970:
financial implications. British policy towards refugees revolved around the issue of finance. On 6 April 1933, the home secretary, Sir John
Gilmour, raised refugee matters in the Cabinet for the first time; he emphasised the problem of refugees who were completely destitute, or might soon be so… The Home Office wished to give a speedy response to an initiative from Jewish leaders which appeared to remove the risks entailed in admitting destitute Jews. There were also asking whether controls could be relaxed to ease the entry of refugees… The Cabinet Committee on Aliens Restrictions met for the first time on 6 April. (Discussion that many people presented themselves as visitors:) Now, when the immigration officer granted leave to land to a newly arrived passenger from the continent who seemed to be a refugee, he would routinely attach a short time condition - usually one month - plus a condition forbidding employment. (After discussion about the rate at which Jews might want to immigrate to Britain:) The Jewish proposals were set out in a document signed by Neville Laski KC, president of the London Committee of Deputies of British Jews, better known as Board of Deputies, Lionel L. Cohen KC, Committee, Leonard G. Montefiore, president of the Anglo-Jewish Association, and Otto Schiff. The most important element in seven short paragraphs was the guarantee that no refugee would become a burden on public funds: 'all expense, whether temporary or permanent accommodation or maintenance, will be borne by the Jewish community without ultimate charge to the state.' The guarantee was open-ended. No limit was set on the numbers to whom it would apply, but it was not designed to lead to long-lasting commitments. Jewish leaders intended the refugee's stay to be temporary… (expecting) ultimate transmigration of the refugees to countries other than England.
841:
is in that year that we begin, with a brief history of immigration law, policy and practice ... The year 1905 saw
Britain take the next step in creating its modern system of immigration control. Prior to this time, immigration itself was not subject to legal controls ... The Aliens Act 1905 was designed to stem the influx of Jews from eastern Europe ... The new controls were highly selective ... In subsequent years the figures were much lower. Overall, the period from 1906 to 1914 saw a decline in alien admissions, partly because the new law had a deterrent effect. But by now most Jews emigrating from the continent preferred other destinations, particularly the USA. The mass entry of aliens ceased at the start of the First World War. The Aliens Restriction Act 1914 introduced sweeping powers to restrict alien immigration and to provide for deportation. After the war the Aliens Restriction (Amendment) Act 1919 extended the 1914 provisions into peace-time and added severe new restrictions.
22:
609:
427:
394:
352:. This also meant that Jewish refugees who were physicians often could not find practice in medicine, even though there was a shortage of health care providers. Some of the concern was economic. During a period of high unemployment, many were concerned about losing job opportunities due to the influx of refugees. Many trades unions, such as the shoe and bootmakers, "cited the unemployment of their own members as the reason they opposed a loosening of immigration controls". Yet other unions, such as the
283:
418:, the government initiated policies to control immigrants from hostile countries, including mandatory weekly check-ins with the police, requiring permits to travel more than five miles from their homes, and orders to give up maps, cameras, firearms, and bicycles. At first, these restrictions applied to males between 16 and 60, but were later extended to women, people over 60, and some children. It was common for refugees to be fined or imprisoned over these policies.
190:(the Night of Broken Glass), although the numbers were limited. On that night, Jewish establishments in Germany and Austria were vandalised during protests, resulting in broken windows, damaged businesses, burned synagogues, many Jews were arrested and placed in concentration camps, and at least 31 Jews were murdered. By September 1939, 70,000 (another reference states "more than 80,000") Jewish refugees were accepted in Britain. Most of the people settled in
1662:
141:, met with officials of the British government in April 1933 to develop a plan that would allow for the country to take in refugees. The Jewish community said that they would provide assistance to Jewish refugees and thus provided housing, education and job training, and money to thousands of people by the end of 1939, thereby eliminating any financial burden from the government to support the newcomers.
80:
and more than 300,000 left
Germany. Most of these Jews, many young, were trained in a field or college educated. Key decision-making factors about whether Jews would emigrate were whether they owned businesses, which were subject to Nazi-sponsored boycotts; if they were among the civil servants who had lost their jobs; and the degree to which they were politically active.
