: 601: 592: 587:in Judaism 584: 569: 492: 482: 481: 361: 351: 350: 294: 282: 227: 161: 121: 119: 118: 113: 108: 95: 93: 62: 40: 35: 34: 30: 23: 22: 18:Jews of Hungary 15: 12: 11: 5: 12185: 12175: 12174: 12159: 12158: 12146: 12123: 12122: 12120: 12119: 12114: 12107: 12106: 12099: 12091: 12090: 12087: 12086: 12083: 12082: 12080: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11998: 11997: 11990: 11983: 11976: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11953: 11952: 11945: 11932: 11930: 11924: 11923: 11921: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11849: 11848: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11820: 11814: 11808: 11807: 11804: 11803: 11801: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11768:Stock exchange 11765: 11760: 11755: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11736: 11735: 11723: 11717: 11711: 11705: 11704: 11701: 11700: 11698: 11697: 11696: 11695: 11686:Prime Minister 11683: 11682: 11681: 11669: 11664: 11663: 11662: 11652: 11647: 11646: 11645: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11594: 11588: 11582: 11581: 11578: 11577: 11575: 11574: 11569: 11567:National parks 11564: 11559: 11558: 11557: 11550: 11543: 11531: 11526: 11524:Extreme points 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11500: 11494: 11488: 11487: 11484: 11483: 11481: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11464: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11417: 11414: 11413: 11411: 11410: 11408:Third Republic 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11373:First Republic 11370: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11309: 11303: 11297: 11296: 11285: 11284: 11277: 11270: 11262: 11253: 11252: 11250: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11213: 11211: 11210:other entities 11205: 11204: 11202: 11201: 11196: 11191: 11186: 11181: 11175: 11173: 11167: 11166: 11164: 11163: 11162: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11139:United Kingdom 11136: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10952:Czech Republic 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10893: 10891: 10887: 10886: 10879: 10878: 10871: 10864: 10856: 10847: 10846: 10844: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10791:Baptist Church 10787: 10784: 10783: 10776: 10775: 10768: 10761: 10753: 10747: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10687: 10686:External links 10684: 10683: 10682: 10668: 10657: 10651: 10641: 10626: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10601: 10582: 10560: 10538: 10511: 10485: 10466: 10459: 10439: 10423: 10416: 10396: 10370: 10344: 10311: 10302: 10293: 10263: 10261:, p. 585. 10251: 10244: 10224: 10215: 10190: 10164: 10138: 10112: 10103: 10101:, p. 156. 10091: 10075: 10063: 10037: 10011: 10002: 9982: 9975: 9955: 9948: 9927: 9907: 9894: 9875: 9860:Rees, Laurence 9852: 9833: 9803: 9796: 9776: 9749: 9730: 9703: 9677: 9668: 9659: 9633: 9624: 9598: 9572: 9565: 9543: 9541:, p. 546. 9531: 9516:Slezkine, Yuri 9507: 9481: 9455: 9442: 9430: 9421: 9395: 9393:, p. 516. 9383: 9381:, p. 474. 9371: 9369:Budapest, 1929 9359: 9337: 9328: 9319: 9310: 9278: 9267: 9245: 9216: 9187: 9175: 9149: 9136: 9118: 9107: 9081: 9069: 9067:, p. 435. 9057: 9031: 9005: 8990:Chisholm, Hugh 8974: 8959: 8946: 8924: 8922:, p. 502. 8907: 8905:, p. 502. 8895: 8883: 8881:, p. 501. 8864: 8852: 8850:, p. 500. 8831: 8801: 8799:, p. 499. 8780: 8768: 8766:, p. 498. 8739: 8727: 8725:, p. 497. 8706: 8694: 8667: 8665:, p. 496. 8640: 8615: 8603: 8601:, p. 495. 8574: 8562: 8548: 8536: 8529: 8508: 8470: 8439: 8413: 8386: 8379: 8350: 8326: 8319: 8301: 8294: 8276: 8244: 8215: 8188: 8162: 8129: 8128: 8127: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8112: 8103: 8094: 8084: 8075: 8066: 8057: 8048: 8039: 8030: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8014: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7976:Neolog Judaism 7973: 7971:Miskolc pogrom 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7916: 7913: 7843: 7842:From the 1990s 7840: 7795: 7794: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7783: 7782: 7779: 7776: 7772: 7771: 7768: 7765: 7761: 7760: 7757: 7754: 7750: 7749: 7746: 7743: 7739: 7738: 7735: 7732: 7728: 7727: 7724: 7721: 7717: 7716: 7713: 7710: 7706: 7705: 7702: 7699: 7695: 7694: 7691: 7688: 7684: 7683: 7680: 7677: 7673: 7672: 7669: 7666: 7662: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7635: 7634:Communist rule 7632: 7626: 7623: 7611:Rudolf Kastner 7553: 7550: 7534:Luduș massacre 7447: 7444: 7425:, 11 July 1944 7414: 7404:). The unique 7370:Rudolf Kastner 7320:Adolf Eichmann 7270: 7267: 7244:Adolf Eichmann 7195: 7192: 7187:Main article: 7184: 7181: 7165:labour service 7129: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7119: 7116: 7113: 7110: 7106: 7105: 7102: 7099: 7096: 7093: 7089: 7088: 7085: 7082: 7079: 7076: 7072: 7071: 7068: 7065: 7062: 7059: 7055: 7054: 7051: 7048: 7045: 7042: 7030: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7018: 7015: 7011: 7010: 7007: 7004: 7003:14,242 (1.38%) 7001: 6998: 6995: 6991: 6990: 6987: 6984: 6981: 6980:47,357 (1.84%) 6978: 6975: 6971: 6970: 6967: 6964: 6961: 6960:64,191 (9.25%) 6958: 6955: 6951: 6950: 6947: 6946:78,190 (7.56%) 6944: 6943:77,700 (7.32%) 6941: 6940:14,286 (1.35%) 6938: 6935: 6931: 6930: 6927: 6924: 6921: 6918: 6915: 6911: 6910: 6907: 6904: 6901: 6898: 6895: 6884: 6883: 6880: 6879:57,000–136,000 6877: 6874: 6872: 6868: 6867: 6864: 6861: 6858: 6855: 6851: 6850: 6847: 6844: 6841: 6838: 6834: 6833: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6817: 6816: 6813: 6810: 6807: 6804: 6800: 6799: 6798:40,000–49,000 6796: 6793: 6790: 6787: 6783: 6782: 6779: 6776: 6773: 6770: 6766: 6765: 6762: 6759: 6756: 6753: 6749: 6748: 6745: 6742: 6739: 6736: 6698: 6695: 6662: 6661: 6654: 6647: 6640: 6629:Nuremberg Laws 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6590:, around 1930. 