Japanese occupation of Nauru

3927: 3988: 1088: 3629: 1172:). As on Nauru, they had been forced to work for the Japanese, and had faced food shortages as Truk was in turn bombed and cut off by the Americans. Despite the best efforts of Timothy Detudamo, Father Kayser, Father Clivaz, and others, conditions were made worse in Truk by a complete lack of medical care and the Nauruans' status as aliens. The native Chuukese resented having to share scarce resources with the interlopers, while the Japanese treated them much more harshly than on Nauru. Many of the exiles suffered beatings, and many women were sexually assaulted. All were forced into long hours of heavy labor, mainly excavating defensive positions and growing food for the Japanese garrison. 3891: 1361:

when the Nauruans bought the phosphate industry from the commission for A$ 20 million, a transaction entwined intimately with Nauru's declaration of independence in 1968. Second, their land became even more precious to them. Most Nauruans continue to live on Nauru. Those who do migrate do so either to seek education, to take positions in Nauruan diplomatic missions, or, in a few cases, to take jobs in Australia. But the bulk of the Nauruan population can be found living on the island of Nauru. In this they differ markedly from other Pacific Island nations where a growing proportion of the population is to be found in metropolitan countries.

3975: 1251:. On board were well-known figures of the colonial administration, including William Bot, the administrator of the local unit of the British Phosphate Commission, and Thomas Cude, head of the Nauruan police. Returning with them were five young Nauruans who had spent the war in Australia, where they had been studying at its outbreak. As the boat approached the islands, the passengers could plainly see the devastation wrought on the island. By means of signals, they arranged with the Japanese to conduct the surrender ceremony at 2 p.m. The Australian commander, Brigadier J. R. Stevenson, accompanied by P. Phipps of the 799:

opened a Japanese school, a language which many Nauruans learned during the war, and hired native dancers for celebrations they organized, which brought the Nauruans extra money. They opted not to interfere with the work of the two European priests, who had great influence among the population, and allowed religious services to take place. They also hired some of the employees of the former administration. However, the Japanese were particularly harsh with the Chinese, who were at the bottom of their perceived racial hierarchy. They were underfed and beaten more often and more brutally than the other inhabitants.

79: 4012: 4000: 48: 4158: 4146: 4134: 4122: 4110: 4098: 4086: 4073: 4060: 4048: 4036: 3915: 3903: 3843: 950: 4024: 917:, "it seemed unwise to leave an island with an airfield only 380 miles from Tarawa in enemy hands. But, the more Nauru was studied, the less anyone liked the idea of assaulting it. For Nauru is a solid island with no harbour or lagoon, shaped like a hat with a narrow brim of coastal plain where the enemy had built his airfield, and a crown where he had mounted coast defence artillery. The hilly interior was full of holes and caves where phosphate rock had been excavated – just the sort of terrain that the Japanese liked for defensive operations." 265: 240: 473: 602: 62: 657:

Chinese, and the 49 members of the British garrison embarked; 191 Chinese were left on Nauru, having been told they would be evacuated later, which, in the event, did not occur, due to the rapid pace of the Japanese advance. Seven Westerners, including Chalmers and two missionaries, chose to remain, feeling it was their duty to look after the islanders. After this evacuation, there were some 1,800 Nauruans, 190 Gilbertese, and 200 Chinese on Nauru (Gilbertese from the British colony of

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loaded with supplies for the Japanese garrison was sunk off the island. In addition, the annual monsoon rains largely failed during the 1943–1944 season, resulting in a severe drought on the island. In early January 1944, only two Japanese supply ships made it to Nauru. The second boat arrived on 10 January, and was the last surface ship to resupply the base for the duration of the war. A final delivery of provisions and ammunition was made by two submarines in September 1944.

3879: 808: 3951: 3963: 3831: 1196: 3939: 966: 1210: 2359: 3867: 3855: 1068:, were sent into exile. There had not yet been any news of the whereabouts of the first group. Although cramped, conditions aboard the boats bringing the Nauruans to the Truk islands were bearable. For the vast majority of the exiles, it was the first time they had left their isolated island; therefore, along with the general anxiety, there was some excitement, particularly among Nauruan youth. 853:(South Sea Development Company) to assess the condition of the mining facilities sabotaged by the Australians before their departure. They recovered some machinery parts and ordered some Chinese to start collecting phosphate; however, in June 1943 the employees left, after some friction with the military. No shipments of phosphate appear to have been loaded during the Japanese occupation. 1011:, who lived in a colony built by the Australians in Meneng. Before the arrival of the Japanese, the lepers had been able to receive visits from their families, and in certain instances, have their children live with them. The occupiers, fearful of contagion, isolated them completely as soon as they landed, and included their families in the first boat to Truk. On 11 July 1943, the 985:

islanders under the leadership of Timothy Detudamo. They refused to tell the Nauruans their destination, which increased anxiety among the population; they were only told that the island to which they would be sent had an abundance of food. Just before departure, Nakayama, second in the military hierarchy of the island, gave Detudamo a letter bearing the seal of the emperor

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lack of a deep-water port or an airstrip. Their reluctance was also fuelled by the belief that withdrawal of the Westerners would result in a loss of prestige for Australia among the Nauruans. The evacuation was finally approved at the end of January 1942. The initial plan was to remove all the Westerners and Chinese. Because of growing Japanese naval activity in the area,

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almost complete dependence upon imported food. As supply ships were frequently torpedoed, the island's large population of Japanese soldiers and Nauruan people survived predominantly on Japanese-farmed pumpkins (which had to be fertilized using large of human excrement), rice rations and fish (Government of Nauru 1994).

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Chinese were given smaller rations. All men were obliged to work for the Japanese, and, along with Korean and Japanese workers, were immediately put to work building an airstrip. The construction took place at breakneck pace, and the forced workers were beaten if they were unable to work as fast as ordered.

