Civil rights movement

53: 1997: 3226:, stated: "Inspired by Dr. King, who was advancing the civil rights agenda of equality under the laws of this country, we thought that we could also use the laws to advance our Indianship, to live as tribes in our territories governed by our own laws under the principles of tribal sovereignty that had been with us ever since 1831. We believed that we could fight for a policy of self-determination that was consistent with U.S. law and that we could govern our own affairs, define our own ways and continue to survive in this society". Native Americans were also active supporters of King's movement throughout the 1960s, which included a sizable Native American contingent at the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. 21455: 2918:

gains. In addition, they relied on segregation to keep their jobs and economies in their communities thriving. It was feared that if integration became widespread in the South, black-owned businesses and other establishments would lose a large chunk of their customer base to white-owned businesses, and many blacks would lose opportunities for jobs that were presently exclusive to their interests. On the other hand, there were the everyday, average black people who criticized integration as well. For them, they took issue with different parts of the civil rights movement and the potential for blacks to exercise consumerism and economic liberty without hindrance from whites.

2203: 2941: 2020:. Williams had rebuilt the chapter after its membership was terrorized out of public life by the Klan. He did so by encouraging a new, more working-class membership to arm itself thoroughly and defend against attack. When Klan nightriders attacked the home of NAACP member Albert Perry in October 1957, Williams' militia exchanged gunfire with the stunned Klansmen, who quickly retreated. The following day, the city council held an emergency session and passed an ordinance banning KKK motorcades. One year later, Lumbee Indians in North Carolina would have a similarly successful armed stand-off with the Klan (known as the 2544: 2187:. However, Truman's executive order had hardly been enforced. President Eisenhower made it a point to enforce the executive order. By October 30, 1954, there were no segregated combat units in the United States. Not only this, but Eisenhower also desegregated the Veterans Administration and military bases in the South, including federal schools for military dependents. Expanding his work beyond the military, Eisenhower formed two non-discrimination committees, one to broker nondiscrimination agreements with government contractors, and a second to end discrimination within government departments and agencies. 1191: 2563:", saying he had turned his back on black militancy in order to appease the white power structure. But the two men were on good terms at their face-to-face meeting. There is evidence that King was preparing to support Malcolm's plan to formally bring the U.S. government before the United Nations on charges of human rights violations against African Americans. Malcolm now encouraged Black nationalists to get involved in voter registration drives and other forms of community organizing to redefine and expand the movement. 2693: 3105: 2103:

when necessary. This in turn evoked in whites real fear of black vengeance..." This opened up space for African Americans to use nonviolent demonstrations with less fear of deadly reprisal. Of the many civil rights activists who share this view, the most prominent was Rosa Parks. Parks gave the eulogy at Williams' funeral in 1996, praising him for "his courage and for his commitment to freedom," and concluding that "The sacrifices he made, and what he did, should go down in history and never be forgotten."

21467: 1782: 1153:. When white Democrats regained power, they passed laws that made voter registration more restrictive, essentially forcing black voters off the voting rolls. The number of African-American voters dropped dramatically, and they were no longer able to elect representatives. From 1890 to 1908, Southern states of the former Confederacy created constitutions with provisions that disfranchised tens of thousands of African Americans, and U.S. states such as Alabama disenfranchised poor whites as well. 21503: 19595: 1079: 1259: 846: 20085: 1276:, most during and after World War II. So many people migrated that the demographics of some previously black-majority states changed to a white majority (in combination with other developments). The rapid influx of blacks altered the demographics of Northern and Western cities; happening at a period of expanded European, Hispanic, and Asian immigration, it added to social competition and tensions, with the new migrants and immigrants battling for a place in jobs and housing. 971: 21479: 1351: 1075:, making him the first African American to attend an official dinner there. "The invitation was roundly criticized by southern politicians and newspapers." Washington persuaded the president to appoint more blacks to federal posts in the South and to try to boost African-American leadership in state Republican organizations. However, these actions were resisted by both white Democrats and white Republicans as an unwanted federal intrusion into state politics. 21527: 21491: 2194:. The legislation established the Civil Rights Commission and the Justice Department's Civil Rights Division and banned intimidating, coercing, and other means of interfering with a citizen's right to vote. Eisenhower's work in desegregating the judicial system is also notable. The judges he appointed were liberal when it came to the subject of civil rights / desegregation, and he actively avoided placing segregationists in federal courts. 3241: 1280: 1976:

hundreds of discrete groups, and all manner of strategies and tactics—legal, illegal, institutional, non-institutional, violent, non-violent. Without discounting King's importance, it would be sheer fiction to call him the leader of what was fundamentally an amorphous, fluid, dispersed movement." Decentralized grassroots leadership has been a major focus of movement scholarship in recent decades through the work of historians

21515: 1773:, also known as the Fair Housing Act, which aimed to end discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing. Despite these legislative successes, the movement faced significant challenges, including ongoing racial violence and the persistence of de facto segregation in housing and education. The assassination of King underscored the profound resistance to racial equality that continued to pervade American society. 1762:. The Civil Rights Act outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in employment and public accommodations, while the Voting Rights Act sought to eliminate barriers to voting for African Americans, particularly in the Southern states. These laws were critical in dismantling the legal framework of segregation and empowering African Americans to participate fully in American civic life. 2381:, "RFK knew much more about this surveillance than he ever admitted." Although Kennedy only gave approval for limited wiretapping of King's phones "on a trial basis, for a month or so." Hoover extended the clearance so his men were "unshackled" to look for evidence in any areas of the black leader's life they deemed important; they then used this information to harass King. Kennedy directly ordered surveillance on 1439:. From the 1930s to the 1960s, the National Association of Real Estate Boards (NAREB) issued guidelines that specified that a realtor "should never be instrumental in introducing to a neighborhood a character or property or occupancy, members of any race or nationality, or any individual whose presence will be clearly detrimental to property values in a neighborhood." The result was the development of all-black 2154:… Our immediate task is to remove the last remnants of the barriers which stand between millions of our citizens and their birthright. There is no justifiable reason for discrimination because of ancestry, or religion, or race, or color. We must not tolerate such limitations on the freedom of any of our people and on their enjoyment of basic rights which every citizen in a truly democratic society must possess. 21443: 14861: 13051: 2415:

emotional grounds. Demands for immediate action originated from unexpected directions, especially white Protestant church groups. The Justice Department, led by Robert Kennedy, moved from a posture of defending Kennedy from the quagmire minefield of racial politics to acting to fulfill his legacy. The violent death and public reaction dramatically moved the conservative Republicans, led by Senator

3351: 1024:, Mississippi and Alabama, until national civil rights legislation was passed in the mid-1960s to provide federal enforcement of constitutional voting rights. For more than sixty years, blacks in the South were essentially excluded from politics, unable to elect anyone to represent their interests in Congress or local government. Since they could not vote, they could not serve on local juries. 2241:

disdain for any white politician who claimed to share their concerns for freedom, particularly ones connected to the historically pro-segregationist Democratic Party. Still, many were encouraged by the discreet support Kennedy gave to King, and the administration's willingness, after dramatic pressure from civil disobedience, to bring forth racially egalitarian initiatives.

3420:, who had once been endorsed by the NAACP) shifted to openly racist positions. Northern and Western racists opposed the southerners on a regional and cultural basis, but also held segregationist attitudes which became more pronounced as the civil rights movement headed north and west. For instance, prior to the Watts riot, California whites had already mobilized to 2326:, to "tearing into" Vice-president Johnson (for failing to desegregate areas of the administration), to threatening corrupt white Southern judges with disbarment, to desegregating interstate transport, Robert Kennedy came to be consumed by the civil rights movement. He continued to work on these social justice issues in his bid for the presidency in 1968. 1957:, the FBI had been concerned about communism since the early 20th century, and it kept civil rights activists under close surveillance and labeled some of them "Communist" or "subversive", a practice that continued during the civil rights movement. In the early 1960s, the practice of distancing the civil rights movement from "Reds" was challenged by the 1674:, did not attempt to create a network of chapters as the NAACP did. It offered training and leadership assistance for local efforts to fight segregation. The headquarters organization raised funds, mostly from Northern sources, to support such campaigns. It made nonviolence both its central tenet and its primary method of confronting racism. 805:. Its leaders demanded not only legal equality, but also economic self-sufficiency for the community. Support for the Black Power movement came from African Americans who had seen little material improvement since the civil rights movement's peak in the mid-1960s, and still faced discrimination in jobs, housing, education and politics. 2922:

the movement. For the most part, the black individuals who had reservations on various aspects of the movement and ideologies of the activists were not able to make a game-changing dent in their efforts, but the existence of these alternate ideas gave some blacks an outlet to express their concerns about the changing social structure.

1584:, a black surgeon, entrepreneur, and planter organized a successful boycott of gas stations in Mississippi that refused to provide restrooms for blacks. Through the RCNL, Howard led campaigns to expose brutality by the Mississippi state highway patrol and to encourage blacks to make deposits in the black-owned Tri-State Bank of 2037:

to campaign against Williams at the NAACP national convention and the suspension was upheld. The convention nonetheless passed a resolution which stated: "We do not deny, but reaffirm the right of individual and collective self-defense against unlawful assaults." Martin Luther King Jr. argued for Williams' removal, but

3123: 2990:'s work in Louisiana that summer, that group found the federal government would not respond to requests to enforce the provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, or to protect the lives of activists who challenged segregation. The Louisiana campaign survived by relying on a local African-American militia called the 2578:. The latter's brother Charles Evers, who took over as Mississippi NAACP Field Director, told a public NAACP conference on February 15, 1964, that "non-violence won't work in Mississippi...we made up our minds...that if a white man shoots at a Negro in Mississippi, we will shoot back." The repression of sit-ins in 3098:. The goal of this group was to overthrow the white-run government in America and the prison system. In 1970, this group displayed their dedication after a white prison guard was found not guilty of shooting and killing three black prisoners from the prison tower. They retaliated by killing a white prison guard. 1121:" doctrine. Segregation, which began with slavery, continued with Jim Crow laws, with signs used to show blacks where they could legally walk, talk, drink, rest, or eat. For those places that were racially mixed, non-whites had to wait until all white customers were served first. Elected in 1912, President 2891:

only conflicted with each other and were the only ideologies of the civil rights movement, there were other sentiments felt by many blacks. Fearing the events during the movement was occurring too quickly, there were some blacks who felt that leaders should take their activism at an incremental pace.

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With the civil rights movement at full blast, Lyndon Johnson coupled black entrepreneurship with his war on poverty, setting up special programs in the Small Business Administration, the Office of Economic Opportunity, and other agencies. This time there was money for loans designed to boost minority

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considered it "the biggest civil rights story of 1959". NAACP National chairman Roy Wilkins immediately suspended Williams from his position, but the Monroe organizer won support from numerous NAACP chapters across the country. Ultimately, Wilkins resorted to bribing influential organizer Daisy Bates

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and their collaborators in local police departments. This violence played a key role in blocking the progress of the civil rights movement in the late 1950s. Some black organizations in the South began practicing armed self-defense. The first to do so openly was the Monroe, North Carolina, chapter of

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Churches, local grassroots organizations, fraternal societies, and black-owned businesses mobilized volunteers to participate in broad-based actions. This was a more direct and potentially more rapid means of creating change than the traditional approach of mounting court challenges used by the NAACP

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stated, "I am not, nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to intermarry with white people". By the late 1800s, 38 US states had anti-miscegenation statutes. By 1924, the ban on interracial marriage was still in force in 29 states.

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While Conservatives, in general, supported integration, some defended incrementally phased out segregation as a backstop against assimilation. Based on her interpretation of a 1966 study made by Donald Matthews and James Prothro detailing the relative percentage of blacks for integration, against it

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stating that great progress had been made on the issue of race relations. Meanwhile, behind the scenes, the administration worked to resolve the crisis with a minimum of violence and prevent the Freedom Riders from generating a fresh crop of headlines that might divert attention from the President's

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While not a key focus of his administration, President Eisenhower made several conservative strides toward making America a racially integrated country. The year he was elected, Eisenhower desegregated Washington D.C. after hearing a story about an African American man who was unable to rent a hotel

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during the NAACP convention and was carried nationally on radio. In that speech, Truman laid out his agreement on the need to end discrimination, which would be advanced by the first comprehensive, presidentially proposed civil rights legislation. Truman on "civil rights and human freedom" declared:

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Jewish Americans played an active role supporting the Civil Rights Movement and were actively involved in establishing and supporting a number of the most important civil rights organizations, including the NAACP, the Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights, the Southern Christian Leadership

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historian Walter Rucker has written that "the emergence of Robert F Williams contributed to the marked decline in anti-black racial violence in the U.S....After centuries of anti-black violence, African Americans across the country began to defend their communities aggressively—employing overt force

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in 1931, where the Communist Party had a considerable amount of influence among African Americans in the 1930s. This influence had largely declined by the late 1950s, although it could command international attention. As earlier civil rights figures such as Robeson, Du Bois and Patterson became more

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women in the civil rights movement were pivotal to its success. They volunteered as activists, advocates, educators, clerics, writers, spiritual guides, caretakers and politicians for the civil rights movement; leading and participating in organizations that contributed to the cause of civil rights.

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in a plethora of aspects of life. Within employment, economic opportunities for blacks were routed to the lowest status and restrictive in potential mobility. Within the housing market, stronger discriminatory measures were used in correlation to the influx, resulting in a mix of "targeted violence,

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Oftentimes, African-American community leaders would be staunch defenders of segregation. Church ministers, businessmen, and educators were among those who wished to keep segregation and segregationist ideals in order to retain the privileges they gained from patronage from whites, such as monetary

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Many Jews in the Southern states who supported civil rights for African Americans tended to keep a low profile on "the race issue", in order to avoid attracting the attention of the anti-Black and antisemitic Ku Klux Klan. However, Klan groups exploited the issue of African-American integration and

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Some people engaging in the Black Power movement claimed a growing sense of black pride and identity. In gaining more of a sense of a cultural identity, blacks demanded that whites no longer refer to them as "Negroes" but as "Afro-Americans," similar to other ethnic groups, such as Irish Americans

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For Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X and other leading activists and groups during the movement, these opposing viewpoints acted as an obstacle against their ideas. These different views made such leaders' work much harder to accomplish, but they were nonetheless important in the overall scope of

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community supported the civil rights movement. In fact, statistically, Jews were one of the most actively involved non-black groups in the Movement. Many Jewish students worked in concert with African Americans for CORE, SCLC, and SNCC as full-time organizers and summer volunteers during the Civil

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in August 1963 expressed support for the U.S. civil rights movement, stating that the "fascist atrocities" committed against black people in the U.S. demonstrated the link between reactionary domestic U.S. policies and its policies of aggression abroad. In 1968, a mass rally in China condemned the

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in Durban, I was told the church to which most of the white population belongs teaches apartheid as a moral necessity. A questioner declared that few churches allow black Africans to pray with the white because the Bible says that is the way it should be, because God created Negroes to serve. "But

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has stated that, "in King's case, it would be inaccurate to say that he was the leader of the modern civil rights movement...but more importantly, there was no singular civil rights movement. The movement was, in fact, a coalition of thousands of local efforts nationwide, spanning several decades,

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and was a prominent figure in the civil rights movement. Female students involved with the SNCC helped to organize sit-ins and the Freedom Rides. At the same time many elderly black women in towns across the Southern US cared for the organization's volunteers at their homes, providing the students

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violations were most intense in the South, social discrimination affected African Americans in other regions as well. At the national level, the Southern bloc controlled important committees in Congress, defeated passage of federal laws against lynching, and exercised considerable power beyond the

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to him. When King was assassinated in 1968, Stokely Carmichael said that whites had murdered the one person who would prevent rampant rioting and that blacks would burn every major city to the ground. Riots broke out in more than 100 cities across the country. Some cities did not recover from the

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developed concerns that white activists from the North and West were taking over the movement. The participation by numerous white students was not reducing the amount of violence that SNCC suffered, but seemed to exacerbate it. Additionally, there was profound disillusionment at Lyndon Johnson's

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program. This program ordered FBI agents to "expose, disrupt, misdirect, discredit, or otherwise neutralize" the activities of Communist front groups, a category in which the paranoid Hoover included most civil rights organizations. Kennedy personally authorized some of the programs. According to

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On May 21, when a white mob attacked and burned the First Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, where King was holding out with protesters, Robert Kennedy telephoned King to ask him to stay in the building until the U.S. Marshals and National Guard could secure the area. King proceeded to berate

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of 1876, which resulted in the end of Reconstruction and the withdrawal of federal troops, whites in the South regained political control of the region's state legislatures. They continued to intimidate and violently attack blacks before and during elections to suppress their voting, but the last

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in Virginia, said that "...the lines along most of the avenues of wage-earning are more rigidly drawn in the North than in the South. There seems to be an apparent effort throughout the North, especially in the cities to debar the colored worker from all the avenues of higher remunerative labor,

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wrote that Communists who were critical of the United States accused it of practicing hypocrisy when it portrayed itself as the "leader of the free world," while so many of its citizens were being subjected to severe racial discrimination and violence; she argued that this was a major factor in

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of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). The incident (along with his campaigns for peace with Cuba) resulted in him being targeted by the FBI and prosecuted for kidnapping; he was cleared of all charges in 1976. Meanwhile, armed self-defense continued discreetly in the Southern

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where the Kennedy brothers came from, and had they been from another part of the country, "they might have been more immediately sensitive to the complexities and depth of black feelings." A well of historical skepticism toward liberal politics had left African Americans with a sense of uneasy

2647:"if your present racist agitation against our people there in Alabama causes physical harm to Reverend King or any other black Americans...you and your KKK friends will be met with maximum physical retaliation from those of us who are not handcuffed by the disarming philosophy of nonviolence." 6258:"Oral History Interview with Ella Baker, September 4, 1974. Interview G-0007. Southern Oral History Program Collection (#4007): Electronic Edition. Ella Baker Describes Her Role in the Formation of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee" 2414:

Under Kennedy, major civil rights legislation had been stalled in Congress. His assassination changed everything. On one hand, President Lyndon Johnson was a much more skillful negotiator than Kennedy, but he had behind him a powerful national momentum demanding immediate action on moral and

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Upper-Middle-Class backgrounds were often very supportive of African American civil rights activities while the Jews in poorer urban communities that became increasingly minority were often less supportive largely in part due to more negative and violent interactions between the two groups.

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With a very small majority in Congress, the president's ability to press ahead with legislation relied considerably on a balancing game with the Senators and Congressmen of the South. Without the support of Vice-president Johnson, a former Senator who had years of experience in Congress and

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movements on the rise, "Black Anti-Semitism" increased leading to strained relations between Blacks and Jews in Northern communities. In New York City, most notably, there was a major socio-economic class difference in the perception of African Americans by Jews. Jews from better educated

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By late 1962, frustration at the slow pace of political change was balanced by the movement's strong support for legislative initiatives, including administrative representation across all U.S. Government departments and greater access to the ballot box. From squaring off against Governor

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On March 26, 1964, as the Civil Rights Act was facing stiff opposition in Congress, Malcolm had a public meeting with Martin Luther King Jr. at the Capitol. Malcolm had tried to begin a dialog with King as early as 1957, but King had rebuffed him. Malcolm had responded by calling King an

3336:. Many only reacted to the movement once forced to by their changing environment, and when they did their response was usually whatever they felt would disturb their daily life the least. Most of their personal reactions, whether eventually in support or resistance were not in extreme. 1961:

which adopted a policy of accepting assistance and participation from anyone who supported the SNCC's political program and was willing to "put their body on the line, regardless of political affiliation." At times the SNCC's policy of political openness put it at odds with the NAACP.

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The faculty created it to renew the university's commitment to social justice. Recognizing Brandeis as a university with a commitment to academic excellence, these faculty members created a chance for disadvantaged students to participate in an empowering educational experience.

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have been estimated to have neither supported nor resisted the civil rights movement. Many did not enjoy the idea of expanding civil rights but were uncomfortable with the language and often violent tactics used by those who resisted the civil rights movement as part of the

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in the ghettos. While they conducted armed confrontation with police, they also set up free breakfast and healthcare programs for children. Between 1968 and 1971, the BPP was one of the most important black organizations in the country and had support from the NAACP, SCLC,

3028:, SNCC and CORE fully embraced the slogan of "black power" to describe these trends towards militancy and self-reliance. In Mississippi, Stokely Carmichael declared, "I'm not going to beg the white man for anything that I deserve, I'm going to take it. We need power." 1996: 2027:

After the acquittal of several white men charged with sexually assaulting black women in Monroe, Williams announced to United Press International reporters that he would "meet violence with violence" as a policy. Williams' declaration was quoted on the front page of

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In order to secure a place in the political mainstream and gain the broadest base of support, the new generation of civil rights activists believed that it had to openly distance itself from anything and anyone associated with the Communist party. According to

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which makes it more difficult to improve his economic condition even than in the South." From 1910 to 1970, blacks sought better lives by migrating north and west out of the South. A total of nearly seven million blacks left the South in what was known as the

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Black defenders of segregation look, at first blush, very much like black nationalists, especially in their preference for all-black institutions; but black defenders of segregation differ from nationalists in two key ways. First, while both groups criticize

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The following month, the Selma chapter of SNCC invited Malcolm to speak to a mass meeting there. On the day of Malcolm's appearance, President Johnson made his first public statement in support of the Selma campaign. Paul Ryan Haygood, a co-director of the

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African Americans re-entered politics in the South, and young people across the country began to take action. From 1964 through 1970, a wave of riots and protests in black communities dampened support from the white middle class, but increased support from

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The integration of Southern public libraries followed demonstrations and protests that used techniques seen in other elements of the larger civil rights movement. This included sit-ins, beatings, and white resistance. For example, in 1963 in the city of

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Robert Kennedy's relationship with the movement was not always positive. As attorney general, he was called to account by activists—who booed him at a June 1963 speech—for the Justice Department's own poor record of hiring blacks. He also presided over

2774:(ADL) actively promoted civil rights. While Jews were very active in the civil rights movement in the South, in the North, many had experienced a more strained relationship with African Americans. It has been argued that with Black militancy and the 2619:

spoke to Harlemites about the Jim Crow violence that she'd suffered in Mississippi, she linked it directly to the Northern police brutality against blacks that Malcolm protested against; When Malcolm asserted that African Americans should emulate the

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that "Malcolm is being very practical...The federal government has moved into conflict situations only when matters approach the level of insurrection. Self-defense may force Washington to intervene sooner." Earlier, in May 1963, writer and activist

2540:, I hate to say it...Malcolm articulates for Negroes, their suffering...he corroborates their reality..." On the local level, Malcolm and the NOI had been allied with the Harlem chapter of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) since at least 1962. 1266:

The situation for blacks outside the South was somewhat better (in most states they could vote and have their children educated, though they still faced discrimination in housing and jobs). In 1900 Reverend Matthew Anderson, speaking at the annual

10613: – Profiles and primary documents on the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the national civil rights movement organization led by young people. A project of the SNCC Legacy Project, Duke's Center for Documentary Studies, and 1970:

While most popular representations of the movement are centered on the leadership and philosophy of Martin Luther King Jr., some scholars note that the movement was too diverse to be credited to one person, organization, or strategy. Sociologist

14203: 1831:. Women were members of the NAACP because they believed it could help them contribute to the cause of civil rights. Some of those involved with the Black Panthers were nationally recognized as leaders, and still others did editorial work on the 1302:. Urban problems such as crime and disease were blamed on the large influx of Southern blacks to cities in the north and west, based on stereotypes of rural southern African-Americans. Overall, blacks in Northern and Western cities experienced 929:

groups arose that violently opposed African-American legal equality and suffrage, intimidating and suppressing black voters, and assassinating Republican officeholders. However, if the states failed to implement the acts, the laws allowed the

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business ownership. Richard Nixon greatly expanded the program, setting up the Office of Minority Business Enterprise (OMBE) in the expectation that black entrepreneurs would help defuse racial tensions and possibly support his reelection.

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Despite representing less than 2% of the US population, Jews made up roughly half of all civil rights lawyers in the South during the 1960s and half of the white northern volunteers involved in the 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer project.

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suppose God is black", I replied. "What if we go to Heaven and we, all our lives, have treated the Negro as an inferior, and God is there, and we look up and He is not white? What then is our response?" There was no answer. Only silence.

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and dragged them out of bed for living together as an interracial couple, on the basis that "any white person intermarry with a colored person"— or vice versa—each party "shall be guilty of a felony" and face prison terms of five years.

3001:(LCFO), in the heart of the Alabama Black Belt, also Klan territory. It permitted its black leaders to openly promote the use of armed self-defense. Meanwhile, the Deacons for Defense and Justice expanded into Mississippi and assisted 1250:, two black ministers were brutally beaten for attempting to integrate the public library. Though there was resistance and violence, the integration of libraries was generally quicker than the integration of other public institutions. 2509:, formally broke with that organization, and made a public offer to collaborate with any civil rights organization that accepted the right to self-defense and the philosophy of Black nationalism (which Malcolm said no longer required 2095:

throughout the eastern United States via Radio Progresso beginning in 1962. In this period, Williams advocated guerilla warfare against racist institutions and saw the large ghetto riots of the era as a manifestation of his strategy.

2600:, "Malcolm X had a far-reaching effect on the civil rights movement. In the South, there had been a long tradition of self-reliance. Malcolm X's ideas now touched that tradition". Self-reliance was becoming paramount in light of the 2158:

In February 1948, Truman delivered a formal message to Congress requesting adoption of his 10-point program to secure civil rights, including anti-lynching, voter rights, and elimination of segregation. "No political act since the

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in 1962. Williams did not call for full militarization in this period, but "flexibility in the freedom struggle." Williams was well-versed in legal tactics and publicity, which he had used successfully in the internationally known

1928:, a group that offered legal representation to communists, trade unionists, and African Americans who were involved in cases that involved issues of political or racial persecution. The ILD was known for leading the defense of the 3121: 2586:

at police on March 24, 1964. Malcolm X gave numerous speeches in this period warning that such militant activity would escalate further if African Americans' rights were not fully recognized. In his landmark April 1964 speech

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to the nation, which marked the changing tide, an address that was to become a landmark for the ensuing change in political policy as to civil rights. In 1966, Robert Kennedy visited South Africa and voiced his objections to

5961: 3122: 7644: 3044:. The afro, sometimes nicknamed the "'fro," remained a popular black hairstyle until the late 1970s. Other variations of traditional African styles have become popular, often featuring braids, extensions, and dreadlocks. 2591:", Malcolm presented an ultimatum to white America: "There's new strategy coming in. It'll be Molotov cocktails this month, hand grenades next month, and something else next month. It'll be ballots, or it'll be bullets." 1205:

African Americans and other ethnic minorities rejected this regime. They resisted it in numerous ways and sought better opportunities through lawsuits, new organizations, political redress, and labor organizing (see the

1059:" was a one-party system under the white Democrats. Excepting the previously noted historic Unionist strongholds the Democratic Party nomination was tantamount to election for state and local office. In 1901, President 6531: 1730:

From 1954 to 1968, the civil rights movement in the United States made significant strides in challenging racial segregation and discrimination. The movement was catalyzed by the Supreme Court’s landmark decision in

1385:" neighborhoods "white". Ninety percent of the housing projects built in the years following World War II were racially restricted by such covenants. Cities known for their widespread use of racial covenants include 10266: 3385:

in the following years, speaking about the need for economic justice and thoroughgoing changes in American society. He believed that change was needed beyond the civil rights which had been gained by the movement.

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Winner, Lauren F. "Doubtless Sincere: New Characters in the Civil Rights Cast." In The Role of Ideas in the Civil Rights South, edited by Ted Ownby. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2002, pp. 158–159.

7936: 2913:. They called for all-black institutions, but not autonomous all-black institutions; indeed, some defenders of segregation asserted that black people needed white paternalism and oversight in order to thrive. 1751:(1961) that challenged segregation in interstate bus travel. These nonviolent protests highlighted the systemic racial injustices faced by African Americans and garnered national and international attention. 3427:

Even so, the backlash which occurred at the time was not able to roll back the major civil rights victories which had been achieved or swing the country into reaction. Social historians Matthew Lassiter and

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repeated cited the example that King advocated nonviolence, but was violently killed, as an example of its view that violent struggle was necessary for the oppressed masses of the world to free themselves.

2275:. In this case, in all cases, I say to you today that if the orders of the court are circumvented, the Department of Justice will act. We will not stand by or be aloof—we will move. I happen to believe that 1147:. By law, public facilities and government services such as education were divided into separate "white" and "colored" domains. Characteristically, those for colored were underfunded and of inferior quality. 1111:" system. The United States Supreme Court made up almost entirely of Northerners, upheld the constitutionality of those state laws that required racial segregation in public facilities in its 1896 decision 19625: 18967: 18962: 8341: 5425: 4581: 20384: 3389:

However, King's attempts to broaden the scope of the civil rights movement were halting and largely unsuccessful. In 1965 King made several attempts to take the Movement north in order to address

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The first major piece of civil rights legislation since the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was also passed under the Eisenhower administration. President Eisenhower proposed, championed, and signed the

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Winner, Lauren F. "Doubtless Sincere: New Characters in the Civil Rights Cast." In The Role of Ideas in the Civil Rights South, edited by Ted Ownby. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2002

1319:". The Great Migration resulted in many African Americans becoming urbanized, and they began to realign from the Republican to the Democratic Party, especially because of opportunities under the 6069: 3412:

on the movement's shift towards Black Power in the mid-1960s; today most scholars believe the backlash was a phenomenon that was already developing in the mid-1950s, and it was embodied in the "

816:

for combatting racial inequality through nonviolent resistance. However, some scholars note that the movement was too diverse to be credited to any particular person, organization, or strategy.

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Conference (SCLC), and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). These organizations played pivotal roles in the civil rights movement, advocating for racial equality and justice.

18715: 2525:, and leader of the Cambridge rebellion, an honored guest at The March on Washington, immediately embraced Malcolm's offer. Mrs. Richardson, "the nation's most prominent woman leader," told 4829: 15824: 9451:

Chandra, Siddharth and Angela Williams-Foster. "The 'Revolution of Rising Expectations,' Relative Deprivation, and the Urban Social Disorders of the 1960s: Evidence from State-Level Data."

2656:, credits Malcolm with a role in gaining support by the federal government. Haygood noted that "shortly after Malcolm's visit to Selma, a federal judge, responding to a suit brought by the 8179:

Soon Americans who criticized the Soviet Union for its human rights violations were answered with the famous tu quoque argument: 'A u vas negrov linchuyut' (and you are lynching Negroes).

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of 1896. Following the unanimous Supreme Court ruling, many states began to gradually integrate their schools, but some areas of the South resisted by closing public schools altogether.

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room, buy a meal, access drinking water, and attend a movie. Shortly after this act, Eisenhower utilized Hollywood personalities to pressure movie theatres into desegregating as well.

18979: 653:, most of whom had recently been enslaved. For a short period of time, African-American men voted and held political office, but as time went on Blacks were increasingly deprived of 2445:

assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Mao stated that racial discrimination in the U.S. resulted from its colonial system and that the struggle of Black people in the U.S. was an

7652: 2994:, who used arms to repel white supremacist violence and police repression. CORE's collaboration with the Deacons was effective in disrupting Jim Crow in numerous Louisiana areas. 1294:

was marked by hundreds of deaths and higher casualties across the U.S. as a result of white race riots against blacks that took place in more than three dozen cities, such as the

2314:

Kennedy for "allowing the situation to continue". King later publicly thanked Kennedy for deploying the force to break up an attack that might otherwise have ended King's life.

52: 20559: 6434:

The Black Power Movement, Part 2: The Papers of Robert F. Williams" A Guide to the Microfilm Editions of the Black Studies Research Sources (University Publications of America)

2295:

in Vienna. The White House was concerned with its image among the populations of newly independent nations in Africa and Asia, and Robert Kennedy responded with an address for

2048:

Williams—along with his wife, Mabel Williams—continued to play a leadership role in the Monroe movement, and to some degree, in the national movement. The Williamses published

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Williams led the Monroe movement in another armed stand-off with white supremacists during an August 1961 Freedom Ride; he had been invited to participate in the campaign by

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The strategy of public education, legislative lobbying, and litigation that had typified the civil rights movement during the first half of the 20th century broadened after

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Walter Rucker, "Crusader in Exile: Robert F. Williams and the International Struggle for Black Freedom in America" The Black Scholar 36, No. 2–3 (Summer–Fall 2006): 19–33.