482:
Germans. Still, the number of German-born Jews joining the
British forces was exceptionally high; by the end of the war, one in seven Jewish refugees (10,000 people) from Germany had volunteered to serve the British forces. Their knowledge of the German language and customs proved particularly useful. Refugees served with distinction and some died during the war.
336:, around 4,000 mainly Austrian and German adult Jewish men received an arranged passage and were accepted for accommodation in the Kitchener Camp in Kent during 1939, on condition they would not be granted UK citizenship or work, and must emigrate to the US, Australia and elsewhere. At the start of the war, 887 volunteered for the
481:
for refugees. There were also male and female refugees that served in other branches of the military, including German-speaking commando units. Serving in the military was especially dangerous because, in case of being taken captive, there was a high probability of being executed as a traitor by the
376:
Bloomsbury House in London was a resource for the immigrants. Located there were Jewish organizations, like the
Central British Fund for German Jewry and the Jewish Refugees Committee, and other organizations that supported Jewish refugees, who not only needed housing, schools for children, and other
118:
did not address or differentiate treatment based upon the circumstances of people who wished to immigrate to
Britain. This meant that thousands of refugees fleeing Europe after Hitler assumed power were accepted under its tradition as a safe haven, but only temporarily. For instance, thousands of men
840:
The story proper opens in 1933, when hundreds of refugees from Nazi
Germany, most of them Jews, arrived in the United Kingdom. Our starting point is a little earlier. This is because Whitehall policy on the new influx of aliens was made in the context of immigration restrictions dating from 1905. It
506:
With the war over, few of the refugees settled into
British life, particularly in North West London; had families; became nationalized; and took British names. Venues for meeting with other refugees included the Association of Jewish Refugees (AJR) club, Cosmo Restaurant, the Dorice, and Club 1943.
79:
Hitler came into power in
Germany in 1933, when there were about 523,000 German Jews, or less than 1% of the country's population. Subject to threats and persecution, Jews began to emigrate from that point until the start of World War II in 1939. During this time, more than 117,000 Jews left Austria
706:
When Jewish leaders med with the
Cabinet Committee on Aliens Restrictions of the Home Office in meetings beginning 6 April 1933, part of their offer to allow for more refugees to enter the country was a broader, open-ended guarantee that "all expense, whether temporary or permanent accommodation or
616:
There was little legal immigration to Palestine, but between 1945 and 1948 there were thousands of displaced Jewish people who attempted to enter illegally. Those who were caught were interned in detention camps in Cyprus. Concerned about provoking anti-semitism, there was a decision by the cabinet
443:
depending upon how dangerous that they might be (Class A was for the most dangerous and Class C was the least dangerous) and thus determined how long that they might be held and where they were located. The tribunals were initially most concerned about men, but by June 1940 they had become stricter
380:
In the late 1930s, there were about 20,000 Quakers and it is believed that nearly every one of them contributed in some way to easing the plight of the Jewish refugees. The Society of Friends offered assistance across Britain by supporting children at Quaker schools and boarding schools, by running
126:
About 1937, as the rate of people looking to immigrate to Britain increased, the British government made stricter standards for those whom they would admit. One was that the refugees had to have £50 (equivalent to $ 4,075 in 2023) deposited in an overseas bank, but in Germany it was against the
438:
Italians, Germans and Austrians, including Jewish refugees, were called "enemy aliens" and interned after mid-1940, when Northern and Western European countries were captured by Germany. There was fear that anyone with a German accent could be a spy. Jewish refugees were put into internment camps
258:
The Government created a scheme whereby a Guarantor bought a Guarantee for £50 to ensure the person for whom the guarantee was given would not become a financial burden for the British Government. This was a practice of the Jewish community to help Jews escape and Quakers saved an estimated 6,000
106:
as a means of immigration control; it restricted the immigration of the poor, and Jews from eastern Europe. There was a steady decrease in alien admissions, partly because Jews chose other countries, like the United States: in addition, the law had the effect of deterring would-be immigrants. The
969:
Refugees from Germany, most of them Jews, started to arrive at British ports at the end of January 1933… (statistics: 400 German visitors, <10 denied, another 150 in 3 days)… These figures were unsettling from the Home Office, not only because of the dramatic increase, but also because of the
83:
Initially, Germany encouraged Jews to leave, then they restricted the amount of money they could take from German banks and imposed high emigration taxes. The German government forbade emigration after October 1941. The German Jews who remained, about 163,000 in Germany and less than 57,000 from
309:
in November 1938, Jewish and Quaker community leaders met with the British government to explore ways in which children could be saved from the actions of the Nazi regime. The British government allowed for the immigration without visas of Jewish children, but without their parents, through the
317:
traveled to Berlin. The gathering of the children, paperwork, and travel plans were coordinated between Quakers in Vienna and Berlin and Jewish organizations. Their care and travel was also coordinated in Britain by the group Movement for the Care of Children. Then, the children were placed in
267:
A guarantor was not needed if an individual was self-supporting, either because they were wealthy or because they had made arrangements for employment. There were certain categories of employment where there existed a known shortage of workers such as nursing, domestic help and butlers.