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No climactic battle ever took place on Nauru, and the Japanese launched only a handful of minor raids from it. Nevertheless, the island played an important role in the campaigns of the Central Pacific. It was too well-defended to invade, yet its airfield and strategic location made it too threatening

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One of the Nauruans' methods to reach self-sufficiency was to exploit their gardens to the fullest. They cultivated many edible plants and were soon imitated by the Japanese, who began to farm every space available. They grew eggplant, corn, pumpkin, and sweet potato. Still lacking sufficient output,

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in the pre-War administration and was respected by the Nauruans. Under the Japanese regime, however, he had no autonomy; his duty was only to take orders from the occupiers and apply them. Those who did not follow the Japanese rules could be severely punished. The Nauruans would witness the beheading

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on 15 September and arrived at Nauru two days later. By October 1942, there were 11 officers and 249 enlisted Japanese soldiers on Nauru. On 7 March 1943, Captain Takenao Takenouchi arrived to take command of the garrison (known as 67 Naval Guard Force); he, however, was ill and bed-ridden throughout

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Following the British declaration of war on the Japanese empire, the leadership of the BPC urged the Australian government to assist in the evacuation of BPC employees. The authorities were slow to respond, due to reports speculating that an invasion of the island by Japan was unlikely because of the

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received royalties for the mining of their lands, an income that allowed them to cover their needs, but which was minimal compared with the actual value of the island's phosphate exports. The population was decimated by several diseases against which they had no immune defences; however, in 1932 they

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The Japanese requisitioned several houses abandoned by their inhabitants after the landing, as well as all vehicles owned by the natives. They established a rationing system under which Japanese workers and Nauruans were entitled to 900 grams of rice and 45 grams of beef per day, while the

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began in 1906, at which time it was part of the German colonial empire. The island had some of the world's largest and highest quality deposits of phosphate, a key component in fertiliser, making it a strategically important resource on which agriculture in Australia and New Zealand depended. During

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The war deeply affected the local population. The Japanese enforced a harsh regime, particularly on Chinese labourers who they saw as being at the bottom of the racial hierarchy; forced labour and brutal treatment were commonplace. They decided to deport the majority of Nauru's indigenous population

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As the Pacific War finally reached its end, there was some uncertainty among the Allies as to whom Nauru and neighboring Ocean Island should be surrendered to. They were in a zone under American command, and it had been planned that US troops would liberate the islands; however, the Australians and

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Even after the Japanese surrender announcement on 15 August 1945, the Nauruan exiles had little choice but to continue working for the Japanese for several weeks, seemingly forgotten by the victorious Allies. While Detudamo wrote letters to Allied commanders pleading for help, Nauruans continued to

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trees, was a valuable dietary supplement and at times the only food available. All the trees used for toddy were inventoried and allocated to the population, three for each Japanese, two for a Pacific Islander, and one for a Chinese. They were used to such an extent that they were no longer able to

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If Japanese rule was harsh when contrasted with the more paternalistic Australian approach, it was, at least for the native Nauruans, not as brutal as in other areas controlled by the Japanese. The occupiers tried to seduce the natives using propaganda, educational programs, and entertainment. They

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The authorities, fearful of starvation on an overpopulated island kept under blockade, resolved to deport the entire Nauruan population. Shortly after the arrival of the last military convoy, the Japanese called together a Nauruan council and made the announcement of the deportation of some of the

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The five Australians who had remained on Nauru – Chalmers (Nauru's administrator), Dr. Bernard Haselden Quinn (Government medical officer), Mr. W.H. Shugg (medical assistant), Mr. F. Harmer (BPC engineer), and Mr. W.H. Doyle (BPC overseer) – were interned and placed under guard in a house near the

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In spite of the economic importance of Nauru for Australia and New Zealand, the island was left militarily unprotected, since a stipulation of the League of Nations mandate for Australian administration forbade the construction of coastal defences. The island, very isolated geographically, was not

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First, determined to control their own lives after having been pawns in a major war, they rejected the British Phosphate Commission's offer to relocate them. Nauruans wanted to maintain ties to their island. After the war the fight for phosphate royalties continued with renewed vigor, ending only

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was hoisted over Nauru for the first time in three years. The executives of the BPC surveyed the island to determine the extent of war damage to mining infrastructure, and found the phosphate factory totally destroyed. However, they found that the health of the population was better than had been

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Occupied Nauru was at the very end of a long supply line linking the Pacific islands to Japan. The American advance toward the Western Pacific, and the growing effectiveness of American submarines, made supply missions to Nauru increasingly difficult. In September 1943, a 6,000 ton freighter

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By the mid-twentieth century, coconuts and pandanus, along with the skills and knowledge required to process them into a variety of preserved food products, had been largely forgotten (Wedgewood 1936). The Japanese occupation of Nauru during the Second World War starkly highlighted the island's

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By January 1945, the air raids on Nauru had tapered off, the front lines of the Pacific War having moved to the west. About 40 Nauruans had been killed in the attacks, and many more injured. The food shortage became acute. Several Chinese workers died of starvation, and islanders of all stripes

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350 kilometres (189 nmi; 217 mi) to the east, managed to seek shelter before the attack. The following day, another plane made a second attempt on the radio station. The third day, four planes made a low-altitude strike and finally destroyed it. During these three days, 51 bombs were

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The Japanese hoped to exploit the island's phosphate resources, and to build up their military defences in the area. They were unable to relaunch phosphate mining operations, but succeeded in transforming Nauru into a powerful stronghold, which United States forces chose to bypass during their

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On 11 September, the boat which was to be used to deport the remaining Nauruans arrived off the coast of the island, only to be destroyed by a torpedo from an American submarine. This prevented the Japanese from completing their plan of removing the entire Nauruan population and allowing only

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steamed at full speed toward Nauru, arriving on 23 February. The unloading of supplies and boarding of civilians proceeded quickly. Contrary to the initial plan, it was decided to take aboard only part of the Chinese population, due to cramped conditions on the ship. Sixty-one Westerners, 391

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For the Nauruans, the occupation had a profound effect on their society and psychology. Unprotected by the Australians, bombed by the Americans, tormented by the Japanese, and shunned by the Chuukese, the seeds of self-determination were planted. Wrote historian Nancy J. Pollock:

1280:. During the transfer, the former occupiers were molested by the Nauruans in charge of the boarding operations. They were also violently attacked with canes by Chinese seeking revenge on their former tormentors. The abusers were harshly pushed back by the Australians. 1259:

to Stevenson. The weapon was placed on the centre of the table and the instrument of surrender was then read in English and in Japanese. Soeda bowed in sign of agreement, signed the document, and rapidly left the boat, leaving his officers on board to be interrogated.

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suffered from various diseases, made worse by malnutrition, dwindling medical supplies, and the increasingly unsanitary conditions on the island. For the most part, however, the Nauruans on Nauru were faring better than their kinsmen who had been deported in 1943.

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to ignore; thus the Americans had to divert considerable effort and resources to keep it neutralised. It could be said that militarily, the Japanese on Nauru did their job very effectively. Over 300 of them died from malnutrition, disease, and enemy action.

