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Kennedy bore responsibility if something happened. Kennedy responded stating that
Executive Order 11111 made it clear that responsibility for keeping the peace remained with the state troopers under Wallace's control and said he would revoke the order if assurances were made. Wallace refused, stating he would not be intimidated and cited that Executive Order 11111 was passed without his knowledge.
980:
Executive Order 11111 was also used to ensure that the
Alabama National Guard made sure that black students across the state were able to enroll at previously all-white schools. It was complemented by Executive Order 11118, which provided "assistance for removal of unlawful obstructions of justice in
976:
In the days following the enactment, the
National Guard were ordered to remain on the campus owing to a large Ku Klux Klan contingent in the surrounding area. Wallace and Kennedy exchanged volatile telegrams over it. Wallace objected to Kennedy ordering the Guard to remain on the campus and said that
878:
On June 11, Malone and Hood pre-registered in the morning at the
Birmingham courthouse. They selected their courses and filled out all their forms there. They arrived at Foster Auditorium to have their course loads reviewed by advisors and pay their fees. Kennedy administration officials, struggling
929:
forced to charge
Wallace with contempt of a federal court order. So it was that Malone and Hood remained in their vehicle as Wallace, attempting to uphold his promise as well as for political show, blocked the entrance to Foster Auditorium with the media watching. Then, flanked by federal marshals,
928:
Administration officials also concluded the best optics would be to present the matter as a conflict between state and federal authority, not a racial confrontation between the white governor and the black students. Further, by keeping the students away from the doorway, the administration was not
782:
meant that the
University of Alabama had to be desegregated. In the years following, hundreds of African-Americans applied for admission, but with one brief exception, all were denied. The university worked with police to find any disqualifying qualities, or when this failed, intimidated the
1034: ": "Come Senators, Congressmen, please heed the call. Don't stand in the doorway, don't block up the hall." The younger Wallace said that when he was 14, he sang the song for his father and thought he saw a look of regret in his father's eyes.
967:
commanded
Wallace to step aside, saying, "Sir, it is my sad duty to ask you to step aside under the orders of the President of the United States." Wallace then spoke further, but eventually moved, and Malone and Hood completed their registration.
2325:
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started classes under guard at UA as a graduate student after having been admitted three years earlier. Her presence was met with riots, and the administration found excuses first to suspend, and then expel her shortly after she
895:
427:
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with a potentially violent situation, considered simply bypassing Foster
Auditorium and having Malone and Hood escorted directly to their dorm rooms. But given reports of an agitated Wallace, Robert Kennedy told
382:
532:
984:
The stage managing of the incident did avoid provoking violence, but it also served
Wallace's purposes by amplifying his contention that desegregation was not primarily an issue of racial justice, but one of
1236:
This afternoon, following a series of threats and defiant statements, the presence of
Alabama National Guardsmen was required on the University of Alabama to carry out the final and unequivocal order of the
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then commanded Wallace to step aside. Wallace spoke further, but eventually moved, and Malone and Hood completed their registration. The incident brought Wallace into the national spotlight.
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reporter the private health information that the Governor was receiving government payments related to a psychiatric disability suffered while flying in bombing missions over Japan during
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demanding that Wallace step aside, and told him of Wallace's actions in ignoring the proclamation as it had no legal force. In response, Kennedy issued
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ordered that they be admitted, and forbade Governor Wallace from interfering, but did not grant the request that Wallace be barred from the campus.
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1979:
5855:
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886:, "You'd better give him his show because I'm concerned if he doesn't have it ... that God knows what could happen by way of violence."
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833:, also told Klan members to spread word that Wallace wanted no crowds to gather in the town. And Wallace's speechwriter and top aide,
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1215:
845:, a white supremacist group, also to tell him to stay away from the event. But Wallace refused to talk directly to Attorney General
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The politics of rage : George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics
1468:
The politics of rage : George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics
1421:
The politics of rage : George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics
1374:
The politics of rage : George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics
1327:
The politics of rage : George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics
1280:
The politics of rage : George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics
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Byers, Thomas (1996). "History Re-Membered: Forrest Gump, Postfeminist Masculinity, and the Burial of the Counterculture".
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1013:, in which Vivian Jones drops her books, which are retrieved by the titular character, and in the 1997 television film
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711:, stood at the door of the auditorium as if to block the way of the two African American students attempting to enter:
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1664:"Kennedy federalized National Guard to integrate Alabama public schools (Sept. 10, 1963)"
1223:
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told Wallace to step aside. However, Wallace interrupted Katzenbach and gave a speech on
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his intention to avoid fomenting violence, such as had occurred in the September 1962
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the State of Alabama". As of June 2024, Executive Order 11111 has not been revoked.
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1575:"Executive Order 10730: Little Rock Nine: Integration of the University of Alabama"
1043:
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322:
258:
47:
Attempting to block integration at the University of Alabama, Governor of Alabama
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arrives to register for classes at the University of Alabama's Foster Auditorium
6334:
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2348:
2016:
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1026:
commented on his father's legacy, and mentioned the reference to the event in
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on June 11, 1963. In a symbolic attempt to keep his inaugural promise of "
6242:
5884:
5724:
5694:
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5285:
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1916:
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562:
366:
208:
160:
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5326:
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4781:
2963:
1027:
4686:
3293:
2330:
1632:"Dueling Telegrams: 1963 verbal power play between Wallace and JFK"
1267:. Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement. Accessed February 19, 2009
2196:
6211:
6206:
5275:
1985:
1945:"A Sleight of History: University of Alabama's Foster Auditorium"
858:
1239:
United States District Court of the Northern District of Alabama
5343:
2434:
1974:
4078:
1722:. Vol. 43. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 296.
