187:. Wallace intended to keep true to his promise of upholding segregation in the state and stopping "integration at the schoolhouse door". As Malone and Hood waited in a car, Deputy Attorney General Katzenbach and a small team of federal marshals confronted Wallace to demand that he step aside and allow Malone and Hood entry, by order of the state court. Wallace not only refused the order, he interrupted Katzenbach and, in front of the crowds of media crews surrounding him, delivered a short, symbolic speech concerning state sovereignty, claiming that: "The unwelcomed, unwanted, unwarranted and force-induced intrusion upon the campus of the University of Alabama... of the might of the Central Government offers frightful example of the oppression of the rights, privileges and sovereignty of this State by officers of the Federal Government."
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Hood left the university after only two months, but returned in 1995 to begin earning his doctorate degree. On May 17, 1997, he received a Ph.D. in interdisciplinary studies. Wallace planned to give Hood his degree, but poor health prevented him from attending the ceremony. Hood himself was convinced
194:
to force
Wallace to permit the black students' entry into the university. President Kennedy federalized the Alabama National Guard later the same day, which put them under the command of the President, rather than the Governor of Alabama. Guardsmen escorted Hood and Malone back to the auditorium,
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211:. Hood attended Wallace's funeral in 1998, imploring others to forgive Wallace as he had, since Wallace had publicly apologized for his previous actions.
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for 26 years. He retired in 2002 as chairman of public safety services in charge of police and fire training. He then moved back to
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320:"Alabama Department of Archives and History, Governor George C. Wallace's School House Door Speech"
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After seeing that
Wallace would not step aside, Katzenbach called upon the assistance of President
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238:, the city in which he was born, where he died at home on January 17, 2013, at the age of 70.
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On June 11, 1963, in a ceremonial demonstration, Wallace stood in front of the university's
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from enrolling at the then all-white university, an incident which became known as the "
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Wallace had been sincere about this, as he wrote in an interchange following a
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199:. Hood and Malone then entered the building, albeit through another door.
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524:"James A. Hood dies at 70; fought segregation at University of Alabama"
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146:(November 10, 1942 – January 17, 2013) was one of the first
16:
African-American student at the
University of Alabama (1942–2013)
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419:"James Hood, who integrated University of Alabama, dies at 70"
1276:
306:
270:
Civil Rights and
African Americans: A Documentary History
204:
449:"Quietly, Alabama Troopers Escort Wallace for Last Time"
2726:
2504:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
312:
2750:
African
American founding fathers of the United States
1103:
Chicago
Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
968:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
575:
2798:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley
National Monument
495:"James Hood dies; defied segregation at U. of Ala"
267:
521:
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1334:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
474:"Wallace symbolized segregation, reconciliation"
1324:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
1257:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
1148:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
176:. Hood arrived to pay his fees, accompanied by
2803:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
2711:List of lynching victims in the United States
1049:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
561:
195:where Wallace moved aside at the request of
125:activist; chairman of public safety services
3007:Activists for African-American civil rights
1178:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
1227:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
568:
554:
161:attempted to block him and fellow student
36:
2783:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
265:
2818:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
858:University of Georgia desegregation riot
390:"Civil rights pioneer Vivian Jones dies"
309:. June 11, 2003. Accessed June 12, 2013.
137:to register at the University of Alabama
2732:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
2469:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
2464:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
214:Hood received a bachelor's degree from
19:For other people named James Hood, see
2984:
2646:African-American women in the movement
1098:White House Conference on Civil Rights
929:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
522:Trounson, Rebecca (January 19, 2013).
357:
1087:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
549:
446:
360:"Alabama segregation date approaches"
2855:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
1319:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
1267:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
1213:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
690:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
615:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
503:. Associated Press. January 18, 2013
471:
1262:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
1198:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
868:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
13:
2706:African-American churches attacked
1272:Montgomery Improvement Association
1247:Georgia Council on Human Relations
1232:Council of Federated Organizations
1203:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
961:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
919:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
725:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
629:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
348:, Oxford University Press, p. 227.
295:
154:in 1963, and was made famous when
14:
3043:
2778:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
2651:Jews in the civil rights movement
358:Palmer, Michael E. (2003-06-08).
