525:
20:
626:
293:
634:
277:
442:
116:
308:
607:
as Master James' "most perfectly conceived castle", it remained unfinished on his death in 1309. Among other features introduced by James in this castle was an innovative defensive design: the outer gate was non-aligned with the inner gate meaning any intruder who penetrated the outer gate would be
230:
and/or his prior residence at the village of the same name. The first reference to this name in
English records is Magistri Jacobi Di Sancto Georgio on 8 November 1280, two years after his arrival into England. His patron, King Edward I, probably met Master James of St George whilst returning from
365:. It is very possible that the simultaneous construction of these castles, three round tower castles and one octagonal tower palace castle, influenced Edward's decision to hire him to construct the castles in north Wales. Perhaps his last work in Savoy was at
173:. At Yverdon, James was at first working with his father John, but by 1265 he is recorded as working alone, likely indicating the death of his father. From his apprenticeship to his father he went on to work under the guidance of an engineer from
380:
There is an archival gap of the career of
Magistro Jacobo between 1275 when he is last recorded in Savoy and 1278 when first recorded in Britain. Marshall has suggested that during the 'gap' he may have been working for the family of
119:
A comparison of the rose window of
Canterbury Cathedral (top left) with the rose window of Lausanne Cathedral (top right) and the west window of Lausanne Cathedral (bottom left) with the eastern hall window of Conwy Castle (bottom
480:" translates as “going to Wales to put in order the works of the castles” there, that is the Mason charged with the design, technical direction and management of the works underway in Wales He is recorded as travelling to
128:
in or around the year 1230. His father was also an architect mason, named John. This strong evidence related to his father, including year of death and architectural style, lead to the conclusion that John was
622:
There is no record of James's wife, Ambrosia, receiving a pension after his death, so it is probable she did not survive him. He would be survived by his two sons, Giles and Tassin of Saint George.
869:
Dipartimento di Lingue e
Letterature Straniere e Culture dell’Università degli Studi di Torino. Ed. 2014. A Warm Mind-Shake Scritti in onore di Paolo Bertinetti. Turin. Edizioni Trauben.
743:
Dipartimento di Lingue e
Letterature Straniere e Culture dell’Università degli Studi di Torino. Ed. 2014. A Warm Mind-Shake Scritti in onore di Paolo Bertinetti. Turin. Edizioni Trauben.
824:
Taylor, A.J. (1963) "Some notes on the
Savoyards in North Wales, 1277–1300. With special reference to the Savoyard element in the construction of Harlech Castle." Genava 11, p 297.
611:
James of St George had joined Edward I in
Scotland, probably around September 1298. In February 1302, James of St George was appointed to oversee to the new defences at
608:
forced to transverse an open area on a predictable rightward path to attempt to reach the inner gate, exposed to intense defensive attacks the entire distance.
222:. Building the castle would be Magistro Jacobo; his name "Saint George", only acquired after moving to England, may well be a reference to this castle of
124:
There is little firm documentary evidence of James’ early life and origin. Circumstantial evidence, however, suggests that his place of birth was
588:. Harlech Castle, begun in 1283, was effectively completed in 1289. On 3 July 1290, James of St George was appointed Constable of
1081:
1022:
966:
947:
928:
1004:
779:
Taylor, A.J. (1950). "Master James of St. George". English
Historical Review. 65: 433–457. doi:10.1093/ehr/LXV.CCLVII.433.
725:
Mario
Chiaudano . 1933. La Finanza Sabauda nel sec. XIII. Vol 1. Turin: Biblioteca Della Societa Storica Subalpina. 63.
985:
683:
581:
1066:
1061:
336:
225:
217:
79:
as "one of the greatest architects of the
European Middle Ages". He was largely responsible for designing King
851:
Gravett, Christopher. 2007. The Castles of King Edward I in Wales 1277–1307. Botley: Osprey Publishing. 35–36.
1086:
1076:
518:
before turning to Flint. Flint Castle is similar in concept to that built by Master James earlier at
445:
Comparison of three pinnacled merlons, upper at Conwy and lower at the Castello di San Giorio di Susa
532:
344:
322:
246:
199:
195:
170:
166:
833:
Dean, Robert J. "Castles in Distant Lands: The Life and Times of Othon de Grandson". 2009. 27–32.