1514:"Nicholas Katzenbach, Unsung Hero of America's Desegregation"
18:
1963 protest against racial integration of schools in Alabama
1601:
1960s Counterculture: Documents Decoded: Documents Decoded
817:, who reported directly to Wallace, warned leaders of the
697:
segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever
6130:
Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett
1720:
Decisions of the Comptroller General of the United States
1122:
821:
that their members would be arrested if they appeared in
5528:
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
5306:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
1874:"Son says former Gov. George Wallace repented for past"
1855:
Behind the Magic of Forrest Gump: "George Wallace." in
1545:"Governor George C. Wallace's School House Door Speech"
55:
while being confronted by U.S. Deputy Attorney General
5552:
African American founding fathers of the United States
3905:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
3770:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
776:
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
6299:
3377:
1165:
Governor George C. Wallace's School House Door Speech
1377:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 142–143.
1330:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 139–141.
288:
5600:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
2556:
Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961
955:, which had already been prepared, authorizing the
837:, himself a top Klan official, personally visited
783:applicants. But, in 1963, three African-Americans—
5846:College of Communication and Information Sciences
3111:John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School
6359:
4136:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
2984:U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
1718:United States General Accounting Office (1965).
1133:
1131:
4126:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
4059:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
3950:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
2942:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
1739:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 148.
1471:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 147.
1424:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 146.
1283:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 138.
5605:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
383:Shuttlesworth v. Birmingham Board of Education
5813:
5799:
5513:List of lynching victims in the United States
3851:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
3363:
3246:Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington
2616:Report to the American People on Civil Rights
2212:
2001:
1128:
1049:Report to the American People on Civil Rights
274:
1821:. Manchester University Press. p. 229.
1814:
1511:
1125:. June 11, 2003. Accessed February 19, 2009.
849:when he called to learn of Wallace's plans.
3980:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
1962:(University of Alabama student newspaper),
1955:JFK Address on Civil Rights (June 11, 1963)
1919:has original text related to this article:
856:tried to discredit Wallace by leaking to a
5806:
5792:
4029:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
3370:
3356:
2219:
2205:
2008:
1994:
1970:, W. S. Hoole Special Collections Library.
1549:Alabama Department of Archives and History
1007:. The event was depicted in the 1994 film
587:University of Alabama desegregation crisis
533:Smith v. Young Men's Christian Association
395:Armstrong v. Birmingham Board of Education
281:
267:
5585:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
3056:John F. Kennedy Federal Building (Boston)
2674:U.S. House of Representatives elections:
2526:Status of Women (Presidential Commission)
1594:
1592:
631:Tuskegee High School desegregation crisis
5620:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
3660:University of Georgia desegregation riot
2690:U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts:
2150:Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment
1637:. Alabama State Archives. Archived from
1543:Wallace, George C. (December 12, 2012).
1253:
1251:
1249:
1064:University of Georgia desegregation riot
1004:Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment
959:of the Alabama National Guard under the
866:. Wallace confirmed the disability, but
813:. The head of the Alabama State Police,
491:Martin Luther King Jr. residence bombing
428:Gaston Motel and King residence bombings
6428:School segregation in the United States
5534:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
5271:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
5266:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
2969:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
1871:
1542:
1258:Standing In the Schoolhouse Door (June)
1054:School integration in the United States
6360:
5448:African-American women in the movement
3900:White House Conference on Civil Rights
3731:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
3051:Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
2635:Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts
1732:
1695:. National Archives. August 15, 2016.
1687:
1685:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1598:
1589:
1464:
1417:
1370:
1323:
1276:
1137:
992:
642:Lee v. Macon County Board of Education
526:U.S. v. Montgomery County Board of Ed.
6408:June 1963 events in the United States
5787:
3889:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
3351:
3061:John F. Kennedy International Airport
2200:
1989:
1808:
1779:
1693:"Executive Orders Disposition Tables"
1551:. Montgomery, Alabama. Archived from
1246:
1106:
1104:
1059:Timeline of the civil rights movement
262:
6403:History of the University of Alabama
5856:College of Community Health Sciences
5657:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
4121:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
4069:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
4015:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
3492:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
3417:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
3116:John F. Kennedy University (defunct)
2404:Migration and Refugee Assistance Act
1924:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door Speech
1773:
6388:African-American history of Alabama
4064:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
4000:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
3670:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
2372:Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
2226:
1682:
1617:
1524:from the original on August 3, 2017
1186:"The Stand in the Schoolhouse Door"
1183:
1158:
461:Shuttlesworth v. City of Birmingham
377:First Bethel Baptist Church bombing
13:
5508:African-American churches attacked
4074:Montgomery Improvement Association
4049:Georgia Council on Human Relations
4034:Council of Federated Organizations
4005:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
3763:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
3721:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
3527:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
3431:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
2015:
1835:from the original on June 11, 2024
1699:from the original on June 11, 2024
1670:from the original on June 11, 2024
1196:from the original on June 11, 2024
1101:
963:. Four hours later, Guard General
870:editors refused to run the story.