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Civil rights activists became increasingly combative in the 1963 to 1964 period, seeking to defy such events as the thwarting of the Albany campaign, police repression and

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restored and protected voting rights by authorizing federal oversight of registration and elections in areas with historic under-representation of minority voters. The

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he wrote: "Our nation was born in genocide when it embraced the doctrine that the original American, the Indian, was an inferior race." John Echohawk, a member of the

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by creating barriers to voter registration; voting rolls were dramatically reduced as blacks and poor whites were forced out of electoral politics. After the landmark

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in the South. Over the following century, various efforts were made by African Americans to secure their legal and civil rights, such as the civil rights movements of

1491:

and frustrated by the lack of immediate practical effect, private citizens increasingly rejected gradualist, legalistic approaches as the primary tool to bring about

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for voting rights in 1965, Malcolm made it known that he'd heard reports of increased threats of lynching around Selma. In late January he sent an open telegram to

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Many of the initiatives resulted from Robert Kennedy's passion. The younger Kennedy gained a rapid education in the realities of racism through events such as the

862: 12789: 8021: 2823:. As an example of this hatred, in one year alone, from November 1957 to October 1958, temples and other Jewish communal gatherings were bombed and desecrated in 1427:

While many whites defended their space with violence, intimidation, or legal tactics toward black people, many other whites migrated to more racially homogeneous

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Others had reservations on how focused blacks were on the movement and felt that such attention was better spent on reforming issues within the black community.

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Catsam, Derek (January 2008). "The Civil Rights Movement and the Presidency in the Hot Years of the Cold War: A Historical and Historiographical Assessment".

8333: 6436: 5421: 21592: 20508: 19632: 19307: 19179: 17764: 16372: 15939: 15829: 12587: 4400: 4383: 2909:, while segregationists preferred to stick with the status quo. Second, absent from black defenders of segregation's political vocabulary was the demand for 1611:

of the Montgomery Women's Political Council put the bus boycott protest in motion. Late that night, she, John Cannon (chairman of the Business Department at

890: 20552: 7220: 6999: 4569: 21557: 20529: 17428: 15707: 14260: 10757: 6039: 1344: 893:(1870) that gave black males the right to vote (only males could vote in the U.S. at the time). From 1865 to 1877, the United States underwent a turbulent 5091: 602:

during the late 19th century and had its modern roots in the 1940s. After years of direct actions and grassroots protests, the movement made its largest

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Cha-Jua, Sundiata Keita; Lang, Clarence (Spring 2007). "The 'Long Movement' as Vampire: Temporal and Spatial Fallacies in Recent Black Freedom Studies".

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of freedmen in the South after the end of slavery. Many whites resisted the social changes, leading to the formation of insurgent movements such as the

21237: 20781: 17874: 16284: 16142: 14512: 13036: 8214: 6161: 6061: 4328: 2754:, the only nonsectarian Jewish-sponsored college university in the world, created the Transitional Year Program (TYP) in 1968, in part response to the 1848:, to help achieve freedom for themselves and their race. Several who participated in these organizations lost their jobs because of their involvement. 724:

struck down the underpinnings of laws that had allowed racial segregation and discrimination to be legal in the United States as unconstitutional. The

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food, a bed, healing aid and motherly love. Other women involved also formed church groups, bridge clubs, and professional organizations, such as the

1569:, marches or walks, and similar tactics that relied on mass mobilization, nonviolent resistance, standing in line, and, at times, civil disobedience. 21567: 21552: 21278: 20459: 18463: 17598: 15846: 15633: 1031:

maintained political control of the South. With whites controlling all the seats representing the total population of the South, they had a powerful

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and most moved into the middle-class while Blacks were left behind in the ghetto. Urban Jews engaged in the same sort of conflicts with Blacks—over

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The 1954 to 1968 civil rights movement contributed strong cultural threads to American and international theater, song, film, television, and art.

967:

African Americans were elected to Congress from the South before disenfranchisement of blacks by states throughout the region, as described below.

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was right. But my belief does not matter. It is now the law. Some of you may believe the decision was wrong. That does not matter. It is the law.

1150: 943: 306: 108: 9601: 2224:

For the first two years of the Kennedy administration, civil rights activists had mixed opinions of both the president and his younger brother,

1868:'s input was discouraged in spite of her being the oldest and most experienced person on the staff. There are many other accounts and examples. 925:. Some states were reluctant to enforce the federal measures of the act. In addition, by the early 1870s, other white supremacist and insurgent 769:

to achieve the passage of several significant pieces of federal legislation that authorized oversight and enforcement of civil rights laws. The

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King was becoming more estranged from the Johnson administration. In 1965 he broke with it by calling for peace negotiations and a halt to the

10582: 6823: 1615:) and others mimeographed and distributed thousands of leaflets calling for a boycott. The eventual success of the boycott made its spokesman 21587: 20876: 20404: 19559: 19554: 18486: 17934: 17303: 16708: 15944: 15151: 14375: 13727: 12794: 11132: 11051: 7187: 740: 6903: 2272: 1949:, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference added the word "Christian" to its name in order to deter charges that it was associated with 1735:(1954), which declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional. This ruling set the stage for further activism, including the 1705:. They taught literacy to enable blacks to pass voting tests. The program was an enormous success and tripled the number of black voters on 20845: 20752: 20429: 20248: 20099: 19275: 19111: 18820: 18810: 18468: 18458: 16326: 15923: 15739: 15680: 15263: 15221: 14977: 14972: 14967: 14962: 14957: 14952: 14947: 14942: 14937: 14932: 14434: 9996:

Clayton, Dewey M. "Black Lives Matter and the civil rights movement: A comparative analysis of two social movements in the United States."

7852: 7748: 7417: 4305: 3063:, in 1966, gained the most attention for Black Power nationally. The group began following the revolutionary pan-Africanism of late-period 1718: 1335:. After both World Wars, black veterans of the military pressed for full civil rights and often led activist movements. In 1948, President 850: 755: 278: 10076: 7562: 5799: 4830:"Civil Rights Act of 1964 – CRA – Title VII – Equal Employment Opportunities – 42 US Code Chapter 21 – findUSlaw" 3283:

There was an international context for the actions of the U.S. federal government during these years. The Soviet media frequently covered

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all willing to use arms to defend their lives from nightrides. Taking refuge from the FBI in Cuba, the Willamses broadcast the radio show

21612: 20981: 19317: 19089: 17450: 17293: 17188: 16933: 16671: 15791: 15702: 15444: 15429: 15311: 14042: 12764: 12759: 12547: 12529: 11261: 11170: 4333: 2099: 7538: 4803: 2411:." However, the increasing opposition to the Vietnam War, coupled with the cost of the war, undercut support for his domestic programs. 30:

This article is about the 1954–1968 movement in the United States. For earlier movements in the United States and others elsewhere, see

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and Birmingham were broadcast around the world. They came at an especially embarrassing time, as President Kennedy was about to have a

1634:, the leaders of the Montgomery Improvement Association, joined with other church leaders who had led similar boycott efforts, such as 591: 299: 20153: 10137:

Lang, Clarence. "Locating the civil rights movement: An essay on the Deep South, Midwest, and border South in Black Freedom Studies."

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in 1968 marked a turning point in the civil rights movement. His death sparked riots in over 100 cities and led to the passage of the

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During the Freedom Summer campaign of 1964, numerous tensions within the civil rights movement came to the forefront. Many blacks in

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instead. SNCC moved in an increasingly militant direction and worked with Malcolm X on two Harlem MFDP fundraisers in December 1964.

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administration during the Great Depression in the 1930s. Substantially under pressure from African-American supporters who began the

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Reflecting social tensions after World War I, as veterans struggled to return to the workforce and labor unions were organizing, the

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in congress, so instead issued Executive Orders 9980 and 9981 ending discrimination in federal employment and in the armed forces.

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marginalized the SCLC's campaign by promising to "study" the city's problems. In 1966, white demonstrators in notoriously racist

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Numerous popular cultural expressions associated with black power appeared at this time. Released in August 1968, the number one

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Kryn, Randall L. "James L. Bevel, The Strategist of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement", 1984 paper with 1988 addendum, printed in

9319:

Wendt, Simon The Spirit and the Shotgun: Armed Resistance and the Struggle for Civil Rights (University of Florida Press, 2007).

3067:, using a "by-any-means necessary" approach to stopping racial inequality. They sought to rid African-American neighborhoods of 1417:

Said premises shall not be rented, leased, or conveyed to, or occupied by, any person other than of the white or Caucasian race.

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Fannie Lou Hamer, Speech Delivered with Malcolm X at the Williams Institutional CME Church, Harlem, New York, December 20, 1964

3436:

and middle-class, not working-class whites: "among the white electorate, one half of blue-collar voters…cast their ballot for

3259:

and disenfranchisement present in Northern Ireland many Irish activists took inspiration from American civil rights activists.

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influenced some components of the Black liberation movement, including the Black Panther Party and black self-defense advocate

1125:

gave in to demands by Southern members of his cabinet and ordered segregation of workplaces throughout the federal government.

118: 31: 6867: 5514:"Racial Restrictive Covenants: Enforcing Neighborhood Segregation in Seattle – Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project" 4856: 2986:

denial of voting status for the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party at the Democratic National Convention. Meanwhile, during

2608:(MFDP) and instead to seat the regular state delegation, which had been elected in violation of the party's own rules, and by 21252: 21179: 20815: 19527: 19485: 19297: 17845: 17711: 17706: 17591: 17315: 17203: 17073: 16977: 16886: 16810: 16355: 16321: 15336: 15326: 15321: 15179: 15174: 15038: 15003: 14313: 12552: 10672: 10551: 10407: 10392: 10338: 10317: 10255: 10234: 10209: 10186: 9912: 9876: 9818: 9734: 9679: 9310: 9232: 9211: 9184: 9163: 9139: 9116: 9088: 9052: 8982: 8944: 8899: 8878: 8859: 8836: 8806: 8727: 8704: 8669: 8640: 8583: 8560: 8537: 8482: 8404: 8334:"Gillman on Klarman, 'From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality' | H-Law | H-Net" 8317: 8224: 8166: 7920: 7893: 7814: 7621: 7506: 7447: 7313: 7076: 6960: 6939: 6764: 6675: 6417: 6237: 6180: 6145: 5955: 5845: 5716: 5567: 5182: 5152: 5043: 4964: 4866: 4556: 4338: 4285: 4280: 3528: 3483: 2673: 1724: 1207: 957: 953: 797:, which lasted from 1965 to 1975, challenged Black leaders of the movement for its cooperative attitude and its adherence to 674: 670: 17: 9387:

Bader, Michael D.M., and Siri Warkentien. "The fragmented evolution of racial integration since the civil rights movement."

6122: 2786:, Jewish-Black hostility was a two-way street extending to earlier decades. In the post-World War II era, Jews were granted 21333: 20958: 20163: 19618: 19475: 19460: 19324: 19233: 19228: 19162: 17623: 17511: 17408: 17345: 17335: 17218: 17009: 16972: 16901: 16733: 16698: 16249: 15979: 15712: 15483: 15434: 15407: 15331: 15290: 14832: 13093: 12938: 11402: 11350: 11296: 10698: 10624: 6725: 3582: 2605: 1789: 1577: 1107:

state-sanctioned racial discrimination and oppression that emerged from the post-Reconstruction South became known as the "

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to get involved. Many Republican governors were afraid of sending black militia troops to fight the Klan for fear of war.

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Blessed Are The Peacemakers: Martin Luther King Jr., Eight White Religious Leaders, and the "Letter from Birmingham Jail"

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took place in Los Angeles. Many black youths were committed to the use of violence to protest inequality and oppression.

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riots in Atlanta which later became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement, with Martin Luther King Jr.

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Many popular representations of the civil rights movement are centered on the charismatic leadership and philosophy of

721: 662: 10497: 5988:

Urban, Dennis J. (2002). "The Women of SNCC: Struggle, Sexism, and the Emergence of Feminist Consciousness, 1960–66".

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The Jim Crow system employed "terror as a means of social control," with the most organized manifestations being the

638: 452: 6202: 5447: 5278: 5107:

Klarman, Michael J.; 'The White Primary Rulings: A Case Study in the Consequences of Supreme Court Decisionmaking';

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wrote: "In the most remote villages of Russia today Americans are frequently asked what they are going to do to the

2713:

Rights era. Jews made up roughly half of the white northern and western volunteers involved in the 1964 Mississippi

21096: 21041: 21019: 20965: 20838: 19645: 19515: 19480: 19465: 19223: 18825: 18069: 18039: 17855: 17584: 17487: 17433: 17418: 17320: 17155: 16631: 16584: 16579: 16481: 16408: 16108: 15873: 15402: 14269: 13217: 12896: 12638: 11109: 10996: 9038: 6592: 6433: 6271: 4367: 3962: 3421: 3288: 2967: 2959: 2260: 1129: 1036: 1028: 906: 10576: 7465: 2724:, in June 1964, where the largest mass arrest of rabbis in American history took place at the Monson Motor Lodge. 2267:

Our position is quite clear. We are upholding the law. The federal government would not be running the schools in

1039:—the "party of Lincoln" and the party to which most blacks had belonged—shrank to insignificance except in remote 21364: 21245: 20937: 20868: 20501: 20494: 20487: 20480: 20473: 20466: 20420: 20346: 19522: 19445: 19240: 19084: 18815: 18680: 18385: 18024: 17521: 17310: 17251: 17160: 17051: 17026: 16523: 16513: 16078: 15996: 15934: 15918: 15764: 15759: 15523: 15503: 15493: 15488: 14401: 14320: 13178: 13086: 12923: 12911: 11387: 11325: 9855: 6996: 3501: 3478: 3260: 3256: 3201: 2991: 1845: 1183: 492: 10267:"A Marble House Divided: The Lincoln Memorial, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Politics of Memory, 1939–1963" 6849: 6568:"A Brief History of Jews and the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s | Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism" 6020: 2306:

documentary notes that, "The back burner issue of civil rights had collided with the urgent demands of Cold War

773:

explicitly banned all discrimination based on race, including racial segregation in schools, businesses, and in

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Lawson, Steven F. (April 1991). "Freedom Then, Freedom Now: The Historiography of the Civil Rights Movement".

9392: 7830: 5587: 5537:"Racist language is still woven into home deeds across America. Erasing it isn't easy, and some don't want to" 21582: 21403: 21063: 21027: 20304: 20133: 19329: 19262: 19245: 19191: 19140: 19079: 18984: 18945: 18885: 18685: 18074: 18054: 17861: 17840: 17256: 17120: 17036: 16967: 16938: 16876: 16766: 16738: 16382: 15754: 15647: 14885: 14172: 13297: 12933: 12876: 12675: 11017: 10990: 10808: 10501: 10450: 8515:

Cannato, Vincent "The Ungovernable City: John Lindsay and his struggle to save New York" Better Books, 2001.

7578:

Cannato, Vincent "The Ungovernable City: John Lindsay and his struggle to save New York" Better Books, 2001.

4935: 4362: 4311: 4087: 3184:, donned human rights badges and each raised a black-gloved Black Power salute during their podium ceremony. 1898: 1232:

ruled that segregation of public schools in the US was unconstitutional and, by implication, overturned the "

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that occurred in the United States during the same period. The social movement's span of time is called the

3401:, a suburb of Chicago, held "white power" signs and threw stones at marchers who were demonstrating against 2287:, Robert Kennedy became concerned with the issue when photographs of the burning bus and savage beatings in 2167:, "so profoundly influenced race relations; in a sense it was a repeal of 1877." Truman was opposed by the 21447: 21165: 21048: 20113: 20069: 19994: 19152: 19128: 19123: 19106: 19074: 19017: 18130: 18079: 17912: 17551: 17544: 17477: 17340: 17223: 17145: 17135: 16989: 16950: 16906: 16866: 16823: 16771: 16703: 16676: 16636: 16614: 16423: 16237: 16184: 16117: 15974: 15930: 15858: 15779: 15697: 15508: 15372: 15201: 15109: 14917: 14865: 14691: 14529: 14340: 14335: 13695: 13055: 13021: 12928: 12784: 12769: 12393: 11913: 11437: 11238: 11145: 11034: 8371: 6953:

Bobby and J. Edgar: The Historic Face-Off Between the Kennedys and J. Edgar Hoover That Transformed America

6381: 5816: 4318: 3588: 3292: 2130: 1706: 1328: 866: 7244: 5536: 1475:. Davis briefly married a black dancer in 1958 to protect himself from mob violence. In 1958, officers in 1020:

of excluding African Americans from the political system lasted in the remainder of the South, especially

21412: 20627: 20319: 20284: 20105: 19932: 19641: 19417: 19409: 19352: 19267: 18755: 18660: 18516: 18498: 18400: 18059: 18029: 17754: 17674: 17653: 17472: 17423: 17238: 17140: 17063: 16945: 16841: 16666: 16651: 16589: 16224: 16179: 15986: 15868: 15722: 14585: 14466: 14360: 14115: 13966: 13337: 13236: 12828: 12562: 12323: 11320: 11286: 11266: 11150: 11029: 10736: 10570: 7330: 6665: 5745: 5495: 3472: 3284: 3268: 3223: 2987: 2632: 2621: 2527: 2276: 1925: 1792:(and other Mississippi-based organizations) is an example of local grassroots leadership in the movement. 1732: 1589: 1303: 1224: 999: 734: 714: 536: 168: 98: 9409: 9002:

From Civil Rights to Black Power: The Case of SNCC" in Twentieth Century America: Recent Interpretations

8738: 2202: 21433: 21340: 21186: 20884: 19435: 19372: 19362: 18912: 18670: 18630: 17987: 17681: 17376: 17246: 17078: 17058: 17046: 16856: 16846: 16528: 16433: 16046: 16036: 15563: 15558: 15548: 15543: 15065: 14696: 14308: 13208: 12906: 12774: 12744: 11728: 11483: 11372: 11302: 10773: 10481: 6617: 3576: 3271:. During the civil rights movement in Northern Ireland protesters often sang the American protest song 3264: 2732:

in New York, was outspoken on the subject of civil rights. He marched arm-in-arm with King in the 1965

1921:, executive director of the CRC, delivered copies of the drafted petition to a UN delegation in Paris. 1179: 870: 646: 4424:

Various other dates have been proposed as the date on which the civil rights movement began or ended.

2248:. The president came to share his brother's sense of urgency on the matter, resulting in the landmark 1370: 21103: 20712: 20698: 20609: 20213: 20198: 19979: 19906: 19766: 19691: 19344: 19157: 18989: 18550: 18049: 17887: 17694: 16955: 16261: 16066: 16061: 15623: 15077: 14676: 14626: 14621: 14518: 14330: 13946: 13380: 13372: 13361: 12572: 12403: 12373: 12308: 11793: 11432: 11412: 11382: 11291: 11225: 11198: 11164: 10907: 10688: 10614: 4212: 4182: 4157: 3832: 3378: 3371: 2852: 2763: 2741: 1759: 1526: 1451: 1355: 1295: 1284: 778: 642: 566: 556: 338: 230: 14456: 9672:

Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present

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To Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference & Martin Luther King

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The Dream Deferred: The Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., and the Holy Week Uprisings of 1968

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project and approximately half of the civil rights attorneys active in the South during the 1960s.

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which, in turn, gave loans to civil rights activists who were victims of a "credit squeeze" by the

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by the U.S. Government), they lost favor with mainstream Black America as well as with the NAACP.

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Joseph Schwantner: New Morning for the World; Nicolas Flagello: The Passion of Martin Luther King

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African American Political Thought and American Culture: The Nation's Struggle for Racial Justice

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Gyant, LaVerne (1996). "Passing the Torch: African American Women in the Civil Rights Movement".

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longstanding relations there, many of the Attorney-General's programs would not have progressed.

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People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War

1093:

During the same time as African Americans were being disenfranchised, white southerners imposed

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had stated publicly that "the Black Muslim movement is the only one in the country we can call

2168: 1924:

Patterson, the editor of the petition, was a leader of the Communist Party USA and head of the

1897:

to the United Nations, arguing that the U.S. federal government, by its failure to act against

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Labor of love, labor of sorrow: Black women, work, and the family, from slavery to the present

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Power, Protest, and the Public Schools: Jewish and African American Struggles in New York City

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Peter J. Ling, "What a difference a death makes: JFK, LBJ, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964."

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Robert Kennedy expressed the administration's commitment to civil rights during a May 6, 1961

2024:) which resulted in KKK leader James W. "Catfish" Cole being convicted of incitement to riot. 21221: 20759: 20690: 20334: 19989: 19984: 19761: 19675: 19357: 18870: 18735: 18690: 18506: 18225: 18190: 18009: 17992: 17799: 17213: 16896: 15568: 15533: 15528: 15471: 15454: 14852: 14838: 14756: 14741: 14575: 14474: 14213: 14080: 13478: 13470: 13255: 13198: 12871: 12408: 12223: 11853: 11758: 11738: 11708: 11397: 11392: 11139: 11104: 11002: 10966: 10563: 10463: 9808: 9493:

Poll Power: The Voter Education Project and the Movement for the Ballot in the American South

9300: 9243: 9153: 7535: 7496: 7066: 6754: 5947: 5344: 4222: 4117: 3792: 3541: 3032:

and Italian Americans. Until the mid-1960s, blacks had dressed similarly to whites and often

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I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle

9748:

I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle

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Arise, Africa! Roar, China! Black and Chinese Citizens of the World in the Twentieth Century

5835: 5474: 5198: 3358:

King reached the height of popular acclaim during his life in 1964, when he was awarded the

2794:, local control of schools, housing, crime, communal identity, and class divides—that other 2137:

was created to address racial discrimination in employment, and in 1946, Truman created the

1369:

became a nationwide problem following the Great Migration of black people out of the South.

1331:, President Roosevelt issued the first federal order banning discrimination and created the 21507: 21317: 21110: 20928: 20329: 20269: 20203: 20039: 19999: 19813: 19791: 19786: 19771: 19599: 19007: 18770: 18581: 18533: 18405: 18295: 18200: 17967: 17957: 17929: 17794: 17648: 17565: 16693: 16567: 16458: 15836: 15268: 15248: 15196: 15146: 15087: 15018: 14661: 13245: 12891: 12779: 12577: 12458: 12363: 12173: 11803: 10961: 10693: 10533: 9785: 9688:

Hiring the Black Worker: The Racial Integration of the Southern Textile Industry, 1960–1980

8609: 8551:

Civilities and civil rights: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black struggle for freedom

5513: 5329:

Fultz, M. (2006). "Black Public Libraries in the South in the Era of De Jure Segregation",

4887:"Robert F. Williams, 'Black Power,' and the Roots of the African American Freedom Struggle" 4372: 4057: 4032: 3837: 3827: 3409: 3214: 3181: 3006: 2963: 2935: 2664:, registrars to process at least 100 Black applications each day their offices were open." 2334: 2249: 2184: 2021: 2001: 1918: 1671: 1620: 1538: 1459: 1455: 1340: 1064: 794: 9492: 8871:

The Nashville Way: Racial Etiquette and the Struggle for Social Justice in a Southern City

8756:

Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference

6557:, Southern Exposure, Winter 1996, Investigating U.S. History (City University of New York) 5478: 765:

prevalent in the Southern states. In the 1960s, moderates in the movement worked with the

8: 21261: 20831: 20808: 20719: 20593: 20253: 20168: 20158: 20014: 19891: 19660: 19610: 19382: 18740: 18655: 18135: 17924: 17814: 17744: 17105: 17021: 16831: 16547: 16232: 15863: 15060: 14781: 14751: 14746: 14736: 14726: 14393: 14345: 14150: 13922: 13800: 13313: 12654: 12615: 12163: 12123: 12073: 11983: 11943: 11918: 11873: 11678: 11633: 11478: 11458: 11427: 11422: 11365: 11276: 11071: 11024: 10974: 10935: 10600: 10522: 8310:

The Fierce Urgency of Now: Lyndon Johnson, Congress, and the Battle for the Great Society

7885:

We Are an African People: Independent Education, Black Power, and the Radical Imagination

6343: 5391: 4886: 3737: 3607: 3402: 3060: 3048: 2848: 2751: 2640: 2571: 2518: 2454: 2347: 2271:

any more than it is running the University of Georgia or the schools in my home state of

1883: 1619:, a nationally known figure. It also inspired other bus boycotts, such as the successful 1600: 1366: 1052: 790: 710: 551: 462: 62: 19387: 6886:"COINTELPRO Revisited – Spying & Disruption – In Black and White: The F.B.I. Papers" 20906: 20634: 20173: 20054: 19455: 19392: 19135: 18593: 18360: 18340: 18245: 18170: 17997: 17902: 17892: 17880: 17771: 17668: 17643: 16345: 16333: 16051: 16041: 16018: 16001: 15397: 15141: 15136: 15008: 14686: 14656: 14021: 13991: 13932: 13791: 13627: 13422: 13353: 13160: 13142: 12971: 12739: 12723: 12716: 12695: 12687: 12681: 12644: 12478: 12388: 12368: 12293: 12273: 12263: 12243: 12158: 12043: 11988: 11933: 11838: 11618: 11533: 11192: 11176: 11156: 10922: 10887: 10814: 10365: 10289: 10198: 10165: 10111: 10021: 9985: 9755: 9667: 9565: 9405: 9265: 9255: 9042: 8572: 8427: 7195: 6978: 6226: 6026: 5997: 5893: 5885: 5403: 5395: 5348: 4917: 4705: 4395: 4257: 4207: 4142: 4132: 4122: 4052: 3947: 3912: 3862: 3817: 3702: 3652: 3429: 3413: 3382: 3333: 3158: 3033: 3021: 2910: 2791: 2697: 2471: 2268: 2160: 2017: 1917:, a concert singer and activist, presented it to a UN official in New York City, while 1892: 1651: 1643: 1525:

had planned a march on Washington, D.C., in 1941 to support demands for elimination of

1522: 1516: 1496: 1378: 1238: 1233: 1144: 1118: 1113: 1068: 1060: 1004: 894: 858: 746: 729: 702: 682: 666: 634: 611: 599: 541: 422: 201: 163: 144: 10589:"Teaching the Movement 2014: The State of Civil Rights Education in the United States" 10459: 9801:

The art of protest: Culture and activism from the Civil Rights Movement to the present

9775:

Historical dictionary of school segregation and desegregation: The American experience

9602:

Kousser, J. Morgan, "The Supreme Court And The Undoing of the Second Reconstruction,"

9108:

Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics: African Americans and Asian Americans

6547: 4956:

Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics: African Americans and Asian Americans

4696:

Driver, Justin (October 2012). "The Constitutional Conservatism of the Warren Court".

2329:

On the night of Governor Wallace's capitulation to African-American enrollment at the

1222:

efforts. Its crowning achievement was its legal victory in the Supreme Court decision

877:. Following the Civil War, three constitutional amendments were passed, including the 21471: 20324: 20243: 20059: 19848: 19825: 19733: 19670: 18902: 18623: 18285: 18255: 17850: 17607: 17088: 16244: 15596: 15094: 15013: 14998: 14811: 14801: 14776: 14641: 13908: 13881: 13737: 13563: 13494: 12839: 12754: 12749: 12709: 12582: 12353: 12338: 12303: 12083: 12003: 11948: 11733: 10897: 10892: 10764: 10750: 10743: 10704: 10432: 10424: 10403: 10388: 10369: 10334: 10313: 10251: 10230: 10205: 10182: 9989: 9960: 9923: 9908: 9872: 9814: 9786:

Imprisoned in a Luminous Glare: Photography and the African American Freedom Struggle

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From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality

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Weiner, Tim (2012). Enemies: A History of the FBI (1st ed.). New York: Random House.

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of June 1963 and the introduction of the first major civil rights act of the decade.

2225: 2209: 1861: 1247: 1040: 1012:, progress was made in increasing black political participation in the Rim South and 813: 706: 650: 477: 427: 10629: 10468: 10004:

Eagles, Charles W. (November 2000). "Toward New Histories of the Civil Rights Era".

9254:(2008). 720pp comprehensive history of civil rights issue in the North, 1930s–2000s 8275: 6868:"Ripple of Hope in the Land of Apartheid: Robert Kennedy in South Africa, June 1966" 6257: 4936:"How the end of slavery led to starvation and death for millions of black Americans" 3187:

King was not comfortable with the "Black Power" slogan, which sounded too much like

2407:

Lyndon Johnson made civil rights one of his highest priorities, coupling it with a "

2141:. On June 29, 1947, Truman became the first president to address the demands of the 21149: 20736: 20586: 20351: 20009: 19948: 19886: 19711: 19706: 19701: 19058: 19029: 19024: 18922: 18890: 18863: 18588: 18205: 18175: 18165: 18160: 17727: 17004: 16851: 16557: 16377: 15387: 15228: 15211: 15206: 15045: 14816: 14771: 14706: 14651: 13643: 13226: 13016: 13001: 12991: 12961: 12702: 12649: 12498: 12483: 12448: 12313: 12258: 12248: 12143: 12018: 11953: 11828: 11743: 11703: 11693: 11683: 11668: 11663: 11638: 11528: 10912: 10827: 10790: 10491: 10281: 10157: 10103: 10062:"Using 'Master Narratives' to Teach History: The Case of the Civil Rights Movement" 10046: 10013: 9977: 9956: 9886:

We Ain't What We Ought to Be: The Black Freedom Struggle from Emancipation to Obama

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Brown v. Board of Education : a civil rights milestone and its troubled legacy

9743: 9717: 9532:(3 Vol. 2nd ed. 2005; several multivolume editions). Short biographies by scholars. 9203: 8659: 8451:

Keeping the Faith: Race, Politics and Social Development in Jacksonville, 1940–1970

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Keeping the Faith: Race, Politics and Social Development in Jacksonville, 1940–1970

6871: 5943: 5877: 5387: 5360: 5035: 4901: 4520: 4300: 4242: 4107: 3857: 3767: 3762: 3752: 3732: 3712: 3398: 3394: 3068: 2905:-style integration, nationalists articulate a third alternative to integration and 2616: 2583: 2510: 2446: 2296: 2236:

wrote that the race question was for a long time a minor ethnic political issue in

2233: 2146: 2091: 2086: 2042: 1981: 1807: 1785: 1596: 1530: 1500: 922: 914: 385: 239: 177: 66: 10620: 8972: 5911: 2692: 2543: 2052:, a nationally circulated newsletter, beginning in 1960, and the influential book 1467:

While interracial marriage had been legal in California since 1948, in 1957 actor

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Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

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There Goes My Everything: White Southerners in the Age of Civil Rights, 1945–1975

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The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change

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Race, Reform and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction in Black America, 1945–1982

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But for Birmingham: The Local and National Struggles in the Civil Rights Movement

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Jewish leaders were arrested while heeding a call from Martin Luther King Jr. in

2506: 2423:. The act immediately ended de jure (legal) segregation and the era of Jim Crow. 2369: 2256: 2082: 1954: 1929: 1659: 1631: 1624: 1608: 1581: 1468: 1463: 1316: 1021: 1009: 983: 918: 910: 720:

At the culmination of a legal strategy pursued by African Americans, in 1954 the

698: 447: 432: 405: 20143: 10490:– provides movement history, personal stories, documents, and photos (hosted by 8788:

A Concise Chronicle History of the African-American People Experience in America

6700:"'Unless we progress, we regress': How Eisenhower Broke Ground on Desegregation" 4728: 21495: 21442: 21087: 21011: 20019: 19901: 19796: 19726: 19490: 18895: 18858: 18848: 18608: 18603: 18545: 18380: 18310: 18240: 18235: 17739: 17663: 17183: 17083: 16466: 15601: 15591: 15586: 15581: 15253: 15116: 15050: 14860: 14806: 14385: 14159: 13897: 13711: 13651: 13547: 13151: 13050: 13031: 12620: 12468: 12453: 12383: 12333: 12298: 12283: 12268: 12228: 12208: 12198: 12153: 12138: 12118: 11888: 11858: 11848: 11818: 11808: 11718: 11688: 11488: 11114: 11066: 10956: 10511: 10310:

The African American Experience: An Historiographical and Bibliographical Guide

9626:

Encyclopedia of African-American civil rights: from emancipation to the present

9375: 9357: 9149: 9099:

Race and Politics: Asian Americans, Latinos, and Whites in a Los Angeles Suburb

7062: 7019: 6403: 6015: 5881: 4988:

Race and Politics: Asian Americans, Latinos, and Whites in a Los Angeles Suburb

4679: 4252: 4232: 4147: 4127: 4047: 4027: 3997: 3932: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3757: 3441: 3417: 3025: 2806:, pitting largely Jewish schoolteachers against predominantly Black parents in 2714: 2408: 2398: 2323: 1985: 1938: 1910: 1748: 1698: 1678: 1122: 759: 728:

made a series of landmark rulings against racist discrimination, including the

521: 437: 10051: 10034: 8439:

Exposing the Whole Segregation Myth: The Harlem Nine and New York City Schools

6091: 3036:. As a part of affirming their identity, blacks started to wear African-based 1781: 21541: 21214: 21200: 21082: 20374: 20233: 20218: 20183: 19967: 19871: 18448: 18430: 18420: 18390: 18335: 18290: 18275: 18220: 18210: 18195: 18145: 18140: 18110: 17907: 17835: 17658: 16164: 15464: 15273: 14908: 14711: 14646: 14176: 14106: 13861: 13619: 13595: 13587: 13555: 13026: 12956: 12804: 12670: 12493: 12423: 12328: 12178: 12113: 12098: 12088: 12048: 11973: 11963: 11923: 11908: 11798: 11788: 11748: 11698: 11573: 11498: 11468: 10579: – Part of "Teaching Tolerance" project published on September 19, 2011. 10559: 9574:

Redefining the Color Line: Black Activism in Little Rock, Arkansas, 1940–1970

9432: 9322: 9262:

The origins of the urban crisis : race and inequality in postwar Detroit

8960: 7744: 7640: 7264: 6502: 6486: 6467: 6035: 5378:

Tolnay, Stewart (2003). "The African American 'Great Migration' and Beyond".