42:Plaque commemorating Hood at the
2972:Civil rights movement portal
2965:
2813:Freedom Riders National Monument
2555:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
1067:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
1026:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
913:Second Emancipation Proclamation
3017:American civil rights activists
2840:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
2828:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
1304:National Council of Negro Women
1242:Deacons for Defense and Justice
515:
487:
303:Wallace in the Schoolhouse Door
3022:American anti-racism activists
720:Mansfield school desegregation
465:
440:
411:
382:
351:
338:
259:
232:Madison Area Technical College
1:
3012:School desegregation pioneers
2850:National Voting Rights Museum
2793:Civil Rights Movement Archive
2592:Lynching in the United States
2479:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
934:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
907:University of Chicago sit-ins
674:Davis v. Prince Edward County
276:Northwestern University Press
266:Blaustein, Albert P. (1991),
253:
248:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
167:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
3027:University of Alabama alumni
3002:People from Gadsden, Alabama
2845:National Civil Rights Museum
2701:March on Washington Movement
2686:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
1155:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
425:. 2013-01-18. Archived from
7:
2489:"This Little Light of Mine"
1237:Dallas County Voters League
1183:Atlanta Negro Voters League
946:Letter from Birmingham Jail
653:Brown v. Board of Education
241:
222:and a master's degree from
21:James Hood (disambiguation)
10:
3048:
2823:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
2691:Holt Street Baptist Church
2661:16th Street Baptist Church
1645:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
1289:Nashville Student Movement
1219:An Appeal for Human Rights
447:Bragg, Rick (1998-09-17).
18:
2961:
2863:
2765:
2579:
2512:
2454:
2433:
2320:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
2290:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
1362:
1354:Women's Political Council
1349:Wednesdays in Mississippi
1344:United Auto Workers (UAW)
1329:Southern Regional Council
1299:Northern Student Movement
1208:Committee for Freedom Now
1168:
1115:Memphis sanitation strike
1081:Voting Rights Act of 1965
1003:
824:Savannah Protest Movement
786:
644:
605:Journey of Reconciliation
597:
584:
472:Leff, Mark (1998-09-10).
344:Culpepper, Clark (1993),
230:, where he worked at the
224:Michigan State University
209:Setting the Woods on Fire
129:
118:
113:Michigan State University
96:
80:
54:
35:
28:
1188:Atlanta Student Movement
1137:Civil Rights Act of 1968
1062:1964–1965 Scripto strike
1043:Civil Rights Act of 1964
941:1963 Birmingham campaign
834:Civil Rights Act of 1960
758:Civil Rights Act of 1957
207:documentary on Wallace,
2740:Voter Education Project
2494:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
2155:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
1590:Josephine Dobbs Clement
1016:Chester school protests
1011:Twenty-fourth Amendment
973:Detroit Walk to Freedom
715:Tallahassee bus boycott
636:Baton Rouge bus boycott
182:Deputy Attorney General
3032:Activists from Alabama
2953:Movement photographers
2195:Bernice Johnson Reagon
1915:Martin Luther King Sr.
1910:Martin Luther King Jr.
1480:William Holmes Borders
1252:Highlander Folk School
1142:Poor People's Campaign
995:St. Augustine movement
845:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
768:Katz Drug Store sit-in
739:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
701:Montgomery bus boycott
220:Wayne State University
109:Wayne State University
91:Gadsden, Alabama, U.S.
2788:Civil Rights Memorial
2676:Bethel Baptist Church
2325:Charles Kenzie Steele
1770:Audrey Faye Hendricks
1675:Myrlie Evers-Williams
1655:Patricia Stephens Due
1625:Abraham Lincoln Davis
1560:Colia Lafayette Clark
1314:Operation Breadbasket
1309:National Urban League
1056:Katzenbach v. McClung
924:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
577:Civil rights movement
152:University of Alabama
105:University of Alabama
44:University of Alabama
2833:other King memorials
2808:Freedom Rides Museum
2745:1960s counterculture
2696:Edmund Pettus Bridge
2375:Walter Francis White
2280:Alexander D. Shimkin
794:New Year's Day March
763:Ministers' Manifesto
610:Executive Order 9981
346:The Schoolhouse Door
226:. He later moved to
197:General Henry Graham
144:James Alexander Hood
59:James Alexander Hood
2571:Mary McLeod Bethune
2532:Sermon on the Mount
2499:"We Shall Overcome"
2080:William Lewis Moore
1860:Frank Minis Johnson
1835:Richie Jean Jackson
1790:Donald L. Hollowell
1595:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
1400:Gwendolyn Armstrong
1395:William G. Anderson
1375:Victoria Gray Adams
1339:The Freedom Singers
1193:Black Panther Party
978:March on Washington
891:Garner v. Louisiana
852:Boynton v. Virginia
423:The Washington Post
185:Nicholas Katzenbach
48:Tuscaloosa, Alabama
2888:Michael Eric Dyson
2773:In popular culture
2656:Fifth Circuit Four
2640:Loving v. Virginia
2633:Hernandez v. Texas
2612:Buchanan v. Warley
2604:Separate but equal
2598:Plessy v. Ferguson
2561:Frederick Douglass
2395:Robert F. Williams
2305:Kelly Miller Smith
2285:Fred Shuttlesworth
2210:Frederick D. Reese
2190:George Raymond Jr.