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Beginning in mid-November 1943, US forces, in support of their campaign in the Gilberts, pounded Nauru for six weeks, effectively destroying the airfield. From December 1943 through January 1945, smaller-scale air raids continued on an almost daily basis.

826:). To build it, they brought in 1,500 Japanese and Korean workers, as well as using Nauruans, Gilbertese, and Chinese as forced labour. The creation of the airstrip on the narrow coastal belt led to the expulsion of many natives from the districts of 755:

his tenure, and command was effectively held by Lt. Hiromi Nakayama, who had led the initial landing force. On 13 July, Captain Hisayuki Soeda arrived to replace Takenouchi as commander of 67 Naval Guard Force, a position he held until the end of the war.

3788: 370:, who showed only limited interest in mining employment, and generally continued to rely on their traditional subsistence activities of fishing and agriculture. The BPC instead imported large numbers of indentured workers, mainly Chinese and 908:

and Midway, the Japanese were being forced onto the defensive. In 1943, as American offensives loomed in the relatively close Gilbert and Marshall Islands, the garrison on Nauru continued to improve its defences, unaware that the American

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from the US Army Air Force (USAAF) bombed the airstrip, destroying eight bombers and seven fighter planes. The five Australians interned on the island were killed by the Japanese shortly after this first American bombing raid.

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stating that he thought the Japanese had not destroyed phosphate production facilities because they intended to occupy the island for its resources. All maritime contact with the rest of the world was interrupted. The BPC ship

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The situation forced the inhabitants to look for alternatives to imported goods. Their main concern was to compensate for the lack of food supplies, especially the rice that was the staple food under the Japanese occupation.

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on 26 August, and three days later, a company of the 43rd Guard Force (Palau) conducted an unopposed landing on Nauru and assumed occupation duties. They were joined by the 5th Special Base Force company, which departed

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For the Japanese, the importance of Nauru was twofold: first, they were interested in acquiring the island's phosphate deposits; second, Nauru was potentially a good base from which to launch aerial attacks against the

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would handle the task, with the Australian commander signing the surrender document twice, first as the representative of the United Kingdom, and then on behalf of the American Commander-in-Chief of the Pacific Fleet.

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After the war, at an Australian Military Court trial held in Rabaul in May 1946, Lieutenant Hiromi Nakayama was sentenced to death for the crime of killing the five Australians on Nauru, and was hanged on 10 August.

520:, a former lieutenant-colonel in the Australian Army who had served in the Boer War and First World War, reportedly stormed along the waterfront hurling verbal abuse at the German ship, which slipped away unharmed. 511:

headed for Nauru with the purpose of destroying the main infrastructure. Due to bad weather conditions, they were unable to make a landing on the island, but sank several merchantmen in the area. On 27 December,

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in the reefs; everyone was fishing as much as possible. Nauruan women produced twine, made of coconut tree fiber, which was used for construction in lieu of nails, as well as for canoe making and fishing. From

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The BPC moved quickly. With much of the European staff returned, new facilities built, and new workers brought in, production was resumed in July 1946. Sanitary conditions on the island were quickly restored.

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under constant surveillance by the Australian navy, and was out of reach of aerial patrols; however, before the outbreak of hostilities in the Pacific theatre, Nauru did not appear to be under direct threat.

1707:"Japanese Atrocities on Nauru during the Pacific War: The murder of Australians, the massacre of lepers and the ethnocide of Nauruans 太平洋戦争中のナウル島における日本軍の残虐行為−−オーストラリア人殺害、癩病患者大量殺戮、ナウル人文化根絶 :: JapanFocus" 1263:

The following day, a contingent of 500 Australian soldiers landed. They were greeted by a jubilant crowd, while the Japanese were confined to their barracks. That afternoon, during a military ceremony, the

977:, 2,000 more than in 1940. This figure includes 1,388 military personnel and 1,500 Korean and Japanese workers, as well as 400 Gilbertese Islanders and Chinese previously brought in by the BPC. The 1027:

began firing on the fishing boat with the ship's 50 mm cannon and 7.7 mm machine gun. The Nauruans were finished off with rifle fire, and the boat capsized and sank. Lt. Nakayama, the

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One of the goals of the Japanese in invading Nauru had been the takeover of the island's strategic phosphate industry. A few days after their landing on 29 August 1942, the occupiers brought in

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The organization of the island's defences was the first task of the occupiers. They sited 152 mm artillery pieces around the coast and placed 12.7 mm anti-aircraft machine guns on

327:, hundreds of miles away, where mortality was extremely high. Still overpopulated with troops and imported labourers, the island was subject to food shortages, which worsened as the Allies' 1230:

On 8 September, Australian planes dropped leaflets giving notice of the coming of three boats with personnel to oversee surrender proceedings. Five days later, on 13 September, the frigate

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Although spared a pitched battle, Nauru would be subject to regular aerial bombardment, while Allied warships made it increasingly difficult for supply ships to get through to the island.

822:. They built pillboxes on the beach, bunkers further inland, and an underground hospital. Their main work was the construction of an airstrip (which, after the war, formed the basis of 493:

disguised as civilian freighters targeted the island. Their aim was to disrupt production of phosphate and thereby weaken the agriculture-based economies of Australia and New Zealand.

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New Zealanders emphasised the fact that both islands were critical to their economy, and that phosphate mining needed to be resumed as soon as possible. Thus it was agreed that the

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returned to Nauru, and though again unable to land a shore party, severely damaged the mining facilities and exposed loading jetties with gunfire. The island's chief administrator,

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commander who had ordered the massacre, would later tell the new garrison commander, Captain Soeda, that the lepers and their boat had been lost in a typhoon while being taken to

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was the name given by the Japanese to their plan to invade and occupy Nauru and Ocean Island. The operation was originally set to be executed in May 1942, immediately following

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Modernity reached Nauru in the form of imported goods, which had the effect of making the locals increasingly dependent on the Australian economy. Beginning in the 1920s, the

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There was an upsurge of hunting, fishing, harvesting, and other traditional practices which had fallen into disuse during colonisation. Men would go up the cliffs hunting

1046:. They told the Nauruans about the drought in their land, which had become barren because of the Japanese presence, forcing them to eat grass and tree bark for survival. 589:, south-west of Nauru, and established a major base there. Nauru was therefore isolated, situated between the two main Japanese axes of advance. On 19 February 1942, the 1115:

which had been collected from the population by forced Chinese workers. This method turned out to be extremely productive in Nauru's tropical weather, but as a result,

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marked the first time in its history that Australia was directly targeted on a large scale by a foreign power. News of the attack caused deep consternation on Nauru.