414:. About 2,000 German refugees returned to Germany after the British issued a general request for the foreigners to return to their native country. There were repercussions for people who had lied to get passports or who had entered the country illegally. In accordance with the
381:
agricultural training programs that included room and board, by assisting with job search efforts, and by running free or subsidised hostels. Besides making donations, members fostered children, served on their local refugee committees, and helped at local hostels. The
340:. After the Dunkirk evacuation in May 1940, public opinion turned against German-speaking refugees, who some suspected of being spies or saboteurs. Those not serving in the war effort were interned or deported to Australia and Canada and the camp was closed.
405:
With the beginning of the war, the British government preferred to avoid internment (but see section below), and needed to weigh the risk of the danger posed by foreigners that wished to harm the empire. The Secretary of State for the Home Department,
368:, "Of all the groups in the 20th century, refugees from Nazism are now widely and popularly perceived as 'genuine', but at the time German, Austrian and Czechoslovakian Jews were treated with ambivalence and outright hostility as well as sympathy."
733:, said that the Quakers helped save the lives of his family, which included his 91 year-old great-grandmother, eight other members of his family, and himself, a child refugee. He believes, through his research, that Quakers saved about 27,000 Jews.
88:, where most of them also died. Although Jews could easily leave Germany initially, it was difficult to find countries in which they could live, particularly after accepting the initial wave of immigrants in Europe, Britain, and the United States.
707:
maintenance, will be borne by the Jewish community without ultimate charge to the state." The Jewish community leaders thought that this would be a short-term arrangement for each person as they sought other countries to immigrate to. After the
203:
310:
Children's Transport program called Kindertransport. Between December 1938 and the start of World War II on Sept 1, 1939 when the program was forced to end, nearly 10,000 Kindertransport children had been rescued. and had arrived in England.
485:
There were also civilian positions, such as positions in civil defence and in munitions factories, that were performed by refugees. This was a difficult times for families that were separated due to the war and internment. In June 1941, the
468:
and in locations throughout England and Scotland. Later in the war, when there was no longer a threat of invasion, internees were released. Some of the people deported to Canada and Australia were allowed to return to Britain.
359:
Legislation was enacted in the 1930s which mandated that no more than 5% of the total students in any particular school were Jewish, limiting the rate at which Jewish children could be admitted to state schools. The
364:, which was generally not supportive of refugees, incorrectly reported that there were more Jews in Britain than had been in Germany in the summer of 1938. Kushner and Katharine Knox state in their book
620:
British Mandate authorities gave up control of the Palestine region after Jews rebelled against policies that continued to prevent immigration by refugees or Holocaust survivors. In 1947, the
1682:
53:, which meant that they stayed in Britain temporarily, while waiting to be accepted by another country. Others entered the country by having obtained employment or a guarantor, or via
1666:
1687:
74:
123:, and stayed there while seeking acceptance from other countries. If it was clear that the person seeking entry was a visitor, they were generally limited to a one-month stay.