5217: 4913: 4267: 4187: 4062: 4012: 3992: 3942: 3937: 3907: 3902: 3727: 3632: 3416:" movement in the South where even the few moderate white leaders (including 3300: 3219: 3192:

damage for more than a generation; other city neighborhoods never recovered.

3002: 2795: 2783: 2709: 2533: 2382: 2292: 2284: 2237: 2164: 2062: 1828: 1754:

The movement achieved legislative victories, most notably the passage of the

1655: 1639: 1566: 1558: 1504: 1171:, denial of economic opportunities, and widespread employment discrimination. 1160: 949: 762: 658: 583: 113: 13065: 10543: 9252:

Sweet Land of Liberty: The Forgotten Struggle for Civil Rights in the North

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from Australia also wears an OPHR badge in solidarity with Smith and Carlos.

2819:

Jewish involvement in the struggle in order to commit violently antisemitic

1913:). The petition was presented to the United Nations at two separate venues: 1258: 1078: 21531: 21519: 21228: 20988: 20538: 20289: 20228: 20064: 18760: 18528: 18453: 18425: 18410: 18395: 18350: 18325: 18305: 18215: 18185: 18180: 18150: 18100: 17952: 17638: 16471: 16443: 15498: 14721: 14671: 14636: 14194: 14163: 14137: 14067: 13821: 13716: 13659: 13635: 13611: 13454: 13430: 12986: 12966: 12488: 12443: 12438: 12398: 12233: 12213: 12168: 12103: 12038: 12023: 11938: 11928: 11883: 11833: 11823: 11813: 11783: 11778: 11768: 11753: 11713: 11648: 11628: 11623: 11603: 11598: 11588: 11548: 11503: 11473: 10856: 10583:"Teaching Tolerance Publishes Guide for Teaching the Civil Rights Movement" 9881: 9470: 8200: 8161: 7724:"Allen J. Matusow "From Civil Rights to Black Power: The Case of SNCC", in 7265:"Film clip of Harlem CORE chairman Gladys Harrington speaking on Malcolm X" 7188:"Cambridge, Maryland, activists campaign for desegregation, USA, 1962–1963" 4262: 4237: 4162: 4092: 3982: 3922: 3892: 3887: 3852: 3847: 3822: 3812: 3802: 3797: 3782: 3742: 3707: 3692: 3637: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3546: 3362:. After that point, his career was filled with frustrating challenges. The 3275:

and sometimes referred to themselves as the "negroes of Northern Ireland".

3173: 3010: 2971: 2945: 2864: 2799: 2609: 2575: 2073: 2058: 2008: 1977: 1914: 1686: 1682: 1635: 1436: 1382: 1336: 1229: 1194: 1133: 1089:. Postcards and photographs of lynchings were popular souvenirs in the U.S. 926: 902: 898: 874: 845: 725: 654: 619: 400: 10356:

Carson, Clayborne; Garrow, David J.; Kovach, Bill; Polsgrove, Carol, eds.

10200:

Civil Rights Crossroads: Nation, Community, and the Black Freedom Struggle

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Sing for freedom: The story of the civil rights movement through its songs

9933:

For All the World to See: Visual Culture and the Struggle for Civil Rights

9662:, 'The US Civil Rights Movement: Power from Below and Above, 1945–70', in 9196: 7937:"Year End Charts – Year-end Singles – Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs" 6726:"Ike's Forgotten Legacy on Civil Rights: A Lesson in Leadership for Today" 5028: 3393:. The SCLC's campaign in Chicago publicly failed, because Chicago's Mayor 1214:(NAACP) was founded in 1909. It fought to end race discrimination through 897:

during which the federal government tried to establish free labor and the

20602: 20356: 20279: 19876: 19721: 19696: 18780: 18765: 18613: 18576: 18415: 18370: 18355: 18120: 18115: 17962: 16748: 16279: 15616: 15518: 15258: 15121: 14877: 14791: 14616: 14414: 14233: 14185: 13732: 13539: 13502: 13446: 13078: 13006: 12976: 12603: 12567: 12508: 12503: 12463: 12413: 12348: 12343: 12253: 12203: 12133: 12128: 12068: 12053: 11903: 11898: 11763: 11643: 11613: 11553: 11518: 10779: 10585: – Part of "Teaching Tolerance" project published on March 26, 2014. 9851: 9659: 9649: 9061:

Robinson, Jo Ann & Garrow, David J. (foreword by Coretta Scott King)

8474:

Black Maverick: T.R.M. Howard's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power

7912:

Black Against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party

6197: 5770:

Robinson, Jo Ann & Garrow, David J. (foreword by Coretta Scott King)

5733:

Black Maverick: T.R.M. Howard's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power

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Walton, Hanes (junior); Puckett, Sherman and Deskins Donald R. (junior);

4247: 4227: 4217: 4082: 4037: 4002: 3987: 3787: 3772: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3657: 3205: 3177: 3165: 3129: 3056: 3052: 2952: 2931: 2888: 2775: 2307: 2078: 2065:

sit-ins in Monroe—all with armed self-defense as a complementary tactic.

1972: 1702: 1508: 1503:. In defiance, African-American activists adopted a combined strategy of 1402: 1072: 1056: 1032: 970: 802: 686: 615: 603: 134: 14544: 10385:

Challenging the Mississippi Firebombers, Memories of Mississippi 1964–65

10142: 9806: 9525:. North Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005. 9456: 9293:

Business in Black and White: American presidents and Black Entrepreneurs

9286:

We Will Shoot Back: Armed Resistance in the Mississippi Freedom Movement

7352:

We Will Shoot Back: Armed Resistance in the Mississippi Freedom Movement

7050:

Business in Black and White: American Presidents and Black Entrepreneurs

6001: 5399: 4709: 2482: 1350: 990:

From 1890 to 1908, southern states passed new constitutions and laws to

291: 21483: 21193: 20309: 19781: 18315: 18300: 18270: 18265: 18014: 17982: 17821: 17789: 15611: 15417: 15243: 15238: 15156: 14761: 14128: 13603: 13579: 13531: 13486: 12630: 12288: 12218: 12188: 12058: 12033: 11978: 11878: 11493: 11463: 10414: 10293: 10169: 10115: 10025: 9272:

The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund

8818:

The Deacons for Defense: Armed Resistance and the Civil Rights Movement

8631:

Weary Feet, Rested Souls: A Guided History of the Civil Rights Movement

8613: 7806:

The Deacons for Defense: Armed Resistance and the Civil Rights Movement

7462: 7134: 6982: 6253: 5889: 4921: 4137: 4102: 4072: 4042: 3972: 3627: 3363: 3180:, while being awarded the gold and bronze medals, respectively, at the 3145: 3075: 2820: 2537: 2441: 2378: 2373: 2069: 2038: 1946: 1865: 1836: 1816: 1812: 1740: 1647: 1604: 1603:

bus in March 1955, a bus boycott was considered and rejected. But when

1443:

in the North and West, where much housing was older, as well as South.

1291: 1215: 1044: 995: 678: 20084: 18651:

Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)

9031:

Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision

7613:

Blackface, White Noise: Jewish Immigrants in the Hollywood Melting Pot

6409:

Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision

5680:"A. Philip Randolph, the union leader who led the March on Washington" 5560:

Block by block: neighborhoods and public policy on Chicago's West Side

5002:"Black voting rights, 15th Amendment still challenged after 150 years" 4778: 4753: 21117: 20294: 19738: 18929: 18775: 18280: 18064: 18002: 17897: 17100: 17093: 14221: 12608: 12078: 12063: 9463:

Road to Freedom: Photographs of the Civil Rights Movement, 1956–1968,

8103:"Dr. King's Impact on the Fight for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland" 8053:"'I have a dream for all God's children,' Martin Luther King Jr. Day" 5089:

Black-American Representatives and Senators by Congress, 1870–Present

3747: 3245: 3086:

Black Power was taken to another level inside prison walls. In 1966,

3072: 3064: 2884: 2844: 2828: 2560: 2547: 2502: 2488: 2339: 1950: 1694: 1585: 1472: 1410: 1398: 1390: 1312: 1098: 649:

granted emancipation and constitutional rights of citizenship to all

623: 21478: 17576: 10285: 10161: 10107: 10017: 9654:

Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930–1970

8965:

The Betrayal of the Negro from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson

7597:

How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says About Race in America

5222:

The Betrayal of the Negro from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson

4905: 3240: 1279: 21308: 20314: 19917: 19896: 19402: 19397: 18907: 15283: 15233: 14600: 11968: 10588: 10089:"The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past" 9924:

Seeing through Race: A Reinterpretation of Civil Rights Photography

9502:. New York: W.W. Norton. 1981. Viking Press Reprint edition. 1983. 9279:

Radio Free Dixie: Robert F. Williams and the Roots of "Black Power"

9080:

Kennedy, Johnson, and the Quest for Justice: The Civil Rights Tapes

8445:, Jeanne Theoharis, Komozi Woodard, eds.(Palgrave Macmillan, 2003). 8443:

Freedom north: Black freedom struggles outside the South, 1940–1980

6307:

Radio Free Dixie: Robert F. Williams and the Roots of "Black Power"

6062:"Women in the Civil Rights Movement – Civil Rights History Project" 5660:"Hollywood Loved Sammy Davis Jr. Until He Dated a White Movie Star" 5140: 3777: 3433: 2906: 2868: 2840: 1902: 1709:. SCLC took over the program and duplicated its results elsewhere. 1476: 1428: 1320: 1219: 1108: 1082: 1013: 798: 21490: 18666:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

10596: 9155:

The Nixon Effect: How His Presidency Has Changed American Politics

8510:

The Bystander: John F. Kennedy And the Struggle for Black Equality

7702: 7068:

The Nixon Effect: How His Presidency Has Changed American Politics

2997:

In 1965, SNCC helped organize an independent political party, the

885:(1869) that gave black people citizenship, adding their total for 18019: 14093: 13851: 12557: 9523:

Our Separate Ways: Women and the Black Freedom Movement in Durham

6756:

The Bill of the Century: The Epic Battle for the Civil Rights Act

3249: 3037: 2824: 1933: 1667: 1440: 1432: 1406: 1394: 1386: 1359: 1198: 1103: 690: 3444:

draw substantially more blue-collar than white-collar support."

3204:

of the 1960s and many of its leaders. Native Americans had been

1174:

Violence. Individual, police, paramilitary, organizational, and

1132:", when the number of lynchings was highest. While tensions and 20419: 20299: 20193: 19881: 18853: 13121: 12625: 10591: – Part of "Teaching Tolerance" project published in 2014. 10560:

We Shall Overcome: Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement

9723:

All Deliberate Speed: Reflections on the First Half Century of

9614:

edited by David Garrow, New York: Carlson Publishing Co., 1989.

8652:

Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy

8216:

Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy

5084: 5082: 5080: 5078: 3466: 3312:

Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy

2628:

in efforts to gain their independence, many in SNCC applauded.

2467: 1857: 1562: 1048: 7996:"Facebook labels declaration of independence as 'hate speech'" 7131:

Reading Tolkien in Chinese: Religion, Fantasy, and Translation

3535: 3291:

hypocritical, the Soviet government would respond by stating "

2000:

Armed Lumbee Indians aggressively confronting Klansmen in the

758:. The rulings played a crucial role in bringing an end to the 21172: 18665: 11360: 9510:. Yale University Press; Revised and Expanded edition. 2006. 8078:"How Martin Luther King inspired a Northern Ireland uprising" 7971:"Dr. King spoke out against the genocide of Native Americans" 7289:

The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute

5735:, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009, pp. 81, 99–100. 4665:"The Warren Court: Completion of a Constitutional Revolution" 3350: 2902: 2860: 2836: 2625: 2013: 1835:

newspaper spurring internal discussions about gender issues.

1354:

White tenants seeking to prevent blacks from moving into the

1128:

The early 20th century is a period often referred to as the "

869:, generally only white men with property could vote, and the 10400:

Hands on the Freedom Plow Personal Accounts by Women in SNCC

9810:

Historical Dictionary of the Civil Rights Movement (2nd ed.)

9495:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2019. 9399:

Journey from Jim Crow: The Desegregation of Southern Transit

8157:"The History Behind China's Response to the Baltimore Riots" 8022:"Dr. Martin Luther King Jr: Our Nation was Born in Genocide" 7703:"SNCC, the Federal Government & the Road to Black Power" 7411:

Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Movement 1954–1985

6636: 6548:"Robert Franklin Williams: A Warrior For Freedom, 1925–1996" 6181:"Dorothy Height and the Sexism of the Civil Rights Movement" 5424:. US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives. 5075: 3354:

Ku Klux Klan demonstration in St. Augustine, Florida in 1964

2212:

speaking before a hostile Civil Rights crowd protesting low

1519:, giving rise to the civil rights movement of 1954 to 1968. 834: 582:

was a social movement and campaign from 1954 to 1968 in the

18710: 10547: 9904:

The Cambridge Companion to American Civil Rights Literature

9176:

American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland

8687:

Expanding the Frontier of Civil Rights: Michigan, 1948–1968

8396:

The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South

7498:

Pure Fire: Self-defense as Activism in the Civil Rights Era

6667:

The American Presidency: Origins and Development, 1776–2021

6092:"On MLK Day, Honor the Mother of the Civil Rights Movement" 5837:

White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism

5750:

The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute

5266:, 3rd rev. ed. (Oxford University Press, 1974), pp. 67–109. 3319:

moving the government to support civil rights legislation.

3041: 2982: 2522: 2505:(el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz), national representative of the 2183:

Under the previous administration, President Truman signed

2061:" of 1958, as well as nonviolent methods, which he used at 1871: 1085:

victim Will Brown, who was mutilated and burned during the

1055:

also gained strength by excluding blacks. Until 1965, the "

1051:

as black voter registration was suppressed. The Republican

685:

following highly publicized events such as the lynching of

21057:

National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966

20050:

Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War

19802:

Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War

19640: 10610: 10538:

The African American Odyssey: A Quest for Full Citizenship

10487: 9327:

Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965

9244:

Pure Fire:Self-Defense as Activism in the Civil Rights Era

8925:

Baltimore '68 : Riots and Rebirth in an American city

3496:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

3222:

and the executive director and one of the founders of the

2867:, but there were no injuries following these outbursts of 2453:

echoed this view of the civil rights movement. During the

2143:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

1212:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

937: 21385: 21378: 14488:

Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library, Washington, D.C.

10221:"Bibliographic Essay: The Social Construction of History" 9807:

Richardson, Christopher M.; Ralph E. Luker, eds. (2014).

9566:

Brown v. Board and the Transformation of American Culture

8910:

Brown v. Board of Education and the Civil Rights Movement

8603:

Black riot in Los Angeles: the story of the Watts tragedy

7523:

Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years 1954–1965

7254:

produced by Boston public television station WGBH in 1963

6908: 6824:"Law Day Address at the University of Georgia Law School" 6123:"Sexism in the Civil Rights Movement: A Discussion Guide" 5562:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 213–14. 4858:

Black Radicals and the Civil Rights Mainstream, 1954–1970

1097:

by law. Violence against blacks increased, with numerous

10244:

Robinson, Armstead L.; Sullivan, Patricia, eds. (1991).

9868:

We Shall Overcome: A History of Civil Rights and the Law

9674:. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. 9361:

President Johnson's war on poverty: Rhetoric and history

9023:

Poor People's Movements: How They Succeed, How They Fail

8916:, Oxford; New York : Oxford University Press, 2007. 8795:

Hague, Euan; Sebesta, Edward H.; Beirich, Heidi (2008).

8489:

Parting the waters: America in the King years, 1954–1963

8429:

Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice

7781:"Robert Hicks, Leader in Armed Rights Group, Dies at 81" 7024:

President Johnson's war on poverty: Rhetoric and history

6291:

Poor People's Movements: How They Succeed, How They Fail

5251:

The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History

1856:

Many women who participated in the movement experienced

1471:

faced a backlash for his involvement with white actress

1422:

Racial covenant for a home in Beverly Hills, California.

785:

banned discrimination in the sale or rental of housing.

14119: 12810:

Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam

12588:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)" 10577:"Teaching the Movement: The State Standards We Deserve" 10477: 9224:

American Constitutional Law: Civil Rights and Liberties

9063:

The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It

8854:. New York: Melanie Kroupa Books/Farrar Straus Giroux. 8130:"Soviet Propaganda Back in Play With Ferguson Coverage" 6473:

Parting the Waters: America in the King Years 1954–1963

6021:"Opinion: Ella Baker's Legacy Runs Deep. Know Her Name" 5772:

The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It

5144:

American Constitutional Law: Civil Rights and Liberties

2896:

or feeling something else, Lauren Winner asserts that:

2174: 2133:

under Truman's predecessor, Franklin D. Roosevelt, the

1937:

politically radical (and therefore targets of Cold War

1499:" in the South by proponents of racial segregation and 20372: 14351:

African American founding fathers of the United States

12834:

African American founding fathers of the United States

11187:

Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement

11052:

John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights

10504:

on December 4, 2017, and updated on January 19, 2021.

10308:

Strickland, Arvarh E.; Weems, Robert E., eds. (2001).

9474:(Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2023), won Pulitzer Prize. 9438:

At Canaan's Edge: America In the King Years, 1965–1968

8661:

Gandhi's Truth: On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence

8529:

In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s

7635: 7633: 7331:"Say it Plain, Say it Loud – American RadioWorks" 6228:

In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s

5177:. Oxford University Press. pp. 199–200 of vol 4. 5122:

The African American Electorate: A Statistical History

3408:

Politicians and journalists quickly blamed this white

1159:. Increased economic oppression of blacks through the 841:

Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

21431: 10659: 10362:

Reporting Civil Rights: American Journalism 1963–1973

10358:

Reporting Civil Rights: American Journalism 1941–1963

9479:

Freedom's Pragmatist: Lyndon Johnson and Civil Rights

9011:, College & University Press Services, Inc., 1970 8399:. Princeton University Press. pp. 6–7, 302–304. 6973:

Campbell, James (1999). "James Baldwin and the FBI".

5936:"Women in the Civil Rights and Black Power Movements" 5611: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5347:. In Browne, Hugh; Kruse, Edwina; Walker, Thomas C.; 5249:

Michael Kazin, Rebecca Edwards, Adam Rothman (2009).

2483:

Malcolm X's relationship with the movement, 1964–1965

14261:

Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc. v. CBS, Inc.

10229:. University of California Press. pp. 413–442. 9936:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2010. 9638:. 249 pages. University Press of Mississippi, 1984. 9537:

The Fire This Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s

9427:

Pillar of fire: America in the King years, 1963–1965

9352:

Hard Stuff: The Autobiography of Mayor Coleman Young

8195:, New York: Farrar & Rinehar, pp. 73, 151, 7909:

Bloom, Joshua; Martin, Waldo E. (October 25, 2016).

7616:. University of California Press. pp. 262–267. 6850:"The Cold War | American Experience | PBS" 6219: 6217: 6215: 5912:"Civil Rights Movement History & Timeline, 1955" 5450:. Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Archived from 5232: 5230: 4375:(Baltimore), the site of a 1955 desegregation sit-in 2925: 2728:, a writer, rabbi, and professor of theology at the 2388: 2342:, the first time a major US politician had done so: 2197: 2045:

both publicly praised the Monroe leader's position.

1541:, which barred racial discrimination and created an 921:, initiated a campaign to repress the KKK under the 598:

in the country. The movement had its origins in the

20975:

Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968

12882:

Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument

9760:, a Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy] 9381:

Signs of the Times: The Visual Politics of Jim Crow

8794: 8095: 7630: 5833: 3552: 2124: 1803:

African-American women in the civil rights movement

1623:boycott of 1956–57. This movement also sparked the 1140:Characteristics of the post-Reconstruction period: 626:. The social movement's span of time is called the 21238:National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities 20782:Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 10197: 9907:. Cambridge University Press. pp. xxiv, 209. 9829:The civil rights movement: Struggle and resistance 9576:. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2002. 9195: 9127: 8932: 8894:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 8847: 8715: 8628: 8574:The Unfinished Journey: America since World War II 8571: 8548: 8496:Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements 8426: 7779: 7483:Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements 7435: 6309:(University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 79–80" 6225: 6019: 5602: 5494:Michelle Maternowski; Joy Powers (March 3, 2017). 5027: 4880: 4878: 4329:List of photographers of the civil rights movement 3432:note that the backlash's primary constituency was 3013:was assassinated in 1963. The same year, the 1965 2419:, whose support was the margin of victory for the 2106: 1895:: The Crime of Government Against the Negro People 21279:Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965 10512:Television News of the Civil Rights Era 1950–1970 9927:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011. 9558:The Civil Rights Movement: A Photographic History 9221:Stephens, Otis H. Jr.; Scheb, John M. II (2007). 9076: 8276:"The white Southerners who fought US segregation" 7726:Twentieth-Century America: Recent Interpretations 6212: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5227: 4401:Post–civil rights era in African-American history 4384:Television News of the Civil Rights Era 1950–1970 21539: 20853:U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development 18701:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 16312:Native American recognition in the United States 11418:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 10243: 8782:, Harvard University Press, MA: Cambridge, 2007. 7964: 7962: 7424:, The Time Has Come", Public Broadcasting System 6748: 6746: 6264: 5940:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History 5355:. Hampton bulletinno. 9–10, 12–16. Vol. 4. 3200:King and the civil rights movement inspired the 2385:after their antagonistic racial summit in 1963. 2185:Executive Order 9981 to desegregate the military 614:campaigns eventually secured new protections in 606:gains in the 1960s. The social movement's major 21028:Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act of 1965 18746:Black players in professional American football 18696:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 14304:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 11408:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 11341:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights 11232:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County 10307: 9347:, 3rd rev. ed. (Oxford University Press, 1974). 9077:Rosenberg, Jonathan; Karabell, Zachary (2003). 7536:"Malcolm's Contribution to Black Voting Rights" 6904:"A Huey P. Newton Story – Actions – COINTELPRO" 6136:Ling, Peter J.; Monteith, Sharon, eds. (2004). 5725: 5534: 5496:"How Did Metro Milwaukee Become So Segregated?" 4875: 4754:"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States" 3009:. Charles had taken the lead after his brother 1101:through the turn of the century. The system of 944:Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era 20660:Administrative Conference of the United States 14457:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial, San Francisco 13782:King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis 12887:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument 10469:Voices from the Southern Civil Rights Movement 10349: 7915:. Univ of California Press. pp. 223–236. 7133:. Perspectives on Fantasy series. London, UK: 7061: 5792:"The Tallahassee Bus Boycott—Fifty Years Later 5654: 5652: 5316: 5299:"The Court's Decision – Separate Is Not Equal" 5240:, Magazine of History (OAH Publications, 2004) 5170: 5141:Otis H Stephens, Jr; John M Scheb, II (2007). 4379:Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project 4324:List of Kentucky women in the civil rights era 3005:' NAACP chapter with a successful campaign in 2430: 905:(KKK), whose members attacked black and white 261:US Department of Justice Civil Rights Division 20877:National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act 20405: 19933: 19626: 17592: 16709:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States 14893: 14560: 13728:Martin Luther King Jr. Records Collection Act 13722:U.S. House Select Committee on Assassinations 13266:Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? 13094: 13070: 12795:List of lynching victims in the United States 11133:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States 10645: 10179:Debating the Civil Rights Movement, 1945–1968 10177:Lawson, Steven F.; Payne, Charles M. (1998). 9656:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1982. 9220: 8740:Free at Last: The U. S. Civil Rights Movement 8299: 8297: 8184: 7959: 7594: 7124: 7122: 6743: 6593:"American Jews and the Civil Rights Movement" 6450: 6448: 6272:"What Should a Sustained Movement Look Like?" 5764: 5535:Watt, Nick; Jack Hannah (February 15, 2020). 5440: 5353:Annual Report of the Hampton Negro Conference 4861:. Univ. of Tennessee Press. pp. 98–118. 4627:"The Warren Court and the Pursuit Of Justice" 4551:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 118. 4433:The social movement has also been called the 4389: 2582:, provoked a riot in which black youth threw 1599:was arrested for not giving up her seat on a 741:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States 307: 21593:History of civil rights in the United States 20846:High-Speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965 20753:Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 20249:Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968 20100:1968 Democratic National Convention protests 18459:Historically black colleges and universities 14493:Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library, San Jose 10546: – A project with the collaboration of 9893: 9691:. University of North Carolina Press, 1999. 9619:The Civil Rights Movement: A Reference Guide 8070: 6800:(Temple University Press, 2000), p. 350-361. 6663: 6135: 5643:The Complete Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858 5493: 5166: 5164: 4306:History of civil rights in the United States 3467:National/regional civil rights organizations 3115:"Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud" 2879:Despite the common notion that the ideas of 1719:History of civil rights in the United States 1642:of Baton Rouge, and other activists such as 865:, almost four million black people remained 279:Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity 21558:1968 disestablishments in the United States 20982:Revenue and Expenditure Control Act of 1968 14043:Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story 13122:Speeches, writings, movements, and protests 11262:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights 10451:The Modern Civil Rights Movement, 1954–1964 10176: 9967: 9831:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017), short survey 9414:. Chicago: Johnson Publishing Company, Inc. 9125: 9034:(University of North Carolina Press, 2003). 8768:: A Life in the Long Black Freedom Struggle 8761: 8608: 8245: 8243: 7908: 7092: 7090: 7088: 6664:Milkis, Sidney M.; Nelson, Michael (2021). 5649: 5645:. University of Chicago Press. p. 235. 5224:, pp. 97–98. New York: Da Capo Press, 1997. 4729:"Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1)" 4549:American Slavery: A Very Short Introduction 4334:South Carolina in the civil rights movement 3536:National economic empowerment organizations 3525:Southern Conference Educational Fund (SCEF) 1666:(SCLC). The SCLC, with its headquarters in 1283:A white gang looking for blacks during the 917:, the U.S. Army, and U.S. Attorney General 756:all state laws banning interracial marriage 754:and public accommodations, and struck down 61:participants and leaders marching from the 20523:Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination 20412: 20398: 19940: 19926: 19633: 19619: 17599: 17585: 14907: 14900: 14886: 14567: 14553: 14462:Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial (Compton) 13108: 13101: 13087: 11311:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership 10652: 10638: 10423:. New York: Random House, 1965. Paperback 10035:"Historians and the Civil Rights Movement" 10032: 9420:Class, race, and the civil rights movement 9281:(University of North Carolina Press, 1999) 8821:(University of North Carolina Press, 2006) 8682:(University of North Carolina Press, 1997) 8619:Set the Night on Fire: L.A. in the Sixties 8471:Beito, David T. and Beito, Linda Royster, 8294: 7119: 6779: 6445: 5345:"The Economic Aspect of the Negro Problem" 4567: 3170:Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud 3134:Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud 1991: 853:, bearing the signature of Abraham Lincoln 661:, and African Americans were subjected to 314: 300: 175:Bus segregation ruled unconstitutional by 51: 20945:Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 20789:Law Enforcement Assistance Administration 20124:1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia 20030:Human rights movement in the Soviet Union 18676:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC) 16322:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes 14574: 13812:The Witness: From the Balcony of Room 306 12867:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument 10529:Civil Rights in America: A Resource Guide 10050: 9900: 9843:Encyclopedia of African American Business 9073:Knoxville, University of Tennessee Press. 8692: 8424: 8393:Lassiter, Matthew D. (October 24, 2013). 8251:"White Southerners' Role in Civil Rights" 6759:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 76. 6344:"January 1958: The Lumbees face the Klan" 5929: 5927: 5925: 5817:"Panthers defeat flu; face Ga. Tech next" 5584:"Future of Fair Housing: How We Got Here" 5161: 4568:Newkirk II, Vann R. (February 16, 2017). 4358:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument 3520:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 3461: 3366:coalition that had gained passage of the 3210:United States Declaration of Independence 2738:murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner 1959:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 1878:Communist Party USA and African Americans 1796: 1697:, began the first Citizenship Schools in 1537:administration met the demand by issuing 863:eight serving presidents had owned slaves 835:American Civil War and Reconstruction era 527:Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner 321: 21568:History of African-American civil rights 21553:1954 establishments in the United States 20823:Urban Mass Transportation Administration 20383:) is being considered for deletion. See 20209:Occupation of the Student Union Building 14525:Civil rights movement in popular culture 14331:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change 14253:Civil rights movement in popular culture 13322:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom 12902:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change 10942:University of Georgia desegregation riot 10621:Collection: "U.S. Civil Rights Movement" 9716: 9488:. The University of Georgia Press, 1987. 9441:. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006. 9021:Piven, Francis Fox and Cloward, Richard 9014:Piven, Francis Fox and Cloward, Richard 8798:Neo-Confederacy: A Critical Introduction 8736: 8696:Encyclopedia of African American History 8635:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 8392: 8240: 8193:Russia Today: What Can We Learn from It? 8154: 7881: 7743: 7128: 7085: 6972: 6782:The Unfinished Odyssey of Robert Kennedy 6659: 6657: 6485: 6120: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5834:Kevin Michael Kruse (February 1, 2008). 5782:Knoxville, University of Tennessee Press 5731:David T. Beito and Linda Royster Beito, 5557: 5174:Encyclopedia of African American History 4662: 4347:," the unofficial anthem of the movement 3514:Southern Christian Leadership Conference 3454:Civil rights movement in popular culture 3422:repeal the state's 1963 fair housing law 3349: 3339: 3297:Russia Today: What Can We Learn from It? 3239: 2939: 2874: 2691: 2542: 2201: 1995: 1965: 1851: 1780: 1664:Southern Christian Leadership Conference 1349: 1278: 1257: 1189: 1077: 1027:During this period, the white-dominated 969: 844: 483:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom 20892:Agricultural Fair Practices Act of 1967 20706:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 20682:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 16373:List of counties and county equivalents 13170:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence 12816:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence 12553:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus" 12548:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round" 10473:American Archive of Public Broadcasting 10413:Malcolm X (with the assistance of 10326: 10264: 9970:The Journal of African American History 9104: 8887: 8873:. Athens: University of Georgia Press. 8868: 8657: 8592: 8532:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 8303: 8212: 8019: 7373:(Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000), 111 7363:Francis Fox Piven and Richard Cloward, 7301: 7234:– via Google News Archive Search. 7214: 7212: 6697: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6637:"Truman addresses NAACP, June 29, 1947" 6288:Francis Fox Piven and Richard Cloward, 6178: 5934:Greene, Christina (November 22, 2016). 5677: 5640: 5472: 5359:: Hampton Institute Press. p. 39. 5342: 4952: 4624: 4561: 4351: 3595: 2756:assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 1767:assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 938:Disenfranchisement after Reconstruction 562:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 443:New Orleans school desegregation crisis 371:Mansfield school desegregation incident 273:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 14: 21608:Politics of the Southern United States 21540: 21158:Elementary and Secondary Education Act 21071:National Wild and Scenic Rivers System 20922:Consumer Credit Protection Act of 1968 20861:Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act 20745:White House Conference on Civil Rights 20362:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 20045:Northern Ireland civil rights movement 19575:Topics related to the African diaspora 18681:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) 12730:African-American women in the movement 11182:White House Conference on Civil Rights 11013:"Segregation now, segregation forever" 10402:. University of Illinois Press, 2010. 10247:New Directions in Civil Rights Studies 10195: 10147: 10003: 9946: 9901:Armstrong, Julie Buckner, ed. (2015). 9298: 9148: 9037: 8970: 8850:Claudette Colvin: Twice Toward Justice 8713: 8525: 8491:. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988 8477:, University of Illinois Press, 2009. 8304:Zelizer, Julian E. (January 8, 2015). 7968: 7882:Rickford, Russell (January 14, 2016). 7777: 7639: 7494: 7218: 7096: 6896: 6509:from the original on February 24, 2014 6402: 6353:, This Month in North Carolina History 6223: 6102:from the original on February 20, 2018 6014: 5948:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.212 5933: 5922: 5704: 5377: 4999: 4990:. p. 154. University of Illinois Press 4854: 4695: 4650:The Warren Court and American Politics 4439:African-American civil rights movement 3236:Northern Ireland civil rights movement 2798:did, leading to Jews participating in 2730:Jewish Theological Seminary of America 2678:New York City teachers' strike of 1968 2145:(NAACP). The speech took place at the 2119: 1545:to oversee compliance with the order. 32:Civil rights movement (disambiguation) 21628:Social movements in the United States 21253:National Endowment for the Humanities 21180:Federal Family Education Loan Program 20816:Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964 20393: 19921: 19614: 19555:Landmark African-American legislation 17606: 17580: 14881: 14548: 14292: 13761: 13682: 13403: 13120: 13082: 13069: 11171:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections 10633: 10552:Leadership Conference on Civil Rights 10508:from the original on January 19, 2021 10218: 10059: 9274:, University of Illinois Press (2007) 9193: 8930: 8845: 8824: 8626: 8569: 8555:. New York: Oxford University Press. 8546: 8368:National Endowment for the Humanities 8127: 7609: 7433: 7245:"The Negro and the American Promise," 7151: 6752: 6723: 6654: 6634: 6618:"Fair Employment Practices Committee" 6209: – Civil Rights Movement Archive 6042:from the original on January 20, 2020 5987: 5976: 5867: 5854: 5827: 5808: 5293: 5291: 5285: – Civil Rights Movement Archive 5025: 4884: 4822: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4339:Timeline of the civil rights movement 3529:Southern Student Organizing Committee 3484:Leadership Conference on Civil Rights 3447: 3208:as "merciless Indian savages" in the 3040:and grow their hair out as a natural 2604:'s decision to refuse seating to the 2139:President's Committee on Civil Rights 2077:movement with such figures as SNCC's 1725:Timeline of the civil rights movement 295: 250:24th Amendment to the US Constitution 21588:Defunct American political movements 21334:National Register of Historic Places 20959:National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 20164:Columbia University protests of 1968 20154:Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968 19963:1968–69 Japanese university protests 19947: 18686:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) 14833:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore 12939:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument 11403:Regional Council of Negro Leadership 11351:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 11297:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights 10774:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company 10699:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore 10625:University of Michigan Museum of Art 10086: 10082:from the original on April 12, 2015. 9796:. (U of North Carolina Press, 2011). 9172: 9126:Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. (2002) . 8957:(Wayne State University Press, 1969) 8888:Jackson, Thomas F. (July 17, 2013). 8689:(Wayne State University Press, 2000) 8190: 8128:Quinn, Allison (November 27, 2014), 7969:Bender, Albert (February 13, 2014). 7833:. Stanford University. June 12, 2017 7802: 7792:from the original on April 27, 2010. 7728:(Harcourt Press, 1972), pp. 367–378" 7209: 6878: 6684: 6162:"Women in the Civil Rights Movement" 6138:Gender and the Civil Rights Movement 5814: 5752:. Stanford University. June 22, 2017 5422:"Party Realignment and the New Deal" 5392:10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100009 5253:. p. 245. Princeton University Press 4885:Tyson, Timothy B. (September 1998). 4647: 3583:Regional Council of Negro Leadership 2606:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 2477: 2175:Eisenhower administration: 1953–1961 1790:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 1578:Regional Council of Negro Leadership 830:Timeline of African-American history 677:. The movement was characterized by 21372:Corporation for Public Broadcasting 21286:Economic Development Administration 19040:African-American Vernacular English 14503:Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr. 11346:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 11282:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 10952:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address 10087:Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd (March 2005). 9247:(University of Georgia Press, 2005) 9044:President Kennedy: Profile of Power 8718:The Making of Black Revolutionaries 8344:from the original on March 26, 2018 7157: 7071:. Encounter Books. pp. 34–35. 6826:. American Rhetoric. Archived from 6072:from the original on March 28, 2018 5990:International Social Science Review 5658:Lanzendorfer, Joy (August 9, 2017) 5331:Libraries & The Cultural Record 5109:Florida State University Law Review 5058: 4511:United States civil rights movement 4443:Afro-American civil rights movement 3508:Organization of Afro-American Unity 3229: 3195: 2999:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 2804:1968 New York City teachers' strike 2602:1964 Democratic National Convention 2135:Fair Employment Practices Committee 1815:'s refusal to sit at the back of a 1533:; he called off the march when the 1381:, with the primary intent to keep " 1262:Colored Sailors room in World War I 344:Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 24: 21613:Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower 21348:State Historic Preservation Office 21326:National Historic Preservation Act 21295:Social Security Amendments of 1965 21208:Student loans in the United States 20915:Architectural Barriers Act of 1968 18958:U.S. cities with large populations 18661:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 14586:Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) 14406:Statues of Martin Luther King Jr. 14293: 14142:King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew 13698:(now National Civil Rights Museum) 12790:African-American churches attacked 11356:Montgomery Improvement Association 11331:Georgia Council on Human Relations 11316:Council of Federated Organizations 11287:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 11045:16th Street Baptist Church bombing 11003:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot 10809:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom 10713:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents 10033:Fairclough, Adam (December 1990). 9706:. New York: The Free Press, 1984. 9560:, New York: Abbeville Press, 1996. 9465:Atlanta: High Museum of Art, 2008. 9368: 9047:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 9007:Pinkney, Alphnso and Woock, Roger 8772:University of North Carolina Press 8454:(Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000) 8213:Dudziak, Mary L. (July 31, 2011). 8020:Rickert, Levi (January 16, 2017). 7778:Martin, Douglas (April 24, 2010). 7700: 7219:Worthy, Wliliam (March 10, 1964). 7164:University of North Carolina Press 6698:Nichols, David A. (June 8, 2020). 5964:from the original on March 4, 2018 5705:Carter, April (January 14, 2005). 5678:Clawson, Laura (August 28, 2013). 5288: 4716: 4625:Horwitz, Morton J. (Winter 1993). 4584:from the original on July 28, 2017 3571:Montgomery Improvement Association 3565:Council of Federated Organizations 3490:Medical Committee for Human Rights 3322: 3265:"Long March" from Belfast to Derry 3103: 2802:. The culmination of this was the 2740:, the two white activists killed, 1776: 1333:Fair Employment Practice Committee 1253: 1176:mob racial violence against blacks 709:, a series of protests during the 25: 21639: 20899:U.S. Department of Transportation 20387:to help reach a consensus. › 20189:March of the One Hundred Thousand 17831:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 17827:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 17634:African American founding fathers 15718:Director of National Intelligence 13957:Alpha Man: The Brotherhood of MLK 13683: 12862:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute 12735:Jews in the civil rights movement 10444: 9871:. (Yale University Press, 2008). 9762:. Oxford University Press, 2002. 9422:(Indiana University Press, 2019). 8891:From Civil Rights to Human Rights 8828:Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector 8785: 8505:, Holloway House Publishing, 1994 7328: 7221:"Mrs. Richardson okeys Malcolm X" 7192:Global Nonviolent Action Database 6797:Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector 6252: 5708:Direct Action and Democracy Today 5428:from the original on May 30, 2018 5351:; Wheelock, Frederick D. (eds.). 5147:. Cengage Learning. p. 528. 5000:Jervis, Rick (February 3, 2020). 4689: 4286:Civil rights movement (1865–1896) 4281:Civil rights movement (1896–1954) 3285:racial discrimination in the U.S. 2962:after the 200 m race at the 2813: 2782:According to political scientist 2688:Jews in the civil rights movement 2674:African American–Jewish relations 2389:Johnson administration: 1963–1969 2198:Kennedy administration: 1961–1963 1548: 1208:Civil rights movement (1896–1954) 1117:, legitimizing them through the " 1087:Omaha, Nebraska race riot of 1919 958:Civil rights movement (1896–1954) 954:Civil rights movement (1865–1896) 21525: 21513: 21501: 21489: 21477: 21465: 21453: 21441: 21097:Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 21042:Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 21020:Land and Water Conservation Fund 20966:National Flood Insurance Program 20839:Food and Agriculture Act of 1965 20083: 19593: 18711:United Negro College Fund (UNCF) 17856:Nadir of American race relations 15874:Government Accountability Office 14866:Civil rights movement portal 14859: 14270:King v. Trustees of Boston Univ. 14149:"By the Time I Get to Arizona" ( 13218:Second Emancipation Proclamation 13056:Civil rights movement portal 13049: 12897:Freedom Riders National Monument 12639:The Kingdom of God Is Within You 11151:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches 11110:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests 10997:Second Emancipation Proclamation 10250:. University of Virginia Press. 10204:. University Press of Kentucky. 9961:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00486.x 9404: 9384:. (U of California Press, 2010). 8994:Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention 8967:. New York: Da Capo Press, 1997. 8780:The Lost Promise of Civil Rights 8386: 8356: 8326: 8268: 8206: 8155:Volodzko, David (May 12, 2015), 8148: 8121: 8050: 8044: 8013: 7988: 7929: 7902: 7875: 7845: 7823: 7809:. Univ of North Carolina Press. 7803:Hill, Lance (February 1, 2006). 7796: 7771: 7737: 7716: 7694: 7685: 7676: 7667: 7603: 7588: 7572: 7551: 7528: 7515: 7488: 7485:(Grove Press, 1965), pp. 106–109 7475: 7456: 7427: 7403: 7377: 7357: 7344: 7322: 7305:Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention 7295: 7277: 7257: 7238: 7180: 7055: 7042: 7029: 7013: 6989: 6966: 6945: 6928: 6412:. Univ of North Carolina Press. 6371:Tyson, Radio Free Dixie, 159–164 5815:Sell, Jack (December 30, 1955). 5061:"The Enforcement Acts (1870–71)" 4547:Williams, Heather Andrea (2014) 4368:Freedom Riders National Monument 3553:Local civil rights organizations 3144:Problems playing this file? See 3119: 2968:Olympic Project for Human Rights 2667: 2594:As noted in the PBS documentary 2261:University of Georgia Law School 2125:Truman administration: 1945–1953 1130:nadir of American race relations 750:(1967) which banned segregation 21623:Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson 21603:Nonviolent resistance movements 21365:Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 21246:National Endowment for the Arts 20938:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968 20869:Fair Packaging and Labeling Act 20421:Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson 20380:Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson 20347:Segregation in Northern Ireland 17717:Civil rights movement 1954–1968 17707:Civil rights movement 1865–1896 14402:Safe House Black History Museum 14321:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial 12924:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum 12912:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial 11388:National Council of Negro Women 11326:Deacons for Defense and Justice 10333:. Springer. pp. xii, 192. 10274:The Journal of American History 10265:Sandage, Scott A. (June 1993). 10096:The Journal of American History 10006:The Journal of Southern History 9836:The Struggle for Black Equality 9569:(LSU Press, 2016). xiv, 225 pp. 9101:. University of Illinois Press. 8927:(Temple University Press, 2011) 8417: 7831:"Watts Rebellion (Los Angeles)" 7651:. Vintage Books. Archived from 7610:Rogin, Michael (May 29, 1998). 7501:. University of Georgia Press. 7495:Strain, Christopher B. (2005). 6860: 6842: 6816: 6803: 6788: 6773: 6717: 6635:Glass, Andrew (June 29, 2018). 6628: 6610: 6585: 6560: 6540: 6521: 6479: 6476:(Simon and Schuster, 1988), 781 6461: 6426: 6396: 6374: 6365: 6356: 6336: 6327: 6297: 6282: 6246: 6191: 6172: 6154: 6129: 6114: 6084: 6054: 6008: 5904: 5785: 5738: 5698: 5671: 5634: 5576: 5551: 5528: 5506: 5487: 5466: 5414: 5371: 5336: 5269: 5256: 5243: 5211: 5191: 5134: 5114: 5111:, vol. 29, issue 55, pp. 55–107 5101: 5052: 5034:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 5019: 4993: 4980: 4946: 4928: 4848: 4804:"The struggle for civil rights" 4796: 4771: 4746: 3502:National Council of Negro Women 3479:Deacons for Defense and Justice 3346:Neo-Nazism § United States 3278: 3202:Native American rights movement 2992:Deacons for Defense and Justice 2107:Jewish support for the movement 1846:National Council of Negro Women 1723:For a chronological guide, see 1557:to a strategy that emphasized " 1515:, and many events described as 1137:number of whites in the South. 881:(1865) that ended slavery; the 493:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protest 21125:Office of Economic Opportunity 21035:Rivers and Harbors Act of 1965 18706:Thurgood Marshall College Fund 17712:Civil right movement 1896–1954 17517:Separation of church and state 15733:National Reconnaissance Office 15676:President of the United States 14376:U.S. Capitol Rotunda sculpture 13354:Mississippi March Against Fear 10804:Mansfield school desegregation 10498:Civil Rights Movement Timeline 10420:The Autobiography of Malcolm X 10150:The American Historical Review 9751:. U of California Press, 1995. 9500:The FBI and Martin Luther King 9345:The Strange Career of Jim Crow 9202:. Simon and Schuster. p. 9179:. Princeton University Press. 9009:Poverty and Politics in Harlem 8737:Friedman, Michael Jay (2008). 8219:. Princeton University Press. 7645:"A History of Jews in America" 6724:Pipes, Kasey (April 4, 2016). 6333:Tyson, Radio Free Dixie, 88–89 6179:Delaney, Paul (May 12, 2010). 5840:. Princeton University Press. 5617:"Eugenics, Race, and Marriage" 5480:Jim Crow Guide: The Way it Was 5264:The Strange Career of Jim Crow 5208:. PBS. Retrieved July 28, 2016 5098:—U.S. House of Representatives 4656: 4641: 4618: 4596: 4541: 4447:American civil rights movement 4427: 4418: 3440:in 1968…only in the South did 3287:Deeming American criticism of 2293:summit with the Soviet premier 1872:Avoiding the "Communist" label 1487:Invigorated by the victory of 255:Formation of federal agencies: 159:Rulings by federal judiciary: 27:1954–1968 U.S. social movement 13: 1: 21618:Presidency of John F. Kennedy 21563:20th-century social movements 20594:Dominican Republic occupation 20134:1968 Red Square demonstration 18886:Cherokee freedmen controversy 17862:The Negro Motorist Green Book 14077:March! For Martin Luther King 13298:Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom 12934:National Voting Rights Museum 12877:Civil Rights Movement Archive 12676:Lynching in the United States 12563:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize" 11018:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 10991:University of Chicago sit-ins 10758:Davis v. Prince Edward County 10488:Civil Rights Movement Archive 9803:(U of Minnesota Press, 2019). 9411:Confrontation Black and White 8801:. University of Texas Press. 