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as the chief of the natives. The Nauruans were ordered to obey him, otherwise they would be "skinned and treated as pigs". Detudamo had served as Head Chief of the

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Although effectively neutralised by Allied air and sea control, the Japanese garrison did not surrender until eleven days after the official surrender of Japan.

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The first attempt to occupy Nauru began on 11 May, when an Imperial Japanese invasion force consisting of a cruiser, two mine-layers and two destroyers, with

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produce coconuts. After learning that rubber tree fruit was edible, the Japanese forbade the Islanders from gathering it, and started eating it themselves.

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On 29 June 1943, 600 Nauruans and seven Chinese were brought to the waterfront and taken aboard (by night, to avoid Allied attacks) the freighter

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and representatives of the BPC, received the surrender of Hisayuki Soeda, commandant of Nauru's Japanese garrison. As a sign of submission, he handed his

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reconquest of the Pacific. The most important infrastructure built by the Japanese was an airfield, which was the target of repeated Allied air strikes.

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of the League of Nations, and aggressive development of plantation agriculture in the islands was often facilitated by the use of Nauruan phosphate.

726:. Attempts by the rest of the task force to continue with the operation were called off after Japanese reconnaissance aircraft sighted the American 585:, the Japanese advance rolled forward. They occupied the Gilbert Islands, north-east of Nauru, during Christmas 1941, and in January 1942 they took 556:). That same day, a Japanese surveillance aircraft was sighted above Nauru. The first attack took place on 9 December; three planes flying from the 4028: 2825: 169: 1058: 764: 366:(BPC), in charge of mining operations, joined with Australian officials and Christian missionaries to establish paternalistic management of the 3780: 3540: 3531: 3498: 3304: 3274: 3257: 92: 3299: 382:

reached the population threshold of 1,500 that was considered necessary for their survival. This achievement is still celebrated in Nauru as

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Nauru population flows in June 1943: more than 2,000 Japanese and Korean soldiers and workers arrive on the island (red arrow), as do 600

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to the island with supplies, was recalled. Until the end of February 1942, there were daily sightings of Japanese planes over the island.

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were brought as laborers by BPC before the war). Before evacuating, BPC employees thoroughly sabotaged the phosphate mining facilities.

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Japanese Atrocities on Nauru during the Pacific War: The murder of Australians, the massacre of lepers and the ethnocide of Nauruans

1965: 3428: 1635: 1474:(The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945 ed.). Historical Publications Branch. pp. 144–146. 900:

By the time the Japanese occupied Nauru in the summer of 1942, their offensive in the Pacific was coming to an end; checked at the

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and Nauru were removed from the 6th Base Force in Kwajalein and replaced under a new 3rd Special Base Force with headquarters in

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Following this departure, the Japanese committed what is considered their worst war crime on Nauru: the massacre of 39

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dropped on or close to the station. The governor of the island, Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick Chalmers, sent a message to

311:. With the onset of the war, the islands that flanked Japan's South Seas possessions became of vital concern to Japanese 121: 3703: 981:

were therefore a minority on their own island. At the end of June, 1,000 more military personnel were brought to Nauru.

3871: 3859: 3524: 3386: 3262: 2873: 2593: 2068: 989:, indicating that the Nauruans were under his protection. This document was later used for safe-conduct by the exiles. 887:

on 2 May 1943. Nauru was therefore used only as a link in the chain of Japanese defences in the Central Pacific Ocean.

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left, but were replaced by a larger number of Japanese and Banabans, thus doing nothing to alleviate food shortages.

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History of United States Naval Operations in World War II: Aleutians, Gilberts, and Marshalls, S.E. Morison, pp83-85

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Between 1–3 October, the 3,745 Japanese and Koreans on the island were taken on board Allied ships heading for

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The Phosphateers: A History of the British Phosphate Commissioners and the Christmas Island Phosphate Commission

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spread, killing several people. Swarms of flies appeared around the plantations, and the smell was unbearable.

1000:, site of the headquarters of Japanese forces in the Central Pacific, 1,600 km north-west of Nauru in the 850: 624: 605: 500: 494: 371: 2053:

Postcolonialism, Indigeneity and Struggles for Food Sovereignty: Alternative food networks in subaltern spaces

1819:. Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific, World Council of Churches. pp. 222–224. 973:

On Nauru the Japanese established a huge garrison relative to the size of the island. In June 1943 there were

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The Chinese Communities in the Smaller Countries of the South Pacific: Kiribati, Nauru, Tonga, Cook Islands

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bombed the wireless station at Nauru, but failed to cause any damage. The Nauruans, warned by observers on

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Japanese commander Hisayuki Soeda hands his sword to J. R. Stevenson, the Australian commander aboard

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The Empire of Japan became firmly established in the vast area north of Nauru as a result of the

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die of malnutrition-related illnesses and simple starvation. In one six-month period in 1945,

3186: 3161: 3119: 2888: 2858: 2682: 2571: 2556: 2279: 2117: 1651: 1469: 1223: 1214: 910: 730: 690:(the invasion of New Guinea and the Solomon Islands), and before Operation MI (the attack on 4227: 3895: 3196: 2576: 2521: 914: 8: 3931: 2588: 2516: 2501: 2496: 2448: 2443: 2322: 2060: 1962: 1273: 1245: 905: 1629: 949: 3765: 2646: 2598: 2561: 2526: 2511: 2400: 2368: 1269:

expected, based on the testimony of two Japanese who had fled the island in June 1945.

1023:. Once the boats were out of sight of Nauru the towrope was cut and sailors aboard the 709: 553: 394: 3665: 1726:

Australia's Forgotten Prisoners: Civilians Interned by the Japanese in World War Two,

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leaves, they made a strong fabric used for mats, baskets, shelter-pieces, and sails.

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islands, loaded with 50 tons of supplies bound for Nauru. After taking some of

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In January 1946, the deportees were finally repatriated to Nauru by the BPC ship

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The Second World War first reached Nauru in early December 1940 when two German

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was the period of three years (26 August 1942 – 13 September 1945) during which

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Social Aspects of Obesity (Culture and Ecology of Food and Nutrition; Vol. 1)

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and Nauru (more than 600 nm), on 15 February 1943, the Gilbert Islands,

819: 582: 561: 538: 53: 1209: 1187:. Of the 1,200 Nauruans who had left in 1943, fewer than 800 returned. 913:, at a meeting in August, had decided to bypass the island. Wrote historian 358:, Nauru came under the control of the British Crown as a trusteeship of the 342: 3816: 3548: 3269: 2433: 1706: 1161: 827: 760: 746: 702: 687: 683: 642: 308: 183: 2243: 1490:

Biography – Frederick Royden Chalmers – Australian Dictionary of Biography

957:

natives. (blue arrow). In the same period, 1,200 Nauruans are deported to

791:

of several Chinese, Gilbertese, and Japanese accused of breaking the law.