6556: 6555:Interwar years 6553: 6529:Tibor Szamuely 6496:Mihály Károlyi 6470:Main article: 6467: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6430:28.21%= 11/39 6428: 6427:57.14% = 8/14 6425: 6421: 6420: 6417: 6414: 6411: 6408: 6405: 6402: 6398: 6397: 6394: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6375: 6374: 6371: 6368: 6365: 6362: 6359: 6356: 6352: 6351: 6348: 6345: 6342: 6339: 6336: 6333: 6329: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6316: 6313: 6310: 6306: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6296: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6283: 6282: 6279: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6267: 6264: 6263:# of Olympics 6260: 6259: 6256: 6253: 6250: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6229: 6228: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6215: 6214: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6201: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6191: 6187: 6186: 6183: 6180: 6179:>= 8 years 6177: 6164: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6151: 6150: 6147: 6144: 6138: 6137: 6134: 6131: 6114: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6091: 6090: 6087: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6075: 6072: 6068: 6067: 6064: 6061: 6058: 6055: 6052: 6049: 6024: 6023: 6020: 6017: 6016:96,537 (9.1%) 6014: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5987: 5983: 5982: 5979: 5976: 5973: 5970: 5967: 5964: 5961: 5958: 5955: 5952: 5949: 5946: 5942: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5932: 5929: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5917: 5914: 5911: 5908: 5905: 5897: 5896: 5893: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5878: 5875: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5852: 5849: 5845: 5844: 5841: 5838: 5835: 5832: 5829: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5818: 5815: 5812: 5809: 5806: 5803: 5800: 5797: 5786: 5785: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5764: 5760: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5734: 5733: 5730: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5712: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5599:János Teleszky 5526:Reform Judaism 5509: 5506: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5480: 5478: 5473: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5454: 5452: 5446: 5439: 5431: 5430: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5417: 5416: 5413: 5410: 5407: 5403: 5402: 5399: 5396: 5393: 5389: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5375: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5365: 5361: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5351: 5347: 5346: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5333: 5332: 5329: 5326: 5323: 5316: 5315: 5266: 5264: 5257: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5227: 5226: 5223: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5206: 5203: 5179: 5176: 5138:József Bánóczi 5124:. In Pest the 5088: 5085: 5070:Temesvár (now 4979: 4976: 4967:Chevra Kadisha 4956:Béla Bernstein 4928:Israel Ullmann 4912:Ignatz Einhorn 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4827:Székesfehérvár 4657: 4654: 4608:, and to sell 4569:, German, and 4535: 4532: 4516:Michael Hirsch 4465:Székesfehérvár 4414:toleration-tax 4385: 4382: 4340:), Pressburg ( 4301:) and Sasvár ( 4260:customs farmer 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4160:Constantinople 4143: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4120: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4087:) flourished. 4050:Székesfehérvár 3996:Constantinople 3953: 3950: 3807: 3804: 3784:excommunicated 3647:episcopal sees 3639: 3636: 3573:In 1061, King 3510:archisynagogus 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3376:religious Jews 3301: 3300: 3298: 3297: 3290: 3283: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3132: 3131: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3078: 3070: 3067: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3057: 3056: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2873: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2852: 2851: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2758: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2743: 2742: 2737: 2736: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2675:895–1000 2673: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2652: 2651: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2640:~800–970 2638: 2632: 2631: 2628: 2626:Avar Khaganate 2622: 2621: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2608: 2600: 2598:Early medieval 2597: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2581:Roman Pannonia 2578: 2573: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2560: 2559: 2551: 2550: 2541: 2540: 2533: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2522: 2515: 2508: 2500: 2497: 2496: 2495: 2494: 2489: 2481: 2480: 2475: 2474: 2473: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2424: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2407:Territorialism 