2180:A. Philip Randolph
2160:Fay Bellamy Powell
2075:Queen Mother Moore
1960:Z. Alexander Looby
1905:Coretta Scott King
1850:Barbara Rose Johns
1830:Jimmie Lee Jackson
1755:William E. Harbour
1535:Stokely Carmichael
1450:Randolph Blackwell
1120:King assassination
1109:Loving v. Virginia
1093:March Against Fear
1073:How Long, Not Long
951:Children's Crusade
902:Cambridge movement
839:Ax Handle Saturday
804:Greensboro sit-ins
731:Give Us the Ballot
2979:
2978:
2756:Eyes on the Prize
2671:A.G. Gaston Motel
2666:Kelly Ingram Park
2626:Sweatt v. Painter
2310:Mary Louise Smith
2270:Cleveland Sellers
2255:Michael Schwerner
2220:Gloria Richardson
2000:Thurgood Marshall
1920:Bernard Lafayette
1650:John Wesley Dobbs
1164:
1163:
883:Birmingham attack
863:Rock Hill sit-ins
814:Sibley Commission
809:Nashville sit-ins
681:Gebhart v. Belton
667:Briggs v. Elliott
660:Bolling v. Sharpe
621:Sweatt v. Painter
529:Los Angeles Times
174:Foster Auditorium
150:to enroll at the
148:African Americans
141:
140:
135:African Americans
69:November 10, 1942
3039:
2970:
2969:
2933:Charles M. Payne
2918:Steven F. Lawson
2908:David Halberstam
2878:Clayborne Carson
2619:Hocutt v. Wilson
2566:W. E. B. Du Bois
2415:Sammy Younge Jr.
2400:Q. V. Williamson
2365:Wyatt Tee Walker
2230:Bernice Robinson
2175:Lincoln Ragsdale
2165:Rodney N. Powell
2060:Douglas E. Moore
1935:Sanford R. Leigh
1870:J. Charles Jones
1745:Fannie Lou Hamer
1660:Joseph Ellwanger
1620:Jonathan Daniels
1610:Claudette Colvin
1600:Annie Lee Cooper
1585:Kathleen Cleaver
1580:Eldridge Cleaver
1555:Shirley Chisholm
1445:Gloria Blackwell
1036:workers' murders
983:"I Have a Dream"
878:Anniston bombing
829:Greenville Eight
744:Little Rock Nine
707:Browder v. Gayle
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370:Associated Press
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326:on 6 August 2002
322:. Archived from
316:
310:
301:Elliot, Debbie.
299:
293:
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236:Gadsden, Alabama
156:Alabama Governor
87:
84:January 17, 2013
73:Gadsden, Alabama
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2928:Diane McWhorter
2913:Vincent Harding
2898:Adam Fairclough
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2716:Freedom Schools
2575:
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2441:Omaha, Nebraska
2429:
2345:Hartman Turnbow
2335:Dorothy Tillman
2295:Glenn E. Smiley
2275:Charles Sherrod
2235:Jo Ann Robinson
2110:Charles Neblett
2100:Elijah Muhammad
2065:Harriette Moore
2025:Floyd McKissick
2010:Franklin McCain
1945:Stanley Levison
1810:T. R. M. Howard
1760:Vincent Harding
1690:Walter Fauntroy
1575:Xernona Clayton
1525:John H. Calhoun
1510:Aurelia Browder
1500:Stanley Branche
1495:Raylawni Branch
1475:Joseph E. Boone
1460:Ezell Blair Jr.