8693:Finkelman, Paul, ed. (2009). 8570:Chafe, William Henry (2003). 8547:Chafe, William Henry (1980). 7525:(Penguin Group, 1988), p. 262 7367:(Random House 1971), p. 238; 4663:Swindler, William F. (1970). 4631:Washington and Lee Law Review 4604:"Brown v. Board of Education" 4406: 4363:Civil Rights Movement Archive 4312:Lay that Trumpet in Our Hands 3307:and why they lynch Negroes." 2696:Jewish civil rights activist 1899:lynching in the United States 819: 473:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 376:Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom 267:US Commission on Civil Rights 77:May 17, 1954 – April 11, 1968 21166:Higher Education Act of 1965 21049:Clean Waters Restoration Act 20114:1968 Polish political crisis 20070:West German student movement 19995:Black Consciousness Movement 15879:Government Publishing Office 15347:Technological and industrial 14341:National Civil Rights Museum 14336:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church 13179:I've Been to the Mountaintop 12929:National Civil Rights Museum 12785:March on Washington Movement 12770:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church 11239:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. 10478:Civil Rights Digital Library 10181:. Rowman & Littlefield. 10060:Frost, Jennifer (May 2012). 9813:. Rowman & Littlefield. 9612:We Shall Overcome, Volume II 9305:. Rutgers University Press. 9130:Robert Kennedy and His Times 9105:Schultz, Jeffrey D. (2002). 8912: : abridged edition of 6997:Baldwin: A literary standard 6811:Robert Kennedy And His Times 6784:. Random House. p. 142. 6597:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 6362:Tyson, Radio Free Dixie, 149 6232:. Harvard University Press. 6140:. Rutgers University Press. 5668:Retrieved February 23, 2021. 5641:Douglas, Stephen A. (1991). 5171:Paul Finkelman, ed. (2009). 4953:Schultz, Jeffrey D. (2002). 4475:modern civil rights movement 4319:List of civil rights leaders 3293:And you are lynching Negroes 3051:(BPP), which was founded by 2333:, President Kennedy gave an 2283:That same month, during the 2131:March on Washington Movement 2100:University of North Carolina 1827:of interstate travel in the 1435:regions, a process known as 1329:March on Washington Movement 873:limited U.S. citizenship to 7: 20320:Racism in the United States 20285:Counterculture of the 1960s 20106:The whole world is watching 20075:Women's liberation movement 19819:Women's liberation movement 19642:Counterculture of the 1960s 18756:Black players in ice hockey 18691:National Urban League (NUL) 18517:American Society of Muslims 17755:Selma to Montgomery marches 17675:Brown v. Board of Education 17351:Women's reproductive health 16317:Federally recognized tribes 16180:Public utilities commission 16084:Public Health Service Corps 15987:Code of Federal Regulations 15869:Congressional Budget Office 15723:Central Intelligence Agency 15629:Water supply and sanitation 15056:Declaration of Independence 14478:sculpture, Portland, Oregon 14468:Landmark for Peace Memorial 14193:"Symphony of Brotherhood" ( 14116:Pride (In the Name of Love) 13338:Selma to Montgomery marches 13237:Letter from Birmingham Jail 12573:"This Little Light of Mine" 11321:Dallas County Voters League 11267:Atlanta Negro Voters League 11030:Letter from Birmingham Jail 10737:Brown v. Board of Education 10571:Southern Poverty Law Center 10350:Autobiographies and memoirs 10039:Journal of American Studies 9758:Brown v. Board of Education 9725:Brown v. Board of Education 9481:(U Press of Florida, 2013). 9299:Weiner, Melissa F. (2010). 9194:Smith, Jean Edward (2001). 8977:. Oxford University Press. 8831:. Temple University Press. 8762:Gershenhorn, Jerry (2018). 8699:. Oxford University Press. 8578:. Oxford University Press. 8425:Arsenault, Raymond (2006). 7888:. Oxford University Press. 7691:Winner, Lauren F., 166–167. 7682:Winner, Lauren F., 164–165. 7599:. Rutgers University Press. 7010:43 (27), February 14, 2009. 6456:Journal of American History 6382:"Williams, Robert Franklin" 6121:Holladay, Jennifer (2009). 5276:Birmingham Segregation Laws 5026:Smith, Jean Edward (2001). 4959:. Oryx Press. p. 284. 4894:Journal of American History 4855:Haines, Herbert H. (1995). 4652:. Harvard University Press. 4648:Powe, Lucas A. Jr. (2002). 4574:Still Stains America Today" 4455:Black civil rights movement 4435:1960s civil rights movement 4274: 3473:Congress of Racial Equality 3289:its own human rights abuses 3269:Selma to Montgomery marches 3224:Native American Rights Fund 2574:, and the assassination of 2528:The Baltimore Afro-American 2431:Foreign political reactions 1926:International Labor Defense 1733:Brown v. Board of Education 1345:segregation in the military 1225:Brown v. Board of Education 994:African Americans and many 887:Congressional apportionment 735:Brown v. Board of Education 730:separate but equal doctrine 537:Selma to Montgomery marches 169:Brown v. Board of Education 10: 21644: 21598:Movements for civil rights 21578:1960s in the United States 21573:1950s in the United States 21341:National Historic Landmark 21187:Federal Work-Study Program 20885:Tax Adjustment Act of 1966 20560:Presidential Proclamations 18913:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 18671:Nashville Student Movement 17682:Children of the plantation 16529:Red states and blue states 16434:City commission government 16429:Council–manager government 14366:Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity 14309:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 14090:Martin Luther King's Dream 13404: 12907:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 12775:Holt Street Baptist Church 12745:16th Street Baptist Church 11729:Annie Bell Robinson Devine 11373:Nashville Student Movement 11303:An Appeal for Human Rights 10482:Digital Library of Georgia 10471:Exhibit – Provided by the 10219:Payne, Charles M. (2007). 10196:Lawson, Steven F. (2003). 9841:Smith, Jessie Carney, ed. 9455:, (2005) 29#2 pp:299–332, 9134:. Houghton Mifflin Books. 8869:Houston, Benjamin (2012). 8593:Cleaver, Eldridge (1967). 8526:Carson, Clayborne (1981). 8461:. Baton Rouge: LSU Press. 7385:"The Ballot or the Bullet" 7250:December 25, 2016, at the 6780:Halberstam, David (1968). 6670:. CQ Press. p. 1946. 6224:Carson, Clayborne (1981). 5882:10.1177/002193479602600508 5802:December 10, 2007, at the 5516:. University of Washington 5380:Annual Review of Sociology 5343:Matthew, Anderson (1900). 4390:Post–civil rights movement 3577:Nashville Student Movement 3451: 3343: 3267:which was inspired by the 3233: 3212:, and in King's 1964 book 2929: 2685: 2671: 2486: 2392: 2300:international agenda. The 2129:Partly in response to the 1882:On December 17, 1951, the 1875: 1819:resulted in the year-long 1800: 1722: 1716: 1712: 1607:was arrested in December, 1481:Mildred and Richard Loving 1236:" doctrine established in 947: 941: 871:Naturalization Act of 1790 838: 823: 665:and sustained violence by 647:United States Constitution 187:ruled unconstitutional by 29: 21397: 21104:Community Action Agencies 21081: 20999: 20800: 20713:Voting Rights Act of 1965 20699:Flood Control Act of 1965 20651: 20610:Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 20576: 20567:Meritorious Service Medal 20428: 20262: 20199:Memphis sanitation strike 20092: 20081: 19980:1968 movement in Pakistan 19955: 19864: 19841: 19767:Back-to-the-land movement 19747: 19692:San Francisco Renaissance 19684: 19653: 19583: 19550:Index of related articles 19428: 19343: 19067: 19000: 18938: 18838: 18799: 18731: 18724: 18639: 18559: 18551:Doctrine of Father Divine 18497: 18439: 18088: 17943: 17935:Women's suffrage movement 17888:Reconstruction Amendments 17695:Voting Rights Act of 1965 17614: 17538: 17364: 17237: 17169: 16822: 16818: 16809: 16757: 16622: 16613: 16509: 16480: 16457: 16396: 16363: 16354: 16297: 16285:Comparison of governments 16260: 16223: 16200: 16116: 16096: 16027: 15965: 15887: 15810: 15668: 15659: 15655: 15646: 15368: 15359: 15304: 15264:Post-Cold War (1991–2008) 15105:drafting and ratification 15078:Articles of Confederation 14991: 14925: 14916: 14848: 14825: 14609: 14593: 14582: 14519:America in the King Years 14299: 14288: 14244: 14054: 14033: 13982: 13873: 13772: 13768: 13762: 13757: 13691: 13678: 13513: 13414: 13410: 13399: 13373:Memphis sanitation strike 13277: 13189: 13131: 13127: 13116: 13076: 13071:Links to related articles 13045: 12947: 12849: 12663: 12596: 12538: 12517: 12404:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson 12374:Modjeska Monteith Simkins 11446: 11438:Women's Political Council 11433:Wednesdays in Mississippi 11428:United Auto Workers (UAW) 11413:Southern Regional Council 11383:Northern Student Movement 11292:Committee for Freedom Now 11252: 11199:Memphis sanitation strike 11165:Voting Rights Act of 1965 11087: 10908:Savannah Protest Movement 10870: 10728: 10689:Journey of Reconciliation 10681: 10668: 10615:Duke University Libraries 10464:The National Park Service 10455:The National Park Service 10139:Journal of Social History 10052:10.1017/S0021875800033697 9894:Historiography and memory 9845:(2 vol. Greenwood 2006). 9729:. New York: W.W. Norton. 9528:Hine, Darlene Clark, ed. 9097:Saito, Leland T. (1998). 8457:Bass, S. Jonathan (2001) 7819:– via Google Books. 7559:From Swastika to Jim Crow 7511:– via Google Books. 7468:January 14, 2016, at the 7354:(NYU Press, 2013), p. 126 7318:– via Google Books. 7302:Marable, Manning (2011). 6422:– via Google Books. 6349:February 6, 2018, at the 6294:(Random House, 1977), 182 5746:"Robinson, Jo Ann Gibson" 5558:Seligman, Amanda (2005). 5473:Kennedy, Stetson (1959). 5281:February 4, 2011, at the 4519:can denote this or other 4507:Southern freedom movement 4479:Negro American revolution 4451:American freedom movement 4213:Modjeska Monteith Simkins 4183:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson 3589:Women's Political Council 3372:Voting Rights Act of 1965 3155:Rhythm & Blues single 2960:raised fist on the podium 2764:American Jewish Committee 2734:Selma to Montgomery march 1760:Voting Rights Act of 1965 1527:employment discrimination 1452:Maryland General Assembly 1296:Chicago race riot of 1919 1285:Chicago race riot of 1919 1008:(1944), which prohibited 779:Voting Rights Act of 1965 657:, often under the racist 643:Reconstruction Amendments 557:Memphis sanitation strike 339:Journey of Reconciliation 331: 231:Voting Rights Act of 1965 166:" doctrine overturned by 153: 127: 91: 81: 73: 50: 45: 21404:← Kennedy administration 20768:Civil Rights Act of 1968 20728:School Breakfast Program 20675:Civil Rights Act of 1964 20460:White House preservation 20385:templates for discussion 20179:King assassination riots 20139:1968 uprising in Senegal 20035:Mexican Movement of 1968 19757:American Indian Movement 19600:United States portal 19035:African-American English 18464:Inventors and scientists 18156:George Washington Carver 17760:Chicago Freedom Movement 17304:Prescription drug prices 16424:Mayor–council government 16414:Coterminous municipality 16404:Consolidated city-county 16170:Agriculture commissioner 15820:House of Representatives 15728:National Security Agency 15378:Contiguous United States 14326:National Historical Park 14064:Abraham, Martin and John 13542:(strategist / colleague) 13346:Chicago Freedom Movement 11272:Atlanta Student Movement 11221:Civil Rights Act of 1968 11146:1964–1965 Scripto strike 11127:Civil Rights Act of 1964 11025:1963 Birmingham campaign 10918:Civil Rights Act of 1960 10842:Civil Rights Act of 1957 10562: – Provided by the 10514: – Provided by the 10480: – Provided by the 9998:Journal of Black Studies 9791:August 22, 2016, at the 9718:Ogletree, Charles J. Jr. 9173:Self, Robert O. (2005). 8955:The Detroit riot of 1967 8939:. Simon & Schuster. 8748:U.S. Department of State 8627:Davis, Townsend (1998). 8622:. New York: Verso Books. 8597:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 8508:Bryant, Nicholas Andrew 7749:"By Any Means Necessary" 7442:. Simon & Schuster. 7329:Media, American Public. 7103:Cornell University Press 7097:Minami, Kazushi (2024). 6809:Schlesinger, Arthur Jr, 6491:"By Any Means Necessary" 6439:January 8, 2013, at the 5870:Journal of Black Studies 5796:The Tallahassee Democrat 5204:August 29, 2017, at the 5094:January 1, 2009, at the 4986:Leland T. Saito (1998). 4572:The Blood of Emmett Till 4291:American Indian Movement 3368:Civil Rights Act of 1964 3096:San Quentin State Prison 2857:Gastonia, North Carolina 2768:American Jewish Congress 2654:NAACP Legal Defense Fund 2589:The Ballot or the Bullet 2497:The Ballot or the Bullet 2435: 2421:Civil Rights Act of 1964 2417:Everett McKinley Dirksen 2395:Civil Rights Act of 1964 2192:Civil Rights Act of 1957 1905:under Article II of the 1771:Civil Rights Act of 1968 1756:Civil Rights Act of 1964 1681:, Bernice Robinson, and 1613:Alabama State University 1590:White Citizens' Councils 1495:. They were faced with " 1269:Hampton Negro Conference 826:African-American history 783:Fair Housing Act of 1968 771:Civil Rights Act of 1964 547:Chicago Freedom Movement 532:Carpenters for Christmas 391:Dockum Drug Store sit-in 236:Civil Rights Act of 1968 226:Civil Rights Act of 1964 221:Civil Rights Act of 1960 216:Civil Rights Act of 1957 210:Passage of federal laws: 119:socioeconomic inequality 21357:Bilingual Education Act 21270:Administration on Aging 21064:Air Quality Act of 1967 20775:Gun Control Act of 1968 19523:African-American firsts 18572:Back-to-Africa movement 18541:Black Hebrew Israelites 18321:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 17869:Partus sequitur ventrem 17389:Criticism of government 16734:Social welfare programs 16327:State-recognized tribes 15312:Outline of U.S. history 15024:Continental Association 14732:Delano Herman Middleton 14508:King County, Washington 14361:FBI–King suicide letter 12824:Voter Education Project 12578:"We Shall Not Be Moved" 12239:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 11674:Josephine Dobbs Clement 11100:Chester school protests 11095:Twenty-fourth Amendment 11057:Detroit Walk to Freedom 10799:Tallahassee bus boycott 10720:Baton Rouge bus boycott 10460:Civil Rights in America 10398:Holsaert, Faith et al. 9943:(NewSouth Books, 2021). 9590:London: Longman, 2005. 9329:. Penguin Books, 1987. 8846:Hoose, Phillip (2009). 8722:. New York: Macmillan. 8191:Eddy, Sherwood (1934), 7420:April 23, 2010, at the 7409:Blackside Productions, 7225:Baltimore Afro-American 7129:Reinders, Eric (2024). 6622:Encyclopædia Britannica 6066:The Library of Congress 5821:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 5063:. PBS: Jim Crow Stories 4467:civil rights revolution 4296:Asian American movement 4168:Amelia Boynton Robinson 4113:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 3718:Septima Poinsette Clark 3081:Peace and Freedom Party 3034:straightened their hair 2975:(silver medalist, left) 2926:"Black Power" militants 2637:George Lincoln Rockwell 2451:Chinese Communist Party 2246:Baldwin-Kennedy meeting 1992:Tactics and nonviolence 1890:delivered the petition 1454:in 1691, criminalizing 1304:systemic discrimination 1300:Omaha race riot of 1919 793:. The emergence of the 512:Chester school protests 500:Black Christmas boycott 366:Tallahassee bus boycott 349:Baton Rouge bus boycott 185:Anti-miscegenation laws 21413:Nixon administration → 21134:Food Stamp Act of 1964 20305:Antisemitism in Poland 20214:Poor People's Campaign 20149:Battle of Valle Giulia 20119:1968 protests in Egypt 20005:Black Power Revolution 19975:1968 movement in Italy 19491:Spingarn Medal winners 18980:States and territories 18751:Black NFL quarterbacks 18251:Martin Luther King Jr. 17783:Dred Scott v. Sandford 17722:Montgomery bus boycott 17451:Environmental movement 17294:Health insurance costs 17189:Educational attainment 16714:Federal Reserve System 16672:Science and technology 16175:Insurance commissioner 15713:Intelligence Community 15408:minor outlying islands 15171:Civil rights movement 14702:Martin Luther King Jr. 14371:Season for Nonviolence 14184:"Never Alone Martin" ( 13906:"Great X-Pectations" ( 13842:King in the Wilderness 13463:Martin Luther King Sr. 13439:Martin Luther King III 13381:Poor People's Campaign 13330:St. Augustine movement 13290:Montgomery bus boycott 13110:Martin Luther King Jr. 13037:Movement photographers 12279:Bernice Johnson Reagon 11999:Martin Luther King Sr. 11994:Martin Luther King Jr. 11564:William Holmes Borders 11336:Highlander Folk School 11226:Poor People's Campaign 11079:St. Augustine movement 10929:Gomillion v. Lightfoot 10852:Katz Drug Store sit-in 10823:Royal Ice Cream sit-in 10785:Montgomery bus boycott 10605:501(c)(3) organization 10544:Voices of Civil Rights 10516:University of Virginia 10387:. Baraka Books, 2013. 10327:Zamalin, Alex (2015). 10141:47.2 (2013): 371–400. 9588:Martin Luther King Jr. 9530:Black Women in America 9453:Social Science History 9291:Weems, Robert E. Jr., 9083:. WW Norton & Co. 9004:(Harcourt Press, 1972) 8714:Forman, James (1972). 8658:Erikson, Erik (1969). 8364:"Racism to Redemption" 8057:American Indian Source 7853:"American Experience. 7595:Karen Brodkin (2000). 7565:July 22, 2015, at the 7541:March 4, 2016, at the 7521:Juan Williams, et al, 7270:March 4, 2016, at the 7158:Gao, Yunxiang (2021). 7002:April 2, 2015, at the 6951:Hersh, Burton (2007). 6534:July 27, 2017, at the 6205:April 2, 2008, at the 5448:"Executive Order 9981" 5303:americanhistory.si.edu 4516:Civil rights struggles 4483:Negro freedom movement 3953:Martin Luther King Jr. 3579:(Nashville, Tennessee) 3462:Activist organizations 3391:housing discrimination 3355: 3252: 3108: 3092:Black Guerrilla Family 3024:in 1966, initiated by 2978: 2915: 2881:Martin Luther King Jr. 2772:Anti-Defamation League 2726:Abraham Joshua Heschel 2722:St. Augustine, Florida 2705: 2702:Martin Luther King Jr. 2662:Dallas County, Alabama 2649: 2568:Ku Klux Klan terrorism 2555: 2552:Martin Luther King Jr. 2362: 2281: 2221: 2169:conservative coalition 2156: 2004: 1907:UN Genocide Convention 1821:Montgomery bus boycott 1797:African-American women 1793: 1745:Martin Luther King Jr. 1737:Montgomery bus boycott 1691:Highlander Folk School 1617:Martin Luther King Jr. 1609:Jo Ann Gibson Robinson 1448:anti-miscegenation law 1425: 1375:real estate developers 1373:were employed by many 1363: 1287: 1263: 1202: 1090: 987: 854: 849:13th Amendment in the 810:Martin Luther King Jr. 767:United States Congress 695:Montgomery bus boycott 567:Poor People's Campaign 488:St. Augustine movement 396:Katz Drug Store sit-in 381:Royal Ice Cream sit-in 361:Montgomery bus boycott 36:Civil rights movements 34:. For other uses, see 21548:Civil rights movement 21448:Civil rights movement 20760:Executive Order 11375 20691:Executive Order 11246 20509:Judicial appointments 20335:Years of Lead (Italy) 19990:Anti-nuclear movement 19985:Civil Rights Movement 19777:Civil rights movement 19762:Anti-nuclear movement 18801:Athletic associations 18736:Negro league baseball 18507:African-American Jews 18226:Ketanji Brown Jackson 18191:Henry Highland Garnet 18050:Negro National Anthem 17800:George Floyd protests 17765:Post–civil rights era 17277:Immigrant health care 16792:Transportation safety 16787:Transportation policy 16777:Public transportation 15847:President pro tempore 15703:Executive departments 15472:National Park Service 15127:Territorial evolution 14853:Civil Rights Movement 14839:Mississippi Cold Case 14576:Civil Rights Memorial 13479:Christine King Farris 13471:Alberta Williams King 13256:Conscience for Change 13199:Stride Toward Freedom 12872:Civil Rights Memorial 12760:Bethel Baptist Church 12409:Charles Kenzie Steele 11854:Audrey Faye Hendricks 11759:Myrlie Evers-Williams 11739:Patricia Stephens Due 11709:Abraham Lincoln Davis 11644:Colia Lafayette Clark 11398:Operation Breadbasket 11393:National Urban League 11140:Katzenbach v. McClung 11008:Atlanta's Berlin Wall 10661:Civil rights movement 10597:Civil Rights Teaching 10564:National Park Service 10000:49.5 (2018): 448–480. 9982:10.1086/JAAHv92n2p265 9799:Reed, Thomas Vernon. 9397:Barnes, Catherine A. 8997:(Penguin Books, 2011) 8971:McAdam, Doug (1988). 8935:Walking With the Wind 8908:Klarman, Michael J., 8825:Hilty, James (2000). 8758:(HarperCollins, 1987) 8494:Breitman, George ed. 7859:. PBS. Archived from 7547:The Black Commentator 7481:George Breitman, ed. 7438:Walking With the Wind 7048:Robert E. Weems Jr., 6975:The Threepenny Review 6553:July 8, 2013, at the 6406:(November 20, 2003). 5711:. Polity. p. x. 4698:California Law Review 4672:Vanderbilt Law Review 4503:Second Reconstruction 4471:civil rights struggle 4463:Black rights movement 4223:Charles Kenzie Steele 4118:Gloria Johnson-Powell 3793:Marian Wright Edelman 3591:(Montgomery, Alabama) 3573:(Montgomery, Alabama) 3542:Operation Breadbasket 3353: 3340:White segregationists 3305:Scottsboro Negro boys 3243: 3107: 2943: 2898: 2875:Black segregationists 2808:Brownsville, New York 2695: 2682:Brownsville, Brooklyn 2658:Department of Justice 2645: 2580:Jacksonville, Florida 2546: 2393:Further information: 2344: 2331:University of Alabama 2265: 2205: 2163:," argued biographer 2152: 1999: 1966:Grassroots leadership 1888:Civil Rights Congress 1858:gender discrimination 1852:Sexist discrimination 1784: 1513:nonviolent resistance 1415: 1353: 1325:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1309:restrictive covenants 1282: 1261: 1193: 1081: 973: 948:Further information: 913:. In 1871, President 909:in order to maintain 867:enslaved in the South 848: 839:Further information: 775:public accommodations 608:nonviolent resistance 586:to abolish legalized 580:civil rights movement 458:Ole Miss riot of 1962 324:Civil rights movement 197:Interracial marriages 190:McLaughlin v. Florida 140:nonviolent resistance 46:Civil rights movement 18:Civil Rights Movement 21583:Community organizing 21318:Model Cities Program 20929:Truth in Lending Act 20330:Second-wave feminism 20270:1968 Summer Olympics 20204:Miss America protest 20040:Movement of 22 March 20000:Black power movement 19814:Second-wave feminism 19792:Free Speech Movement 19787:Free school movement 19772:Black Power movement 19748:Social and political 19008:Afro-Seminole Creole 18534:Azusa Street Revival 18406:Booker T. Washington 17930:Underground Railroad 17795:Free people of color 17649:Atlantic slave trade 17446:Environmental issues 17111:Political ideologies 17010:Indigenous languages 16210:List of legislatures 16007:separation of powers 15708:Independent agencies 15634:World Heritage Sites 15269:September 11 attacks 15192:Spanish–American War 15132:Mexican–American War 15088:Confederation period 15019:Continental Congress 14662:Roman Ducksworth Jr. 14632:Johnnie Mae Chappell 14530:Lee–Jackson–King Day 14483:Kennedy–King College 13942:"Return of the King" 12917:other King memorials 12892:Freedom Rides Museum 12829:1960s counterculture 12780:Edmund Pettus Bridge 12459:Walter Francis White 12364:Alexander D. Shimkin 10878:New Year's Day March 10847:Ministers' Manifesto 10694:Executive Order 9981 10611:SNCC Digital Gateway 10599: – Provided by 10534:The Civil Rights Era 9754:Patterson, James T. 9685:Minchin, Timothy J. 9401:(Columbia UP, 1983). 9389:Sociological Science 9241:Strain, Christopher 9227:. Cengage Learning. 9025:(Random House, 1977) 8931:Lewis, John (1998). 8664:. New York: Norton. 8374:on December 10, 2017 8032:on November 26, 2018 7947:on December 11, 2007 7643:(November 2, 1993). 7434:Lewis, John (1998). 7039:8#2 (2015): 121–137. 6890:What Really Happened 6753:Risen, Clay (2014). 6018:(January 20, 2020). 5475:"Who May Live Where" 5199:"Legacy of Lynching" 4779:"Loving v. Virginia" 4352:History preservation 4315:(2002) fiction novel 3828:Frankie Muse Freeman 3596:Individual activists 3295:". In his 1934 book 3182:1968 Summer Olympics 3172:". In October 1968, 2964:1968 Summer Olympics 2951:and bronze medalist 2936:Black Power movement 2748:, were both Jewish. 2269:Prince Edward County 2250:Civil Rights Address 2022:Battle of Hayes Pond 2002:Battle of Hayes Pond 1919:William L. Patterson 1621:Tallahassee, Florida 1539:Executive Order 8802 1479:entered the home of 1460:Charleston, Illinois 1456:interracial marriage 1377:to "protect" entire 1341:Executive Order 9981 1182:, and Asians in the 1178:(and Latinos in the 1065:Booker T. Washington 795:Black Power movement 639:abolition of slavery 248:Ratification of the 21262:Older Americans Act 20832:Coinage Act of 1965 20809:Revenue Act of 1964 20720:Child Nutrition Act 20453:Second inauguration 20254:Tlatelolco massacre 20169:Delano grape strike 20159:Central Park be-ins 20015:Cultural Revolution 19661:Black Arts Movement 19403:Trinidad and Tobago 19018:Black American Sign 18845:By African descent 18839:Ethnic subdivisions 18826:Southwestern (SWAC) 18741:Baseball color line 18656:Black Panther Party 18560:Political movements 18477:in computer science 18136:Carol Moseley Braun 17925:Tulsa race massacre 17918:Treatment of slaves 17750:March on Washington 17745:Birmingham movement 17289:Health care finance 16782:Rail transportation 16548:Imperial presidency 16270:State constitutions 16215:List of legislators 16165:Auditor/Comptroller 16138:Lieutenant governor 15864:Library of Congress 15755:Diplomatic Security 15398:Indian reservations 15061:American Revolution 14782:Henry Ezekial Smith 14752:Mack Charles Parker 14747:William Lewis Moore 14737:Charles Eddie Moore 14727:Carol Denise McNair 14395:Hope Moving Forward 14160:Shed a Little Light 13923:New York Undercover 13918:"The Promised Land" 13745:Conspiracy theories 13526:(mentor, colleague) 13314:Birmingham campaign 12655:Mary McLeod Bethune 12616:Sermon on the Mount 12583:"We Shall Overcome" 12164:William Lewis Moore 11944:Frank Minis Johnson 11919:Richie Jean Jackson 11874:Donald L. Hollowell 11679:Charles E. Cobb Jr. 11484:Gwendolyn Armstrong 11479:William G. Anderson 11459:Victoria Gray Adams 11423:The Freedom Singers 11277:Black Panther Party 11062:March on Washington 10975:Garner v. Louisiana 10936:Boynton v. Virginia 10601:Teaching for Change 10523:Library of Congress 10312:. Greenwood Press. 9777:(Bloomsbury, 1998) 9624:Lowery, Charles D. 9549:Jones, Jacqueline. 9521:Greene, Christina. 9491:Faulkenbury, Evan. 9406:Bennett, Lerone Jr. 9391:3 (2016): 135–166. 9270:Tucker, William H. 9158:. Encounter Books. 9018:(Random House 1971) 9016:Regulating the Poor 9000:Matusow, Allen J. " 8770:. Chapel Hill, NC: 8512:(Basic Books, 2006) 8498:(Grove Press, 1965) 7534:Paul Ryan Haygood, 7391:on January 10, 2015 7365:Regulating the Poor 7162:. Chapel Hill, NC: 6305:"Timothy B. Tyson, 6166:Library of Congress 5454:on January 22, 2019 5349:Moton, Robert Russa 4836:on October 21, 2010 4685:on October 3, 2019. 4499:Second Emancipation 4412:Informational notes 3803:James L. Farmer Jr. 3738:Charles E. Cobb Jr. 3608:Victoria Gray Adams 3403:housing segregation 3381:. He moved further 3255:Due to policies of 3061:Oakland, California 3049:Black Panther Party 2752:Brandeis University 2641:American Nazi Party 2519:Cambridge, Maryland 2455:Cultural Revolution 2348:University of Natal 2120:Political responses 1823:, and the eventual 1739:(1955–1956) led by 1685:, with the help of 1638:of Tallahassee and 1601:Montgomery, Alabama 1367:Housing segregation 1358:erected this sign, 1067:, president of the 1053:lily-white movement 812:, who won the 1964 791:private foundations 715:Selma to Montgomery 713:, and a march from 711:Birmingham campaign 637:and the subsequent 552:Orangeburg massacre 463:Birmingham campaign 63:Washington Monument 59:March on Washington 21141:Food Stamp Program 20907:Wholesome Meat Act 20635:Outer Space Treaty 20439:First inauguration 20194:May 1968 in France 20174:East L.A. walkouts 20055:Red Power movement 19501:US representatives 19496:US cabinet members 19388:Dominican Republic 18975:Metropolitan areas 18816:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 18641:Civic and economic 18619:Self-determination 18440:Education, science 18361:Fred Shuttlesworth 18341:A. Philip Randolph 18246:Coretta Scott King 18171:Frederick Douglass 17998:Harlem Renaissance 17903:Separate but equal 17893:Reconstruction era 17881:Plessy v. Ferguson 17772:Cornerstone Speech 17686:Civil Rights Acts 17669:Black Lives Matter 17644:American Civil War 17399:affirmative action 17372:Capital punishment 17331:Poverty and health 17326:Physician shortage 17299:Health care prices 17229:Standard of living 16912:standard of living 16719:Financial position 16346:Hawaiian home land 16334:Indian reservation 16307:Tribal sovereignty 16150:Secretary of state 16019:United States Code 15935:Territorial courts 15907:Associate Justices 15792:Inspector generals 15279:War in Afghanistan 15142:Reconstruction era 15009:Stamp Act Congress 14692:Jimmie Lee Jackson 14687:Samuel Hammond Jr. 14657:Henry Hezekiah Dee 14389:sculpture, Atlanta 14173:Up to the Mountain 13960:(2011 documentary) 13933:Selma, Lord, Selma 13855:(2020 documentary) 13845:(2018 documentary) 13815:(2008 documentary) 13792:Our Friend, Martin 13785:(1970 documentary) 13628:Fred Shuttlesworth 13423:Coretta Scott King 13161:How Long, Not Long 13143:Give Us the Ballot 12972:Michael Eric Dyson 12857:In popular culture 12740:Fifth Circuit Four 12724:Loving v. Virginia 12717:Hernandez v. Texas 12696:Buchanan v. Warley 12688:Separate but equal 12682:Plessy v. Ferguson 12645:Frederick Douglass 12479:Robert F. Williams 12389:Kelly Miller Smith 12369:Fred Shuttlesworth 12294:Frederick D. Reese 12274:George Raymond Jr. 12264:A. Philip Randolph 12244:Fay Bellamy Powell 12159:Queen Mother Moore 12044:Z. Alexander Looby 11989:Coretta Scott King 11934:Barbara Rose Johns 11914:Jimmie Lee Jackson 11839:William E. Harbour 11619:Stokely Carmichael 11534:Randolph Blackwell 11204:King assassination 11193:Loving v. Virginia 11177:March Against Fear 11157:How Long, Not Long 11035:Children's Crusade 10986:Cambridge movement 10923:Ax Handle Saturday 10888:Greensboro sit-ins 10815:Give Us the Ballot 10366:Library of America 9921:Berger, Martin A. 9668:Timothy Garton Ash 9628:(Greenwood, 1992). 9484:Fairclough, Adam. 9343:Woodward, C. Vann 9277:Tyson, Timothy B. 9260:Sugrue, Thomas J. 9250:Sugrue, Thomas J. 8778:Goluboff, Risa L. 8766:The Carolina Times 8338:networks.h-net.org 8109:. January 18, 2016 8026:Native News Online 7786:The New York Times 7701:Davies, Tom Adam. 7649:My Jewish Learning 7196:Swarthmore College 6874:on March 13, 2005. 6830:on August 22, 2016 6546:Timothy B. Tyson, 6199:We Charge Genocide 6027:The New York Times 5621:Facing History.org 5262:C. Vann Woodward, 5059:Wormser, Richard. 4942:. August 30, 2015. 