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2376: 2375: 2367: 2362: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2291:Judaeo-Spanish 2288: 2286:Judaeo-Iranian 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2252: 2251: 2238: 2233: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2222: 2221: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2202: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2193: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2149: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2116: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2107: 2106: 2101: 2093: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2066: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2015: 2014: 2008: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1952: 1951: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1929: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1883: 1882: 1876: 1875: 1874: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1771: 1770: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1732:United Kingdom 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1580: 1579: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1372: 1371: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1165:Bilad-el-Sudan 1162: 1157: 1149: 1148: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1121: 1120: 1118:Land of Israel 1114: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1081: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 978: 977: 976:Related groups 973: 972: 971: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 909: 908: 903: 888: 883: 882: 879: 878: 873: 872: 871: 870: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 833:Jewish atheism 830: 825: 820: 812: 811: 807: 806: 805: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784:Islamic–Jewish 779: 772: 757: 752: 744: 743: 736: 735: 734: 733: 709: 696: 668: 663: 656: 651: 649:Yehud Medinata 643: 642: 636: 635: 634: 633: 626: 619: 611: 598: 590: 578: 573: 566: 558: 557: 555:Ancient Israel 551: 550: 549: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 511:Land of Israel 508: 500: 499: 493: 488: 487: 484: 483: 478: 477: 476: 475: 470: 466:Shulchan Aruch 461: 456: 451: 446: 438: 437: 436: 435: 430: 422: 421: 415: 414: 413: 412: 407: 399: 398: 392: 391: 390: 389: 384: 379: 371: 370: 362: 357: 356: 353: 352: 349: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 291: 286: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 244: 239: 232:God in Judaism 228: 223: 222: 219: 218: 217: 216: 211: 203: 202: 192: 191: 179: 178: 172:Ashkenazi Jews 168: 167: 163: 162: 160: 159: 154: 149: 143: 140: 139: 135: 134: 90: 89: 85: 84: 69: 68: 64: 63: 56: 33:Hungarian Jews 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12184: 12173: 12170: 12169: 12167: 12157: 12147: 12145: 12135: 12134: 12131: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12109: 12104: 12100: 12097: 12093: 12092: 12088: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11995: 11991: 11988: 11984: 11981: 11977: 11974: 11970: 11969: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11950: 11946: 11943: 11939: 11938: 11937: 11934: 11933: 11931: 11929: 11925: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11853:Family policy 11851: 11846: 11842: 11841: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11821: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11809: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11733: 11729: 11728: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11718: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11706: 11694: 11689: 11688: 11687: 11684: 11680: 11675: 11674: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11661: 11658: 11657: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11644: 11641: 11640: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11595: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11583: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11555: 11551: 11548: 11544: 11541: 11537: 11536: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11501: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11489: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11448: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11441:Árpád dynasty 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11418: 11415: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11353:Rákóczi's War 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11310: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11298: 11294: 11290: 11283: 11278: 11276: 11271: 11269: 11264: 11263: 11260: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11222:Faroe Islands 11220: 11218: 11215: 11214: 11212: 11206: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11194:South Ossetia 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11176: 11174: 11168: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11141: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11024:Liechtenstein 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10894: 10892: 10888: 10884: 10877: 10872: 10870: 10865: 10863: 10858: 10857: 10854: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10788: 10785: 10781: 10774: 10769: 10767: 10762: 10760: 10755: 10754: 10751: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10731: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10689: 10681: 10680:0-7391-0210-9 10677: 10673: 10669: 10666: 10662: 10659:Miron, Guy, " 