1455:Unita Blackwell
1430:Harry Belafonte
1370:Ralph Abernathy
1358:
1294:Nation of Islam
1170:
1160:
999:
956:Birmingham riot
897:Albany Movement
819:Atlanta sit-ins
799:Sit-in movement
782:
778:Biloxi wade-ins
750:Cooper v. Aaron
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192:John F. Kennedy
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2948:Akinyele Umoja
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2446:South Carolina
2443:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2385:Hosea Williams
2382:
2377:
2372:
2370:Hollis Watkins
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2300:A. Maceo Smith
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2250:Bernie Sanders
2247:
2242:
2240:Angela Russell
2237:
2232:
2227:
2225:David Richmond
2222:
2217:
2215:Walter Reuther
2212:
2207:
2202:
2200:Cordell Reagon
2197:
2192:
2187:
2185:George Raymond
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2145:Charles Person
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2115:Huey P. Newton
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2070:Harry T. Moore
2067:
2062:
2057:
2055:Cecil B. Moore
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2035:James Meredith
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1865:Clarence Jones
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1805:Zilphia Horton
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1775:Lola Hendricks
1772:
1767:
1765:Dorothy Height
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1735:Lawrence Guyot
1732:
1727:
1725:Jack Greenberg
1722:
1717:
1712:
1710:Andrew Goodman
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1635:Joseph DeLaine
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1605:Dorothy Cotton
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1550:J. L. Chestnut
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1485:Amelia Boynton
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1405:Arnold Aronson
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
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1301:
1296:
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1264:
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1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1117:
1112:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1064:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1031:Freedom Summer
1028:
1023:
1021:Bloody Tuesday
1018:
1013:
1007:
1005:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:
992:
991:
990:
985:
975:
970:
965:
964:
963:
958:
953:
948:
938:
937:
936:
926:
921:
916:
909:
904:
899:
894:
887:
886:
885:
880:
870:
865:
860:
855:
848:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
790:
788:
784:
783:
781:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
754:
753:
741:
736:
735:
734:
722:
717:
712:
711:
710:
698:
693:
686:
685:
684:
677:
670:
663:
648:
646:
642:
641:
639:
638:
633:
625:
617:
612:
607:
601:
599:
592:
582:
581:
573:
572:
565:
558:
550:
543:
542:
514:
486:
464:
453:New York Times
439:
410:
381:
350:
337:
311:
294:
288:
257:
255:
252:
251:
250:
243:
240:
159:George Wallace
139:
138:
131:
130:Known for
127:
126:
120:
116:
115:
98:
94:
93:
90:
88:(aged 70)
82:
78:
77:
71:
58:
56:
52:
51:
41:
33:
32:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3044:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2943:Timothy Tyson
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2873:Taylor Branch
2871:
2870:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2721:Freedom songs
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2587:Jim Crow laws
2585:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2484:"Oh, Freedom"
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2410:Whitney Young
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2390:Kale Williams
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2350:Albert Turner
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2340:A. P. Tureaud
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2245:Bayard Rustin
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2095:William Moyer
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2030:Joseph McNeil
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2015:Charles McDew
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2005:Benjamin Mays
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1990:Vivian Malone
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1965:Joseph Lowery
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1890:Clyde Kennard
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1880:Vernon Jordan
1878:
1876:
1875:Matthew Jones
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:T. J. Jemison
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1825:Jesse Jackson
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1715:Robert Graetz