801:Wallace privately signaled to the
762:Supreme Court of the United States
438:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
341:George Wallace's Inaugural Address
14:
6439:
6233:Center for Advanced Public Safety
5580:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
5453:Jews in the civil rights movement
2711:Democratic National Conventions:
2531:University of Alabama integration
1902:
1761:from the original on May 12, 2022
1493:from the original on May 12, 2022
1446:from the original on May 12, 2022
1399:from the original on May 12, 2022
1352:from the original on May 12, 2022
1305:from the original on May 12, 2022
1141:George Wallace: American Populist
6345:
6333:
6321:
6309:
5864:
5774:Civil rights movement portal
5767:
5615:Freedom Riders National Monument
5357:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
3869:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
3828:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
3715:Second Emancipation Proclamation
3331:
3330:
2580:
2573:
1973:
1909:
911:
893:
852:On the eve of the incident, the
41:
5642:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
5630:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
4106:National Council of Negro Women
4044:Deacons for Defense and Justice
3106:John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge
2723:U.S. presidential election 1960
2496:Federal housing segregation ban
2377:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
2251:U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
1872:Grayson, Wayne (June 8, 2012).
1865:
1847:
1726:
1711:
1656:
1567:
1536:
1505:
1458:
1411:
1364:
1222:. June 11, 1963. Archived from
1220:Miller Center of Public Affairs
1112:Wallace in the Schoolhouse Door
486:Robert Graetz residence bombing
3522:Mansfield school desegregation
2243:President of the United States
1666:. AL.com. September 10, 2013.
1317:
1270:
1208:
1177:
1144:. Da Capo Press. p. 233.
1076:
947:, who had previously issued a
809:with the desegregation of the
514:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
1:
6413:Presidency of John F. Kennedy
6148:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
5652:National Voting Rights Museum
5595:Civil Rights Movement Archive
5394:Lynching in the United States
5281:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
3736:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
3709:University of Chicago sit-ins
3476:Davis v. Prince Edward County
2820:John F. Kennedy document hoax
2814:Happy Birthday, Mr. President
2808:Coretta Scott King phone call
2746:Birthplace and childhood home
2629:A rising tide lifts all boats
2516:Presidential Medal of Freedom
2137:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
1980:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
1174:. Accessed February 19, 2009.
1094:
1032:The Times They Are a-Changin'
997:The incident was detailed in
843:National States' Rights Party
745:
685:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
660:Murder of William Lewis Moore
592:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
540:Gilmore v. City of Montgomery
497:Gilmore v. City of Montgomery
28:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
6398:History of racism in Alabama
6263:University of Alabama System
5647:National Civil Rights Museum
5503:March on Washington Movement
5488:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
3957:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
3019:Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences
2471:Communications Satellite Act
1512:Andrew Cohen (May 9, 2012).
971:
764:handed down its decision in
558:Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson
7:
6423:Public education in Alabama
6202:University of Alabama Press
6190:Crimson Tide Sports Network
5291:"This Little Light of Mine"
4039:Dallas County Voters League
3985:Atlanta Negro Voters League
3748:Letter from Birmingham Jail
3455:Brown v. Board of Education
2921:Gravesite and Eternal Flame
2779:Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana
2702:1960 presidential primaries
2610:We choose to go to the Moon
2476:Community Mental Health Act
1859:special collector's edition
1037:
903:salutes and then confronts
873:
767:Brown v. Board of Education
756:Brown v. Board of Education
553:Selma to Montgomery marches
520:Selma to Montgomery marches
448:Murder of Virgil Lamar Ware
443:Shooting of Johnny Robinson
412:Gober v. City of Birmingham
310:Alabama Pupil Placement Law
127:Brown v. Board of Education
10:
6444:
5625:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
5493:Holt Street Baptist Church
5463:16th Street Baptist Church
4447:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
4091:Nashville Student Movement
4021:An Appeal for Human Rights
2707:1960 presidential campaign
2640:State of the Union Address
2604:American University speech
2491:Federal affirmative action
2321:Presidential Proclamations
2157:American Independent Party
2112:1976 presidential campaign
2107:1972 presidential campaign
2102:1968 presidential campaign
2097:1964 presidential campaign
749:
670:Murder of Jonathan Daniels
636:Murder of Sammy Younge Jr.
6373:1963 in the United States
6271:
6220:
6170:
6116:
6071:
6015:
6004:
5966:Museum of Natural History
5928:
5873:
5862:
5838:
5823:
5816:The University of Alabama
5763:
5665:
5567:
5381:
5314:
5256:
5235:
5122:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
5092:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
4164:
4156:Women's Political Council
4151:Wednesdays in Mississippi
4146:United Auto Workers (UAW)
4131:Southern Regional Council
4101:Northern Student Movement
4010:Committee for Freedom Now
3970:
3917:Memphis sanitation strike
3883:Voting Rights Act of 1965
3805:
3626:Savannah Protest Movement
3588:
3446:
3407:Journey of Reconciliation
3399:
3386:
3309:
3170:
3101:John F. Kennedy Arboretum
3034:
2929:
2869:
2828:
2738:
2665:
2589:
2571:
2546:Oil Pollution Act of 1961
2461:
2448:Moscow–Washington hotline
2357:
2273:
2234:
2124:
2089:
2058:
2049:
2023:
1216:"Address on Civil Rights"
1117:November 6, 2010, at the
1001:'s 1963 documentary film
949:presidential proclamation
811:University of Mississippi
665:Murder of Willie Brewster
609:Tuskegee merchant boycott
302:
235:, Deputy Attorney General
193:
188:
150:
119:
72:
64:
40:
32:
27:
3990:Atlanta Student Movement
3939:Civil Rights Act of 1968
3864:1964–1965 Scripto strike
3845:Civil Rights Act of 1964
3743:1963 Birmingham campaign
3636:Civil Rights Act of 1960
3560:Civil Rights Act of 1957
3258:Patricia Kennedy Lawford
2959:Civil Rights Act of 1964
2947:Profile in Courage Award
2541:All-Channel Receiver Act
2511:Pilot Food Stamp Program
1603:. ABC-CLIO. p. 82.