4396:Black Lives Matter 4258:Robert F. Williams 4208:Fred Shuttlesworth 4143:Frederick D. Reese 4133:George Raymond Jr. 4123:A. Philip Randolph 4053:E. Frederic Morrow 3948:Coretta Scott King 3913:Jimmie Lee Jackson 3863:Lorraine Hansberry 3818:Sarah Mae Flemming 3808:Walter E. Fauntroy 3703:Stokely Carmichael 3653:Fay Bellamy Powell 3448:In popular culture 3430:Barbara Ehrenreich 3414:massive resistance 3379:bombing of Vietnam 3356: 3334:Massive resistance 3261:People's Democracy 3253: 3109: 3094:in the California 3022:March Against Fear 2979: 2911:self-determination 2792:integration busing 2706: 2698:Joseph L. Rauh Jr. 2639:, the head of the 2556: 2472:Robert F. Williams 2222: 2218:Justice Department 2161:Compromise of 1877 2034:The Carolina Times 2030:The New York Times 2018:Robert F. Williams 2005: 1893:We Charge Genocide 1794: 1652:A. Philip Randolph 1644:Fred Shuttlesworth 1640:T. J. Jemison 1630:In 1957, King and 1523:A. Philip Randolph 1517:civil disobedience 1497:massive resistance 1450:was passed by the 1364: 1292:Red Summer of 1919 1288: 1264: 1239:Plessy v. Ferguson 1234:separate but equal 1203: 1151:Disenfranchisement 1145:Racial segregation 1119:separate but equal 1114:Plessy v. Ferguson 1095:racial segregation 1091: 1069:Tuskegee Institute 1061:Theodore Roosevelt 1005:Smith v. Allwright 988: 932:Federal Government 895:Reconstruction era 859:American Civil War 855: 747:Loving v. Virginia 683:civil disobedience 681:mass protests and 667:White supremacists 641:in the 1860s, the 635:American Civil War 612:civil disobedience 600:Reconstruction era 596:disenfranchisement 588:racial segregation 542:March Against Fear 453:Cambridge movement 423:Greensboro sit-ins 202:Loving v. Virginia 164:Separate but equal 145:civil disobedience 109:disenfranchisement 104:racial segregation 21460:Freedom of speech 21429: 21428: 21423: 21422: 20502:1969 SOTU Address 20495:1968 SOTU Address 20488:1967 SOTU Address 20481:1966 SOTU Address 20474:1965 SOTU Address 20467:1964 SOTU Address 20370: 20369: 20325:School discipline 20244:Takeover of Vanha 20060:Sexual revolution 19915: 19914: 19849:Underground press 19826:Sexual revolution 19734:Bed-Ins for Peace 19671:Psychedelic music 19608: 19607: 19436:African Americans 19308:Dallas–Fort Worth 18903:Black Southerners 18834: 18833: 18286:Thurgood Marshall 18256:Bernard Lafayette 17851:Million Man March 17608:African Americans 17574: 17573: 17534: 17533: 17530: 17529: 17500:National security 17209:Income inequality 17089:Statue of Liberty 16892:income inequality 16805: 16804: 16797:Trucking industry 16609: 16608: 16605: 16604: 16536:Foreign relations 16524:Electoral College 16505: 16504: 16293: 16292: 16245:District attorney 16092: 16091: 15919:Courts of appeals 15642: 15641: 15355: 15354: 15296:COVID-19 pandemic 15249:Feminist Movement 15095:American frontier 15014:Thirteen Colonies 14875: 14874: 14812:Ben Chester White 14802:Virgil Lamar Ware 14777:Michael Schwerner 14642:Addie Mae Collins 14542: 14541: 14538: 14537: 14513:Eponymous streets 14356:Authorship issues 14284: 14283: 14280: 14279: 14046:(1957 comic book) 13909:A Different World 13886:(1978 miniseries) 13753: 13752: 13674: 13673: 13670: 13669: 13564:Bernard Lafayette 13495:James Albert King 13395: 13394: 13391: 13390: 13246:Why We Can't Wait 13063: 13062: 12840:Eyes on the Prize 12755:A.G. Gaston Motel 12750:Kelly Ingram Park 12710:Sweatt v. Painter 12394:Mary Louise Smith 12354:Cleveland Sellers 12339:Michael Schwerner 12304:Gloria Richardson 12084:Thurgood Marshall 12004:Bernard Lafayette 11734:John Wesley Dobbs 11248: 11247: 10967:Birmingham attack 10947:Rock Hill sit-ins 10898:Sibley Commission 10893:Nashville sit-ins 10765:Gebhart v. Belton 10751:Briggs v. Elliott 10744:Bolling v. Sharpe 10705:Sweatt v. Painter 10462:Information from 10453:Information from 10408:978-0-252-03557-9 10393:978-1-926824-87-1 10340:978-1-137-52810-0 10319:978-0-313-29838-7 10303:on April 2, 2015. 10257:978-0-8139-1319-3 10236:978-0-520-25176-2 10211:978-0-8131-2693-7 10188:978-0-8476-9053-4 9939:Carawan, Candie. 9930:Berger, Maurice. 9914:978-1-316-24038-0 9877:978-0-300-11837-7 9863:Tsesis, Alexander 9834:Sitkoff, Howard. 9827:Riches, William. 9820:978-0-8108-8037-5 9773:Raffel, Jeffrey. 9744:Payne, Charles M. 9736:978-0-393-05897-0 9702:Morris, Aldon D. 9680:978-0-19-955201-6 9621:(ABC-CLIO, 2019). 9498:Garrow, David J. 9312:978-0-8135-4772-5 9288:(NYU Press, 2013) 9234:978-0-495-09705-1 9213:978-0-7432-1701-9 9186:978-1-4008-4417-3 9165:978-1-59403-800-6 9141:978-0-618-21928-5 9118:978-1-57356-148-8 9090:978-0-393-05122-3 9054:978-0-671-64879-4 8991:Marable, Manning 8984:978-0-19-504367-9 8953:Locke, Hubert G. 8946:978-0-684-81065-2 8901:978-0-8122-0000-3 8880:978-0-8203-4326-6 8861:978-0-312-66105-2 8838:978-1-4399-0519-7 8808:978-0-292-71837-1 8764:Louis Austin and 8754:Garrow, David J. 8729:978-0-940880-10-8 8706:978-0-19-516779-5 8671:978-0-393-31034-4 8642:978-0-393-04592-5 8585:978-0-19-515049-0 8562:978-0-19-502625-2 8539:978-0-674-44727-1 8483:978-0-252-03420-6 8448:Bartley, Abel A. 8406:978-1-4008-4942-0 8319:978-1-101-60549-3 8226:978-0-691-15243-1 8169:on April 28, 2016 7922:978-0-520-29328-1 7895:978-0-19-986148-4 7863:on April 23, 2010 7855:Eyes on the Prize 7816:978-0-8078-5702-1 7759:on March 13, 2015 7747:(June 18, 2004). 7623:978-0-520-21380-7 7508:978-0-8203-2687-0 7449:978-0-684-81065-2 7369:Abel A. Bartley, 7315:978-1-101-44527-3 7078:978-1-59403-800-6 6961:978-0-7867-1982-2 6942:. OCLC 1001918388 6940:978-1-4000-6748-0 6916:on April 20, 2008 6766:978-1-60819-824-5 6677:978-1-0718-2463-4 6624:. March 20, 2023. 6489:(June 17, 2004). 6419:978-0-8078-6270-4 6342:Nicholas Graham, 6315:on March 26, 2014 6239:978-0-674-44726-4 6147:978-0-8135-3438-1 5957:978-0-19-932917-5 5847:978-0-691-09260-7 5718:978-0-7456-2936-0 5686:. Daily Kos Group 5569:978-0-226-74663-0 5365:2027/chi.14025588 5357:Hampton, Virginia 5333:, 41(3), 338–346. 5184:978-0-19-516779-5 5154:978-0-495-09705-1 5045:978-0-7432-1701-9 4966:978-1-57356-148-8 4868:978-1-57233-260-7 4810:. January 5, 2018 4557:978-0-19-992268-0 4373:Read's Drug Store 4345:We Shall Overcome 4198:Cleveland Sellers 4193:Michael Schwerner 4153:Gloria Richardson 4098:Nan Grogan Orrock 4008:Thurgood Marshall 3958:Bernard Lafayette 3928:Clarence B. Jones 3561:(Albany, Georgia) 3360:Nobel Peace Prize 3329:White Southerners 3273:We Shall Overcome 3215:Why We Can't Wait 3189:black nationalism 3124: 3076:community control 3071:and to establish 2746:Michael Schwerner 2597:Eyes on the Prize 2584:Molotov cocktails 2515:Gloria Richardson 2493:Black Nationalism 2478:Popular reactions 2403:Lyndon B. Johnson 2277:the 1954 decision 2226:Robert F. Kennedy 2210:Robert F. Kennedy 2054:Negroes With Guns 1862:sexual harassment 1636:C. K. Steele 1501:voter suppression 1458:. In a speech in 1248:Anniston, Alabama 1228:(1954), when the 1218:, education, and 1197:night rally near 1071:, to dine at the 1035:in Congress. The 964:disputed election 851:National Archives 814:Nobel Peace Prize 752:in public schools 689:. These included 651:African Americans 575: 574: 478:Leesburg Stockade 428:Nashville sit-ins 290: 289: 16:(Redirected from 21635: 21530: 21529: 21528: 21518: 21517: 21516: 21506: 21505: 21504: 21494: 21493: 21482: 21481: 21470: 21469: 21468: 21458: 21457: 21456: 21446: 21445: 21437: 21416: 21407: 21388: 21381: 21374: 21367: 21360: 21350: 21343: 21336: 21328: 21321: 21311: 21304: 21297: 21288: 21281: 21272: 21265: 21255: 21248: 21240: 21231: 21224: 21217: 21210: 21203: 21196: 21189: 21182: 21175: 21168: 21161: 21153: 21150:AmeriCorps VISTA 21143: 21136: 21127: 21120: 21113: 21106: 21099: 21074: 21066: 21059: 21052: 21044: 21037: 21030: 21023: 21015: 20992: 20984: 20977: 20968: 20961: 20954: 20947: 20940: 20931: 20924: 20917: 20910: 20902: 20894: 20887: 20880: 20872: 20864: 20856: 20848: 20841: 20834: 20825: 20818: 20811: 20791: 20784: 20777: 20770: 20763: 20755: 20748: 20740: 20737:Uniform Time Act 20730: 20722: 20715: 20708: 20701: 20694: 20684: 20677: 20670: 20663: 20644: 20637: 20630: 20628:Glassboro Summit 20621: 20612: 20605: 20596: 20589: 20587:Johnson Doctrine 20569: 20562: 20555: 20553:Executive Orders 20548: 20546:Nixon transition 20541: 20532: 20525: 20518: 20511: 20504: 20497: 20490: 20483: 20476: 20469: 20462: 20455: 20448: 20441: 20414: 20407: 20400: 20391: 20390: 20352:Student activism 20087: 20010:Chicano Movement 19949:Protests of 1968 19942: 19935: 19928: 19919: 19918: 19712:Swinging Sixties 19707:Mods and rockers 19702:British Invasion 19635: 19628: 19621: 19612: 19611: 19598: 19597: 19596: 19560:Lynching victims 19059:Louisiana Creole 19030:American English 18918:Louisiana Creole 18891:Choctaw freedmen 18729: 18728: 18266:Huddie Ledbetter 18206:Fannie Lou Hamer 18176:W. E. B. Du Bois 18166:Claudette Colvin 18161:Shirley Chisholm 17978:Family structure 17846:Military history 17728:Browder v. Gayle 17601: 17594: 17587: 17578: 17577: 17554: 17547: 17434:African American 17316:Health insurance 17204:Household income 17074:National symbols 17005:American English 16978:Federal holidays 16887:household income 16820: 16819: 16816: 16815: 16620: 16619: 16558:Anti-Americanism 16482:Special district 16409:Independent city 16378:County executive 16361: 16360: 16155:Attorney general 16114: 16113: 16103:Federal District 15686:Executive Office 15666: 15665: 15657: 15656: 15653: 15652: 15413:populated places 15393:federal enclaves 15388:federal district 15366: 15365: 15229:American Century 15212:Great Depression 15207:Roaring Twenties 15167:Women's suffrage 15046:Halifax Resolves 15039:Founding Fathers 15034:military history 14999:Pre-colonial era 14923: 14922: 14902: 14895: 14888: 14879: 14878: 14864: 14863: 14817:Sammy Younge Jr. 14772:Carole Robertson 14707:Bruce W. Klunder 14697:Wharlest Jackson 14652:Jonathan Daniels 14569: 14562: 14555: 14546: 14545: 14450:Pueblo, Colorado 14381:Oval Office bust 14290: 14289: 14273: 14264: 14255: 14237: 14225: 14208: 14198: 14189: 14180: 14167: 14154: 14145: 14132: 14123: 14110: 14097: 14084: 14071: 14047: 14026: 14016: 14006: 13996: 13975: 13961: 13951: 13937: 13927: 13913: 13902: 13887: 13866: 13856: 13846: 13836: 13826: 13816: 13806: 13796: 13786: 13770: 13769: 13759: 13758: 13680: 13679: 13663: 13655: 13647: 13639: 13631: 13623: 13615: 13607: 13599: 13591: 13583: 13575: 13567: 13559: 13551: 13543: 13535: 13527: 13506: 13498: 13490: 13482: 13474: 13466: 13458: 13450: 13442: 13434: 13426: 13412: 13411: 13401: 13400: 13384: 13376: 13368: 13357: 13349: 13341: 13333: 13325: 13317: 13309: 13301: 13293: 13270: 13260: 13250: 13240: 13231: 13227:Strength to Love 13221: 13212: 13203: 13182: 13173: 13164: 13155: 13146: 13129: 13128: 13118: 13117: 13103: 13096: 13089: 13080: 13079: 13067: 13066: 13054: 13053: 13017:Charles M. Payne 13002:Steven F. Lawson 12992:David Halberstam 12962:Clayborne Carson 12703:Hocutt v. Wilson 12650:W. E. B. Du Bois 12499:Sammy Younge Jr. 12484:Q. V. Williamson 12449:Wyatt Tee Walker 12314:Bernice Robinson 12259:Lincoln Ragsdale 12249:Rodney N. Powell 12144:Douglas E. Moore 12019:Sanford R. Leigh 11954:J. Charles Jones 11829:Fannie Lou Hamer 11744:Joseph Ellwanger 11704:Jonathan Daniels 11694:Claudette Colvin 11684:Annie Lee Cooper 11669:Kathleen Cleaver 11664:Eldridge Cleaver 11639:Shirley Chisholm 11529:Gloria Blackwell 11120:workers' murders 11067:"I Have a Dream" 10962:Anniston bombing 10913:Greenville Eight 10828:Little Rock Nine 10791:Browder v. Gayle 10679: 10678: 10654: 10647: 10640: 10631: 10630: 10536: – Part of 10521:Provided by the 10492:Tougaloo College 10344: 10323: 10304: 10302: 10296:. Archived from 10271: 10261: 10240: 10215: 10203: 10192: 10173: 10134: 10132: 10130: 10125:on July 27, 2019 10124: 10118:. Archived from 10102:(4): 1233–1263. 10093: 10083: 10081: 10066: 10056: 10054: 10029: 9993: 9964: 9918: 9859:. (Knopf, 2006). 9824: 9783:Raiford, Leigh. 9740: 9632:Marable, Manning 9606:, (Spring 2000). 9556:Kasher, Steven. 9425:Branch, Taylor. 9415: 9316: 9284:Umoja, Akinyele 9238: 9217: 9201: 9190: 9169: 9145: 9133: 9122: 9094: 9058: 9028:Ransby, Barbara 8988: 8950: 8938: 8919:Levy, Peter B. " 8905: 8884: 8865: 8853: 8842: 8812: 8791: 8775: 8751: 8745: 8733: 8721: 8710: 8678:Eskew, Glenn T. 8675: 8646: 8634: 8623: 8598: 8589: 8577: 8566: 8554: 8543: 8487:Branch, Taylor. 8434: 8432: 8411: 8410: 8390: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8379: 8370:. Archived from 8360: 8354: 8353: 8351: 8349: 8330: 8324: 8323: 8301: 8292: 8291: 8289: 8287: 8282:. March 12, 2019 8272: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8247: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8233: 8210: 8204: 8203: 8188: 8182: 8181: 8176: 8174: 8165:, archived from 8152: 8146: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8135:The Moscow Times 8125: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8099: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8082:irishcentral.com 8074: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8063: 8048: 8042: 8041: 8039: 8037: 8028:. Archived from 8017: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8006: 7992: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7966: 7957: 7956: 7954: 7952: 7943:. Archived from 7933: 7927: 7926: 7906: 7900: 7899: 7879: 7873: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7849: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7838: 7827: 7821: 7820: 7800: 7794: 7793: 7783: 7775: 7769: 7768: 7766: 7764: 7755:. Archived from 7741: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7720: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7709: 7698: 7692: 7689: 7683: 7680: 7674: 7671: 7665: 7664: 7662: 7660: 7655:on July 21, 2014 7637: 7628: 7627: 7607: 7601: 7600: 7592: 7586: 7576: 7570: 7569:—PBS Documentary 7555: 7549: 7532: 7526: 7519: 7513: 7512: 7492: 7486: 7479: 7473: 7460: 7454: 7453: 7441: 7431: 7425: 7407: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7396: 7387:. Archived from 7381: 7375: 7361: 7355: 7350:Akinyele Umoja, 7348: 7342: 7341: 7339: 7337: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7299: 7293: 7292: 7291:. June 29, 2017. 7281: 7275: 7261: 7255: 7242: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7231: 7216: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7184: 7178: 7177: 7155: 7149: 7148: 7126: 7117: 7116: 7094: 7083: 7082: 7059: 7053: 7046: 7040: 7033: 7027: 7017: 7011: 6993: 6987: 6986: 6970: 6964: 6963:. OCLC 493616276 6949: 6943: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6912:. Archived from 6900: 6894: 6893: 6882: 6876: 6875: 6870:. Archived from 6864: 6858: 6857: 6846: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6820: 6814: 6807: 6801: 6792: 6786: 6785: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6750: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6695: 6682: 6681: 6661: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6632: 6626: 6625: 6614: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6589: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6564: 6558: 6544: 6538: 6525: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6483: 6477: 6465: 6459: 6458:(September 1998) 6452: 6443: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6400: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6378: 6372: 6369: 6363: 6360: 6354: 6340: 6334: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6311:. Archived from 6301: 6295: 6286: 6280: 6279: 6278:. June 26, 2012. 6268: 6262: 6261: 6250: 6244: 6243: 6231: 6221: 6210: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6176: 6170: 6169: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6133: 6127: 6126: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6088: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6023: 6012: 6006: 6005: 5996:(3/4): 185–190. 5985: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5931: 5920: 5919: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5865: 5852: 5851: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5812: 5806: 5789: 5783: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5742: 5736: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5675: 5669: 5656: 5647: 5646: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5613: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5586:. Archived from 5580: 5574: 5573: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5340: 5334: 5327: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5295: 5286: 5273: 5267: 5260: 5254: 5247: 5241: 5234: 5225: 5215: 5209: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5168: 5159: 5158: 5138: 5132: 5118: 5112: 5105: 5099: 5086: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5033: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5012: 4997: 4991: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4891: 4882: 4873: 4872: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4832:. Archived from 4826: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4725: 4714: 4713: 4704:(5): 1101–1167. 4693: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4678:. Archived from 4669: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4600: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4565: 4559: 4545: 4528: 4525:civil rights era 4521:social movements 4495:Negro revolution 4459:Black revolution 4431: 4425: 4422: 4301:Chicano Movement 4243:Wyatt Tee Walker 4108:Rutledge Pearson 3858:Fannie Lou Hamer 3768:Jonathan Daniels 3763:Claudette Colvin 3753:Annie Lee Cooper 3733:Eldridge Cleaver 3713:Shirley Chisholm 3395:Richard J. Daley 3314:, the historian 3263:had organized a 3230:Northern Ireland 3196:Native Americans 3126: 3125: 3106: 3069:police brutality 2843:was found under 2617:Fannie Lou Hamer 2554:, March 26, 1964 2511:Black separatism 2447:anti-imperialist 2360: 2297:Voice of America 2234:David Halberstam 2230:Attorney General 2207:Attorney General 2147:Lincoln Memorial 2092:Radio Free Dixie 2087:Fannie Lou Hamer 1901:, was guilty of 1808:African-American 1786:Fannie Lou Hamer 1597:Claudette Colvin 1531:defense industry 1423: 1371:Racial covenants 1037:Republican Party 1029:Democratic Party 923:Enforcement Acts 915:Ulysses S. Grant 628:civil rights era 386:Little Rock Nine 326: 316: 309: 302: 293: 292: 240:Fair Housing Act 178:Browder v. Gayle 67:Lincoln Memorial 55: 43: 42: 21: 21643: 21642: 21638: 21637: 21636: 21634: 21633: 21632: 21538: 21537: 21536: 21526: 21524: 21514: 21512: 21502: 21500: 21488: 21476: 21466: 21464: 21454: 21452: 21440: 21432: 21430: 21425: 21424: 21419: 21410: 21401: 21393: 21384: 21377: 21370: 21363: 21355: 21346: 21339: 21331: 21324: 21316: 21307: 21300: 21293: 21284: 21277: 21268: 21260: 21251: 21243: 21236: 21227: 21220: 21213: 21206: 21199: 21192: 21185: 21178: 21171: 21164: 21156: 21148: 21139: 21132: 21123: 21116: 21109: 21102: 21095: 21086: 21077: 21069: 21062: 21055: 21047: 21040: 21033: 21026: 21018: 21010: 21002: 20995: 20987: 20980: 20973: 20964: 20957: 20950: 20943: 20936: 20927: 20920: 20913: 20905: 20897: 20890: 20883: 20875: 20867: 20859: 20851: 20844: 20837: 20830: 20821: 20814: 20807: 20801:Economic policy 20796: 20787: 20780: 20773: 20766: 20758: 20751: 20743: 20735: 20725: 20718: 20711: 20704: 20697: 20689: 20680: 20673: 20668:Cannabis policy 20666: 20658: 20652:Domestic policy 20647: 20642:Operation CHAOS 20640: 20633: 20626: 20618:Credibility gap 20615: 20608: 20601: 20592: 20585: 20572: 20565: 20558: 20551: 20544: 20537: 20528: 20521: 20514: 20507: 20500: 20493: 20486: 20479: 20472: 20465: 20458: 20451: 20446:Let Us Continue 20444: 20437: 20424: 20418: 20388: 20371: 20366: 20275:Anti-capitalism 20258: 20224:Presidio mutiny 20129:1968 Miami riot 20088: 20079: 20025:Hippie movement 19951: 19946: 19916: 19911: 19860: 19837: 19749: 19743: 19717:Hippie movement 19685:Cultural events 19680: 19666:Psychedelic art 19649: 19639: 19609: 19604: 19594: 19592: 19579: 19545:Historic places 19538:US state firsts 19424: 19339: 19063: 18996: 18968:2010 majorities 18963:2000 majorities 18934: 18881:Black Seminoles 18830: 18821:Southern (SIAC) 18804: 18803:and conferences 18802: 18795: 18791:Serena Williams 18786:Jackie Robinson 18720: 18644: 18642: 18635: 18555: 18522:Nation of Islam 18493: 18441: 18435: 18376:Sojourner Truth 18366:Clarence Thomas 18331:Gabriel Prosser 18231:Michael Jackson 18106:Crispus Attucks 18096:Ralph Abernathy 18084: 18040:Musical theater 17939: 17805:Great Migration 17777:COVID-19 impact 17735:Sit-in movement 17610: 17605: 17575: 17570: 17557: 17550: 17543: 17526: 17512:Opioid epidemic 17429:Native American 17409:intersex rights 17360: 17356:Life expectancy 17346:Medical deserts 17336:Race and health 17233: 17219:Personal income 17165: 17069:National anthem 16902:personal income 16867:Economic issues 16801: 16753: 16601: 16501: 16490:School district 16476: 16459:Minor divisions 16453: 16392: 16350: 16289: 16275:Statutory codes 16256: 16219: 16196: 16106: 16101: 16088: 16023: 15980:civil liberties 15961: 15952:Other tribunals 15931:District courts 15883: 15842:current members 15825:current members 15806: 15740:Law enforcement 15638: 15351: 15300: 15291:Great Recession 15162:Progressive Era 15152:Native genocide 15083:Perpetual Union 15071:Treaty of Paris 15029:United Colonies 14987: 14912: 14906: 14876: 14871: 14858: 14844: 14821: 14797:Clarence Triggs 14767:John Earl Reese 14622:Willie Brewster 14605: 14589: 14578: 14573: 14543: 14534: 14397:statue, Atlanta 14295: 14276: 14267: 14258: 14251: 14240: 14228: 14211: 14201: 14192: 14183: 14170: 14157: 14148: 14135: 14126: 14113: 14100: 14087: 14074: 14061: 14050: 14040: 14029: 14019: 14009: 14002:The Mountaintop 13999: 13989: 13978: 13964: 13954: 13940: 13930: 13916: 13905: 13893:The First Store 13890: 13880: 13869: 13859: 13849: 13839: 13829: 13819: 13809: 13799: 13795:(1999 animated) 13789: 13779: 13764: 13749: 13687: 13666: 13658: 13650: 13642: 13634: 13626: 13618: 13610: 13602: 13594: 13586: 13578: 13570: 13562: 13554: 13546: 13538: 13530: 13524:Ralph Abernathy 13522: 13515: 13509: 13501: 13493: 13485: 13477: 13469: 13461: 13453: 13445: 13437: 13429: 13421: 13406: 13387: 13379: 13371: 13360: 13352: 13344: 13336: 13328: 13320: 13312: 13306:Albany Movement 13304: 13296: 13288: 13280: 13273: 13263: 13253: 13243: 13234: 13224: 13215: 13206: 13196: 13185: 13176: 13167: 13158: 13149: 13140: 13123: 13112: 13107: 13072: 13064: 13059: 13048: 13041: 13022:Thomas E. Ricks 13012:Diane McWhorter 12997:Vincent Harding 12982:Adam Fairclough 12949: 12943: 12845: 12800:Freedom Schools 12659: 12592: 12540: 12534: 12525:Omaha, Nebraska 12513: 12429:Hartman Turnbow 12419:Dorothy Tillman 12379:Glenn E. Smiley 12359:Charles Sherrod 12319:Jo Ann Robinson 12194:Charles Neblett 12184:Elijah Muhammad 12149:Harriette Moore 12109:Floyd McKissick 12094:Franklin McCain 12029:Stanley Levison 11894:T. R. M. Howard 11844:Vincent Harding 11774:Walter Fauntroy 11659:Xernona Clayton 11609:John H. Calhoun 11594:Aurelia Browder 11584:Stanley Branche 11579:Raylawni Branch 11559:Joseph E. Boone 11544:Ezell Blair Jr. 11539:Unita Blackwell 11514:Harry Belafonte 11454:Ralph Abernathy 11442: 11378:Nation of Islam 11254: 11244: 11083: 11040:Birmingham riot 10981:Albany Movement 10903:Atlanta sit-ins 10883:Sit-in movement 10866: 10862:Biloxi wade-ins 10834:Cooper v. Aaron 10724: 10670: 10664: 10658: 10447: 10442: 10352: 10347: 10341: 10320: 10300: 10286:10.2307/2079700 10269: 10258: 10237: 10212: 10189: 10162:10.2307/2163219 10128: 10126: 10122: 10108:10.2307/3660172 10091: 10079: 10069:History Teacher 10064: 10018:10.2307/2588012 9949:History Compass 9915: 9896: 9891: 9821: 9793:Wayback Machine 9737: 9617:Levy, Peter B. 9535:Horne, Gerald. 9477:Ellis, Sylvia. 9468:Eig, Jonathan. 9418:Bloom, Jack M. 9376:Abel, Elizabeth 9371: 9369:Further reading 9366: 9358:Zarefsky, David 9350:Young, Coleman 9313: 9235: 9214: 9187: 9166: 9150:Schoen, Douglas 9142: 9119: 9091: 9055: 9039:Reeves, Richard 8985: 8947: 8902: 8881: 8862: 8839: 8809: 8786:Gregg, Khyree. 8743: 8730: 8707: 8672: 8649:Dudziak, M.L.: 8643: 8601:Crump, Spencer 8586: 8563: 8540: 8433:. 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July 13, 2017 6380: 6379: 6375: 6370: 6366: 6361: 6357: 6351:Wayback Machine 6341: 6337: 6332: 6328: 6318: 6316: 6303: 6302: 6298: 6287: 6283: 6270: 6269: 6265: 6251: 6247: 6240: 6222: 6213: 6207:Wayback Machine 6196: 6192: 6177: 6173: 6160: 6159: 6155: 6148: 6134: 6130: 6119: 6115: 6105: 6103: 6090: 6089: 6085: 6075: 6073: 6060: 6059: 6055: 6045: 6043: 6016:Ransby, Barbara 6013: 6009: 5986: 5977: 5967: 5965: 5958: 5932: 5923: 5910: 5909: 5905: 5866: 5855: 5848: 5832: 5828: 5813: 5809: 5804:Wayback Machine 5798:, May 21, 2006 5790: 5786: 5769: 5765: 5755: 5753: 5744: 5743: 5739: 5730: 5726: 5719: 5703: 5699: 5689: 5687: 5676: 5672: 5657: 5650: 5639: 5635: 5625: 5623: 5615: 5614: 5603: 5593: 5591: 5590:on July 7, 2016 5582: 5581: 5577: 5570: 5556: 5552: 5542: 5540: 5533: 5529: 5519: 5517: 5512: 5511: 5507: 5492: 5488: 5471: 5467: 5457: 5455: 5446: 5445: 5441: 5431: 5429: 5420: 5419: 5415: 5376: 5372: 5341: 5337: 5328: 5317: 5307: 5305: 5297: 5296: 5289: 5283:Wayback Machine 5274: 5270: 5261: 5257: 5248: 5244: 5235: 5228: 5216: 5212: 5206:Wayback Machine 5196: 5192: 5185: 5169: 5162: 5155: 5139: 5135: 5119: 5115: 5106: 5102: 5096:Wayback Machine 5087: 5076: 5066: 5064: 5057: 5053: 5046: 5024: 5020: 5010: 5008: 4998: 4994: 4985: 4981: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4951: 4947: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4906:10.2307/2567750 4889: 4883: 4876: 4869: 4853: 4849: 4839: 4837: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4813: 4811: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4787: 4785: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4762: 4760: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4737: 4735: 4727: 4726: 4717: 4694: 4690: 4682: 4667: 4661: 4657: 4646: 4642: 4623: 4619: 4609: 4607: 4602: 4601: 4597: 4587: 4585: 4566: 4562: 4546: 4542: 4532: 4531: 4432: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4409: 4392: 4354: 4277: 4272: 4203:Charles Sherrod 4178:Jo Ann Robinson 4173:Jackie Robinson 4078:Denise Nicholas 4068:Elijah Muhammad 4023:Floyd McKissick 4018:Franklin McCain 3978:Stanley Levison 3918:Mahalia Jackson 3898:T. R. M. Howard 3723:Xernona Clayton 3698:Mary Fair Burks 3688:Stanley Branche 3668:Unita Blackwell 3648:Harry Belafonte 3603:Ralph Abernathy 3598: 3559:Albany Movement 3555: 3538: 3469: 3464: 3456: 3450: 3438:Hubert Humphrey 3374:began to fray. 3348: 3342: 3325: 3323:White moderates 3316:Mary L. Dudziak 3281: 3238: 3232: 3198: 3151: 3150: 3142: 3140: 3139: 3138: 3137: 3127: 3120: 3117: 3110: 3104: 3015:Watts Rebellion 2938: 2930:Main articles: 2928: 2877: 2816: 2788:white privilege 2690: 2684: 2670: 2507:Nation of Islam 2501:In March 1964, 2499: 2487:Main articles: 2485: 2480: 2438: 2433: 2405: 2391: 2370:J. Edgar Hoover 2361: 2355: 2214:minority hiring 2200: 2177: 2127: 2122: 2109: 2083:Hartman Turnbow 1994: 1968: 1955:J. Edgar Hoover 1930:Scottsboro Boys 1884:Communist Party 1880: 1874: 1864:. In the SCLC, 1854: 1805: 1799: 1779: 1777:Characteristics 1728: 1721: 1715: 1660:Stanley Levison 1632:Ralph Abernathy 1625:1956 Sugar Bowl 1582:T. R. M. Howard 1580:(RCNL), led by 1551: 1469:Sammy Davis Jr. 1464:Abraham Lincoln 1424: 1421: 1356:housing project 1317:racial steering 1274:Great Migration 1256: 1254:National issues 1022:North Louisiana 1018:status quo ante 1010:white primaries 984:Cairo, Illinois 960: 946: 940: 919:Amos T. Akerman 911:white supremacy 843: 837: 832: 824:Main articles: 822: 576: 571: 448:Albany movement 433:Sit-in movement 406:Biloxi wade-ins 327: 322: 320: 284: 256: 245: 211: 149: 123: 87: 69: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 21641: 21631: 21630: 21625: 21620: 21615: 21610: 21605: 21600: 21595: 21590: 21585: 21580: 21575: 21570: 21565: 21560: 21555: 21550: 21535: 21534: 21522: 21510: 21498: 21486: 21474: 21462: 21450: 21427: 21426: 21421: 21420: 21418: 21417: 21408: 21398: 21395: 21394: 21392: 21391: 21390: 21389: 21382: 21375: 21361: 21353: 21352: 21351: 21344: 21337: 21322: 21314: 21313: 21312: 21305: 21291: 21290: 21289: 21275: 21274: 21273: 21258: 21257: 21256: 21249: 21234: 21233: 21232: 21225: 21218: 21211: 21204: 21197: 21190: 21183: 21176: 21162: 21154: 21146: 21145: 21144: 21130: 21129: 21128: 21121: 21114: 21107: 21092: 21090: 21088:War on Poverty 21079: 21078: 21076: 21075: 21067: 21060: 21053: 21045: 21038: 21031: 21024: 21016: 21012:Wilderness Act 21007: 21005: 20997: 20996: 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20216: 20211: 20206: 20201: 20196: 20191: 20186: 20181: 20176: 20171: 20166: 20161: 20156: 20151: 20146: 20141: 20136: 20131: 20126: 20121: 20116: 20111: 20110: 20109: 20096: 20094: 20090: 20089: 20082: 20080: 20078: 20077: 20072: 20067: 20062: 20057: 20052: 20047: 20042: 20037: 20032: 20027: 20022: 20020:Gay liberation 20017: 20012: 20007: 20002: 19997: 19992: 19987: 19982: 19977: 19972: 19971: 19970: 19959: 19957: 19953: 19952: 19945: 19944: 19937: 19930: 19922: 19913: 19912: 19910: 19909: 19904: 19902:UK underground 19899: 19894: 19889: 19884: 19879: 19874: 19868: 19866: 19862: 19861: 19859: 19858: 19857: 19856: 19845: 19843: 19839: 19838: 19836: 19835: 19834: 19833: 19823: 19822: 19821: 19811: 19810: 19809: 19799: 19797:Gay liberation 19794: 19789: 19784: 19779: 19774: 19769: 19764: 19759: 19753: 19751: 19745: 19744: 19742: 19741: 19736: 19731: 19730: 19729: 19727:Summer of Love 19724: 19714: 19709: 19704: 19699: 19694: 19688: 19686: 19682: 19681: 19679: 19678: 19673: 19668: 19663: 19657: 19655: 19651: 19650: 19638: 19637: 19630: 19623: 19615: 19606: 19605: 19603: 19602: 19590: 19584: 19581: 19580: 19578: 19577: 19572: 19567: 19562: 19557: 19552: 19547: 19542: 19541: 19540: 19535: 19530: 19520: 19519: 19518: 19513: 19511:Visual artists 19508: 19503: 19498: 19493: 19488: 19483: 19478: 19473: 19471:Mathematicians 19468: 19463: 19458: 19453: 19448: 19443: 19432: 19430: 19426: 19425: 19423: 19422: 19421: 19420: 19412: 19407: 19406: 19405: 19400: 19395: 19390: 19385: 19377: 19376: 19375: 19370: 19365: 19360: 19349: 19347: 19341: 19340: 19338: 19337: 19332: 19327: 19322: 19321: 19320: 19315: 19310: 19305: 19295: 19290: 19288:South Carolina 19285: 19280: 19279: 19278: 19270: 19265: 19260: 19258:North Carolina 19255: 19254: 19253: 19243: 19238: 19237: 19236: 19226: 19221: 19220: 19219: 19211: 19210: 19209: 19203:Massachusetts 19201: 19200: 19199: 19189: 19184: 19183: 19182: 19172: 19167: 19166: 19165: 19155: 19150: 19149: 19148: 19138: 19133: 19132: 19131: 19121: 19120: 19119: 19114: 19104: 19099: 19098: 19097: 19092: 19082: 19077: 19071: 19069: 19065: 19064: 19062: 19061: 19056: 19051: 19050: 19049: 19048: 19047: 19045:social context 19042: 19032: 19022: 19021: 19020: 19010: 19004: 19002: 18998: 18997: 18995: 18994: 18993: 18992: 18987: 18977: 18972: 18971: 18970: 18965: 18955: 18954: 18953: 18942: 18940: 18936: 18935: 18933: 18932: 18927: 18926: 18925: 18915: 18910: 18905: 18900: 18899: 18898: 18896:Creek Freedmen 18893: 18888: 18883: 18873: 18871:Alabama Creole 18868: 18867: 18866: 18861: 18856: 18851: 18842: 18840: 18836: 18835: 18832: 18831: 18829: 18828: 18823: 18818: 18813: 18811:Central (CIAA) 18807: 18805: 18800: 18797: 18796: 18794: 18793: 18788: 18783: 18778: 18773: 18768: 18763: 18758: 18753: 18748: 18743: 18738: 18732: 18726: 18722: 18721: 18719: 18718: 18713: 18708: 18703: 18698: 18693: 18688: 18683: 18678: 18673: 18668: 18663: 18658: 18653: 18647: 18645: 18640: 18637: 18636: 18634: 18633: 18628: 18627: 18626: 18616: 18611: 18606: 18604:Pan-Africanism 18601: 18596: 18591: 18586: 18585: 18584: 18574: 18569: 18563: 18561: 18557: 18556: 18554: 18553: 18548: 18546:Black theology 18543: 18538: 18537: 18536: 18526: 18525: 18524: 18519: 18509: 18503: 18501: 18495: 18494: 18492: 18491: 18490: 18489: 18487:in STEM fields 18484: 18479: 18471: 18466: 18461: 18456: 18451: 18445: 18443: 18442:and technology 18437: 18436: 18434: 18433: 18428: 18423: 18418: 18413: 18408: 18403: 18398: 18393: 18388: 18383: 18381:Harriet Tubman 18378: 18373: 18368: 18363: 18358: 18353: 18348: 18343: 18338: 18333: 18328: 18323: 18318: 18313: 18311:Michelle Obama 18308: 18303: 18298: 18293: 18288: 18283: 18278: 18273: 18268: 18263: 18258: 18253: 18248: 18243: 18241:Barbara Jordan 18238: 18236:Harriet Jacobs 18233: 18228: 18223: 18218: 18213: 18208: 18203: 18198: 18193: 18188: 18183: 18178: 18173: 18168: 18163: 18158: 18153: 18148: 18143: 18138: 18133: 18128: 18126:Amelia Boynton 18123: 18118: 18113: 18108: 18103: 18098: 18092: 18090: 18089:Notable people 18086: 18085: 18083: 18082: 18077: 18072: 18067: 18062: 18057: 18052: 18047: 18042: 18037: 18032: 18027: 18025:LGBT community 18022: 18017: 18012: 18007: 18006: 18005: 17995: 17990: 17985: 17980: 17975: 17970: 17965: 17960: 17955: 17949: 17947: 17941: 17940: 17938: 17937: 17932: 17927: 17922: 17921: 17920: 17910: 17905: 17900: 17895: 17890: 17885: 17877: 17872: 17865: 17858: 17853: 17848: 17843: 17838: 17833: 17824: 17819: 17818: 17817: 17812: 17802: 17797: 17792: 17787: 17779: 17774: 17769: 17768: 17767: 17762: 17757: 17752: 17747: 17742: 17740:Freedom Riders 17737: 17732: 17724: 17714: 17709: 17704: 17703: 17702: 17697: 17692: 17684: 17679: 17671: 17666: 17664:Black genocide 17661: 17656: 17651: 17646: 17641: 17636: 17631: 17626: 17620: 17618: 17612: 17611: 17604: 17603: 17596: 17589: 17581: 17572: 17571: 17569: 17568: 17563: 17556: 17555: 17548: 17540: 17539: 17536: 17535: 17532: 17531: 17528: 17527: 17525: 17524: 17519: 17514: 17509: 17508: 17507: 17497: 17496: 17495: 17485: 17480: 17475: 17470: 17468:Mass shootings 17465: 17460: 17459: 17458: 17456:Climate change 17453: 17443: 17438: 17437: 17436: 17431: 17426: 17421: 17416: 17411: 17406: 17401: 17394:Discrimination 17391: 17386: 17385: 17384: 17374: 17368: 