4186: 2056: 1600:. MacMillan Brown Library, University of Canterbury. 2007. Archived from 1136: 997: 958: 774:(a Swiss), were, for a time, permitted to continue their religious work. 355: 324: 304: 303:, was occupied by the Japanese military as part of its operations in the 807: 4223:

Military history of the British Empire and Commonwealth in World War II

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uprooted people without specific land rights to remain on the island.

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Affaire de certaines terres à phosphates à Nauru (Nauru c. Australie)

1116: 965: 857: 712: 662: 534: 383: 1042:

were brought to Nauru from neighboring Ocean Island, which was also

633:, was selected for the mission. The ship met with the BPC freighter 2211: 1145: 1140: 1039: 986: 891:

1943–1944: American offensive, murders, deportations, and isolation

715: 638: 566: 378: 2833: 2271: 1168:, and other islands in the Truk archipelago (modern Chuuk in the 1128: 1016: 1008: 884: 346:

1940 map of Nauru showing the extent of the phosphate mined lands

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Where nets were cast: Christianity in Oceania since World War II

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they created pumpkin plantations, using half drums filled with

1032: 861: 1662:

Case of Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru (Nauru v.. Australia)

1492:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University 1217:

vessel bound for Bougainville Island following their surrender

1015:– having been told they were to be transferred to a colony on 2358: 2302: 1878: 1165: 865: 615: 362:, effectively administered by the Australian government. The 296: 283: 1091: 549: 1664:]. United Nations Publications. 2003. pp. 65–66. 1053:

arrived 6 August 1943, and the same day, another group of

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States and territories in the sphere of influence of the