1138:Lesher, Stephan (1995).
1069:
961:Insurrection Act of 1807
791:—applied. In early June
655:Murder of Willie Edwards
508:Connecticut Freedom Ride
347:United States v. Wallace
330:United States v. Alabama
172:gains national attention
163:register for classes at
142:United States v. Wallace
5542:Voter Education Project
5296:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
4957:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
4392:Josephine Dobbs Clement
3818:Chester school protests
3813:Twenty-fourth Amendment
3775:Detroit Walk to Freedom
3517:Tallahassee bus boycott
3438:Baton Rouge bus boycott
3198:Patrick Bouvier Kennedy
3121:John F. Kennedy Stadium
2954:Twenty-fourth Amendment
2536:Voter Education Project
1818:Memory and Popular Film
1733:Carter, Dan T. (1995).
1465:Carter, Dan T. (1995).
1418:Carter, Dan T. (1995).
1371:Carter, Dan T. (1995).
1324:Carter, Dan T. (1995).
1277:Carter, Dan T. (1995).
1170:August 6, 2002, at the
881:Deputy Attorney General
854:U.S. Justice Department
772:Equal Protection Clause
722:In response, President
433:Birmingham riot of 1963
104:33.208111°N 87.544000°W
6079:Alabama Soccer Stadium
5956:Insurance Hall of Fame
5755:Movement photographers
4997:Bernice Johnson Reagon
4717:Martin Luther King Sr.
4712:Martin Luther King Jr.
4282:William Holmes Borders
4054:Highlander Folk School
3944:Poor People's Campaign
3797:St. Augustine movement
3647:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
3570:Katz Drug Store sit-in
3541:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
3503:Montgomery bus boycott
3315:← Dwight D. Eisenhower
3252:Eunice Kennedy Shriver
3046:Harvard Kennedy School
2964:Apollo 11 Moon landing
2857:A Nation of Immigrants
2331:Presidential limousine
2132:1963 Inaugural Address
1782:Modern Fiction Studies
1263:June 15, 2009, at the
803:Kennedy administration
793:federal district judge
787:, Dave McGlathery and
736:Alabama National Guard
625:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
568:Murder of Viola Liuzzo
474:Montgomery bus boycott
372:Birmingham bus boycott
336:Original Freedom Rides
180:Speech on Civil Rights
51:stands at the door of
6340:Civil rights movement
6104:Sewell–Thomas Stadium
5981:Paul W. Bryant Museum
5590:Civil Rights Memorial
5478:Bethel Baptist Church
5127:Charles Kenzie Steele
4572:Audrey Faye Hendricks
4477:Myrlie Evers-Williams
4457:Patricia Stephens Due
4427:Abraham Lincoln Davis
4362:Colia Lafayette Clark
4116:Operation Breadbasket
4111:National Urban League
3858:Katzenbach v. McClung
3726:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
3379:Civil rights movement
3234:Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.
3222:Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.
2914:attending dignitaries
2486:Executive Order 11110
2367:Alliance for Progress
2304:Judicial appointments
2186:George Wallace Tunnel
1933:Executive Order 11111
1815:Paul Grainge (2003).
1794:10.1353/mfs.1995.0102
1644:on September 30, 2015
1184:Joe (June 11, 2015).
953:Executive Order 11111
760:On May 17, 1954, the
752:Civil Rights Movement
728:Executive Order 11111
693:University of Alabama
454:Katzenbach v. McClung
406:Birmingham bus attack
291:Civil Rights Movement
165:University of Alabama
109:33.208111; -87.544000
78:University of Alabama
35:civil rights movement
6184:The Bear Bryant Show
6178:Alabama Public Radio
6084:Bryant–Denny Stadium
5635:other King memorials
5610:Freedom Rides Museum
5547:1960s counterculture
5498:Edmund Pettus Bridge
5177:Walter Francis White
5082:Alexander D. Shimkin
3596:New Year's Day March
3565:Ministers' Manifesto
3412:Executive Order 9981
3014:U.S. five cent stamp
2974:Kennedy Space Center
2622:Ich bin ein Berliner
2430:Cuban Missile Crisis
2420:Bay of Pigs Invasion
2326:Presidential pardons
1982:at Wikimedia Commons
1886:on November 25, 2018
1599:Willis, Jim (2015).