10658: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10646: 10642: 10639: 10638:0-88033-247-6 10635: 10631: 10627: 10625: 10624:0-88033-481-9 10621: 10617: 10613: 10610: 10609: 10597: 10593: 10586: 10578: 10574: 10570: 10564: 10556: 10552: 10548: 10542: 10534: 10530: 10526: 10522: 10515: 10499: 10495: 10489: 10481: 10477: 10470: 10462: 10460:9780827618589 10456: 10452: 10451: 10443: 10434: 10432: 10430: 10428: 10419: 10417:9783110610635 10413: 10409: 10408: 10400: 10384: 10380: 10374: 10358: 10354: 10348: 10329: 10322: 10315: 10306: 10297: 10281: 10277: 10273: 10267: 10260: 10255: 10247: 10245:0-8143-1672-7 10241: 10237: 10236: 10228: 10219: 10208: 10201: 10194: 10178: 10174: 10168: 10152: 10148: 10142: 10126: 10122: 10116: 10107: 10100: 10095: 10089: 10085: 10079: 10072: 10067: 10051: 10048:. Ushmm.org. 10047: 10041: 10025: 10021: 10015: 10006: 10000: 9999:963-07-6544-6 9996: 9992: 9986: 9978: 9976:0-9665734-3-9 9972: 9968: 9967: 9959: 9951: 9949:0-300-09300-4 9945: 9941: 9937: 9936:Bauer, Yehuda 9931: 9924: 9920: 9917: 9914:Péter Sipos, 9911: 9904: 9898: 9891: 9887: 9884: 9879: 9873: 9872:1-58648-357-9 9869: 9865: 9861: 9856: 9850: 9846: 9843: 9837: 9821: 9817: 9813: 9807: 9799: 9797:0-8143-1672-7 9793: 9789: 9788: 9780: 9764: 9760: 9753: 9745: 9741: 9734: 9718: 9714: 9707: 9691: 9687: 9681: 9672: 9663: 9647: 9643: 9637: 9628: 9612: 9608: 9602: 9586: 9582: 9576: 9568: 9566:9789635307388 9562: 9558: 9554: 9547: 9540: 9535: 9529: 9528:0-691-11995-3 9525: 9521: 9517: 9511: 9495: 9491: 9490:"Mihály Biró" 9485: 9469: 9465: 9464:"Mihály Biró" 9459: 9452: 9446: 9439: 9434: 9425: 9409: 9405: 9399: 9392: 9387: 9380: 9375: 9368: 9363: 9347: 9341: 9332: 9323: 9314: 9295: 9288: 9282: 9276: 9271: 9255: 9249: 9233: 9229: 9223: 9221: 9204: 9200: 9194: 9192: 9184: 9179: 9163: 9159: 9153: 9146: 9140: 9132: 9128: 9122: 9116: 9111: 9095: 9091: 9085: 9078: 9073: 9066: 9061: 9045: 9041: 9035: 9019: 9015: 9009: 9002: 8997: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8978: 8971: 8966: 8964: 8956: 8950: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8928: 8921: 8916: 8914: 8912: 8904: 8899: 8892: 8887: 8880: 8875: 8873: 8871: 8869: 8861: 8856: 8849: 8844: 8842: 8840: 8838: 8836: 8819: 8815: 8811: 8805: 8798: 8793: 8791: 8789: 8787: 8785: 8777: 8772: 8765: 8760: 8758: 8756: 8754: 8752: 8750: 8748: 8746: 8744: 8736: 8731: 8724: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8713: 8711: 8703: 8698: 8682: 8678: 8671: 8664: 8659: 8657: 8655: 8653: 8651: 8649: 8647: 8645: 8629: 8625: 8619: 8613:, p. 56. 8612: 8607: 8600: 8595: 8593: 8591: 8589: 8587: 8585: 8583: 8581: 8579: 8571: 8566: 8560: 8559: 8556:Wiktionary: 8552: 8545: 8540: 8532: 8526: 8522: 8515: 8513: 8504: 8500: 8493: 8491: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8483: 8481: 8479: 8477: 8475: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8443: 8427: 8423: 8417: 8401: 8397: 8390: 8382: 8376: 8372: 8367: 8366: 8360: 8354: 8347: 8346:History Today 8341: 8339: 8337: 8335: 8333: 8331: 8322: 8320:9781400866380 8316: 8312: 8305: 8297: 8295:9789401565639 8291: 8287: 8280: 8261: 8254: 8248: 8232: 8228: 8222: 8220: 8203: 8199: 8192: 8176: 8172: 8166: 8147: 8140: 8134: 8130: 8125: 8121: 8120: 8107: 8098: 8088: 8079: 8070: 8061: 8052: 8043: 8034: 8025: 8021: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8006:Batei Ungarin 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7918: 7912: 7909: 7905: 7900: 7896: 7894: 7890: 7889:József Antall 7885: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7858: 7853: 7849: 7839: 7837: 7833: 7828: 7826: 7822: 7821:1956 uprising 7817: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7802:Mátyás Rákosi 7791: 7789: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7777: 7774: 7773: 7769: 7766: 7763: 7762: 7758: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7747: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7736: 7733: 7730: 7729: 7725: 7722: 7719: 7718: 7714: 7711: 7708: 7707: 7703: 7700: 7697: 7696: 7692: 7689: 7686: 7685: 7681: 7678: 7675: 7674: 7670: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7657: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7641: 7631: 7622: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7571: 7569: 7564: 7560: 7559:Bergen-Belsen 7546: 7541: 7537: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7518: 7516: 7510: 7505: 7501: 7495: 7492: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7476: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7452: 7443: 7439: 7437: 7433: 7427: 7424: 7418: 7413: 7411: 7410:Bergen-Belsen 7407: 7406:Kastner train 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7349:Pope Pius XII 7346: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7308: 7303: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7275: 7266: 7264: 7263:Ion Antonescu 7260: 7256: 7252: 7247: 7245: 7241: 7236: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7209: 7200: 7190: 7183:The Holocaust 7180: 7178: 7174: 7173:Miklós Kállay 7170: 7166: 7161: 7159: 7155: 7154:József Grassy 7151: 7147: 7143: 7138: 7136: 7120: 7117: 7114: 7111: 7108: 7107: 7103: 7100: 7097: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7086: 7083: 7080: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7069: 7066: 7063: 7060: 7057: 7056: 7052: 7049: 7046: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7036: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7019: 7017:126,565+5,760 7016: 7013: 7012: 7008: 7005: 7002: 7000:3,857 (0.37%) 6999: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6988: 