604:
76:
860:
Coldstream, Nicola. 2016. Writing in Late Medieval Castles. The Boydell Press: Woodbridge. 109.
698:
Taylor, A.J. (1985). Studies in Castles and Castle-Building. London: The Hambledon Press.23-24.
675:
665:
524:
360:
1071:
1056:
1051:
459:
178:
142:
549:
a day. This appointment gave him control of construction in all its aspects of castles at
19:
8:
815:
Taylor, A.J. (1950). "Master James of St. George". English Historical Review. 65: 433–457
806:
Taylor, A.J. (1950). "Master James of St. George". English Historical Review. 65: 433–457
455:
386:
262:
236:
80:
427:
301:
593:
503:
250:
249:
might pay homage to him in fulfilment of an earlier 1246 treaty whereby the castles of
188:
150:
146:
138:
1018:
1000:
981:
962:
943:
924:
679:
671:
612:
519:
96:
625:
770:
Marshall, John. (2022). Welsh Castle Builders. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books.68-70.
382:
292:
100:
707:
Marshall, John. (2022). Welsh Castle Builders. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books.31-36
414:
and Master James of Saint George were one and the same man. Taylor travelled from
368:
633:
511:
510:
records that from 1277 until 1280 his main work was to supervise the building of
495:
394:
270:
39:
842:
Morris, John. E. 1901. The Welsh Wars of Edward I. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 145.
572:
An example of the way in which he brought the finer points of architecture from
752:
Marshall, John. (2022). Welsh Castle Builders. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books.23
716:
Marshall, John. (2022). Welsh Castle Builders. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books.84
589:
431:
422:, noting the similarities of their castles' architectural features, citing the
315:
311:
276:
258:
203:
92:
889:
1045:
499:
398:
130:
441:
596:
who had died in August 1287. He held this position until 14 December 1293.
585:
566:
528:
507:
491:
405:
374:
154:
88:
462:, following the latter's refusal to pay due homage, James was called from
515:
474:
records of James of St George are found in April 1278 describing him as "
554:
542:
Magistro Jacobo de sancto Georgio, Magistro operacionum Regis in Wallia
134:
125:
52:
600:
423:
297:
266:
254:
141:. Of particular interest are the similarities of the rose windows at
115:
68:
616:
328:
207:
104:
558:
471:
467:
435:
307:
281:
174:
165:
The career of “Magistro Jacobo” began with the construction for
577:
352:
84:
603:, on which work started in April 1295. Described by historian
667:
Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History and Meaning
573:
550:
481:
463:
419:
415:
390:
285:
232:
72:
60:
788:
Morris, Marc. 2012. Castle. London: Windmill Books. 105-112.
562:
470:
to the service of the king. The earliest references in the
211:
878:
Morris, Marc. 2012. Castle. London: Windmill Books. 140.
654:
Morris, Marc. 2012. Castle. London: Windmill Books. 120.
477:
eunti in partibus Wallie ad ordinandum opera castrorum
321:
James was responsible for the castles constructed for
214:. Philip began construction of a new palace castle at
539:
He was appointed Master of the Royal Works in Wales (
940:
James of St George and the Castles of the Welsh Wars
490:" at which time four new castles were being built:
153:to that of the eastern hall window later built at
1043:
1034:Book of Prests of the King's Wardrobe for 1294-5
921:The Castles of King Edward I in Wales 1277–1307
198:in 1268 he went on to work for his successor,
1015:The Impact of the Edwardian Castles in Wales
409:
366:
358:
350:
342:
334:
326:
240:
223:
215:
206:as his main residence, Philip preferred the
182:
43:
561:, and primary sources link Master James to
540:
485:
475:
393:, possibly including the construction of
149:and the similarity of the west window of
956:
632:
624:
523:
454:Following the short war of 1277 between
440:
306:
291:
275:
114:
110:
18:
918:
576:to north Wales are the three pinnacled
235:in 1273. It was 25 June 1273 that King
191:at works dictated by Mézos in 1267–68.
23:Master James statue at Beaumaris Castle
1044:
994:
978:Studies in Castles and Castle-Building
975:
937:
487:visitandum castra de Flint et Rothelan
210:which was closer to his former see of
1031:
565:as well (and reinforce the link with
314:windows dimensionally match those at
181:, Jean de MĂ©zos. James worked at the
887:
663:
13:
761:CPR Henry III vol 3 1232-1247. 469
734:Archives de la Savoie ADS SA 9312.