738:, and Guard General
563:Murder of James Reeb
401:Anniston bus bombing
6418:Protests in Alabama
6253:Million Dollar Band
5986:President's Mansion
5941:Archaeological Park
5895:Amelia Gayle Gorgas
5831:Tuscaloosa, Alabama
5373:Mary McLeod Bethune
5334:Sermon on the Mount
5301:"We Shall Overcome"
4882:William Lewis Moore
4662:Frank Minis Johnson
4637:Richie Jean Jackson
4592:Donald L. Hollowell
4397:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
4202:Gwendolyn Armstrong
4197:William G. Anderson
4177:Victoria Gray Adams
4141:The Freedom Singers
3995:Black Panther Party
3780:March on Washington
3693:Garner v. Louisiana
3654:Boynton v. Virginia
3322:Lyndon B. Johnson →
3210:Tatiana Schlossberg
3192:John F. Kennedy Jr.
3009:U.S. postage stamps
3004:Kennedy half dollar
2994:Cultural depictions
2847:Profiles in Courage
2551:Revenue Act of 1962
2399:Trade Expansion Act
2259:U.S. Representative
2168:An Assassin's Diary
1951:, October 15, 2009.
1879:The Tuscaloosa News
1226:on January 17, 2013
993:Cultural references
919:Vivian Malone Jones
884:Nicholas Katzenbach
785:Vivian Malone Jones
709:Governor of Alabama
418:Birmingham campaign
354:Hamilton v. Alabama
233:Nicholas Katzenbach
100: /
82:Tuscaloosa, Alabama
57:Nicholas Katzenbach
6278:: $ 631.95 million
6063:Women's basketball
5690:Michael Eric Dyson
5575:In popular culture
5458:Fifth Circuit Four
5442:Loving v. Virginia
5435:Hernandez v. Texas
5414:Buchanan v. Warley
5406:Separate but equal
5400:Plessy v. Ferguson
5363:Frederick Douglass
5197:Robert F. Williams
5107:Kelly Miller Smith
5087:Fred Shuttlesworth
5012:Frederick D. Reese
4992:George Raymond Jr.
4982:A. Philip Randolph
4962:Fay Bellamy Powell
4877:Queen Mother Moore
4762:Z. Alexander Looby
4707:Coretta Scott King
4652:Barbara Rose Johns
4632:Jimmie Lee Jackson
4557:William E. Harbour
4337:Stokely Carmichael
4252:Randolph Blackwell
3922:King assassination
3911:Loving v. Virginia
3895:March Against Fear
3875:How Long, Not Long
3753:Children's Crusade
3704:Cambridge movement
3641:Ax Handle Saturday
3606:Greensboro sit-ins
3533:Give Us the Ballot
3288:John F. Fitzgerald
3270:Jean Kennedy Smith
3180:Jacqueline Bouvier
3126:Kennedy Expressway
3096:Runnymede memorial
2897:in popular culture
2798:Castle Hot Springs
2336:Presidential yacht
2153:(1963 documentary)
2036:George Wallace Jr.
1190:Arthur Ashe Legacy
1082:In February 1956,
1024:George Wallace Jr.
940:Katzenbach called
841:, a leader of the
574:City of Tuscaloosa
503:Montgomery sit-ins
468:City of Montgomery
423:Children's Crusade
389:Birmingham sit-ins
361:City of Birmingham
316:NAACP v. Patterson
229:, Attorney General
6297:
6296:
6196:The Crimson White
6136:Historic District
6112:
6111:
6094:Foster Auditorium
5781:
5780:
5558:Eyes on the Prize
5473:A.G. Gaston Motel
5468:Kelly Ingram Park
5428:Sweatt v. Painter
5112:Mary Louise Smith
5072:Cleveland Sellers
5057:Michael Schwerner
5022:Gloria Richardson
4802:Thurgood Marshall
4722:Bernard Lafayette
4452:John Wesley Dobbs
3966:
3965:
3685:Birmingham attack
3665:Rock Hill sit-ins
3616:Sibley Commission
3611:Nashville sit-ins
3483:Gebhart v. Belton
3469:Briggs v. Elliott
3462:Bolling v. Sharpe
3423:Sweatt v. Painter
3345:
3344:
3300:Billie and Debbie
3264:Robert F. Kennedy
3091:Portland memorial
3071:Brooklyn memorial
2861:
2851:
2841:
2837:Why England Slept
2599:Inaugural address
2569:
2568:
2561:Wetlands Loan Act
2384:Flexible response
2194:
2193:
2142:Foster Auditorium
2120:
2119:
1978:Media related to
1960:The Crimson-white
1828:978-0-7190-6375-6
1555:on August 6, 2002
847:Robert F. Kennedy
831:Birmingham Police
796:Seybourn H. Lynne
689:Foster Auditorium
678:
677:
257:
256:
227:Robert F. Kennedy
176:President Kennedy
53:Foster Auditorium
6435:
6350:
6349:
6338:
6337:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6314:
6313:
6312:
6305:
6161:Bishop v. Aronov
6153:1963 documentary
6089:Coleman Coliseum
6028:Men's basketball
6013:
6012:
6008:
5877:
5868:
5832:
5817:
5808:
5801:
5794:
5785:
5784:
5772:
5771:
5735:Charles M. Payne
5720:Steven F. Lawson
5710:David Halberstam
5680:Clayborne Carson
5421:Hocutt v. Wilson
5368:W. E. B. Du Bois
5217:Sammy Younge Jr.