6985: 6982: 6979: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6968: 6965: 6962: 6959: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6948: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6936: 6933: 6932: 6928: 6925: 6922: 6920:9,764 (0.10%) 6919: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6908: 6905: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6893: 6892: 6889: 6881: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6865: 6862: 6859: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6848: 6845: 6842: 6839: 6837:1940; Romania 6836: 6835: 6831: 6828: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6814: 6811: 6808: 6805: 6802: 6801: 6797: 6794: 6791: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6780: 6778:16,000–38,000 6777: 6774: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6763: 6761:36,000–72,000 6760: 6757: 6754: 6751: 6750: 6746: 6743: 6740: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6701:According to 6694: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6659: 6655: 6652: 6648: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6634: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6625:Miklós Horthy 6611: 6609: 6605: 6599: 6597: 6589: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6570: 6561: 6552: 6550: 6544: 6542: 6541:Miklós Horthy 6536: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6521:Sándor Garbai 6518: 6514: 6510: 6505: 6499: 6497: 6492: 6490: 6486: 6481: 6479: 6473: 6459:0.13% (2001) 6458: 6456: 6454: 6452:1.45% (1949) 6451: 6449:5.12% (1930) 6448: 6446:4.99% (1910) 6445: 6442: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6418: 6415: 6412: 6409: 6406: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6395: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6383: 6380: 6377: 6376: 6372: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6349: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6326: 6323: 6320: 6317: 6314: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6303: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6291: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6280: 6277: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6235: 6226: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6212: 6209: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6198: 6195: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6184: 6181: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6171: 6168: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6139: 6135: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6118: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6102: 6099: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6022:7,925 (0.5%) 6021: 6019:9,468 (0.5%) 6018: 6015: 6012: 6009: 6006: 6003: 6000: 5997: 5994: 5991: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5980: 5977: 5974: 5971: 5968: 5965: 5962: 5959: 5956: 5953: 5950: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5927: 5924: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5912: 5909: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5894: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5850: 5847: 5846: 5842: 5839: 5836: 5833: 5830: 5827: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5816: 5813: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5795: 5792: 5783: 5780: 5777: 5774: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5757: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5657: 5655: 5651: 5648:), Temesvár ( 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5610: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5540: 5536: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5514: 5502: 5496: 5491: 5484: 5479: 5476: 5470: 5465: 5458: 5453: 5450: 5443: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5420:Jewish/Total 5419: 5418: 5414: 5411: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5383: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5312: 5309: 5301: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5272: 5267:This section 5265: 5261: 5256: 5255: 5242: 5238: 5236: 5231: 5224: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5210: 5200: 5196: 5189: 5184: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5105: 5098: 5093: 5084: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5068: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5016: 5015:Lajos Kossuth 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4989: 4984: 4975: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4883: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4815: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4795: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4780:József Eötvös 4775: 4773: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4742: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4720: 4715: 4708: 4707:Móric Ullmann 4704: 4700: 4698: 4697:Stephen Atzel 4694: 4689: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4653: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4628:, Vágújhely ( 4627: 4623: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4594: 4587: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4549: 4544: 4540: 4531: 4529: 4525: 4520: 4517: 4512: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4433: 4427: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4406:Maria Theresa 4402: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4381: 4379: 4373: 4369: 4367: 4363: 4362:Maria