720:
Atkins states that there were "approximately 70,000 unnaturalized Germans and Austrians were living within the borders of Great Britain" by September 1939 (start of the war).
108:
430:
Women classed as enemy aliens being escorted by police and officials to board trains at a London station, at the start of their journey for internment on the
1282:
An Account of the Work of the Friends Committee for Refugees and Aliens: First Known as the Germany Emergency Committee of the Society of Friends, 1933-1950
207:, stated that "The (British immigration) process ... was designed to keep out large numbers of European Jews – perhaps 10 times as many as it let in."
1529:
617:
not to allow Jewish Holocaust survivors to immigrate, but there was a large number of other refugees immediately following the end of the war.
522:
Many people established successful careers in publishing, medicine, science, psychoanalysis, and other occupations. Notable scientists include
1692:
1566:
1464:
910:
154:, 12 March 1938), the British government restricted the number of Austrian Jews who could enter Britain through strictly controlled visas.
694:
Many of the people who went to neighboring European countries were captured by the Nazis after May 1940, when they invaded western Europe.
729:
For instance, Peter Kurer, whose work resulted in the establishment of an archive of the Society of Friends role during the Holocaust at
675:
625:
226:
in April 1943, by which time it was known that the Nazi regime intended to exterminate all of the Jews in Europe (the plan known as the
159:
The world seemed to be divided into two parts – those places where the Jews could not live, and those where they could not enter.
660:
645:
1365:
353:
21:
385:
was awarded in 1947 jointly to American and British Quakers for their role in assisting Jewish refugees during the Holocaust.
318:
boarding schools, including Quaker schools, often due to scholarships offered by the schools; in foster homes; or in hostels.
234:
1319:
1264:
962:
833:
608:
1097:
439:
with other German and Austrian people, including those who were Nazi sympathizers. People were put into groups (A, B, C) by
1503:
407:
415:
197:
There were more than 500,000 case files, though, of Jews who were not admitted according to British Jewish associations.
177:
Realising a plan was needed to manage the large number of emigrants from Nazi Europe, 32 countries met in France at the
454:) and Canada. Of those, not all of them made it to their destination, as they were killed while aboard ships, like the
1029:
287:
138:
127:
law to have foreign currency. This requirement could be waived, depending on the individual's training or education.
1535:
377:
means of logistical support, but were also coping with the emotional and psychological issues of being a refugee.
230:). There were 10,000 Jewish refugees who "managed to find their way into Britain" throughout the war (1939–1945).
665:
314:
1602:
503:
Many refugees served in the administration of the British occupation army in Germany and Austria after the war.
426:
655:
650:
487:
97:
181:(July 1938), but almost all of them would not loosen their immigration restrictions to take in more refugees.
144:
The government limited the number of immigrants in 1938 and 1939. For instance, after Austria was annexed to
1225:
670:
633:
356:, with similar numbers of unemployed union members, argued for an increase in the number of work permits.
361:
25:
The children of Polish Jews from the region between Germany and Poland on their arrival in London on the
130:
711:, the Jewish Refugee Committee and other relief agencies sought out personal guarantors for refugees.
636:. The State of Israel was created in May 1948 and many Jews then in immigrated into the new country.
70:
1185:
880:
85:
1577:
1475:
921:
1311:
Whitehall and the Jews, 1933-1948: British Immigration Policy, Jewish Refugees and the Holocaust
1256:
Whitehall and the Jews, 1933-1948: British Immigration Policy, Jewish Refugees and the Holocaust
954:
Whitehall and the Jews, 1933-1948: British Immigration Policy, Jewish Refugees and the Holocaust
825:
Whitehall and the Jews, 1933-1948: British Immigration Policy, Jewish Refugees and the Holocaust
223:
115:
42:
1642:
1338:
1254:
1067:
823:
801:
348:
It was difficult for Jewish refugees to find work, regardless of their education, except as
61:
on 1 September 1939, and an additional 10,000 people who made it to Britain during the war.