5202:Q. V. Williamson
5167:Wyatt Tee Walker
5032:Bernice Robinson
4977:Lincoln Ragsdale
4967:Rodney N. Powell
4862:Douglas E. Moore
4737:Sanford R. Leigh
4672:J. Charles Jones
4547:Fannie Lou Hamer
4462:Joseph Ellwanger
4422:Jonathan Daniels
4412:Claudette Colvin
4402:Annie Lee Cooper
4387:Kathleen Cleaver
4382:Eldridge Cleaver
4357:Shirley Chisholm
4247:Gloria Blackwell
3838:workers' murders
3785:"I Have a Dream"
3680:Anniston bombing
3631:Greenville Eight
3546:Little Rock Nine
3509:Browder v. Gayle
3397:
3396:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3349:
3348:
3334:
3333:
3240:Rosemary Kennedy
3216:Jack Schlossberg
3204:Rose Schlossberg
3186:Caroline Kennedy
3081:Hyannis memorial
2859:
2849:
2839:
2803:Hammersmith Farm
2751:Kennedy Compound
2584:
2577:
2501:Fifty-mile hikes
2389:Kennedy Doctrine
2355:
2354:
2316:Executive Orders
2266:
2254:
2246:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2056:
2055:
2041:Cornelia Wallace
2010:
2003:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1977:
1913:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1882:. Archived from
1869:
1863:
1862:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1643:
1636:
1628:
1615:
1614:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1274:
1268:
1255:
1244:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1181:
1175:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1135:
1126:
1110:Elliot, Debbie.
1108:
1088:
1080:
1044:Little Rock Nine
915:
897:
839:Edward R. Fields
807:Battle of Oxford
649:Other localities
619:Tuskegee sit-ins
603:City of Tuskegee
480:Browder v. Gayle
323:NAACP v. Alabama
305:State of Alabama
297:
283:
276:
269:
260:
259:
115:
114:
112:
111:
110:
105:
101:
98:
97:
96:
93:
45:
25:
24:
6443:
6442:
6438:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6433:
6432:
6368:1963 in Alabama
6358:
6357:
6356:
6344:
6332:
6322:
6320:
6310:
6308:
6300:
6298:
6293:
6267:
6216:
6166:
6108:
6067:
6006:
6000:
5976:Old Observatory
5971:New Observatory
5924:
5890:George H. Denny
5875:
5869:
5860:
5834:
5830:
5819:
5815:
5812:
5782:
5777:
5766:
5759:
5740:Thomas E. Ricks
5730:Diane McWhorter
5715:Vincent Harding
5700:Adam Fairclough
5667:
5661:
5563:
5518:Freedom Schools
5377:
5310:
5258:
5252:
5243:Omaha, Nebraska
5231:
5147:Hartman Turnbow
5137:Dorothy Tillman
5097:Glenn E. Smiley
5077:Charles Sherrod
5037:Jo Ann Robinson
4912:Charles Neblett
4902:Elijah Muhammad
4867:Harriette Moore
4827:Floyd McKissick
4812:Franklin McCain
4747:Stanley Levison
4612:T. R. M. Howard
4562:Vincent Harding
4492:Walter Fauntroy
4377:Xernona Clayton
4327:John H. Calhoun
4312:Aurelia Browder
4302:Stanley Branche
4297:Raylawni Branch
4277:Joseph E. Boone
4262:Ezell Blair Jr.
4257:Unita Blackwell
4232:Harry Belafonte
4172:Ralph Abernathy
4160:
4096:Nation of Islam
3972:
3962:
3801:
3758:Birmingham riot
3699:Albany Movement
3621:Atlanta sit-ins
3601:Sit-in movement
3584:
3580:Biloxi wade-ins
3552:Cooper v. Aaron
3442:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3346:
3341:
3305:
3228:Rose Fitzgerald
3212:(granddaughter)
3206:(granddaughter)
3166:
3155:John F. Kennedy
3146:John F. Kennedy
3138:John F. Kennedy
3086:London memorial
3076:Dallas memorial
3037:
3030:
2925:
2909:Riderless horse
2865:
2824:
2734:
2661:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2565:
2457:
2353:
2277:
2269:
2257:
2249:
2238:
2230:
2228:John F. Kennedy
2225:
2195:
2190:
2116:
2085:
2045:
2031:Lurleen Wallace
2019:
2014:
1949:Southern Spaces
1940:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1928:
1914:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1870:
1866:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1829:
1813:
1809:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1747:
1731:
1727:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1618:
1611:
1597:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1518:Theatlantic.com
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724:John F. Kennedy
699:" and stop the
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2017:George Wallace
2013:
2012:
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1990:
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1983:
1971:
1957:
1952:
1943:Sarah Melton,
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1030:'s 1964 song "
1022:In June 2012,
1016:George Wallace
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987:states' rights
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957:federalization
935:states' rights
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905:George Wallace
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6378:1963 protests
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6248:"The Machine"
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5675:Taylor Branch
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5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5535:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5523:Freedom songs
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5443:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5401:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5389:Jim Crow laws
5387:
5386:
5384:
5380:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5286:"Oh, Freedom"
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5255:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5212:Whitney Young
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5192:Kale Williams
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5152:Albert Turner
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5142:A. P. Tureaud
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5047:Bayard Rustin
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4897:William Moyer
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4832:Joseph McNeil
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4817:Charles McDew
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4807:Benjamin Mays
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4792:Vivian Malone
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4767:Joseph Lowery
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4692:Clyde Kennard
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4682:Vernon Jordan
4680:
4678:
4677:Matthew Jones
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4642:T. J. Jemison
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4627:Jesse Jackson
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4517:Robert Graetz
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4507:Golden Frinks
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4467:Charles Evers
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4417:Vernon Dahmer
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4372:Septima Clark
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4292:Bruce Boynton
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4217:James Baldwin
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4187:Mathew Ahmann
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4084:Youth Council
4082:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3969:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3675:Freedom Rides
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:Prior to 1954
3398:
3395:
3392:
3385:
3380:
3373:
3368:
3366:
3361:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3338:
3337:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3290:(grandfather)
3289:
3286:
3284:(grandfather)
3283:
3282:P. J. Kennedy
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3148: (CV-67)
3147:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3132:
3131:Mount Kennedy
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3066:Boston statue
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2979:Kennedy Round
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2904:State funeral
2902:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2877:Assassination
2875:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:Personal life
2737:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2588:
2583:
2576:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2481:Equal Pay Act
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2453:Vienna summit
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2443:Berlin Crisis
2440:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2425:Cuban Project
2423:
2421:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2309:Supreme Court
2307:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2162:Arthur Bremer
2160:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:Gubernatorial
2057:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1968:June 13, 1963
1965:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1788:(2): 419–44.