Theresa 4359: 4354: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4334: 4330: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4312: 4311:Sopron County 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4295:Forchtenstein 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4212:Habsburg rule 4209: 4207: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4186: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4175:Maximilian II 4171: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4156:Abraham Sassa 4153: 4148: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4095: 4093: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3984:Ibrahim Pasha 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3924: 3923:ritual murder 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3903:John Corvinus 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3884:(1437–1439), 3883: 3878: 3877:(1387–1437). 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3820: 3812: 3803: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3792:Árpád dynasty 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3772:Synod of Buda 3768: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3739:and his sons 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3725:Gog and Magog 3722: 3718: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3589:St. Ladislaus 3582: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3569: 3568:grand princes 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3511: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3482:), Aquincum ( 3481: 3477: 3473: 3472:Raphael Patai 3470:According to 3468: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3398:Early history 3395: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3361:Nürnberg Laws 3358: 3357:Miklós Horthy 3354: 3353:Fascist Italy 3350: 3346: 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Retrieved 8146:the original 8133: 8123: 8106: 8097: 8087: 8078: 8069: 8060: 8051: 8042: 8033: 8024: 7908:Viktor Orbán 7901: 7897: 7895:(1994–1998) 7886: 7870:World War II 7863: 7829: 7818: 7798: 7628: 7607:Béla Horváth 7603:Károly Szabó 7572: 7555: 7519: 7496: 7479: 7472: 7440: 7429: 7420: 7416: 7374: 7342: 7336: 7331: 7313: 7312: 7291:gas chambers 7278: 7259:Nazi Germany 7255:Yehuda Bauer 7248: 7240:Döme Sztójay 7237: 7229:Andor Jaross 7221:László Endre 7213:Döme Sztójay 7208:Adolf Hitler 7205: 7162: 7150:Márton Zöldy 7139: 7131: 7033: 6977:45,492+2,960 6957:68,643+1,987 6887: 6846:3,000–15,000 6795:1,000–10,000 6702: 6700: 6689:town (19%), 6667: 6663: 6657: 6650: 6643: 6636: 6622: 6600: 6593: 6577: 6573: 6566: 6549:White Terror 6545: 6537: 6533:Jenő Landler 6500: 6493: 6482: 6475: 6286:Total Golds 6232: 6169: 6167: 6136:1925 Spring 6119: 6117: 6066:min 6 rooms 6037: 6033: 6029: 6027: 5822:Total years 5789: 5737:"izraelita" 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5632:), Pozsony ( 5628:), Munkács ( 5611: 5607: 5591:István Tisza 5575: 5571: 5567: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5515: 5511: 5447:Interior of 5434: 5304: 5298:January 2020 5295: 5280:Please help 5268: 5239: 5232: 5228: 5219:1350: Hosszú 5216:1263: Farkas 5208: 5205:Family names 5173: 5158: 5146:Kálmán Tisza 5142: 5112:, Temesvár ( 5106: 5102: 5080:Franz Joseph 5063: 5019: 4992: 4985: 4981: 4964: 4959: 4900:Adolf Hübsch 4897: 4886: 4880: 4861: 4816: 4796: 4788:emancipation 4783: 4776: 4771:Pirkei Avoth 4769: 4754:Moritz Bloch 4743: 4733: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4690: 4674: 4642: 4618: 4595: 4591: 4575: 4537: 4527: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4478: 4439:disabilities 4436: 4431: 4428: 4403: 4387: 4374: 4370: 4358:Uherský Brod 4350: 4326: 4315: 4268: 4256:Simon Hirsch 4244: 4220: 4187: 4172: 4152:Transylvania 4149: 4146: 4089: 4078: 4062: 4043: 4020: 4016: 3961: 3927: 3911:Ladislaus II 3893: 3879: 3858: 3856: 3825: 3795: 3769: 3760: 3752: 3714: 3682:Chamberlains 3675: 3671: 3641: 3605: 3572: 3537: 3528: 3469: 3406: 3373: 3349:Nazi Germany 3342: 3327: 3306: 3304: 3244: 3225:Coat of arms 3210:Christianity 3205:List of Wars 3068:Contemporary 3051:World War II 2766:Ottoman Wars 2748:Early modern 2731:Ottoman Wars 2470:Post-Zionism 2341:Judeo-Berber 2336:Judeo-Arabic 2296:Judeo-Gascon 2043:Pidyon haben 1962:Conservative 1655: 1508:Saudi Arabia 1326:South Africa 1315:Sierra Leone 1137:Israeli Jews 1051:Mosaic Arabs 1004:Kaifeng Jews 865:Arab–Israeli 838:Emancipation 717:Great Revolt 526:Anti-Judaism 521:Antisemitism 516:Name "Judea" 311:Baal teshuva 130: 114: 109: 104: 72: 57:Location of 29:Ethnic group 26: 12052:Spa culture 11883:Irredentism 11721:Agriculture 11650:Nationality 11368:World War I 11237:Isle of Man 11172:recognition 11124:Switzerland 11059:Netherlands 9769:January 16, 9711:Betekintő. 9686:"degob.org" 8398:. Rubicon. 8237:November 7, 7866:World War I 7836:Six-Day War 7832:János Kádár 7810:Peter Gabor 7615:Kurt Becher 7507: [ 7475:Áron Márton 7465:beside the 7436:Elie Wiesel 7328:gendarmerie 7324:Yellow Star 7225:László Baky 7169:Bor, Serbia 7158:László Deák 6772:countryside 6478:World War I 6051:max 1 room 5817:1938 alone 5763:% of total 5642:Cluj-Napoca 5557:, mayor of 5555:Karl Lueger 5508:1910 census 5345:18,264,533 5342:16,838,255 5339:15,162,988 4999:Ninth of Av 4877:Leopold Löw 4831:Szombathely 4739:Ferdinand V 4586:Protestants 4329:Charles III 4322:St. Stephen 4287:Mattersdorf 3915:Nagyszombat 3909:, and King 3894:privilegium 3844:Catholicism 3828:Black Death 3796:privilegium 3761:privilegium 3753:privilegium 3690:Golden Bull 3612:Jewish laws 3535:languages. 