1430:"'You must all be Interned': Identity Among Internees in Great Britain during World War II"
1399:"'You must all be Interned': Identity Among Internees in Great Britain during World War II"
1156:"'You must all be Interned': Identity Among Internees in Great Britain during World War II"
984:"'You must all be Interned': Identity Among Internees in Great Britain during World War II"
761:"'You must all be Interned': Identity Among Internees in Great Britain during World War II"
393:
8:
629:
563:
508:
478:
337:
333:
238:
57:. There were about 70,000 Jewish refugees who were accepted into Britain by the start of
178:
169:
133:, the director of the newly formed Jewish Refugee Committee, and Leonard Montefiore and
574:
219:
1315:
1260:
958:
829:
535:
410:, developed plans for dealing with the threat, informed by the processes used during
382:
297:
when the UK took in nearly 10,000 Jewish children prior to WWII. Of Jewish heritage,
1507:
1093:
543:
539:
464:
There were about 30,000 Jewish refugees held in Britain in internment camps on the
455:
1309:
952:
888:
Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies, Yad Vashem
594:
570:
398:
349:
298:
293:
277:
103:
54:
1429:
1398:
1155:
983:
760:
621:
600:
In the 1950s, West Germany began to make restitution payments to the refugees.
582:
578:
547:
527:
516:
327:
313:
Because it was not safe for Jews to travel to Germany, six volunteers from the
227:
165:
84:
annexed Austria, were mostly elderly, and were murdered in ghettos or taken to
46:
1676:
590:
555:
551:
531:
218:. There were also no plans to manage the refugee crisis as the result of the
198:
186:
134:
38:
397:
Jewish refugees from Czechoslovakia being marched away by British police at
214:
was declared (1 September 1939), Britain no longer allowed immigration from
586:
512:
215:
211:
191:
145:
120:
58:
50:
34:
447:
Some Jews, about 8,000 people, were deported to Australia (such as on the
282:
559:
465:
431:
411:
184:
Britain eased its policy for refugees after 9 November 1938, the German
1629:
1122:
730:
632:
recommending the creation of independent Arab and Jewish states and an
523:
448:
242:
569:
Former refugees influenced the music scene, with the emergence of the
241:
at that time. Even so, there were some Jews who illegally immigrated (
150:
37:
came into power in 1933 and enacted policies that would culminate in
612:
Jewish immigrants leave Haifa for internment in Cyprus, August 1946
440:
111:
allowed for deportation and had stricter immigration provisions.
1643:"Isle of Man exhibition features history of WW2 internment camp"
1661:
1343:
Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1072:
Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
806:
Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
75:
Emigration of Jews from Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe
1123:"How did one Englishman save 669 children from the Holocaust?"
1366:"The forgotten haven: Kent camp that saved 4,000 German Jews"
388:
1683:
Jews who immigrated to the United Kingdom to escape Nazism
1448:– via The Cupola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College.
1417:– via The Cupola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College.
1193:
The International School for Holocaust Studies, Yad Vashem
1174:– via The Cupola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College.
1002:– via The Cupola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College.
779:– via The Cupola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College.
1688:
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom
1498:
1496:
1567:"Continental Britons: Jewish refugees from Nazi Europe"
1465:"Continental Britons: Jewish refugees from Nazi Europe"
1098:"Counterpoint: Yes, 1940s Britain did take in refugees"
911:"Continental Britons: Jewish refugees from Nazi Europe"
1603:"Resolution 181 (II). Future government of Palestine"
1493:
444:
about the guidelines for who would avoid internment.
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1630:"Nazi persecution saw Jews flee abroad as servants"
1427:
1396:
1226:"British Quakers and the rescue of Jewish refugees"
1153:
758:
477:Several "Aliens Companies" were established in the
946:
944:
942:
817:
815:
1667:Emigration of Jews from Germany under Nazi duress
1627:
1550:
1108:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
519:were founded and became part of British culture.