1787:
1783:
1776:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1746:0-684-80916-8
1742:
1738:
1737:
1729:
1721:
1714:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1686:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1640:
1633:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1612:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1593:
1576:
1570:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1478:0-684-80916-8
1474:
1470:
1469:
1461:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1431:0-684-80916-8
1427:
1423:
1422:
1414:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1384:0-684-80916-8
1380:
1376:
1375:
1367:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1337:0-684-80916-8
1333:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1290:0-684-80916-8
1286:
1282:
1281:
1273:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1242:
1240:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1153:
1151:9780201407983
1147:
1143:
1142:
1134:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1105:
1100:
1085:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1000:
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5825:
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5705:David Garrow
5685:John Dittmer
5556:
5483:Brown Chapel
5440:
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5412:
5398:
5355:
5207:Andrew Young
5162:A. T. Walden
5157:C. T. Vivian
5117:Maxine Smith
4952:Homer Plessy
4932:James Orange
4887:Irene Morgan
4842:William Ming
4822:Ralph McGill
4757:Viola Liuzzo
4742:Jim Letherer
4727:James Lawson
4657:Vernon Johns
4647:Esau Jenkins
4602:Myles Horton
4552:Fred Hampton
4542:Prathia Hall
4532:Dick Gregory
4502:Marie Foster
4497:James Forman
4487:James Farmer
4472:Medgar Evers
4432:Angela Davis
4367:Ramsey Clark
4347:James Chaney
4342:Johnnie Carr
4322:Ralph Bunche
4317:H. Rap Brown
4307:Ruby Bridges
4267:Joanne Bland
4242:Claude Black
4222:Marion Barry
4192:Muhammad Ali
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2937:Bibliography
2856:
2846:
2836:
2791:
2784:Arthur Evans
2772:
2756:Hickory Hill
2590:Presidential
2530:
2521:Space policy
2463:New Frontier
2341:
2294:Inauguration
2177:
2166:
2148:
2136:
2090:Presidential
1964:June 9, 1963
1959:
1948:
1931:
1930:
1922:
1921:
1888:. Retrieved
1884:the original
1877:
1867:
1861:(DVD). 2001.
1858:
1857:Forrest Gump
1854:
1849:
1839:February 28,
1837:. Retrieved
1817:
1810:
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1781:
1775:
1763:. Retrieved
1735:
1728:
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1713:
1701:. Retrieved
1672:. Retrieved
1658:
1646:. Retrieved
1639:the original
1600:
1579:. Retrieved
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1553:the original
1548:
1538:
1526:. Retrieved
1507:
1495:. Retrieved
1467:
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1448:. Retrieved
1420:
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1401:. Retrieved
1373:
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1354:. Retrieved
1326:
1319:
1307:. Retrieved
1279:
1272:
1235:
1228:. Retrieved
1224:the original
1210:
1198:. Retrieved
1189:
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1078:
1021:
1014:
1010:Forrest Gump
1008:
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983:
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965:Henry Graham
939:
927:
901:Henry Graham
877:
867:
864:World War II
857:
851:
819:Ku Klux Klan
815:Albert Lingo
800:
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759:
721:
703:of schools,
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189:Lead figures
182:the same day
141:
133:
125:
95:87°32′38.4″W
92:33°12′29.2″N
33:Part of the
20:
15:
6243:CrimsonRide
5961:Little Hall
5885:Bear Bryant
5725:Doug McAdam
5695:Chuck Fager
5322:Nonviolence
5227:James Zwerg
5222:Bob Zellner
5182:Roy Wilkins
5132:Hank Thomas
5067:Pete Seeger
5062:Bobby Seale
4927:Jack O'Dell
4922:Edgar Nixon
4852:Amzie Moore
4847:Jack Minnis
4787:Mae Mallory
4772:Clara Luper
4732:Bernard Lee
4622:Cecil Ivory
4617:Ruby Hurley
4587:Oliver Hill
4582:Aaron Henry
4482:Chuck Fager
4442:Dave Dennis
4332:Guy Carawan
4272:Julian Bond
4237:James Bevel
4227:Daisy Bates
3498:Emmett Till
3381:(1954–1968)
3276:Ted Kennedy
3162:Yad Kennedy
2414:Vietnam War
2394:Peace Corps
2265:(1947–1953)
2253:(1953–1960)
2245:(1961–1963)
2182:(1997 film)
1890:January 15,
1230:February 7,
999:Robert Drew
989:" instead.