3496:Szombathely 3465:Dunaújváros 3403:Before 1095 2941:World War I 2863:Late modern 2756:Reformation 2701:Golden Bull 2545:History of 2465:Revisionist 2455:Neo-Zionism 2062:Zeved habat 1855:Puerto Rico 1681:Netherlands 1513:South Korea 1498:Philippines 1378:Afghanistan 1245:Ivory Coast 1019:Crypto-Jews 984:Bnei Anusim 963:Bene Israel 928:Beta Israel 885:Communities 792:Middle Ages 531:Persecution 306:Bereavement 12067:Television 12032:Literature 12022:Inventions 11873:Hungarians 11863:Healthcare 11753:(currency) 11655:Parliament 11456:Holy Crown 11094:San Marino 11054:Montenegro 11034:Luxembourg 11014:Kazakhstan 10917:Azerbaijan 10259:Patai 1996 10099:Bauer 2002 9644:. Ksh.hu. 9539:Patai 1996 9391:Patai 1996 9379:Patai 1996 9228:"0571.png" 9199:"0570.png" 9158:"0563.png" 9065:Patai 1996 9040:"0400.png" 9014:"0479.png" 9001:Jew-baiter 8611:Patai 1996 8530:0814325610 8117:References 7893:Gyula Horn 7846:See also: 7599:Pál Szalai 7504:Saly Mayer 7332:csendőrség 7279:Judenrampe 6937:10,735+544 6729:in 1941). 6466:Revolution 6258:1996–2008 6252:1960–1972 6249:1948–1956 6246:1924–1936 6243:1896–1912 6176:Schooling 5981:1,729,040 5978:1,777,921 5975:1,057,912 5972:1,164,963 5969:1,006,184 5814:1931–1937 5811:1921–1930 5808:1919–1920 5665:Population 5652:), Kassa ( 5634:Bratislava 5595:Samu Hazai 5545:and 1917. 5533:come from 5359:1,162,271 5163:opened in 5076:Bratislava 5055:Albertirsa 4936:Moses Münz 4932:Jacob Münz 4804:Bratislava 4758:Pentateuch 4734:De Judaeis 4730:De Judaeis 4693:coronation 4677:Leopold II 4622:Bratislava 4524:Bratislava 4399:industries 4395:Bratislava 4366:extradited 4342:Bratislava 4283:Eisenstadt 4179:Bratislava 4039:Bratislava 3998:, Plevna ( 3988:Suleiman I 3968:Hungarians 3956:See also: 3930:Maximilian 3859:Tödtbriefe 3800:Bratislava 3788:Andrew III 3659:Hungarians 3622:(Ofen) or 3616:Regensburg 3525:Burgenland 3478:), Solva ( 3461:Szentendre 3230:Literature 3180:Holy Crown 3150:Hungarians 3130:since 2012 2450:Maximalism 2402:Secularism 2382:Autonomism 2199:Literature 1992:Humanistic 1596:Azerbaijan 1558:Uzbekistan 1533:Tajikistan 1453:Kyrgyzstan 1438:Kazakhstan 1285:Mozambique 1260:Madagascar 1180:Cape Verde 1132:New Yishuv 1127:Old Yishuv 1078:Population 1056:Subbotniks 1014:Samaritans 953:Romanyotim 896:Ashkenazim 843:Old Yishuv 823:Sabbateans 810:Modern era 802:Golden Age 729:Bar Kokhba 449:Beit Yosef 316:Philosophy 176:Hungarians 12012:Festivals 11893:Languages 11839:Education 11793:Transport 11740:Companies 11672:President 11608:Elections 11562:Mountains 11534:Hydrology 11492:Geography 11227:Gibraltar 11029:Lithuania 10551:Mazsihisz 10389:April 16, 10183:April 30, 9303:March 28, 8972:, p. 1115 8269:August 9, 8155:March 15, 7874:Holocaust 7806:Ernő Gerő 7579:Carl Lutz 7545:Carl Lutz 7487:Gustav VI 7408:left for 7400:; 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BBC. 9451:Memoirs 8992:(ed.). 8503:494–503 8463:May 10, 8011:Unsdorf 7814:Zionism 7712:130,000 7701:165,000 7690:400,000 7679:444,567 7668:473,400 7522:Sărmașu 7500:Himmler 7402:Szolnok 7368:leader 7366:Zionist 7095:708,419 7061:175,651 6876:725,000 6866:15,000 6843:151,000 6832:81,000 6815:39,000 6775:216,000 6758:185,000 6747:Jewish 6738:Region 6675:Baranya 6513:Romania 6413:18.18% 6410:23.08% 6407:17.65% 6404:55.56% 6240:Period 5986:Jewish 5758:10,965 5755:12,871 5711:Census 5678:tzedaka 5676:Jewish 5622:Miskolc 5578:Zionism 5539:Galicia 5535:Moravia 5412:17.40% 5409:13.31% 5384:11.05% 5381:10.28% 5290:removed 5275:sources 5169:Central 4835:pogroms 4681:Moravia 4563:Yiddish 4493:arrears 4489:pledges 4457:Baranya 4449:Croatia 4418:Szatmár 4391:Bohemia 4346:Trenčín 4307:Hodonín 4239:Primate 4065:Pezinok 4014:later. 3970:at the 3898:prefect 3770:At the 3749:Komárom 3741:Altmann 3729:Béla IV 3717:Messiah 3702:on oath 3667:Bohemia 3643:Coloman 3628:Sabbath 3548:Córdoba 3453:Antioch 3433:Ukraine 3425:Moldova 3421:Romania 3411:(ruled 3215:Economy 3126:Hungary 2547:Hungary 2430:General 2421:Zionism 2397:Leftism 2387:Bundism 2311:Knaanic 2271:Yevanic 2256:Yiddish 2213:Yiddish 2208:Israeli 2185:Mizrahi 2175:Israeli 2146:Cuisine 2122:Ancient 2104:Secular 2050:Kashrut 2026:Wedding 2013:Customs 2005:Culture 1982:Science 1977:Renewal 1967:Karaite 1948:Hasidic 1880:Oceania 1866:Uruguay 1834:Jamaica 1814:Ecuador 1782:Bolivia 1726:Ukraine 1701:Romania 1676:Moldova 1656:Hungary 1646:Germany 1641:Georgia 1631:Finland 1626:Estonia 1621:Denmark 1616:Czechia 1601:Belarus 1591:Austria 1586:Armenia 1563:Vietnam 1478:Myanmar 1463:Lebanon 1383:Bahrain 1342:Tunisia 1320:Somalia 1295:Nigeria 1290:Namibia 1280:Morocco 1210:Eritrea 1155:Algeria 1039:Neofiti 948:Italkim 938:Juhurim 848:Zionism 797:Khazars 692:Sicarii 688:Zealots 684:Essenes 671:Schisms 536:Leaders 498:General 490:History 433:Tosefta 428:Midrash 405:Mishnah 387:Ketuvim 382:Nevi'im 331:Customs 262:Shabbat 257:Halakha 249: ( 247:Mitzvot 234: ( 200:Judaism 157:Yiddish 110:120,000 102:Hungary 77:Hungary 73:152,023 59:Hungary 39:‎ 12117:Portal 11987:Dishes 11962:Cinema 11858:Health 11745:Energy 11554:Rivers 11461:Regent 11291: 11242:Jersey 11184:Kosovo 11129:Turkey 11119:Sweden 11099:Serbia 11089:Russia 11074:Poland 11069:Norway 11049:Monaco 11019:Latvia 10987:Greece 10972:France 10947:Cyprus 10678: 10649:online 10636: 10622: 10457: 10414: 10242: 10086: 9997: 9973: 9946: 9870: 9794: 9563: 9526: 8527: 8377: 8317: 8292: 7778:48,600 7767:52,000 7759:−12.3% 7756:57,000 7745:65,000 7737:−12.5% 7734:70,000 7726:−38.5% 