1674:
1333:
1331:
1092:
1030:"Immigration and asylum: We've been here before"
1459:
1457:
1455:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1279:
1248:
1246:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
939:
812:
577:. Noted individuals of the arts include singer
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1047:
957:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 26–28.
828:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 16–17.
754:
752:
750:
1534:. National Geographic Channel. Archived from
1506:. National Geographic Channel. Archived from
1328:
1307:
1252:
950:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
821:
1640:
1452:
1383:
1284:. Friends Committee for Refugees and Aliens.
1243:
1140:
702:
700:
235:did not allow Jews to immigrate to Palestine
1314:. Cambridge University Press. p. 112.
1223:
1206:
747:
676:Committee for Jewish Refugees (Netherlands)
1259:. Cambridge University Press. p. 26.
1027:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
894:
49:was one of the destinations. Some came on
697:
389:Mitigating the threat of German espionage
1363:
875:
873:
871:
869:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
607:
461:, that were struck by German torpedoes.
425:
392:
281:
116:Great Britain's immigration laws of 1919
20:
1576:. 2002. pp. 16, 19. Archived from
1006:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
661:History of the Jews in Northern Ireland
646:History of the Jews during World War II
542:. Intellectuals include art historians
248:
1675:
1273:
981:
589:. Writers who made their mark include
354:National Union of Agricultural Workers
301:was a notable member of the operation.
291:sculpture in central London marks the
783:
490:was founded to provide such support.
91:
1693:The Holocaust and the United Kingdom
1364:Sherwood, Harriet (24 August 2019).
846:
603:
498:
416:Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1939
13:
1628:Mario Cacciottolo (8 March 2012).
1621:
1605:. United Nations. 29 November 1947
1574:The Association of Jewish Refugees
1474:. 2002. p. 12. Archived from
1472:The Association of Jewish Refugees
1308:Louise London (27 February 2003).
1253:Louise London (27 February 2003).
951:Louise London (27 February 2003).
918:The Association of Jewish Refugees
822:Louise London (27 February 2003).
271:
262:
14:
1704:
1654:
920:. 2002. p. 8. Archived from
321:
204:Whitehall And The Jews, 1933–1948
139:Board of Deputies of British Jews
1660:
493:
1595:
1531:Churchill's German Army (video)
1522:
1421:
1357:
1301:
1288:
1178:
1086:
723:
714:
666:History of the Jews in Scotland
343:
975:
688:
656:History of the Jews in Ireland
651:History of the Jews in England
488:Association of Jewish Refugees
472:
434:early in the Second World War.
366:Refugees In An Age Of Genocide
332:Organised by the precursor of
98:United Kingdom immigration law
1:
1641:Ellan Vannin (28 July 2016).
1434:Gettysburg Historical Journal
1403:Gettysburg Historical Journal
1160:Gettysburg Historical Journal
988:Gettysburg Historical Journal
982:Atkins, Elizabeth A. (2005).
765:Gettysburg Historical Journal
740:
421:
288:Kindertransport – The Arrival
253:
64:
1428:Elizabeth A. Atkins (2005).
1397:Elizabeth A. Atkins (2005).
1154:Elizabeth A. Atkins (2005).
759:Elizabeth A. Atkins (2005).
671:History of the Jews in Wales
371:
7:
639:
634:internationalized Jerusalem
109:Aliens Restriction Act 1914
10:
1709:
1028:Anne Karpf (7 June 2002).
325:
275:
95:
68:
1504:"Churchill's German Army"
1224:Rose Holmes (June 2011).
216:Nazi-controlled countries
71:Timeline of the Holocaust
1280:Lawrence Darton (1954).
802:"German Jewish Refugees"
681:
102:Britain established the
86:Nazi concentration camps
1339:"Jewish Aid and Rescue"
1298:, Friends House, London
507:Organizations like the
315:Friends Service Council
41:, Jews began to escape
613:
435:
402:
302:
259:Jews with guarantees.
161:
43:German-occupied Europe
30:
16:Aspect of World War II
611:
429:
396:
285:
157:
119:came to Britain with
114:Even more stringent,
24:
1669:at Wikimedia Commons
1186:"Bermuda Conference"
249:Means of immigration
1294:Carter, R. (2006),
1096:(4 December 2015).