545:) around 1285, drawing a wage of 3
202:. Unlike Peter, who had preferred
65:Magister Jacobus de Sancto Georgio
14:
1098:
961:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books.
942:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books.
629:Caernarfon Castle built from 1283
582:it:Castello di San Giorio di Susa
449:
177:, who had previously worked for
999:. London: The Hambledon Press.
980:. London: The Hambledon Press.
911:
881:
872:
863:
854:
845:
836:
827:
818:
809:
800:
791:
782:
773:
764:
755:
160:
16:13th century European architect
1036:. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
746:
737:
728:
719:
710:
701:
692:
657:
648:
637:Harlech Castle built from 1283
1:
1082:Savoyard emigrants to England
1017:. Oxford: Oxbow Books. 2010.
997:The Welsh Castles of Edward I
923:. Botley: Osprey Publishing.
919:Gravett, Christopher (2007).
641:
531:in North Wales compared with
434:along with the town walls at
32:
514:and the canalisation of the
7:
674:: Westview Press. pp.
599:His final Welsh castle was
10:
1103:
619:during the siege of 1304.
389:and the comital family of
337:Saint-Georges-d'Espéranche
242:Saint-Georges-d'Espéranche
226:Saint-Georges-d'Espéranche
218:Saint-Georges-d'Espéranche
87:in North Wales, including
410:
367:
359:
351:
343:
335:
333:between 1270 and 1275 at
327:
241:
224:
216:
183:
75:, described by historian
938:Hislop, Malcolm (2021).
664:Roth, Leland M. (1993).
615:. He had also worked at
533:Yverdon-les-Bains Castle
411:Jacques de Saint-Georges
323:Philip I, Count of Savoy
247:Philip I, Count of Savoy
245:so that his great-uncle
200:Philip I, Count of Savoy
196:Peter II, Count of Savoy
171:Yverdon-les-Bains Castle
167:Peter II, Count of Savoy
99:(all begun in 1283) and
67:) was a master of works/
47:Jacques de Saint-Georges
1067:14th-century architects
1062:13th-century architects
995:Taylor, Arnold (1986).
976:Taylor, Arnold (1985).
957:Marshall, John (2022).
377:in the summer of 1275.
194:Following the death of
638:
630:
541:
536:
486:
476:
446:
408:proposed in 1950 that
385:who was close to both
318:
304:
289:
121:
44:
24:
1032:Fryde, E. B. (1962).
959:Welsh Castle Builders
636:
628:
527:
444:
404:Historian and author
361:Saint-Laurent-du-Pont
310:
295:
279:
231:Crusade and visiting
118:
111:Origin and early life
29:James of Saint George
22:
460:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
179:Henry III of England
143:Canterbury Cathedral
1087:People from Harlech
580:to be found at the
456:Edward I of England
387:Edward I of England
345:La Côte-Saint-André
237:Edward I of England
639:
631:
594:John de Bonvillars
537:
447:
319:
305:
290:
189:Salins-les-Thermes
151:Lausanne Cathedral
147:Lausanne Cathedral
139:Lausanne Cathedral
122:
25:
1024:978-1-84217-380-0
968:978-1-39908-549-6
949:978-1-52674-130-1
930:978-1-78200-520-9
888:Macaulay, David.
672:Boulder, Colorado
535:by Lake Neuchatel
520:Yverdon-les-Bains
430:, the windows at
184:Château de Melphe
1094:
1077:Swiss architects
1037:
1028:
1010:
1006:978-0-907628-712
991:
972:
953:
934:
905:
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902:
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741:
735:
732:
726:
723:
717:
714:
708:
705:
699:
696:
690:
689:
670:(1st ed.).