7723:80,000 7715:−21.2% 7704:−58.8% 7693:−10.0% 7593:, and 7467:Danube 7396:, and 7394:Szeged 7382:Košice 7121:4,071 7118:18,015 7112:38,574 7104:1,938 7101:15,011 7087:1,957 7078:26,120 6997:338+47 6860:14,000 6826:81,000 6809:39,000 6792:39,000 6691:Szeged 6671:Somogy 6531:, and 6350:2.22% 6347:3.65% 6344:4.68% 6341:7.95% 6338:4.56% 6335:2.49% 6224:31.7% 6221:56.5% 6210:17.0% 6207:36.6% 6193:10.8% 6159:31.9% 6146:34.1% 6100:22.1% 6097:63.3% 6080:21.2% 6077:39.6% 6074:25.4% 5945:Total 5892:1,156 5889:2,718 5869:8,586 5866:7,936 5863:5,315 5860:9,103 5857:3,816 5854:5,033 5851:1,681 5784:0.11% 5781:0.13% 5778:1.45% 5775:4.30% 5772:5.12% 5769:5.93% 5766:6.19% 5674:Magyar 5654:Košice 5618:Újpest 5614:Oradea 5559:Vienna 5528:– the 5522:Neolog 5429:4.99% 5426:4.94% 5423:4.67% 5415:9.62% 5401:6.90% 5398:1.72% 5395:1.19% 5387:8.47% 5188:Neolog 5136:, and 5120:, and 5051:Cegléd 5007:laymen 4995:Szeged 4971:nobles 4948:Görgey 4944:Klapka 4910:; and 4882:honvéd 4829:, and 4819:Sopron 4808:ghetto 4766:Psalms 4750:Magyar 4686:Trnava 4669:Szeged 4650:Trnava 4634:Oradea 4602:guilds 4598:peddle 4559:Hebrew 4497:Szepes 4481:Trnava 4474:Greeks 4333:Hebrew 4303:Šaštín 4293:, and 4251:Sopron 4247:Vienna 4206:Vienna 4074:Trnava 4035:Sopron 4027:sultan 4012:Kavala 4002:) and 4000:Pleven 3980:vizier 3919:Trnava 3882:Albert 3836:Bosnia 3745:Nickel 3737:Wölfel 3719:. 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A 3476:Szőny 3413:Dacia 3235:Music 2440:Labor 2435:Green 2132:Dance 2090:Music 1909:Palau 1829:Haiti 1792:Chile 1716:Spain 1661:Italy 1568:Yemen 1528:Syria 1503:Qatar 1483:Nepal 1428:Japan 1403:India 1393:China 1332:Sudan 1255:Libya 1250:Kenya 1230:Ghana 1220:Gabon 1200:Egypt 1185:Benin 1044:Xueta 989:Lemba 608:First 473:Zohar 377:Torah 359:Texts 346:Rabbi 336:Rites 236:names 11980:Beer 11973:Wine 11898:LGBT 11692:list 11678:list 11473:Flag 11446:King 10676:ISBN 10634:ISBN 10620:ISBN 10506:2013 10455:ISBN 10412:ISBN 10391:2013 10365:2012 10339:2009 10288:2009 10240:ISBN 10185:2014 10159:2013 10133:2013 10084:ISBN 10058:2013 10032:2013 9995:ISBN 9971:ISBN 9944:ISBN 9868:ISBN 9828:2022 9792:ISBN 9771:2019 9725:2013 9698:2013 9654:2013 9619:2013 9593:2013 9561:ISBN 9524:ISBN 9502:2013 9476:2013 9416:2021 9354:2013 9305:2013 9262:2013 9240:2013 9211:2013 9170:2013 9102:2013 9052:2013 9026:2013 8826:2018 8689:2013 8635:2023 8525:ISBN 8465:2017 8434:2013 8408:2018 8375:ISBN 8315:ISBN 8290:ISBN 8271:2014 8239:2013 8210:2013 8183:2013 8157:2012 7850:and 7808:and 7775:2010 7764:2000 7753:1990 7742:1980 7731:1970 7720:1960 7709:1951 7698:1945 7687:1939 7676:1930 7665:1920 7654:Pop. 7650:Year 7398:Baja 7223:and 7070:699 6994:1941 6974:1940 6954:1939 6934:1938 6687:Pécs 6301:903 6298:684 6295:440 6292:482 6289:442 5886:316 5883:769 5880:994 5877:481 5620:and 5516:The 5273:any 5271:cite 5148:and 5122:Pest 5118:Pécs 5033:and 5031:Pest 5005:and 4946:and 4930:and 4885:and 4869:Pápa 4865:Pest 4823:Pécs 4764:the 4645:Pest 4612:and 4501:Spiš 4491:for 4485:toll 4472:the 4459:and 4451:and 4410:Buda 4351:The 4237:and 4223:Buda 4197:Buda 4183:Diet 4132:109 4085:Buda 4046:diet 3976:Buda 3962:The 3907:Tata 3850:and 3743:and 3620:Buda 3585:lit. 3492:Pécs 3457:Homs 3423:and 3417:Rome 3351:and 3305:The 3245:Jews 3220:Flag 3100:1956 3045:1941 3035:1940 3015:1938 2995:1920 2975:1919 2915:1849 2760:1520 2705:1222 1899:Guam 1894:Fiji 1849:Peru 1802:Cuba 1488:Oman 1458:Laos 1418:Iraq 1413:Iran 1370:Asia 1299:Igbo 1270:Mali 289:Brit 198:and 196:Jews 11957:Art 11628:Law 10663:", 10529:doi 8371:408 7314:SS- 7115:888 7081:616 7064:448 6419:0% 6416:0% 6373:16 6370:27 6367:22 6364:26 6361:17 6327:26 6324:33 6321:32 6318:35 6315:22 6312:11 5895:98 5837:10 5828:10 5636:), 5605:). 5284:by 5156:). 5116:), 4938:of 4624:), 4348:). 4258:as 4141:80 4138:20 4135:11 4129:49 4126:44 4123:50 4048:at 3842:to 3542:by 3467:). 2113:Art 459:Tur 251:613 12168:: 10571:. 10549:. 10527:. 10523:. 10478:. 10453:. 10426:^ 10410:. 10381:. 10355:. 10274:. 9862:, 9814:. 9518:. 9406:. 9292:. 9219:^ 9190:^ 8962:^ 8935:. 8910:^ 8867:^ 8834:^ 8812:. 8783:^ 8742:^ 8709:^ 8643:^ 8626:. 8577:^ 8511:^ 8473:^ 8455:. 8451:. 8424:. 8373:. 8329:^ 8229:. 8218:^ 7884:. 7804:, 7659:±% 7621:. 7601:, 7589:, 7585:, 7581:, 7577:, 7532:; 7524:; 7509:de 7392:, 7156:, 7152:, 7148:, 7053:1 7050:2 7047:3 6681:, 6677:, 6673:, 6631:. 6610:. 6527:, 6396:0 6393:0 6390:4 6387:6 6384:3 6381:5 6358:9 6281:4 6278:4 6275:4 6272:3 6269:4 6266:5 5843:1 5840:7 5834:2 5831:7 5825:5 5585:: 5140:. 5132:, 5053:, 5049:, 5045:, 4875:, 4825:, 4821:, 4640:. 4499:, 3982:, 3925:. 3786:. 3727:. 3669:. 3583:, 3523:, 3431:, 3394:. 3340:. 726:, 720:, 690:, 686:, 682:, 678:, 190:on 79:+ 12132:: 11281:e 11274:t 11267:v 10875:e 10868:t 10861:v 10772:e 10765:t 10758:v 10535:. 10531:: 10508:. 10482:. 10463:. 10420:. 10393:. 10367:. 10341:. 10290:. 10248:. 10187:. 10161:. 10135:. 10060:. 10034:. 9979:. 9952:. 9830:. 9800:. 9773:. 9727:. 9700:. 9656:. 9621:. 9595:. 9569:. 9504:. 9478:. 9418:. 9356:. 9307:. 9264:. 9242:. 9213:. 9172:. 9104:. 9054:. 9028:. 8828:. 8691:. 8637:. 8533:. 8505:. 8467:. 8436:. 8410:. 8383:. 8323:. 8298:. 8273:. 8241:. 8212:. 8185:. 8159:. 7380:( 7330:( 7006:? 6829:– 6812:– 5684:. 5581:( 5311:) 5305:( 5300:) 5296:( 5292:. 5278:. 5067:ƒ 4684:( 4671:. 4648:( 4588:. 4423:ƒ 4376:( 4189:( 4072:( 3917:( 3294:e 3287:t 3280:v 2519:e 2512:t 2505:v 1353:) 1349:( 1301:) 1297:( 770:) 766:( 732:) 715:( 708:) 703:( 694:) 674:( 617:) 606:( 596:) 585:( 253:) 238:) 174:/ 20:)

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