1124: 883:. Because of the loss of his command, Matsuo committed 596: 708:, departed Rabaul. The task force was attacked by the 2015:: Overseas Publishers Association. pp. 99–100. 673: 2163: 2115: 1850: 1848: 1625: 1623: 1467: 1213:Japanese troops board a barge taking them out to a 2153: 2151: 2149: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2034: 2032: 2030: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1560: 1558: 1139:, a local small bird, while women were collecting 614:destroyer which performed a partial evacuation of 3172:Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo 2222: 2169: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2000: 1998: 1951: 1839: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1564: 1392: 782:Soon after their arrival, the Japanese appointed 4199: 3609:Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan and British North Borneo 2004: 1941: 1845: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1652:"4 From the Second World War Until Independence" 1620: 1160:The Nauruan exiles had been relocated to Tarik, 927: 759:island's hospital. The two missionaries, Father 299:, a Pacific island which at that time was under 2081: 2027: 1974: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1833: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1555: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1527: 2126: 2100: 1995: 1801: 1687: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1507: 523: 28: 3796: 3525: 2835:History of World War II by region and country 2819: 2287: 2122:. Wellington: Historical Publications Branch. 1856:"The History Place – Timeline of Pacific War" 1733: 1461: 2223:Williams, Maslyn; Macdonald, Barrie (1985). 1918: 1812: 1776: 2227:. Melbourne University Press. p. 586. 2005:de Garine, Igor; Pollock, Nancy J. (1995). 1571:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 477. 1504: 1449: 1413: 1395:"The Battle for Betio Island, Tarawa Atoll" 3803: 3789: 3532: 3518: 2826: 2812: 2294: 2280: 1372:Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands 1295:Pacifics Islanders (Gilbertins, Banabans) 1237:arrived offshore, escorted by the frigate 77: 1151: 165:• 13 July 1943 to 13 September 1945 3932:Reorganized National Government of China 2736: 2257:. Australian National University Press. 1633:History of Nauru during Second World war 1585: 1486:"Chalmers, Frederick Royden (1881–1943)" 1437: 1388: 1386: 1208: 1194: 1086: 1082: 964: 948: 806: 600: 552:, on 8 December 1941 (7 December in the 550:US, Australian, British and Dutch forces 471: 341: 331:strategy left Nauru completely cut off. 2255:Nauru, Phosphate and Political Progress 2252: 2184: 2157: 2094: 2038: 1989: 1945: 1911:"Jap to Hang for Murder of Europeans"; 1795: 1770: 1704: 1644: 1543: 1537: 1443: 1431: 1419: 944: 720:, leading to the loss of the minelayer 451: 4200: 4177:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 3884:Mengjiang United Autonomous Government 2241: 2050: 1393:Stanley C. Jersey (29 February 2004). 1332: 969:Truk, destination of Nauruan deportees 637:, which was camouflaged in the bay of 533:and to threaten the sea route between 136:• 26 August 1942 to 7 March 1943 3784: 3513: 2807: 2275: 1383: 1284:Demography of Nauru at the surrender 1190: 895: 814:, a legacy of the Japanese occupation 3968:Provisional Government of Free India 2203: 1549: 1455: 678: 597:Evacuation of Westerners and Chinese 337: 153:• 7 March 1943 to 13 July 1943 1893: 1038:The following month, 659 emaciated 462: 13: 3872:South Chahar Autonomous Government 3860:North Shanxi Autonomous Government 3541:Countries and territories occupied 2301: 2189:. Sydney: ABC books. p. 200. 14: 4239: 2207:Australia in the War of 1939–1945 1957:Carl N. McDaniel, John M. Gowdy, 1568:World War II Pacific Island Guide 802: 745:A second invasion force departed 674:1942: Beginning of the occupation 629:, a destroyer operating with the 467: 4156: 4144: 4132: 4120: 4108: 4096: 4084: 4071: 4058: 4046: 4034: 4022: 4010: 3998: 3986: 3973: 3961: 3949: 3937: 3925: 3913: 3901: 3889: 3877: 3865: 3853: 3848:East Hebei Autonomous Government 3841: 3829: 3627: 2749:Nauru Regional Processing Centre 2357: 856:Because of the distance between 263: 238: 60: 46: 3908:Provisional Government of China 2178: 2044: 1905: 1869: 1720: 1678: 842:was begun but never completed. 1896:"Nauruans during World War II" 1478: 1425: 1170:Federated States of Micronesia 851:Nanyo Kohatsu Kabushiki Kaisha 479:the 7, 8, and 27 December 1940 1: 4213:Japanese military occupations 3896:Shanghai Great Way Government 2170:Williams & Macdonald 1985 1840:Williams & Macdonald 1985 1377: 928:The Murder of the Australians 668: 313:Imperial General Headquarters 4182:Greater East Asia Conference 3920:Reformed Government of China 2116:Sydney David Waters (1956). 1468:Sydney David Waters (1956). 1342: 1292:Japanese and Korean workers 777: 701:units, under the command of 401:Demography of Nauru in 1940 364:British Phosphate Commission 293:Japanese occupation of Nauru 7: 3981:Republic of the Philippines 3589:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1365: 824:Nauru International Airport 812:Nauru International Airport 699:Special Naval Landing Force 524:Declaration of war by Japan 54:Flag of the Empire of Japan 10: 4244: 4041:Occupied Dutch East Indies 2635:Effects of mining in Nauru 2119:The Royal New Zealand Navy 1565:Gordon L. Rottman (2002). 1471:The Royal New Zealand Navy 659:Gilbert and Ellice Islands 482: 351:Mining operations on Nauru 4172: 3823: 3753: 3674: 3636: 3625: 3555: 3454: 3205: 3068: 3022: 2944: 2841: 2770: 2668: 2659: 2620: 2611: 2552: 2543: 2482: 2399: 2376: 2367: 2354: 2313: 1328: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1044:under Japanese occupation 763:(an Alsatian) and Father 661:and Chinese from British 544:Japanese forces launched 518:Frederick Royden Chalmers 447: 422: 417: 414: 411: 408: 405: 301:Australian administration 279: 217: 213: 203: 193: 189: 179: 175: 163: 151: 134: 130: 120: 102: 88: 83:Nauru during World War II 76: 42: 37: 29: 23: 4151:Occupied Solomon Islands 4139:Occupied Gilbert Islands 4029:Kingdom of Luang Prabang 2204:Gill, G. Hermon (1957). 2185:Garrett, Jemima (1996). 1098:bomb Nauru in April 1943 631:Free French Naval Forces 612:Free French Naval Forces 505:, and their supply ship 374:(Gilbertese above all). 4078:Occupied British Borneo 2253:Viviani, Nancy (1970). 2216:Australian War Memorial 2051:Wilson, Marisa (2016). 1638:8 February 2012 at the 902:Battle of the Coral Sea 742:heading towards Nauru. 485:German attacks on Nauru 477:German attacks on Nauru 2754:Nauru Secondary School 1968:1 October 2007 at the 1363: 1253:Royal New Zealand Navy 1218: 1206: 1152:1945: Last year of war 1099: 970: 962: 815: 619: 581:In other parts of the 480: 347: 205:• Disestablished 4053:Occupied West Sumatra 2242:Tanaka, Yuki (2010). 1813:John Garrett (1997). 