630:Mandatory Palestine
564:Ludwig Wittgenstein
558:, and philosophers
509:Leo Baeck Institute
479:Royal Pioneer Corps
334:World Jewish Relief
614:
575:Edinburgh Festival
436:
403:
303:
237:, which was under
220:Bermuda Conference
137:, chairmen of the
92:Immigration policy
31:
1665:Media related to
1321:978-0-521-53449-9
1266:978-0-521-53449-9
1074:. Washington, D.C
964:978-0-521-53449-9
835:978-0-521-53449-9
808:. Washington, DC.
604:Displaced persons
536:Ernst Boris Chain
499:Accepted refugees
408:Sir John Anderson
383:Nobel Peace Prize
192:North West London
1700:
1664:
1650:
1637:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1583:on 14 April 2012
1582:
1571:
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1545:
1543:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1481:on 14 April 2012
1480:
1469:
1461:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1394:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1345:. Washington, DC
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540:Hans Adolf Krebs
350:domestic workers
245:) to Palestine.
179:Évian Conference
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170:Évian Conference
29:, February 1939.
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1622:Further reading
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571:Amadeus Quartet
550:, sociologists
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399:Croydon Airport
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299:Nicholas Winton
294:Kindertransport
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263:Self-supporting
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239:British control
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579:Richard Tauber
548:Ernst Gombrich
528:Rudolf Peierls
517:Wiener Library
500:
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401:in March 1939.
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328:Kitchener Camp
326:Main article:
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322:Kitchener Camp
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228:Final Solution
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51:transit visas
48:
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40:
39:the Holocaust
36:
28:
23:
19:
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1607:. Retrieved
1597:
1585:. Retrieved
1578:the original
1573:
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1536:the original
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1508:the original
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1476:the original
1471:
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1370:The Guardian
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1102:Star Tribune
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1071:
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1034:The Guardian
1033:
996:. Retrieved
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922:the original
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773:. Retrieved
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587:Lucian Freud
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344:Assimilation
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146:Nazi Germany
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59:World War II
35:Adolf Hitler
32:
26:
18:
1296:A Testimony
560:Karl Popper
473:War service
466:Isle of Man
432:Isle of Man
412:World War I
131:Otto Schiff
1677:Categories
1409:(5): 63–66
1166:(5): 61–63
1068:"Refugees"
994:(5): 60–61
741:References
731:Yad Vashem
624:adopted a
524:Max Perutz
422:Internment
305:Following
254:Guarantees
243:Aliyah Bet
69:See also:
65:Background
1375:24 August
709:Anschluss
441:tribunals
372:Resources
151:Anschluss
1634:BBC News
1609:21 March
640:See also
581:, actor
233:Britain
45:and the
1444:8 April
1440:(5): 59
1413:8 April
1170:8 April
998:8 April
775:8 April
771:(5): 60
222:of the
168:on the
1587:1 July
1542:1 July
1514:1 July
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1349:3 July
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1235:3 July
1198:1 July
1132:3 July
1078:1 July
1039:1 July
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931:2 July
832:
538:, and
515:, and
451:Dunera
224:Allies
33:After
27:Warsaw
1581:(PDF)
1570:(PDF)
1479:(PDF)
1468:(PDF)
1189:(PDF)
925:(PDF)
914:(PDF)
884:(PDF)
682:Notes
362:press
210:When
1611:2017
1589:2017
1544:2017
1516:2017
1487:2017
1446:2017
1415:2017
1377:2019
1351:2017
1316:ISBN
1261:ISBN
1237:2017
1200:2017
1172:2017
1134:2017
1080:2017
1041:2017
1000:2017
959:ISBN
933:2017
830:ISBN
777:2017
628:for
593:and
573:and
562:and
554:and
546:and
449:HMT
73:and
1647:BBC
1230:AJR
1127:BBC
456:SS
1679::
1645:.
1632:.
1572:.
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172:.
164:—
148:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