827:Bull Connor
732:federalized
250:, Governor
223:, President
178:delivers a
151:Resulted in
107: /
6362:Categories
6258:Traditions
6072:Facilities
6058:Volleyball
6043:Gymnastics
5946:Auditorium
5920:Presidents
5900:James Hood
5826:Located in
5668:historians
5349:Satyagraha
5315:Influences
5007:James Reeb
4942:James Peck
4937:Rosa Parks
4907:Diane Nash
4777:Danny Lyon
4752:John Lewis
4697:A. D. King
4597:James Hood
4212:Ella Baker
4182:Zev Aelony
3302:(hamsters)
3218:(grandson)
3188:(daughter)
3036:Memorials,
2761:La Querida
2289:Transition
2275:Presidency
1917:Wikisource
1095:References
931:Katzenbach
835:Asa Carter
823:Tuscaloosa
789:James Hood
750:See also:
746:Background
717:James Hood
367:Bombingham
209:James Hood
161:James Hood
6276:Endowment
6007:Athletics
5936:Arboretum
5839:Academics
5327:Padayatra
5276:"Kumbaya"
5236:By region
4892:Bob Moses
4797:Bob Mants
4782:Malcolm X
4702:C.B. King
4522:Fred Gray
4165:Activists
3806:1964–1968
3589:1960–1963
3447:1954–1959
3278:(brother)
3266:(brother)
3236:(brother)
3153:USS
3144:USS
3038:namesakes
2892:reactions
2667:Elections
2051:Elections
1802:161822250
1703:April 18,
1559:April 14,
1528:March 11,
1087:enrolled.
1028:Bob Dylan
972:Aftermath
942:President
120:Caused by
6352:Politics
6284:: 37,100
6282:Students
6124:Timeline
6053:Softball
6033:Baseball
6023:Football
6016:Programs
5991:The Quad
5257:Movement
4687:Tom Kahn
3971:Activist
3391:timeline
3336:Category
3294:Pushinka
3272:(sister)
3260:(sister)
3254:(sister)
3248:(sister)
3242:(sister)
3230:(mother)
3224:(father)
2882:timeline
2592:speeches
2342:Resolute
2280:timeline
1833:Archived
1765:March 5,
1759:Archived
1755:32739924
1697:Archived
1668:Archived
1577:. Shmoop
1522:Archived
1497:March 5,
1491:Archived
1487:32739924
1450:March 5,
1444:Archived
1440:32739924
1403:March 5,
1397:Archived
1393:32739924
1356:March 5,
1350:Archived
1346:32739924
1309:March 5,
1303:Archived
1299:32739924
1261:Archived
1200:March 5,
1194:Archived
1168:Archived
1115:Archived
1038:See also
874:Incident
730:, which
198:Students
73:Location
6302:Portals
6290:: 1,175
6288:Faculty
6212:WVUA-CD
6207:WVUA-FM
6117:History
5382:Related
4972:Al Raby
3927:funeral
3790:Big Six
2766:Wexford
2728:debates
2299:Cabinet
2125:Related
1674:May 11,
1648:May 11,
1581:May 11,
868:Newsday
859:Newsday
774:of the
726:issued
691:at the
295:Alabama
6228:Big Al
6048:Soccer
5951:Chimes
5929:Campus
5876:People
5568:Legacy
5344:Ahimsa
3973:groups
3434:(1950)
3426:(1950)
3387:Events
3182:(wife)
3172:Family
2930:Legacy
2860:(1958)
2850:(1956)
2840:(1940)
2773:PT-109
2435:ExComm
2418:Cuba:
2024:Family
1825:
1800:
1753:
1743:
1607:
1485:
1475:
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707:, the
144:(1963)
138:(1955)
130:(1954)
6316:1960s
6221:Other
6171:Media
5666:Noted
5259:songs
4079:NAACP
3932:riots
3296:(dog)
3200:(son)
3194:(son)
2999:films
2989:VISTA
2870:Death
2829:Books
2792:PT-59
2409:USAID
2263:MA–11
1798:S2CID
1642:(PDF)
1635:(PDF)
1070:Notes
780:Brown
6038:Golf
2718:1960
2713:1956
2697:1958
2692:1952
2686:1950
2681:1948
2676:1946
2655:1963
2650:1962
2645:1961
2344:desk
2261:for
2240:35th
2081:1982
2076:1974
2071:1970
2066:1962
1966:and
1892:2016
1841:2009
1823:ISBN
1767:2021
1751:OCLC
1741:ISBN
1705:2020
1676:2017
1650:2017
1605:ISBN
1583:2017
1561:2016
1530:2017
1499:2021
1483:OCLC
1473:ISBN
1452:2021
1436:OCLC
1426:ISBN
1405:2021
1389:OCLC
1379:ISBN
1358:2021
1342:OCLC
1332:ISBN
1311:2021
1295:OCLC
1285:ISBN
1232:2013
1202:2021
1146:ISBN
754:and
734:the
715:and
683:The
159:and
65:Date
3136:MV
1790:doi
1123:NPR
293:in
80:in
6364::
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1947:,
1876:.
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