1358: 1224:Royal Australian Navy 1212: 1198: 1090: 1083:Survival in isolation 968: 952: 911:Joint Chiefs of Staff 810: 604: 475: 345: 103:Common languages 4218:Wars involving Nauru 4017:Kingdom of Kampuchea 2061:Taylor & Francis 1049:A new contingent of 945:Population movements 915:Samuel Eliot Morison 546:simultaneous attacks 16:Part of World War II 4163:Occupied New Guinea 3944:Kingdom of Thailand 3284:Carpathian Ruthenia 2688:Indigenous religion 2391:Navigational system 2343:Japanese occupation 1401:on 13 February 2021 1285: 1274:Bougainville Island 402: 195:• Established 93:Military occupation 4103:Occupied Singapore 4091:Occupied Hong Kong 3766:South Seas Mandate 2874:French West Africa 2854:British Somaliland 2642:Telecommunications 2333:Colonial governors 2172:, pp. 339–340 2160:, pp. 168–175 2097:, pp. 150–152 2041:, pp. 152–153 1992:, pp. 146–149 1915:, Fri. 17 May 1946 1913:The Canberra Times 1901:. pp. 91–107. 1894:Pollock, Nancy J. 1458:, pp. 281–283 1289:Japanese soldiers 1283: 1219: 1207: 1191:Japanese surrender 1123:, brewed with the 1100: 971: 963: 932:On 25 March 1943, 896:American offensive 879:(友成佐市郎) replacing 816: 710:United States Navy 620: 554:western hemisphere 481: 412:Pacific Islanders 400: 395:South Seas Mandate 348: 158:Takenouchi Takenao 4195: 4194: 4005:Empire of Vietnam 3778: 3777: 3770:Northern Marianas 3721:Dutch East Indies 3507: 3506: 3098:Dutch East Indies 2936:Southern Rhodesia 2869:French Somaliland 2801: 2800: 2766: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2655: 2654: 2607: 2606: 2594:Political parties 2567:Foreign relations 2539: 2538: 2535: 2534: 2348:COVID-19 pandemic 1959:Paradise for Sale 1340: 1339: 1336: 1304:total population 1244:and the corvette 1096:Seventh Air Force 975:5,187 inhabitants 870:Saichirō Tomonari 788:Council of Chiefs 728:aircraft carriers 679:Japanese invasion 591:bombing of Darwin 491:armed merchantmen 460: 459: 456: 423:total population 415:Total immigrants 372:Pacific islanders 360:League of Nations 338:Pre-war situation 289: 288: 275: 274: 271: 270: 251: 250: 122:Japanese Governor 4235: 4161: 4160: 4159: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4137: 4136: 4135: 4125: 4124: 4123: 4113: 4112: 4111: 4101: 4100: 4099: 4089: 4088: 4087: 4076: 4075: 4074: 4063: 4062: 4061: 4051: 4050: 4049: 4039: 4038: 4037: 4027: 4026: 4025: 4015: 4014: 4013: 4003: 4002: 4001: 3993:French Indochina 3991: 3990: 3989: 3979: 3977: 3976: 3966: 3965: 3964: 3954: 3953: 3952: 3942: 3941: 3940: 3930: 3929: 3928: 3918: 3917: 3916: 3906: 3905: 3904: 3894: 3893: 3892: 3882: 3881: 3880: 3870: 3869: 3868: 3858: 3857: 3856: 3846: 3845: 3844: 3834: 3833: 3832: 3805: 3798: 3791: 3782: 3781: 3743:Portuguese Timor 3631: 3570:Christmas Island 3534: 3527: 3520: 3511: 3510: 3258:Military history 3012:Native Americans 2828: 2821: 2814: 2805: 2804: 2786: 2779: 2734: 2733: 2703:Nauruan language 2666: 2665: 2630:Phosphate mining 2618: 2617: 2584:Pacific Solution 2550: 2549: 2397: 2396: 2374: 2373: 2362: 2361: 2296: 2289: 2282: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2249: 2238: 2219: 2200: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2124: 2123: 2113: 2098: 2092: 2079: 2078: 2048: 2042: 2036: 2025: 2024: 2002: 1993: 1987: 1972: 1955: 1949: 1948:, pp. 51–58 1943: 1916: 1909: 1903: 1902: 1900: 1891: 1876: 1873: 1867: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1852: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1810: 1799: 1798:, pp. 31–37 1793: 1774: 1773:, pp. 77–87 1768: 1731: 1728:Christina Twomey 1724: 1718: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1702: 1685: 1682: 1676: 1675: 1648: 1642: 1631:Pacific Magazine 1627: 1618: 1617:Working Paper 10 1616: 1614: 1612: 1606: 1599: 1589: 1583: 1582: 1562: 1553: 1547: 1541: 1540:, pp. 13–20 1535: 1502: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1482: 1476: 1475: 1465: 1459: 1453: 1447: 1441: 1435: 1429: 1423: 1422:, pp. 40–42 1417: 1411: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1397:. Archived from 1390: 1329: 1286: 1282: 1179: 1078: 1067: 1056: 1052: 1014: 1002:Caroline Islands 980: 976: 935: 904:and defeated at 878: 848: 784:Timothy Detudamo 773: 652:s cargo aboard, 651: 618:in February 1942 558:Marshall Islands 463:Threats on Nauru 448: 403: 399: 267: 266: 259:Mandate of Nauru 255: 254: 246:Mandate of Nauru 242: 241: 235: 234: 219: 218: 81: 64: 50: 32: 31: 21: 20: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4198: 4197: 4196: 4191: 4168: 4167: 4157: 4155: 4145: 4143: 4133: 4131: 4121: 4119: 4109: 4107: 4097: 4095: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4072: 4070: 4065:Occupied Malaya 4059: 4057: 4047: 4045: 4035: 4033: 4023: 4021: 4011: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3987: 3985: 3974: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3950: 3948: 3938: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3914: 3912: 3902: 3900: 3890: 3888: 3878: 3876: 3866: 3864: 3854: 3852: 3842: 3840: 3830: 3828: 3819: 3813:Empire of Japan 3809: 3779: 3774: 3749: 3670: 3632: 3623: 3619:Solomon Islands 3575:Gilbert Islands 3551: 3545:Empire of Japan 3538: 3508: 3503: 3499:Pacific Islands 3494:Solomon Islands 3474:Gilbert Islands 3456: 3450: 3429:Channel Islands 3201: 3064: 3018: 2940: 2837: 2832: 2802: 2797: 2789: 2782: 2775: 2758: 2732: 2718:Public holidays 2698:Nauruan cuisine 2651: 2603: 2531: 2478: 2395: 2363: 2356: 2352: 2309: 2300: 2265: 2235: 2197: 2181: 2176: 2168: 2164: 2156: 2127: 2114: 2101: 2093: 2082: 2071: 2063:. p. 131. 2049: 2045: 2037: 2028: 2003: 1996: 1988: 1975: 1970:Wayback Machine 1956: 1952: 1944: 1919: 1910: 1906: 1898: 1892: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1853: 1846: 1838: 1834: 1827: 1811: 1802: 1794: 1777: 1769: 1734: 1725: 1721: 1711: 1709: 1703: 1688: 1684:Bullard, p. 57. 1683: 1679: 1672: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1640:Wayback Machine 1628: 1621: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1597: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1579: 1563: 1556: 1548: 1544: 1536: 1505: 1495: 1493: 1484: 1483: 1479: 1466: 1462: 1454: 1450: 1442: 1438: 1430: 1426: 1418: 1414: 1404: 1402: 1391: 1384: 1380: 1368: 1345: 1278:Solomon Islands 1193: 1180:died on Tarik. 