17366: 17362: 17361: 17359: 17358: 17353: 17348: 17343: 17338: 17333: 17328: 17323: 17318: 17313: 17308: 17307: 17306: 17301: 17296: 17286: 17285: 17284: 17279: 17274: 17269: 17264: 17259: 17249: 17243: 17241: 17235: 17234: 17232: 17231: 17226: 17221: 17216: 17211: 17206: 17201: 17196: 17191: 17186: 17184:American Dream 17181: 17175: 17173: 17167: 17166: 17164: 17163: 17158: 17153: 17151:Transportation 17148: 17143: 17138: 17133: 17128: 17123: 17118: 17113: 17108: 17103: 17098: 17097: 17096: 17091: 17086: 17084:Mount Rushmore 17081: 17071: 17066: 17061: 17056: 17055: 17054: 17049: 17044: 17039: 17034: 17024: 17019: 17018: 17017: 17012: 17007: 16997: 16992: 16987: 16982: 16981: 16980: 16970: 16965: 16964: 16963: 16953: 16948: 16943: 16942: 16941: 16936: 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15909: 15904: 15893: 15891: 15885: 15884: 15882: 15881: 15876: 15871: 15866: 15861: 15859:Capitol Police 15856: 15855: 15854: 15849: 15844: 15834: 15833: 15832: 15827: 15816: 15814: 15808: 15807: 15805: 15804: 15799: 15794: 15789: 15788: 15787: 15782: 15780:Secret Service 15777: 15772: 15767: 15762: 15757: 15752: 15747: 15737: 15736: 15735: 15730: 15725: 15720: 15710: 15705: 15700: 15695: 15693:Vice President 15690: 15689: 15688: 15683: 15672: 15670: 15663: 15650: 15644: 15643: 15640: 15639: 15637: 15636: 15631: 15626: 15621: 15620: 15619: 15614: 15609: 15604: 15599: 15594: 15589: 15584: 15573: 15572: 15571: 15566: 15561: 15556: 15551: 15546: 15541: 15536: 15531: 15526: 15521: 15516: 15511: 15506: 15501: 15496: 15491: 15481: 15480: 15479: 15477:National Parks 15469: 15468: 15467: 15462: 15457: 15452: 15447: 15437: 15432: 15430:Extreme points 15427: 15422: 15421: 15420: 15415: 15410: 15405: 15400: 15395: 15390: 15385: 15380: 15369: 15363: 15357: 15356: 15353: 15352: 15350: 15349: 15344: 15339: 15334: 15329: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15308: 15306: 15302: 15301: 15299: 15298: 15293: 15288: 15287: 15286: 15281: 15271: 15266: 15261: 15256: 15251: 15246: 15241: 15236: 15231: 15226: 15225: 15224: 15214: 15209: 15204: 15199: 15194: 15189: 15188: 15187: 15182: 15177: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15139: 15134: 15129: 15124: 15119: 15117:Federalist Era 15114: 15113: 15112: 15110:Bill of Rights 15107: 15097: 15092: 15091: 15090: 15085: 15075: 15074: 15073: 15068: 15058: 15053: 15051:Lee Resolution 15048: 15043: 15042: 15041: 15036: 15031: 15026: 15021: 15016: 15011: 15001: 14995: 14993: 14989: 14988: 14986: 14985: 14980: 14975: 14970: 14965: 14960: 14955: 14950: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14929: 14927: 14920: 14914: 14913: 14911: articles 14905: 14904: 14897: 14890: 14882: 14873: 14872: 14870: 14869: 14855: 14849: 14846: 14845: 14843: 14842: 14835: 14829: 14827: 14823: 14822: 14820: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14807:Cynthia Wesley 14804: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14784: 14779: 14774: 14769: 14764: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14734: 14729: 14724: 14719: 14714: 14709: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14689: 14684: 14679: 14677:Andrew Goodman 14674: 14669: 14667:Willie Edwards 14664: 14659: 14654: 14649: 14644: 14639: 14634: 14629: 14627:Benjamin Brown 14624: 14619: 14613: 14611: 14607: 14606: 14604: 14603: 14597: 14595: 14591: 14590: 14583: 14580: 14579: 14572: 14571: 14564: 14557: 14549: 14540: 14539: 14536: 14535: 14533: 14532: 14527: 14522: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14490: 14485: 14480: 14472: 14470:, Indianapolis 14464: 14459: 14454: 14453: 14452: 14447: 14442: 14437: 14432: 14427: 14422: 14417: 14412: 14404: 14399: 14391: 14387:Homage to King 14383: 14378: 14373: 14368: 14363: 14358: 14353: 14348: 14343: 14338: 14333: 14328: 14323: 14318: 14317: 14316: 14306: 14300: 14297: 14296: 14294:Related topics 14286: 14285: 14282: 14281: 14278: 14277: 14275: 14274: 14265: 14256: 14248: 14246: 14242: 14241: 14239: 14238: 14226: 14209: 14199: 14190: 14181: 14168: 14155: 14146: 14133: 14124: 14111: 14103:Happy Birthday 14098: 14085: 14072: 14058: 14056: 14052: 14051: 14049: 14048: 14037: 14035: 14031: 14030: 14028: 14027: 14017: 14007: 13997: 13986: 13984: 13980: 13979: 13977: 13976: 13962: 13952: 13938: 13928: 13914: 13903: 13898:The Jeffersons 13888: 13877: 13875: 13871: 13870: 13868: 13867: 13857: 13847: 13837: 13827: 13817: 13807: 13797: 13787: 13776: 13774: 13766: 13765: 13755: 13754: 13751: 13750: 13748: 13747: 13742: 13741: 13740: 13730: 13725: 13719: 13714: 13712:James Earl Ray 13709: 13704: 13699: 13696:Lorraine Motel 13692: 13689: 13688: 13676: 13675: 13672: 13671: 13668: 13667: 13665: 13664: 13656: 13652:Hosea Williams 13648: 13640: 13632: 13624: 13616: 13608: 13600: 13592: 13584: 13576: 13568: 13560: 13552: 13548:Dorothy Cotton 13544: 13536: 13528: 13519: 13517: 13511: 13510: 13508: 13507: 13499: 13491: 13483: 13475: 13467: 13459: 13451: 13443: 13435: 13427: 13418: 13416: 13408: 13407: 13397: 13396: 13393: 13392: 13389: 13388: 13386: 13385: 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12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12635: 12634: 12633: 12628: 12621:Mahatma Gandhi 12618: 12613: 12612: 12611: 12600: 12598: 12594: 12593: 12591: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12544: 12542: 12536: 12535: 12533: 12532: 12530:South Carolina 12527: 12521: 12519: 12515: 12514: 12512: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12469:Hosea Williams 12466: 12461: 12456: 12454:Hollis Watkins 12451: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12411: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12386: 12384:A. Maceo Smith 12381: 12376: 12371: 12366: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12336: 12334:Bernie Sanders 12331: 12326: 12324:Angela Russell 12321: 12316: 12311: 12309:David Richmond 12306: 12301: 12299:Walter Reuther 12296: 12291: 12286: 12284:Cordell Reagon 12281: 12276: 12271: 12269:George Raymond 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12229:Charles Person 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12199:Huey P. Newton 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12154:Harry T. Moore 12151: 12146: 12141: 12139:Cecil B. Moore 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12119:James Meredith 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11949:Clarence Jones 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11889:Zilphia Horton 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11859:Lola Hendricks 11856: 11851: 11849:Dorothy Height 11846: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11819:Lawrence Guyot 11816: 11811: 11809:Jack Greenberg 11806: 11801: 11796: 11794:Andrew Goodman 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11719:Joseph DeLaine 11716: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11689:Dorothy Cotton 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11634:J. L. Chestnut 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11569:Amelia Boynton 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11489:Arnold Aronson 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11450: 11448: 11444: 11443: 11441: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11369: 11368: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11307: 11306: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11258: 11256: 11250: 11249: 11246: 11245: 11243: 11242: 11235: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11217: 11216: 11211: 11201: 11196: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11167: 11162: 11161: 11160: 11148: 11143: 11136: 11129: 11124: 11123: 11122: 11115:Freedom Summer 11112: 11107: 11105:Bloody Tuesday 11102: 11097: 11091: 11089: 11085: 11084: 11082: 11081: 11076: 11075: 11074: 11069: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11048: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11022: 11021: 11020: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10971: 10970: 10969: 10964: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10932: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10874: 10872: 10868: 10867: 10865: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10838: 10837: 10825: 10820: 10819: 10818: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10795: 10794: 10782: 10777: 10770: 10769: 10768: 10761: 10754: 10747: 10732: 10730: 10726: 10725: 10723: 10722: 10717: 10709: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10685: 10683: 10676: 10666: 10665: 10657: 10656: 10649: 10642: 10634: 10628: 10627: 10618: 10608: 10594: 10593: 10592: 10586: 10580: 10567: 10557: 10556: 10555: 10541: 10531: 10519: 10509: 10500:– Provided by 10495: 10485: 10475: 10466: 10457: 10446: 10445:External links 10443: 10441: 10440: 10411: 10396: 10381: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10345: 10339: 10324: 10318: 10305: 10280:(1): 135–167. 10262: 10256: 10241: 10235: 10216: 10210: 10193: 10187: 10174: 10156:(2): 456–471. 10145: 10135: 10084: 10075:(3): 437–446. 10057: 10045:(3): 387–398. 10030: 10012:(4): 815–848. 10001: 9994: 9976:(2): 265–288. 9965: 9955:(1): 314–344. 9944: 9937: 9928: 9919: 9913: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9889: 9879: 9860: 9849: 9839: 9838:(2nd ed. 2008) 9832: 9825: 9819: 9804: 9797: 9781: 9771: 9752: 9741: 9735: 9714: 9700: 9683: 9657: 9647: 9629: 9622: 9615: 9608: 9604:National Forum 9599: 9586:Kirk, John A. 9584: 9572:Kirk, John A. 9570: 9561: 9554: 9547: 9533: 9526: 9519: 9496: 9489: 9482: 9475: 9466: 9459: 9449: 9433:Branch, Taylor 9430: 9423: 9416: 9402: 9395: 9385: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9364: 9355: 9348: 9341: 9338: 9323:Williams, Juan 9320: 9317: 9311: 9296: 9289: 9282: 9275: 9268: 9258: 9248: 9239: 9233: 9218: 9212: 9191: 9185: 9170: 9164: 9146: 9140: 9123: 9117: 9111:. Oryx Press. 9102: 9095: 9089: 9074: 9059: 9053: 9035: 9026: 9019: 9012: 9005: 8998: 8989: 8983: 8974:Freedom Summer 8968: 8961:Logan, Rayford 8958: 8951: 8945: 8928: 8917: 8906: 8900: 8885: 8879: 8866: 8860: 8843: 8837: 8822: 8813: 8807: 8792: 8783: 8776: 8759: 8752: 8734: 8728: 8711: 8705: 8690: 8683: 8676: 8670: 8655: 8647: 8641: 8624: 8606: 8599: 8590: 8584: 8567: 8561: 8544: 8538: 8523: 8513: 8506: 8501:Brown, Jennie 8499: 8492: 8485: 8469: 8455: 8446: 8435: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8413: 8412: 8405: 8385: 8355: 8325: 8318: 8293: 8267: 8239: 8225: 8205: 8183: 8147: 8120: 8094: 8069: 8043: 8012: 7987: 7975:People's World 7958: 7928: 7921: 7901: 7894: 7874: 7844: 7822: 7815: 7795: 7770: 7745:Marqusee, Mike 7736: 7715: 7693: 7684: 7675: 7666: 7641:Sachar, Howard 7629: 7622: 7602: 7587: 7571: 7550: 7527: 7514: 7507: 7487: 7474: 7455: 7448: 7426: 7402: 7376: 7356: 7343: 7321: 7314: 7294: 7276: 7256: 7237: 7208: 7179: 7172: 7166:. p. 66. 7150: 7143: 7118: 7111: 7101:. Ithaca, NY: 7084: 7077: 7063:Douglas Schoen 7054: 7041: 7028: 7020:David Zarefsky 7012: 6995:Talia Whyte, " 6988: 6965: 6944: 6927: 6895: 6877: 6859: 6841: 6815: 6802: 6787: 6772: 6765: 6742: 6716: 6683: 6676: 6653: 6627: 6609: 6584: 6559: 6539: 6520: 6487:Marqusee, Mike 6478: 6460: 6444: 6425: 6418: 6395: 6373: 6364: 6355: 6335: 6326: 6296: 6281: 6263: 6245: 6238: 6211: 6190: 6171: 6153: 6146: 6128: 6113: 6083: 6053: 6007: 5975: 5956: 5921: 5916:www.crmvet.org 5903: 5876:(5): 629–647. 5853: 5846: 5826: 5807: 5784: 5763: 5737: 5724: 5717: 5697: 5670: 5648: 5633: 5601: 5575: 5568: 5550: 5527: 5505: 5486: 5465: 5439: 5413: 5370: 5335: 5315: 5287: 5268: 5255: 5242: 5238:Jim Crow Blues 5236:Leon Litwack, 5226: 5210: 5197:Moyers, Bill. 5190: 5183: 5160: 5153: 5133: 5113: 5100: 5074: 5051: 5044: 5018: 4992: 4979: 4965: 4945: 4927: 4900:(2): 540–570. 4874: 4867: 4847: 4821: 4795: 4770: 4745: 4715: 4688: 4655: 4640: 4617: 4595: 4560: 4539: 4538: 4530: 4529: 4487:Negro movement 4426: 4416: 4415: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4253:Hosea Williams 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4233:Dempsey Travis 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4158:David Richmond 4155: 4150: 4148:Walter Reuther 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4128:George Raymond 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4048:Harry T. Moore 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4028:James Meredith 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3998:Autherine Lucy 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3933:Barbara Jordan 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3878:Lola Hendricks 3875: 3873:Dorothy Height 3870: 3868:Robert Hayling 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3843:Jack Greenberg 3840: 3835: 3833:Andrew Goodman 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3758:Dorothy Cotton 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3554: 3551: 3550: 3549: 3544: 3537: 3534: 3533: 3532: 3526: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3476: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3452:Main article: 3449: 3446: 3442:George Wallace 3418:George Wallace 3341: 3338: 3327:A majority of 3324: 3321: 3280: 3277: 3231: 3228: 3197: 3194: 3141: 3128: 3118: 3113: 3112: 3111: 3102: 3101: 3100: 3088:George Jackson 3083:, and others. 3026:James Meredith 2944:Gold medalist 2927: 2924: 2876: 2873: 2815: 2814:Public profile 2812: 2742:Andrew Goodman 2736:. In the 1964 2715:Freedom Summer 2700:marching with 2686:Main article: 2669: 2666: 2633:Selma campaign 2517:, head of the 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2460:People's Daily 2449:struggle. The 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2409:war on poverty 2399:War on Poverty 2390: 2387: 2353: 2324:George Wallace 2303:Freedom Riders 2199: 2196: 2176: 2173: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2108: 2105: 1993: 1990: 1988:, and others. 1986:Barbara Ransby 1967: 1964: 1939:anti-Communism 1911:Black genocide 1873: 1870: 1853: 1850: 1801:Main article: 1798: 1795: 1778: 1775: 1717:Main article: 1714: 1711: 1699:South Carolina 1679:Septima Clarke 1662:, to form the 1550: 1549:Protests begin 1547: 1419: 1343:, which ended 1255: 1252: 1201:, in the 1920s 1188: 1187: 1172: 1154: 1148: 1123:Woodrow Wilson 992:disenfranchise 974:The mob-style 942:Main article: 939: 936: 891:15th Amendment 883:14th Amendment 879:13th Amendment 836: 833: 821: 818: 760:segregationist 663:discrimination 592:discrimination 573: 572: 570: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 522:Freedom Summer 519: 517:Bloody Tuesday 514: 503: 502: 497: 496: 495: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 438:Freedom Riders 435: 430: 425: 420: 409: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 352: 351: 346: 341: 332: 329: 328: 319: 318: 311: 304: 296: 288: 287: 286: 285: 283: 282: 276: 270: 264: 257: 253: 246: 244: 243: 233: 228: 223: 218: 212: 208: 207: 206: 194: 182: 173: 155: 151: 150: 148: 147: 142: 137: 131: 129: 125: 124: 122: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 95: 93: 89: 88: 85: 83: 79: 78: 75: 71: 70: 56: 48: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 21640: 21629: 21626: 21624: 21621: 21619: 21616: 21614: 21611: 21609: 21606: 21604: 21601: 21599: 21596: 21594: 21591: 21589: 21586: 21584: 21581: 21579: 21576: 21574: 21571: 21569: 21566: 21564: 21561: 21559: 21556: 21554: 21551: 21549: 21546: 21545: 21543: 21533: 21523: 21521: 21511: 21509: 21508:United States 21499: 21497: 21492: 21487: 21485: 21480: 21475: 21473: 21463: 21461: 21451: 21449: 21444: 21439: 21438: 21435: 21415: 21414: 21409: 21406: 21405: 21400: 21399: 21396: 21387: 21383: 21380: 21376: 21373: 21369: 21368: 21366: 21362: 21358: 21354: 21349: 21345: 21342: 21338: 21335: 21330: 21329: 21327: 21323: 21319: 21315: 21310: 21306: 21303: 21299: 21298: 21296: 21292: 21287: 21283: 21282: 21280: 21276: 21271: 21267: 21266: 21263: 21259: 21254: 21250: 21247: 21242: 21241: 21239: 21235: 21230: 21226: 21223: 21219: 21216: 21215:Teacher Corps 21212: 21209: 21205: 21202: 21201:Stafford Loan 21198: 21195: 21191: 21188: 21184: 21181: 21177: 21174: 21170: 21169: 21167: 21163: 21159: 21155: 21151: 21147: 21142: 21138: 21137: 21135: 21131: 21126: 21122: 21119: 21115: 21112: 21108: 21105: 21101: 21100: 21098: 21094: 21093: 21091: 21089: 21084: 21083:Great Society 21080: 21072: 21068: 21065: 21061: 21058: 21054: 21050: 21046: 21043: 21039: 21036: 21032: 21029: 21025: 21021: 21017: 21013: 21009: 21008: 21006: 21004: 21001:Environmental 20998: 20990: 20986: 20983: 20979: 20976: 20972: 20967: 20963: 20960: 20956: 20953: 20949: 20948: 20946: 20942: 20939: 20935: 20930: 20926: 20925: 20923: 20919: 20916: 20912: 20908: 20904: 20900: 20896: 20893: 20889: 20886: 20882: 20878: 20874: 20870: 20866: 20862: 20858: 20854: 20850: 20847: 20843: 20840: 20836: 20833: 20829: 20824: 20820: 20819: 20817: 20813: 20810: 20806: 20805: 20803: 20799: 20790: 20786: 20785: 20783: 20779: 20776: 20772: 20769: 20765: 20761: 20757: 20754: 20750: 20746: 20742: 20738: 20734: 20729: 20724: 20723: 20721: 20717: 20714: 20710: 20707: 20703: 20700: 20696: 20692: 20688: 20683: 20679: 20678: 20676: 20672: 20669: 20665: 20661: 20657: 20656: 20654: 20650: 20643: 20639: 20636: 20632: 20629: 20625: 20619: 20614: 20611: 20607: 20606: 20604: 20600: 20595: 20591: 20590: 20588: 20584: 20583: 20581: 20579: 20575: 20568: 20564: 20561: 20557: 20554: 20550: 20547: 20543: 20540: 20536: 20531: 20530:controversies 20527: 20524: 20520: 20517: 20516:Supreme Court 20513: 20512: 20510: 20506: 20503: 20499: 20496: 20492: 20489: 20485: 20482: 20478: 20475: 20471: 20468: 20464: 20461: 20457: 20454: 20450: 20447: 20443: 20440: 20436: 20435: 20433: 20431: 20427: 20422: 20415: 20410: 20408: 20403: 20401: 20396: 20395: 20392: 20386: 20382: 20381: 20376: 20363: 20360: 20358: 20355: 20353: 20350: 20348: 20345: 20341: 20338: 20337: 20336: 20333: 20331: 20328: 20326: 20323: 20321: 20318: 20316: 20313: 20311: 20308: 20306: 20303: 20301: 20298: 20296: 20293: 20291: 20288: 20286: 20283: 20281: 20278: 20276: 20273: 20271: 20268: 20267: 20265: 20261: 20255: 20252: 20250: 20247: 20245: 20242: 20240: 20239:Silence March 20237: 20235: 20234:Shinjuku riot 20232: 20230: 20227: 20225: 20222: 20220: 20219:Prague Spring 20217: 20215: 20212: 20210: 20207: 20205: 20202: 20200: 20197: 20195: 20192: 20190: 20187: 20185: 20184:Mafeje affair 20182: 20180: 20177: 20175: 20172: 20170: 20167: 20165: 20162: 20160: 20157: 20155: 20152: 20150: 20147: 20145: 20142: 20140: 20137: 20135: 20132: 20130: 20127: 20125: 20122: 20120: 20117: 20115: 20112: 20107: 20103: 20102: 20101: 20098: 20097: 20095: 20091: 20086: 20076: 20073: 20071: 20068: 20066: 20063: 20061: 20058: 20056: 20053: 20051: 20048: 20046: 20043: 20041: 20038: 20036: 20033: 20031: 20028: 20026: 20023: 20021: 20018: 20016: 20013: 20011: 20008: 20006: 20003: 20001: 19998: 19996: 19993: 19991: 19988: 19986: 19983: 19981: 19978: 19976: 19973: 19969: 19966: 19965: 19964: 19961: 19960: 19958: 19954: 19950: 19943: 19938: 19936: 19931: 19929: 19924: 19923: 19920: 19908: 19905: 19903: 19900: 19898: 19895: 19893: 19890: 19888: 19885: 19883: 19880: 19878: 19875: 19873: 19872:Discordianism 19870: 19869: 19867: 19863: 19855: 19852: 19851: 19850: 19847: 19846: 19844: 19840: 19832: 19831:United States 19829: 19828: 19827: 19824: 19820: 19817: 19816: 19815: 19812: 19808: 19805: 19804: 19803: 19800: 19798: 19795: 19793: 19790: 19788: 19785: 19783: 19780: 19778: 19775: 19773: 19770: 19768: 19765: 19763: 19760: 19758: 19755: 19754: 19752: 19746: 19740: 19737: 19735: 19732: 19728: 19725: 19723: 19720: 19719: 19718: 19715: 19713: 19710: 19708: 19705: 19703: 19700: 19698: 19695: 19693: 19690: 19689: 19687: 19683: 19677: 19674: 19672: 19669: 19667: 19664: 19662: 19659: 19658: 19656: 19652: 19647: 19643: 19636: 19631: 19629: 19624: 19622: 19617: 19616: 19613: 19601: 19591: 19589: 19586: 19585: 19582: 19576: 19573: 19571: 19570:Neighborhoods 19568: 19566: 19563: 19561: 19558: 19556: 19553: 19551: 19548: 19546: 19543: 19539: 19536: 19534: 19533:Sports firsts 19531: 19529: 19526: 19525: 19524: 19521: 19517: 19514: 19512: 19509: 19507: 19504: 19502: 19499: 19497: 19494: 19492: 19489: 19487: 19484: 19482: 19479: 19477: 19474: 19472: 19469: 19467: 19464: 19462: 19459: 19457: 19454: 19452: 19449: 19447: 19444: 19442: 19439: 19438: 19437: 19434: 19433: 19431: 19427: 19419: 19416: 19415: 19413: 19411: 19408: 19404: 19401: 19399: 19396: 19394: 19391: 19389: 19386: 19384: 19381: 19380: 19378: 19374: 19371: 19369: 19366: 19364: 19361: 19359: 19356: 19355: 19354: 19351: 19350: 19348: 19346: 19342: 19336: 19335:West Virginia 19333: 19331: 19328: 19326: 19323: 19319: 19316: 19314: 19311: 19309: 19306: 19304: 19301: 19300: 19299: 19296: 19294: 19291: 19289: 19286: 19284: 19281: 19277: 19274: 19273: 19272:Pennsylvania 19271: 19269: 19266: 19264: 19261: 19259: 19256: 19252: 19251:New York City 19249: 19248: 19247: 19244: 19242: 19239: 19235: 19232: 19231: 19230: 19227: 19225: 19222: 19218: 19215: 19214: 19212: 19208: 19205: 19204: 19202: 19198: 19195: 19194: 19193: 19190: 19188: 19185: 19181: 19178: 19177: 19176: 19173: 19171: 19168: 19164: 19161: 19160: 19159: 19156: 19154: 19151: 19147: 19144: 19143: 19142: 19139: 19137: 19134: 19130: 19127: 19126: 19125: 19122: 19118: 19115: 19113: 19110: 19109: 19108: 19105: 19103: 19100: 19096: 19095:San Francisco 19093: 19091: 19088: 19087: 19086: 19083: 19081: 19078: 19076: 19073: 19072: 19070: 19068:By state/city 19066: 19060: 19057: 19055: 19052: 19046: 19043: 19041: 19038: 19037: 19036: 19033: 19031: 19028: 19027: 19026: 19023: 19019: 19016: 19015: 19014: 19013:American Sign 19011: 19009: 19006: 19005: 19003: 18999: 18991: 18988: 18986: 18983: 18982: 18981: 18978: 18976: 18973: 18969: 18966: 18964: 18961: 18960: 18959: 18956: 18952: 18949: 18948: 18947: 18946:Neighborhoods 18944: 18943: 18941: 18937: 18931: 18928: 18924: 18921: 18920: 18919: 18916: 18914: 18911: 18909: 18906: 18904: 18901: 18897: 18894: 18892: 18889: 18887: 18884: 18882: 18879: 18878: 18877: 18876:Black Indians 18874: 18872: 18869: 18865: 18862: 18860: 18857: 18855: 18852: 18850: 18847: 18846: 18844: 18843: 18841: 18837: 18827: 18824: 18822: 18819: 18817: 18814: 18812: 18809: 18808: 18806: 18798: 18792: 18789: 18787: 18784: 18782: 18779: 18777: 18774: 18772: 18769: 18767: 18764: 18762: 18759: 18757: 18754: 18752: 18749: 18747: 18744: 18742: 18739: 18737: 18734: 18733: 18730: 18727: 18723: 18717: 18714: 18712: 18709: 18707: 18704: 18702: 18699: 18697: 18694: 18692: 18689: 18687: 18684: 18682: 18679: 18677: 18674: 18672: 18669: 18667: 18664: 18662: 18659: 18657: 18654: 18652: 18649: 18648: 18646: 18638: 18632: 18629: 18625: 18622: 18621: 18620: 18617: 18615: 18612: 18610: 18607: 18605: 18602: 18600: 18597: 18595: 18592: 18590: 18587: 18583: 18580: 18579: 18578: 18575: 18573: 18570: 18568: 18565: 18564: 18562: 18558: 18552: 18549: 18547: 18544: 18542: 18539: 18535: 18532: 18531: 18530: 18527: 18523: 18520: 18518: 18515: 18514: 18513: 18510: 18508: 18505: 18504: 18502: 18500: 18496: 18488: 18485: 18483: 18480: 18478: 18475: 18474: 18472: 18470: 18467: 18465: 18462: 18460: 18457: 18455: 18454:Black schools 18452: 18450: 18449:Black studies 18447: 18446: 18444: 18438: 18432: 18431:Whitney Young 18429: 18427: 18424: 18422: 18421:Oprah Winfrey 18419: 18417: 18414: 18412: 18409: 18407: 18404: 18402: 18399: 18397: 18394: 18392: 18391:Denmark Vesey 18389: 18387: 18384: 18382: 18379: 18377: 18374: 18372: 18369: 18367: 18364: 18362: 18359: 18357: 18354: 18352: 18349: 18347: 18344: 18342: 18339: 18337: 18336:Joseph Rainey 18334: 18332: 18329: 18327: 18324: 18322: 18319: 18317: 18314: 18312: 18309: 18307: 18304: 18302: 18299: 18297: 18294: 18292: 18291:Toni Morrison 18289: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18279: 18277: 18276:Joseph Lowery 18274: 18272: 18269: 18267: 18264: 18262: 18259: 18257: 18254: 18252: 18249: 18247: 18244: 18242: 18239: 18237: 18234: 18232: 18229: 18227: 18224: 18222: 18221:Jesse Jackson 18219: 18217: 18214: 18212: 18211:Kamala Harris 18209: 18207: 18204: 18202: 18199: 18197: 18196:Marcus Garvey 18194: 18192: 18189: 18187: 18184: 18182: 18179: 18177: 18174: 18172: 18169: 18167: 18164: 18162: 18159: 18157: 18154: 18152: 18149: 18147: 18146:Blanche Bruce 18144: 18142: 18141:Edward Brooke 18139: 18137: 18134: 18132: 18131:James Bradley 18129: 18127: 18124: 18122: 18119: 18117: 18114: 18112: 18111:James Baldwin 18109: 18107: 18104: 18102: 18099: 18097: 18094: 18093: 18091: 18087: 18081: 18078: 18076: 18073: 18071: 18068: 18066: 18063: 18061: 18058: 18056: 18055:Neighborhoods 18053: 18051: 18048: 18046: 18043: 18041: 18038: 18036: 18033: 18031: 18028: 18026: 18023: 18021: 18018: 18016: 18013: 18011: 18008: 18004: 18001: 18000: 17999: 17996: 17994: 17991: 17989: 17986: 17984: 17981: 17979: 17976: 17974: 17971: 17969: 17966: 17964: 17961: 17959: 17956: 17954: 17951: 17950: 17948: 17946: 17942: 17936: 17933: 17931: 17928: 17926: 17923: 17919: 17916: 17915: 17914: 17911: 17909: 17908:Silent Parade 17906: 17904: 17901: 17899: 17896: 17894: 17891: 17889: 17886: 17883: 17882: 17878: 17876: 17873: 17871: 17870: 17866: 17864: 17863: 17859: 17857: 17854: 17852: 17849: 17847: 17844: 17842: 17839: 17837: 17836:Jim Crow laws 17834: 17832: 17828: 17825: 17823: 17820: 17816: 17813: 17811: 17808: 17807: 17806: 17803: 17801: 17798: 17796: 17793: 17791: 17788: 17785: 17784: 17780: 17778: 17775: 17773: 17770: 17766: 17763: 17761: 17758: 17756: 17753: 17751: 17748: 17746: 17743: 17741: 17738: 17736: 17733: 17730: 17729: 17725: 17723: 17720: 17719: 17718: 17715: 17713: 17710: 17708: 17705: 17701: 17698: 17696: 17693: 17691: 17688: 17687: 17685: 17683: 17680: 17677: 17676: 17672: 17670: 17667: 17665: 17662: 17660: 17659:Black cowboys 17657: 17655: 17652: 17650: 17647: 17645: 17642: 17640: 17637: 17635: 17632: 17630: 17627: 17625: 17622: 17621: 17619: 17617: 17613: 17609: 17602: 17597: 17595: 17590: 17588: 17583: 17582: 17579: 17567: 17564: 17562: 17559: 17558: 17553: 17549: 17546: 17542: 17541: 17537: 17523: 17520: 17518: 17515: 17513: 17510: 17506: 17503: 17502: 17501: 17498: 17494: 17491: 17490: 17489: 17486: 17484: 17481: 17479: 17476: 17474: 17471: 17469: 17466: 17464: 17461: 17457: 17454: 17452: 17449: 17448: 17447: 17444: 17442: 17441:Energy policy 17439: 17435: 17432: 17430: 17427: 17425: 17422: 17420: 17417: 17415: 17412: 17410: 17407: 17405: 17402: 17400: 17397: 17396: 17395: 17392: 17390: 17387: 17383: 17382:incarceration 17380: 17379: 17378: 17375: 17373: 17370: 17369: 17367: 17363: 17357: 17354: 17352: 17349: 17347: 17344: 17342: 17339: 17337: 17334: 17332: 17329: 17327: 17324: 17322: 17319: 17317: 17314: 17312: 17309: 17305: 17302: 17300: 17297: 17295: 17292: 17291: 17290: 17287: 17283: 17280: 17278: 17275: 17273: 17270: 17268: 17267:Prenatal care 17265: 17263: 17262:Birth control 17260: 17258: 17255: 17254: 17253: 17250: 17248: 17245: 17244: 17242: 17240: 17236: 17230: 17227: 17225: 17222: 17220: 17217: 17215: 17212: 17210: 17207: 17205: 17202: 17200: 17199:Homeownership 17197: 17195: 17192: 17190: 17187: 17185: 17182: 17180: 17177: 17176: 17174: 17172: 17168: 17162: 17159: 17157: 17154: 17152: 17149: 17147: 17144: 17142: 17139: 17137: 17134: 17132: 17129: 17127: 17124: 17122: 17119: 17117: 17114: 17112: 17109: 17107: 17104: 17102: 17099: 17095: 17092: 17090: 17087: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17077: 17076: 17075: 17072: 17070: 17067: 17065: 17062: 17060: 17057: 17053: 17050: 17048: 17045: 17043: 17040: 17038: 17035: 17033: 17030: 17029: 17028: 17025: 17023: 17020: 17016: 17013: 17011: 17008: 17006: 17003: 17002: 17001: 16998: 16996: 16993: 16991: 16988: 16986: 16983: 16979: 16976: 16975: 16974: 16971: 16969: 16966: 16962: 16959: 16958: 16957: 16954: 16952: 16949: 16947: 16944: 16940: 16937: 16935: 16932: 16931: 16930: 16927: 16923: 16922:working class 16920: 16918: 16915: 16913: 16910: 16908: 16905: 16903: 16900: 16898: 16895: 16893: 16890: 16888: 16885: 16883: 16882:homeownership 16880: 16878: 16875: 16873: 16870: 16869: 16868: 16865: 16863: 16860: 16858: 16855: 16853: 16850: 16848: 16845: 16843: 16840: 16838: 16835: 16833: 16830: 16829: 16827: 16825: 16821: 16817: 16814: 16812: 16808: 16798: 16795: 16793: 16790: 16788: 16785: 16783: 16780: 16778: 16775: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16765: 16764: 16762: 16760: 16756: 16750: 16747: 16745: 16742: 16740: 16737: 16735: 16732: 16730: 16727: 16725: 16722: 16720: 16717: 16715: 16712: 16710: 16707: 16705: 16702: 16700: 16697: 16695: 16692: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16670: 16668: 16665: 16663: 16662:Manufacturing 16660: 16658: 16655: 16653: 16650: 16648: 16645: 16643: 16640: 16638: 16635: 16633: 16630: 16629: 16628: 16625: 16624: 16621: 16618: 16616: 16612: 16598: 16595: 16591: 16590:Third parties 16588: 16586: 16583: 16581: 16578: 16577: 16576: 16573: 16569: 16566: 16564: 16561: 16559: 16556: 16555: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16546: 16542: 16539: 16538: 16537: 16534: 16530: 16527: 16525: 16522: 16521: 16520: 16517: 16515: 16512: 16511: 16508: 16496: 16493: 16492: 16491: 16488: 16487: 16485: 16483: 16479: 16473: 16470: 16468: 16465: 16464: 16462: 16460: 16456: 16450: 16447: 16445: 16442: 16440: 16437: 16435: 16432: 16430: 16427: 16425: 16422: 16420: 16417: 16415: 16412: 16410: 16407: 16405: 16402: 16401: 16399: 16395: 16389: 16386: 16384: 16381: 16379: 16376: 16374: 16371: 16370: 16368: 16366: 16362: 16359: 16357: 16353: 16347: 16344: 16340: 16337: 16336: 16335: 16332: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16314: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16304: 16302: 16300: 16296: 16286: 16283: 16281: 16278: 16276: 16273: 16271: 16268: 16267: 16265: 16263: 16259: 16251: 16248: 16247: 16246: 16243: 16239: 16236: 16235: 16234: 16231: 16230: 16228: 16226: 16222: 16216: 16213: 16211: 16208: 16207: 16205: 16203: 16199: 16191: 16188: 16187: 16186: 16183: 16181: 16178: 16176: 16173: 16171: 16168: 16166: 16163: 16161: 16158: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16148: 16144: 16141: 16140: 16139: 16136: 16132: 16129: 16128: 16127: 16124: 16123: 16121: 16119: 16115: 16112: 16110: 16104: 16099: 16095: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16077: 16073: 16070: 16068: 16065: 16063: 16060: 16058: 16055: 16053: 16050: 16048: 16045: 16043: 16040: 16039: 16038: 16035: 16034: 16032: 16030: 16026: 16020: 16017: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15994: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15981: 15978: 15977: 15976: 15973: 15972: 15970: 15968: 15964: 15958: 15957:U.S. attorney 15955: 15953: 15950: 15946: 15943: 15941: 15938: 15937: 15936: 15932: 15929: 15925: 15922: 15921: 15920: 15917: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15902:Chief Justice 15900: 15899: 15898: 15897:Supreme Court 15895: 15894: 15892: 15890: 15886: 15880: 15877: 15875: 15872: 15870: 15867: 15865: 15862: 15860: 15857: 15853: 15850: 15848: 15845: 15843: 15840: 15839: 15838: 15835: 15831: 15828: 15826: 15823: 15822: 15821: 15818: 15817: 15815: 15813: 15809: 15803: 15802:Public policy 15800: 15798: 15797:Civil service 15795: 15793: 15790: 15786: 15783: 15781: 15778: 15776: 15773: 15771: 15768: 15766: 15763: 15761: 15758: 15756: 15753: 15751: 15748: 15746: 15743: 15742: 15741: 15738: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15726: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15715: 15714: 15711: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15694: 15691: 15687: 15684: 15682: 15679: 15678: 15677: 15674: 15673: 15671: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15658: 15654: 15651: 15649: 15645: 15635: 15632: 15630: 15627: 15625: 15622: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15608: 15605: 15603: 15600: 15598: 15595: 15593: 15590: 15588: 15585: 15583: 15580: 15579: 15578: 15574: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15557: 15555: 15552: 15550: 15547: 15545: 15542: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15512: 15510: 15507: 15505: 15502: 15500: 15497: 15495: 15492: 15490: 15487: 15486: 15485: 15482: 15478: 15475: 15474: 15473: 15470: 15466: 15465:Sierra Nevada 15463: 15461: 15458: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15442: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15426: 15423: 15419: 15416: 15414: 15411: 15409: 