661:
655:
652:
544:
489:
479:
428:La Bâtiaz Castle
413:
412:
383:Otto de Grandson
372:
371:
364:
363:
356:
355:
348:
347:
340:
339:
332:
331:
257:, the palace of
244:
243:
229:
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186:
185:
50:
37:
34:
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724:
720:
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706:
702:
697:
693:
686:
662:
658:
653:
649:
644:
512:Rhuddlan Castle
452:
395:Grandson Castle
271:King of England
163:
133:the builder of
113:
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1100:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1079:
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1064:
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986:
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736:
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718:
709:
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691:
684:
656:
646:
645:
643:
640:
590:Harlech Castle
451:
448:
432:Chillon Castle
316:Harlech Castle
312:Chillon Castle
280:Comparison of
204:Chillon Castle
162:
159:
112:
109:
107:(begun 1295).
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1088:
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1080:
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1035:
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1002:
998:
993:
989:
987:0-907628-51-6
983:
979:
974:
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964:
960:
955:
951:
945:
941:
936:
932:
926:
922:
917:
916:
895:
891:
890:"PBS -Castle"
884:
875:
866:
857:
848:
839:
830:
821:
812:
803:
797:TNA C 47/4/1.
794:
785:
776:
767:
758:
749:
740:
731:
722:
713:
704:
695:
687:
685:0-06-430158-3
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647:
635:
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623:
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592:, succeeding
591:
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583:
579:
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560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
534:
530:
526:
522:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
450:British works
443:
439:
438:as examples.
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
407:
402:
400:
399:Lucens Castle
396:
392:
388:
384:
378:
376:
370:
369:Châtel-Argent
362:
354:
346:
338:
330:
324:
317:
313:
309:
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299:
294:
287:
283:
278:
274:
272:
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264:
263:Saint-Maurice
260:
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131:Jean Cotereel
127:
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98:
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78:
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66:
62:
58:
54:
49:
48:
41:
30:
21:
1033:
1014:
996:
977:
958:
939:
920:
912:Bibliography
897:. Retrieved
893:
883:
874:
865:
856:
847:
838:
829:
820:
811:
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793:
784:
775:
766:
757:
748:
739:
730:
721:
712:
703:
694:
666:
659:
650:
621:
610:
598:
586:Conwy Castle
571:
567:Conwy Castle
546:
538:
529:Flint Castle
508:A. J. Taylor
506:. Historian
453:
406:A. J. Taylor
403:
379:
375:Aosta Valley
320:
261:and town of
193:
164:
161:Alpine works
155:Conwy Castle
123:
64:
56:
46:
28:
26:
1072:Stonemasons
1057:1309 deaths
1052:1230 births
605:Marc Morris
516:River Clwyd
504:Aberystwyth
77:Marc Morris
57:Mestre Jaks
36: 1230
1046:Categories
642:References
613:Linlithgow
555:Caernarfon
424:garderobes
288:town walls
135:Saint-Prex
126:Saint-Prex
97:Caernarfon
53:Old French
601:Beaumaris
302:La Bâtiaz
267:enfeoffed
265:had been
255:Avigliana
101:Beaumaris
69:architect
617:Stirling
496:Rhuddlan
329:Viennois
239:visited
208:Viennois
105:Anglesey
81:Edward I
899:6 April
894:YouTube
584:and at
578:merlons
559:Harlech
472:English
468:England
436:Saillon
373:in the
325:in the
298:toilets
296:Castle
282:Saillon
269:to the
175:Gascony
93:Harlech
85:castles
45:Maître
38:–1309;
27:Master
1021:
1003:
984:
965:
946:
927:
682:
500:Builth
353:Voiron
120:right)
40:French
574:Savoy
551:Conwy
492:Flint
482:Wales
464:Savoy
420:Savoy
416:Wales
391:Savoy
286:Conwy
233:Savoy
89:Conwy
73:Savoy
71:from
61:Latin
1019:ISBN
1001:ISBN
982:ISBN
963:ISBN
944:ISBN
925:ISBN
901:2023
680:ISBN
563:Susa
557:and
502:and
458:and
397:and
357:and
284:and
259:Susa
251:Bard
212:Lyon
145:and
137:and
95:and
676:271
569:).
484:, "
466:to
426:at
418:to
300:at
187:at
169:of
103:on
83:'s
1048::
892:.
678:.
553:,
547:s.
498:,
494:,
401:.
349:,
341:,
273:.
253:,
157:.
91:,
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59:,
55::
51:,
42::
33:c.
1027:.
1009:.
990:.
971:.
952:.
933:.
903:.
688:.
31:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