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1705:Golden Frinks
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1665:Charles Evers
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1615:Vernon Dahmer
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1570:Septima Clark
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1490:Bruce Boynton
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1415:James Baldwin
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1385:Mathew Ahmann
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1282:Youth Council
1280:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1167:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1002:
996:
993:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
942:
939:
935:
932:
931:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
914:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
892:
888:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
874:
873:Freedom Rides
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
853:
849:
847:
846:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
791:
789:
785:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
752:
751:
747:
746:
745:
742:
740:
737:
732:
728:
727:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
709:
708:
704:
703:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
691:
687:
683:
682:
678:
676:
675:
671:
669:
668:
664:
662:
661:
657:
656:
655:
654:
650:
649:
647:
643:
637:
634:
631:
630:
626:
623:
622:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
600:
598:Prior to 1954
596:
593:
590:
583:
578:
571:
566:
564:
559:
557:
552:
551:
548:
531:
530:
525:
518:
502:
501:
496:
490:
475:
468:
454:
450:
443:
429:on 2013-02-17
428:
424:
420:
414:
399:
395:
391:
385:
371:
367:
366:
361:
354:
347:
341:
325:
321:
315:
308:
304:
298:
291:
289:0-8101-0920-4
285:
281:
277:
272:
271:
262:
258:
249:
246:
245:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
212:
210:
206:
200:
198:
193:
188:
186:
183:
179:
178:Vivian Malone
175:
170:
168:
164:
163:Vivian Malone
160:
157:
153:
149:
145:
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:
119:Occupation(s)
117:
114:
110:
106:
102:
101:Clark College
99:
95:
83:
79:
74:
57:
53:
49:
45:
39:
34:
27:
22:
2963:
2903:David Garrow
2883:John Dittmer
2754:
2681:Brown Chapel
2638:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2596:
2553:
2405:Andrew Young
2360:A. T. Walden
2355:C. T. Vivian
2315:Maxine Smith
2150:Homer Plessy
2130:James Orange
2085:Irene Morgan
2040:William Ming
2020:Ralph McGill
1955:Viola Liuzzo
1940:Jim Letherer
1925:James Lawson
1855:Vernon Johns
1845:Esau Jenkins
1800:Myles Horton
1794:
1750:Fred Hampton
1740:Prathia Hall
1730:Dick Gregory
1700:Marie Foster
1695:James Forman
1685:James Farmer
1670:Medgar Evers
1630:Angela Davis
1565:Ramsey Clark
1545:James Chaney
1540:Johnnie Carr
1520:Ralph Bunche
1515:H. Rap Brown
1505:Ruby Bridges
1465:Joanne Bland
1440:Claude Black
1420:Marion Barry
1390:Muhammad Ali
1217:
1153:
1146:
1107:
1085:
1054:
1047:
889:
850:
843:
773:Kissing Case
748:
705:
688:
679:
672:
665:
658:
651:
627:
619:
533:. Retrieved
527:
517:
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324:the original
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133:Among first
123:Civil rights
86:(2013-01-17)
2997:2013 deaths
2992:1942 births
2923:Doug McAdam
2893:Chuck Fager
2520:Nonviolence
2425:James Zwerg
2420:Bob Zellner
2380:Roy Wilkins
2330:Hank Thomas
2265:Pete Seeger
2260:Bobby Seale
2125:Jack O'Dell
2120:Edgar Nixon
2050:Amzie Moore
2045:Jack Minnis
1985:Mae Mallory
1970:Clara Luper
1930:Bernard Lee
1820:Cecil Ivory
1815:Ruby Hurley
1785:Oliver Hill
1780:Aaron Henry
1680:Chuck Fager
1640:Dave Dennis
1530:Guy Carawan
1470:Julian Bond
1435:James Bevel
1425:Daisy Bates
696:Emmett Till
579:(1954–1968)
535:January 19,
507:January 19,
2986:Categories
2866:historians
2547:Satyagraha
2513:Influences
2205:James Reeb
2140:James Peck
2135:Rosa Parks
2105:Diane Nash
1975:Danny Lyon
1950:John Lewis
1895:A. D. King
1795:James Hood
1410:Ella Baker
1380:Zev Aelony
480:2007-11-23
458:2007-11-23
433:2013-02-02
404:2007-11-23
375:2007-11-23
278:, p.
254:References
65:1942-11-10
30:James Hood
2525:Padayatra
2474:"Kumbaya"
2434:By region
2090:Bob Moses
1995:Bob Mants
1980:Malcolm X
1900:C.B. King
1720:Fred Gray
1363:Activists
1004:1964–1968
787:1960–1963
645:1954–1959
394:USA Today
365:USA Today
228:Wisconsin
97:Education
2455:Movement
1885:Tom Kahn
1169:Activist
589:timeline
500:CBS News
242:See also
216:Michigan
2580:Related
2170:Al Raby
1125:funeral
988:Big Six
330:12 June
2766:Legacy
2542:Ahimsa
1171:groups
632:(1950)
624:(1950)
585:Events
286:
75:, U.S.
2864:Noted
2457:songs
1277:NAACP
1130:riots
476:. CNN
537:2013
509:2013
332:2013
284:ISBN
180:and
81:Died
55:Born
307:NPR
280:483
218:'s
205:PBS
169:".
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