1177: 1154: 1085: 1076: 1061: 1054: 1050: 1012: 978: 974: 947: 933: 930: 898: 893: 872: 868:, with Admiral 846: 805: 780: 767: 681: 676: 671: 649: 599: 531:Gilbert Islands 526: 487: 470: 465: 356:First World War 340: 264: 239: 206: 196: 166: 154: 141:Nakayama Hiromi 137: 97:Empire of Japan 84: 72: 71: 70: 65: 57: 56: 51: 33: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4241: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4208:1940s in Nauru 4193: 4192: 4190: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4166: 4165: 4153: 4141: 4129: 4127:Occupied Nauru 4117: 4105: 4093: 4081: 4069: 4067: 4055: 4043: 4031: 4019: 4007: 3995: 3983: 3970: 3958: 3956:State of Burma 3946: 3934: 3922: 3910: 3898: 3886: 3874: 3862: 3850: 3838: 3825: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3808: 3807: 3800: 3793: 3785: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3772: 3763: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3747: 3746: 3745: 3735: 3734: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3713: 3712: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3691: 3690: 3689: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3642: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3561: 3559: 3557:British Empire 3553: 3552: 3537: 3536: 3529: 3522: 3514: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3460: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3437: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3419:British Empire 3414:United Kingdom 3411: 3406: 3401: 3400: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3387:Basque Country 3379: 3378: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3266: 3265: 3263:Basque Country 3260: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3233:Czechoslovakia 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3133: 3132: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3111: 3110: 3105: 3095: 3094: 3093: 3083: 3078: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3016: 3015: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2948: 2946: 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2310: 2299: 2298: 2291: 2284: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2263: 2250: 2248:. Japan focus. 2239: 2233: 2220: 2201: 2195: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2174: 2162: 2125: 2099: 2080: 2070:978-1317416128 2069: 2043: 2026: 1994: 1973: 1950: 1917: 1904: 1877: 1868: 1844: 1832: 1825: 1800: 1775: 1732: 1719: 1686: 1677: 1670: 1643: 1619: 1584: 1577: 1554: 1542: 1503: 1477: 1460: 1448: 1436: 1424: 1412: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1367: 1364: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1331:Source : 1326: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1192: 1189: 1153: 1150: 1084: 1081: 1051:1,200 soldiers 979:1,848 Nauruans 961:(green arrow). 946: 943: 929: 926: 897: 894: 892: 889: 881:Keisuke Matsuo 804: 803:Military works 801: 779: 776: 706:Shima Kiyohide 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 598: 595: 525: 522: 469: 468:German attacks 466: 464: 461: 458: 457: 454:, pp. 181 450:Source : 445: 444: 441: 438: 435: 432: 429: 425: 424: 421: 419:Nauruan people 416: 413: 410: 407: 368:Nauruan people 339: 336: 329:island-hopping 287: 286: 281: 277: 276: 273: 272: 269: 268: 261: 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p. 325 1841: 1836: 1828: 1826:982-02-0121-7 1822: 1818: 1817: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1730:, p50 (notes) 1729: 1723: 1708: 1705:Yuki Tanaka. 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1681: 1673: 1671:92-1-070936-5 1667: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1647: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1626: 1624: 1607:on 4 May 2013 1603: 1596: 1595: 1588: 1580: 1578:0-313-31395-4 1574: 1570: 1569: 1561: 1559: 1552:, p. 486 1551: 1546: 1539: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1491: 1487: 1481: 1473: 1472: 1464: 1457: 1452: 1446:, pp. 53 1445: 1440: 1434:, pp. 51 1433: 1428: 1421: 1416: 1400: 1396: 1389: 1387: 1382: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1362: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1335: 1334: 1327: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1287: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1267: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1243: 1242: 1236: 1235: 1228: 1225: 1216: 1211: 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Gill57. 2021:1024-5316 2013:Amsterdam 1963:Chapter 2 1550:Gill 1957 1456:Gill 1957 1343:Aftermath 1301:Nauruans 1117:dysentery 1075:In 1943, 1013:39 lepers 906:Milne Bay 858:Kwajalein 778:New order 731:USS 713:submarine 663:Hong Kong 535:Australia 384:Angam Day 38:1942–1945 3738:Portugal 3699:Cambodia 3355:Slovenia 3350:Slovakia 3340:Portugal 3228:Bulgaria 3182:Thailand 3157:Mongolia 3130:Cambodia 3050:Suriname 3040:Colombia 2864:Ethiopia 2793:Category 2545:Politics 2307:articles 2212:Canberra 1966:Archived 1636:Archived 1366:See also 1298:Chinese 1241:Burdekin 1146:pandanus 1141:sea food 1040:Banabans 1029:de facto 987:Hirohito 639:Malekula 576:en route 567:Canberra 548:against 406:Chinese 379:Nauruans 107:Japanese 3815:during 3709:Vietnam 3547:during 3543:by the 3397:Galicia 3375:Ukraine 3345:Romania 3295:Ireland 3290:Iceland 3280:Hungary 3270:Germany 3248:Finland 3243:Estonia 3238:Denmark 3223:Belgium 3218:Austria 3213:Albania 3055:Uruguay 2987:Arizona 2914:Morocco 2909:Tunisia 2894:Liberia 2777:Outline 2728:Tourism 2713:Obesity 2678:Culture 2661:Society 2613:Economy 2522:Ubenide 2424:Anibare 2315:History 1276:in the 1248:Glenelg 1185:Trienza 1129:coconut 1035:atoll. 885:seppuku 849:of the 647:Trienza 641:in the 635:Trienza 572:Trienza 323:to the 307:during 115:Nauruan 111:English 95:by the 3978: 3694:France 3594:Malaya 3404:Sweden 3335:Poland 3330:Norway 3305:Latvia 3275:Greece 3253:France 3206:Europe 3192:Turkey 3152:Malaya 3081:Ceylon 3035:Brazil 2997:Nevada 2972:Mexico 2952:Canada 2842:Africa 2517:Meneng 2502:Anetan 2497:Anabar 2459:Meneng 2429:Baitsi 2419:Anetan 2414:Anabar 2381:Canals 2305: 2261: 2231: 2193: 2067: 2019: 1823: 1668: 1611:8 June 1575: 1405:22 May 1257:katana 1033:Jaluit 1017:Ponape 1009:lepers 840:Anabar 836:Meneng 739:Hornet 692:Midway 587:Rabaul 126: 89:Status 3682:China 3675:Other 3656:Kiska 3599:Nauru 3585:India 3565:Burma 3479:Nauru 3424:Wales 3382:Spain 3300:Italy 3187:Tibet 3162:Nepal 3147:Japan 3120:India 3086:China 3076:Burma 2889:Kenya 2859:Egypt 2784:Index 2723:Sport 2708:Music 2527:Yaren 2512:Buada 2474:Yaren 2469:Uaboe 2464:Nibok 2439:Buada 2303:Nauru 1899:(PDF) 1660:[ 1605:(PDF) 1598:(PDF) 1324:5329 1166:Fefan 1121:Toddy 1092:B-24s 1066:] 877:] 866:Betio 832:Yaren 772:] 752:Makin 650:' 616:Nauru 514:Komet 502:Komet 496:Orion 443:3552 297:Nauru 284:Nauru 145:First 3704:Laos 3651:Guam 3646:Attu 3197:Tuva 3142:Iraq 3137:Iran 3069:Asia 2957:Cuba 2577:LGBT 2492:Aiwo 2454:Ijuw 2409:Aiwo 2259:ISBN 2229:ISBN 2191:ISBN 2065:ISBN 2017:ISSN 1863:2014 1821:ISBN 1714:2014 1666:ISBN 1613:2011 1573:ISBN 1498:2014 1407:2011 1312:1054 1309:2681 838:and 830:and 747:Truk 736:and 717:S-42 537:and 440:1761 437:1591 428:1350 354:the 291:The 199:1942 2507:Boe 2449:Ewa 2434:Boe 1321:591 1318:166 1315:837 1215:RAN 1162:Tol 1127:of 1125:sap 828:Boe 694:). 431:192 30:ナウル 4204:: 3768:: 3587:: 2214:: 2128:^ 2102:^ 2083:^ 2073:. 2059:: 2055:. 2029:^ 2011:. 1997:^ 1976:^ 1961:, 1920:^ 1880:^ 1847:^ 1803:^ 1778:^ 1735:^ 1689:^ 1654:. 1622:^ 1557:^ 1506:^ 1488:. 1385:^ 1164:, 1064:fr 1004:. 875:it 770:fr 610:, 541:. 499:, 434:49 386:. 113:, 109:, 3804:e 3797:t 3790:v 3533:e 3526:t 3519:v 3286:) 3282:( 2827:e 2820:t 2813:v 2295:e 2288:t 2281:v 2267:. 2237:. 2199:. 2023:. 1865:. 1829:. 1716:. 1674:. 1615:. 1581:. 1500:. 1409:. 147:) 143:(

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