15406: 15404: 15403:insular zones 15401: 15399: 15396: 15394: 15391: 15389: 15386: 15384: 15381: 15379: 15376: 15375: 15374: 15371: 15370: 15367: 15364: 15362: 15358: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15320: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15309: 15307: 15303: 15297: 15294: 15292: 15289: 15285: 15282: 15280: 15277: 15276: 15275: 15274:War on Terror 15272: 15270: 15267: 15265: 15262: 15260: 15257: 15255: 15254:LGBT Movement 15252: 15250: 15247: 15245: 15242: 15240: 15237: 15235: 15232: 15230: 15227: 15223: 15220: 15219: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15210: 15208: 15205: 15203: 15200: 15198: 15195: 15193: 15190: 15186: 15183: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15172: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15102: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15080: 15079: 15076: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15064: 15063: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15052: 15049: 15047: 15044: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15025: 15022: 15020: 15017: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15006: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14997: 14996: 14994: 14990: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14930: 14928: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14915: 14910: 14909:United States 14903: 14898: 14896: 14891: 14889: 14884: 14883: 14880: 14868: 14867: 14862: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14850: 14847: 14841: 14840: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14830: 14828: 14824: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14778: 14775: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14712:George W. Lee 14710: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14668: 14665: 14663: 14660: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14647:Vernon Dahmer 14645: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14614: 14612: 14608: 14602: 14599: 14598: 14596: 14592: 14588: 14587: 14581: 14577: 14570: 14565: 14563: 14558: 14556: 14551: 14550: 14547: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14520: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14477: 14473: 14471: 14469: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14423: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14413: 14411: 14408: 14407: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14396: 14392: 14390: 14388: 14384: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14369: 14367: 14364: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14339: 14337: 14334: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14315: 14312: 14311: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14301: 14298: 14291: 14287: 14272: 14271: 14266: 14263: 14262: 14257: 14254: 14250: 14249: 14247: 14243: 14235: 14231: 14227: 14223: 14219: 14215: 14210: 14206: 14205: 14200: 14196: 14191: 14187: 14182: 14178: 14177:Patti Griffin 14174: 14169: 14165: 14161: 14156: 14152: 14147: 14143: 14139: 14134: 14130: 14125: 14121: 14117: 14112: 14108: 14107:Stevie Wonder 14104: 14099: 14095: 14091: 14086: 14082: 14078: 14073: 14069: 14065: 14060: 14059: 14057: 14053: 14045: 14044: 14039: 14038: 14036: 14032: 14024: 14023: 14018: 14014: 14013: 14008: 14004: 14003: 13998: 13994: 13993: 13988: 13987: 13985: 13981: 13973: 13969: 13968: 13963: 13959: 13958: 13953: 13949: 13948: 13947:The Boondocks 13943: 13939: 13935: 13934: 13929: 13925: 13924: 13919: 13915: 13911: 13910: 13904: 13900: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13885: 13884: 13879: 13878: 13876: 13872: 13864: 13863: 13858: 13854: 13853: 13848: 13844: 13843: 13838: 13834: 13833: 13828: 13824: 13823: 13818: 13814: 13813: 13808: 13804: 13803: 13798: 13794: 13793: 13788: 13784: 13783: 13778: 13777: 13775: 13771: 13767: 13760: 13756: 13746: 13743: 13739: 13736: 13735: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13700: 13697: 13694: 13693: 13690: 13686: 13685:Assassination 13681: 13677: 13661: 13657: 13653: 13649: 13645: 13641: 13637: 13633: 13629: 13625: 13621: 13620:Bayard Rustin 13617: 13613: 13609: 13605: 13601: 13597: 13596:Benjamin Mays 13593: 13589: 13588:Joseph Lowery 13585: 13581: 13577: 13573: 13569: 13565: 13561: 13557: 13556:Jesse Jackson 13553: 13549: 13545: 13541: 13537: 13533: 13529: 13525: 13521: 13520: 13518: 13512: 13504: 13500: 13497:(grandfather) 13496: 13492: 13488: 13484: 13480: 13476: 13472: 13468: 13464: 13460: 13456: 13452: 13448: 13444: 13440: 13436: 13432: 13428: 13424: 13420: 13419: 13417: 13413: 13409: 13402: 13398: 13382: 13378: 13374: 13370: 13366: 13363: 13359: 13355: 13351: 13347: 13343: 13339: 13335: 13331: 13327: 13323: 13319: 13315: 13311: 13307: 13303: 13299: 13295: 13291: 13287: 13286: 13284: 13282: 13276: 13268: 13267: 13262: 13258: 13257: 13252: 13248: 13247: 13242: 13238: 13233: 13229: 13228: 13223: 13219: 13214: 13210: 13205: 13201: 13200: 13195: 13194: 13192: 13188: 13180: 13175: 13171: 13166: 13162: 13157: 13153: 13148: 13144: 13139: 13138: 13136: 13134: 13130: 13126: 13119: 13115: 13111: 13104: 13099: 13097: 13092: 13090: 13085: 13084: 13081: 13075: 13068: 13058: 13057: 13052: 13044: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13027:Timothy Tyson 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12957:Taylor Branch 12955: 12954: 12952: 12946: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12918: 12915: 12914: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12854: 12852: 12848: 12842: 12841: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12817: 12813: 12812: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12805:Freedom songs 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12725: 12721: 12719: 12718: 12714: 12712: 12711: 12707: 12705: 12704: 12700: 12698: 12697: 12693: 12689: 12686: 12685: 12684: 12683: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12671:Jim Crow laws 12669: 12668: 12666: 12662: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12640: 12636: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12623: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12610: 12607: 12606: 12605: 12602: 12601: 12599: 12595: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12568:"Oh, Freedom" 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12545: 12543: 12537: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12522: 12520: 12516: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12494:Whitney Young 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12474:Kale Williams 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12434:Albert Turner 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12424:A. P. Tureaud 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12329:Bayard Rustin 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12179:William Moyer 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12114:Joseph McNeil 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12099:Charles McDew 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12089:Benjamin Mays 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12074:Vivian Malone 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12049:Joseph Lowery 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11974:Clyde Kennard 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11964:Vernon Jordan 11962: 11960: 11959:Matthew Jones 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11924:T. J. Jemison 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11909:Jesse Jackson 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11799:Robert Graetz 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11789:Golden Frinks 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11749:Charles Evers 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11699:Vernon Dahmer 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11654:Septima Clark 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11574:Bruce Boynton 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11499:James Baldwin 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11469:Mathew Ahmann 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11451: 11449: 11445: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11367: 11366:Youth Council 11364: 11363: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11305: 11304: 11300: 11299: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11259: 11257: 11251: 11241: 11240: 11236: 11234: 11233: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11206: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11194: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11172: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11158: 11154: 11153: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11141: 11137: 11135: 11134: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11121: 11118: 11117: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11092: 11090: 11086: 11080: 11077: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11064: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11027: 11026: 11023: 11019: 11016: 11015: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10998: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10976: 10972: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10959: 10958: 10957:Freedom Rides 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10937: 10933: 10931: 10930: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10875: 10873: 10869: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10836: 10835: 10831: 10830: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10816: 10812: 10811: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10793: 10792: 10788: 10787: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10775: 10771: 10767: 10766: 10762: 10760: 10759: 10755: 10753: 10752: 10748: 10746: 10745: 10741: 10740: 10739: 10738: 10734: 10733: 10731: 10727: 10721: 10718: 10715: 10714: 10710: 10707: 10706: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10686: 10684: 10682:Prior to 1954 10680: 10677: 10674: 10667: 10662: 10655: 10650: 10648: 10643: 10641: 10636: 10635: 10632: 10626: 10622: 10619: 10616: 10612: 10609: 10606: 10602: 10598: 10595: 10590: 10587: 10584: 10581: 10578: 10575: 10574: 10572: 10568: 10565: 10561: 10558: 10553: 10549: 10545: 10542: 10540:presentation. 10539: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10526: 10524: 10520: 10517: 10513: 10510: 10507: 10503: 10499: 10496: 10493: 10489: 10486: 10483: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10452: 10449: 10448: 10438: 10437:0-345-37975-6 10434: 10430: 10429:0-345-35068-5 10426: 10422: 10421: 10416: 10412: 10409: 10405: 10401: 10397: 10394: 10390: 10386: 10382: 10379: 10378:1-931082-29-4 10375: 10374:1-931082-28-6 10371: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10355: 10354: 10342: 10336: 10332: 10331: 10325: 10321: 10315: 10311: 10306: 10299: 10295: 10291: 10287: 10283: 10279: 10275: 10268: 10263: 10259: 10253: 10249: 10248: 10242: 10238: 10232: 10228: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10213: 10207: 10202: 10201: 10194: 10190: 10184: 10180: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10159: 10155: 10151: 10146: 10144: 10140: 10136: 10121: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10105: 10101: 10097: 10090: 10085: 10078: 10074: 10070: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10044: 10040: 10036: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10007: 10002: 9999: 9995: 9991: 9987: 9983: 9979: 9975: 9971: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9954: 9950: 9945: 9942: 9938: 9935: 9934: 9929: 9926: 9925: 9920: 9916: 9910: 9906: 9905: 9899: 9898: 9887: 9883: 9882:Tuck, Stephen 9880: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9869: 9864: 9861: 9858: 9857: 9853: 9852:Sokol, Jason. 9850: 9848: 9844: 9840: 9837: 9833: 9830: 9826: 9822: 9816: 9812: 9811: 9805: 9802: 9798: 9795: 9794: 9790: 9787: 9782: 9780: 9776: 9772: 9769: 9768:0-19-515632-3 9765: 9761: 9757: 9753: 9750: 9749: 9745: 9742: 9738: 9732: 9728: 9727: 9724: 9719: 9715: 9713: 9712:0-02-922130-7 9709: 9705: 9701: 9698: 9697:0-8078-2470-4 9694: 9690: 9689: 9684: 9681: 9677: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9661: 9658: 9655: 9651: 9648: 9645: 9644:0-87805-225-9 9641: 9637: 9633: 9630: 9627: 9623: 9620: 9616: 9613: 9609: 9607: 9605: 9600: 9597: 9596:0-582-41431-8 9593: 9589: 9585: 9583: 9582:0-8130-2496-X 9579: 9575: 9571: 9568: 9567: 9563:Keppel, Ben. 9562: 9559: 9555: 9552: 9548: 9546: 9545:0-306-80792-0 9542: 9538: 9534: 9531: 9527: 9524: 9520: 9517: 9516:0-300-08731-4 9513: 9509: 9508:0-14-006486-9 9505: 9501: 9497: 9494: 9490: 9487: 9483: 9480: 9476: 9473: 9472: 9467: 9464: 9461:Cox, Julian. 9460: 9458: 9454: 9450: 9448: 9447:0-684-85712-X 9444: 9440: 9439: 9434: 9431: 9428: 9424: 9421: 9417: 9413: 9412: 9407: 9403: 9400: 9396: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9383: 9382: 9377: 9374: 9373: 9362: 9359: 9356: 9353: 9349: 9346: 9342: 9339: 9336: 9335:0-14-009653-1 9332: 9328: 9324: 9321: 9318: 9314: 9308: 9304: 9303: 9297: 9294: 9290: 9287: 9283: 9280: 9276: 9273: 9269: 9267: 9263: 9259: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9246: 9245: 9240: 9236: 9230: 9226: 9225: 9219: 9215: 9209: 9205: 9200: 9199: 9192: 9188: 9182: 9178: 9177: 9171: 9167: 9161: 9157: 9156: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9137: 9132: 9131: 9124: 9120: 9114: 9110: 9109: 9103: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9086: 9082: 9081: 9075: 9072: 9071:0-394-75623-1 9068: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9050: 9046: 9045: 9040: 9036: 9033: 9032: 9027: 9024: 9020: 9017: 9013: 9010: 9006: 9003: 8999: 8996: 8995: 8990: 8986: 8980: 8976: 8975: 8969: 8966: 8962: 8959: 8956: 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Henry Epps. 8789: 8784: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8760: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8742: 8741: 8735: 8731: 8725: 8720: 8719: 8712: 8708: 8702: 8698: 8697: 8691: 8688: 8685:Fine, Sidney 8684: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8667: 8663: 8662: 8656: 8654: 8653: 8648: 8644: 8638: 8633: 8632: 8625: 8621: 8620: 8615: 8611: 8607: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8591: 8587: 8581: 8576: 8575: 8568: 8564: 8558: 8553: 8552: 8545: 8541: 8535: 8531: 8530: 8524: 8522: 8521:0-465-00843-7 8518: 8514: 8511: 8507: 8504: 8500: 8497: 8493: 8490: 8486: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8475: 8470: 8468: 8467:0-8071-2655-1 8464: 8460: 8456: 8453: 8452: 8447: 8444: 8440: 8437:Back, Adina " 8436: 8431: 8430: 8423: 8422: 8408: 8402: 8398: 8397: 8389: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8359: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8329: 8321: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8300: 8298: 8281: 8277: 8271: 8256: 8252: 8246: 8244: 8228: 8222: 8218: 8217: 8209: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8187: 8180: 8168: 8164: 8163: 8158: 8151: 8137: 8136: 8131: 8124: 8113:September 11, 8108: 8104: 8098: 8087:September 11, 8083: 8079: 8073: 8058: 8054: 8047: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8016: 8001: 7997: 7991: 7976: 7972: 7965: 7963: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7932: 7924: 7918: 7914: 7913: 7905: 7897: 7891: 7887: 7886: 7878: 7862: 7858: 7857:. Transcript" 7856: 7848: 7832: 7826: 7818: 7812: 7808: 7807: 7799: 7791: 7787: 7782: 7774: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7740: 7729: 7727: 7719: 7704: 7697: 7688: 7679: 7670: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7636: 7634: 7625: 7619: 7615: 7614: 7606: 7598: 7591: 7585: 7584:0-465-00843-7 7581: 7575: 7568: 7564: 7561: 7560: 7554: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7537: 7531: 7524: 7518: 7510: 7504: 7500: 7499: 7491: 7484: 7478: 7471: 7467: 7464: 7459: 7451: 7445: 7440: 7439: 7430: 7423: 7419: 7416: 7412: 7406: 7390: 7386: 7380: 7374: 7372: 7366: 7360: 7353: 7347: 7332: 7325: 7317: 7311: 7307: 7306: 7298: 7290: 7286: 7280: 7273: 7269: 7266: 7263:Harlem CORE, 7260: 7253: 7249: 7246: 7241: 7226: 7222: 7215: 7213: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7183: 7175: 7173:9781469664606 7169: 7165: 7161: 7154: 7146: 7144:9781350374645 7140: 7136: 7132: 7125: 7123: 7114: 7112:9781501774157 7108: 7104: 7100: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7080: 7074: 7070: 7069: 7064: 7058: 7051: 7045: 7038: 7032: 7025: 7021: 7016: 7009: 7008:Black History 7005: 7001: 6998: 6992: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6969: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6948: 6941: 6937: 6931: 6915: 6911: 6910: 6905: 6899: 6891: 6887: 6881: 6873: 6869: 6863: 6855: 6851: 6845: 6829: 6825: 6819: 6812: 6806: 6799: 6798: 6794:James Hilty, 6791: 6783: 6776: 6768: 6762: 6758: 6757: 6749: 6747: 6731: 6727: 6720: 6705: 6701: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6679: 6673: 6669: 6668: 6660: 6658: 6642: 6638: 6631: 6623: 6619: 6613: 6598: 6594: 6588: 6573: 6569: 6563: 6556: 6552: 6549: 6543: 6537: 6533: 6530: 6524: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6482: 6475: 6474: 6469: 6468:Taylor Branch 6464: 6457: 6451: 6449: 6442: 6438: 6435: 6429: 6421: 6415: 6411: 6410: 6405: 6399: 6383: 6377: 6368: 6359: 6352: 6348: 6345: 6339: 6330: 6314: 6310: 6308: 6300: 6293: 6292: 6285: 6277: 6276:Boston Review 6273: 6267: 6259: 6255: 6249: 6241: 6235: 6230: 6229: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6194: 6186: 6182: 6175: 6167: 6163: 6157: 6149: 6143: 6139: 6132: 6124: 6117: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6087: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6057: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6028: 6022: 6017: 6011: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5963: 5959: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5917: 5913: 5907: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5849: 5843: 5839: 5838: 5830: 5822: 5818: 5811: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5788: 5781: 5780:0-394-75623-1 5777: 5773: 5767: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5734: 5728: 5720: 5714: 5710: 5709: 5701: 5685: 5681: 5674: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5655: 5653: 5644: 5637: 5622: 5618: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5589: 5585: 5579: 5571: 5565: 5561: 5554: 5538: 5531: 5515: 5509: 5501: 5497: 5490: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5469: 5453: 5449: 5443: 5427: 5423: 5417: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5374: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5339: 5332: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5304: 5300: 5294: 5292: 5284: 5280: 5277: 5272: 5265: 5259: 5252: 5246: 5239: 5233: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5218:Rayford Logan 5214: 5207: 5203: 5200: 5194: 5186: 5180: 5176: 5175: 5167: 5165: 5156: 5150: 5146: 5145: 5137: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5110: 5104: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5062: 5055: 5047: 5041: 5037: 5032: 5031: 5022: 5007: 5003: 4996: 4989: 4983: 4968: 4962: 4958: 4957: 4949: 4941: 4937: 4931: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4881: 4879: 4870: 4864: 4860: 4859: 4851: 4835: 4831: 4825: 4809: 4808:Miller Center 4805: 4799: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4692: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4666: 4659: 4651: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4606:. History.com 4605: 4599: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4573: 4564: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4517: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4430: 4421: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4346: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4269: 4268:Whitney Young 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4188:Bayard Rustin 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 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3729: 3728:Albert Cleage 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3633:James Baldwin 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3590: 3587: 3585:(Mississippi) 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3567:(Mississippi) 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3539: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3459: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3352: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3330: 3320: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3306: 3302: 3301:Sherwood Eddy 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3276: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3203: 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2535: 2534:James Baldwin 2530: 2529: 2524: 2521:, chapter of 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2428: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2412: 2410: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2386: 2384: 2383:James Baldwin 2380: 2375: 2371: 2368: 2358: 2352: 2349: 2343: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2325: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2304: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2285:Freedom Rides 2280: 2278: 2274: 2273:Massachusetts 2270: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2239: 2238:Massachusetts 2235: 2231: 2227: 2220:June 14, 1963 2219: 2215: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2195: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2181: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2165:Taylor Branch 2162: 2155: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2117: 2113: 2104: 2101: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2064: 2063:lunch counter 2060: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2003: 1998: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1982:Charles Payne 1979: 1974: 1963: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1942: 1940: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1879: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1849: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1833:Black Panther 1830: 1829:United States 1826: 1825:desegregation 1822: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1749:Freedom Rides 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1726: 1720: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1656:Bayard Rustin 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1576:In 1952, the 1574: 1570: 1568: 1567:Freedom Rides 1564: 1561:": boycotts, 1560: 1559:direct action 1556: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1505:direct action 1502: 1498: 1494: 1493:desegregation 1490: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1418: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 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132: 130: 126: 120: 117: 115: 114:Jim Crow laws 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 96: 94: 90: 86:United States 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 54: 49: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 21411: 21402: 21229:Upward Bound 20989:Williams Act 20539:Johnson desk 20378: 20290:Flower power 20229:Rodney riots 20144:Båstad riots 20065:The Troubles 19776: 19486:Sportspeople 19456:Billionaires 19373:Sierra Leone 19276:Philadelphia 19112:Jacksonville 18939:Demographics 18771:Jack Johnson 18761:Muhammad Ali 18594:Conservatism 18529:Black church 18426:Andrew Young 18411:Ida B. Wells 18401:David Walker 18396:C. T. Vivian 18351:Paul Robeson 18346:Hiram Revels 18326:Colin Powell 18306:Barack Obama 18261:James Lawson 18216:Jimi Hendrix 18186:James Farmer 18181:Medgar Evers 18151:Ralph Bunche 18101:Maya Angelou 18075:Middle class 17953:Afrofuturism 17879: 17867: 17860: 17781: 17726: 17716: 17673: 17639:Afrocentrism 17629:Abolitionism 17483:Human rights 17463:Gun politics 17414:Islamophobia 17404:antisemitism 17272:Hospice care 17214:Middle class 17194:Homelessness 17171:Social class 17131:Social class 16995:Human rights 16985:Homelessness 16897:middle class 16862:Demographics 16837:Architecture 16744:Unemployment 16724:Labor unions 16472:Town meeting 16449:City council 16444:City manager 16185:State police 16047:Marine Corps 16037:Armed Forces 16012:civil rights 16011: 15992:Constitution 15564:Southwestern 15559:Southeastern 15549:Northwestern 15544:Northeastern 15509:Mid-Atlantic 15499:Great Plains 15217:World War II 15184: 15100:Constitution 15004:Colonial era 14983:2008–present 14857: 14837: 14722:Viola Liuzzo 14682:Paul Guihard 14672:Medgar Evers 14637:James Chaney 14584: 14517: 14475: 14467: 14394: 14386: 14268: 14259: 14232:(Common and 14207:(1995 album) 14202: 14195:Miri Ben-Ari 14164:James Taylor 14151:Public Enemy 14138:King Holiday 14041: 14020: 14010: 14000: 13990: 13971: 13965: 13955: 13945: 13931: 13921: 13907: 13896: 13882: 13860: 13850: 13840: 13831: 13820: 13810: 13801: 13790: 13780: 13717:Jack Kershaw 13660:Andrew Young 13644:Wyatt Walker 13636:C. T. Vivian 13612:James Orange 13572:James Lawson 13455:Bernice King 13431:Yolanda King 13365:War movement 13362:Anti-Vietnam 13281:and protests 13278: 13264: 13254: 13244: 13225: 13209:What Is Man? 13197: 13047: 12987:David Garrow 12967:John Dittmer 12838: 12765:Brown Chapel 12722: 12715: 12708: 12701: 12694: 12680: 12637: 12489:Andrew Young 12444:A. T. Walden 12439:C. T. Vivian 12399:Maxine Smith 12234:Homer Plessy 12214:James Orange 12169:Irene Morgan 12124:William Ming 12104:Ralph McGill 12039:Viola Liuzzo 12024:Jim Letherer 12009:James Lawson 11939:Vernon Johns 11929:Esau Jenkins 11884:Myles Horton 11834:Fred Hampton 11824:Prathia Hall 11814:Dick Gregory 11784:Marie Foster 11779:James Forman 11769:James Farmer 11754:Medgar Evers 11714:Angela Davis 11649:Ramsey Clark 11629:James Chaney 11624:Johnnie Carr 11604:Ralph Bunche 11599:H. Rap Brown 11589:Ruby Bridges 11549:Joanne Bland 11524:Claude Black 11504:Marion Barry 11474:Muhammad Ali 11301: 11237: 11230: 11191: 11169: 11138: 11131: 10973: 10934: 10927: 10857:Kissing Case 10832: 10789: 10772: 10763: 10756: 10749: 10742: 10735: 10711: 10703: 10660: 10569:Provided by 10537: 10431:. Hardcover 10418: 10399: 10384: 10364:. New York: 10361: 10357: 10329: 10309: 10298:the original 10277: 10273: 10246: 10225: 10199: 10178: 10153: 10149: 10138: 10127:. 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Vivian 4163:Paul Robeson 4093:James Orange 4033:Loren Miller 3983:Viola Liuzzo 3963:James Lawson 3923:Esau Jenkins 3893:Myles Horton 3888:Libby Holman 3853:Prathia Hall 3848:Dick Gregory 3823:James Forman 3813:Karl Fleming 3798:Medgar Evers 3783:Annie Devine 3743:John Conyers 3708:James Chaney 3693:Ralph Bunche 3663:Claude Black 3638:Marion Barry 3623:Louis Austin 3618:Maya Angelou 3613:Muhammad Ali 3547:Urban League 3457: 3426: 3407: 3388: 3376: 3357: 3326: 3311: 3309: 3296: 3282: 3279:Soviet Union 3254: 3220:Pawnee tribe 3213: 3199: 3186: 3174:Tommie Smith 3159: 3152: 3143: 3085: 3046: 3030: 3019: 3011:Medgar Evers 2996: 2980: 2974: 2972:Peter Norman 2966:; both wear 2958:showing the 2955: 2948: 2946:Tommie Smith 2920: 2916: 2899: 2894: 2878: 2833:Jacksonville 2817: 2800:white flight 2781: 2761: 2750: 2719: 2708:Many in the 2707: 2650: 2646: 2630: 2622:Mau Mau army 2614: 2610:Jim Crow law 2595: 2593: 2576:Medgar Evers 2565: 2557: 2526: 2500: 2466: 2458: 2439: 2425: 2413: 2406: 2367:FBI Director 2363: 2356: 2345: 2328: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2302: 2282: 2266: 2254: 2243: 2232:. 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Penguin. 8051:Cook, Roy. 7837:December 3, 7308:. Penguin. 7285:"Malcolm X" 7201:January 13, 7037:The Sixties 6854:www.pbs.org 6388:December 3, 6254:Baker, Ella 5756:December 3, 5665:Smithsonian 5543:January 26, 5520:December 5, 5386:: 218–221. 5011:December 3, 4248:Roy Wilkins 4228:Annie Stein 4218:Nina Simone 4088:David Nolan 4083:E. D. Nixon 4038:Jack Minnis 4003:Clara Luper 3988:Audre Lorde 3968:Bernard Lee 3883:Aaron Henry 3788:Doris Derby 3773:Ossie Davis 3683:Carl Braden 3678:Anne Braden 3673:Julian Bond 3658:James Bevel 3643:Daisy Bates 3257:segregation 3206:dehumanized 3178:John Carlos 3166:James Brown 3130:James Brown 3090:formed the 3057:Bobby Seale 3053:Huey Newton 3020:During the 2953:John Carlos 2932:Black Power 2889:Black Power 2821:hate crimes 2776:Black Power 2660:, required 2643:, stating: 2631:During the 2550:meets with 2308:realpolitik 2079:Amzie Moore 1973:Doug McAdam 1703:Sea Islands 1509:nonviolence 1403:Los Angeles 1073:White House 1057:Solid South 1033:voting bloc 996:Poor Whites 907:Republicans 857:Before the 803:nonviolence 687:Emmett Till 616:federal law 604:legislative 154:Resulted in 135:Nonviolence 21542:Categories 21472:Journalism 21194:Pell Grant 21111:Head Start 20952:Ginnie Mae 20310:Hot Autumn 19854:newspapers 19782:Dialoguero 19676:Youthquake 19451:Astronauts 19241:New Jersey 19085:California 18589:Capitalism 18386:Nat Turner 18316:Rosa Parks 18301:Diane Nash 18271:John Lewis 18060:Newspapers 18030:Literature 18015:Juneteenth 17968:Businesses 17822:Exodusters 17790:Free Negro 17522:Xenophobia 17311:Disability 17252:Healthcare 17161:Visual art 17106:Philosophy 17052:television 17042:newspapers 17032:journalism 17022:Literature 16934:attainment 16585:Republican 16580:Democratic 16553:Ideologies 16514:Corruption 16079:NOAA Corps 16002:preemption 15997:federalism 15612:Rio Grande 15514:Midwestern 15494:West Coast 15489:East Coast 15332:Inventions 15244:Space Race 15239:Korean War 15222:home front 15157:Gilded Age 14762:James Reeb 14498:Paris park 14220:featuring 14081:John Fahey 13874:Television 13604:Diane Nash 13580:John Lewis 13532:Ella Baker 13487:A. 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King 11879:James Hood 11494:Ella Baker 11464:Zev Aelony 10415:Alex Haley 7753:The Nation 7137:Academic. 7135:Bloomsbury 6977:(77): 11. 6834:August 23, 6704:HistoryNet 6513:October 1, 6495:The Nation 5308:October 3, 5130:0872895084 4814:October 3, 4788:October 3, 4763:October 3, 4738:October 3, 4509:, and the 4407:References 4138:James Reeb 4103:Rosa Parks 4073:Diane Nash 4063:Bill Moyer 4043:Anne Moody 3973:John Lewis 3628:Ella Baker 3344:See also: 3234:See also: 3146:media help 2849:Birmingham 2845:synagogues 2672:See also: 2572:Birmingham 2538:grassroots 2442:Mao Zedong 2440:In China, 2379:Tim Weiner 2374:COINTELPRO 2070:Ella Baker 2043:WEB Dubois 2039:Ella Baker 1947:Ella Baker 1876:See also: 1866:Ella Baker 1837:Ella Baker 1817:public bus 1813:Rosa Parks 1747:, and the 1741:Rosa Parks 1648:Ella Baker 1605:Rosa Parks 1446:The first 1216:litigation 1184:West Coast 1045:Appalachia 980:Will James 962:After the 889:; and the 820:Background 732:, such as 703:Greensboro 679:nonviolent 633:After the 21118:Job Corps 20295:Free love 19956:Movements 19750:movements 19739:Woodstock 19565:Monuments 19441:Activists 19293:Tennessee 19213:Michigan 19197:Baltimore 19187:Louisiana 19180:Lexington 19163:Davenport 19102:Cleveland 19001:Languages 18930:Melungeon 18908:Blaxicans 18776:Joe Louis 18631:Socialism 18567:Anarchism 18296:Bob Moses 18281:Malcolm X 18201:Fred Gray 18065:Soul food 18003:New Negro 17988:Folktales 17898:Redlining 17505:Terrorism 17282:Rationing 17179:Affluence 17126:Sexuality 17094:Uncle Sam 17000:Languages 16929:Education 16872:affluence 16832:Americana 16759:Transport 16657:Insurance 16647:Companies 16627:By sector 16519:Elections 16160:Treasurer 16118:Executive 16057:Air Force 16029:Uniformed 15852:President 15669:Executive 15440:Mountains 15373:Territory 15361:Geography 15185:1954–1968 15180:1896–1954 15175:1865–1896 15137:Civil War 14978:1991–2008 14973:1980–1991 14968:1964–1980 14963:1945–1964 14958:1917–1945 14953:1865–1917 14948:1849–1865 14943:1815–1849 14938:1789–1815 14933:1776–1789 14926:By period 14476:The Dream 14435:Milwaukee 14222:will.i.am 13622:(advisor) 13558:(protégé) 13489:(brother) 13279:Movements 12609:Padayatra 12558:"Kumbaya" 12518:By region 12174:Bob Moses 12079:Bob Mants 12064:Malcolm X 11984:C.B. King 11804:Fred Gray 11447:Activists 11088:1964–1968 10871:1960–1963 10729:1954–1959 10623:from the 9990:140436349 8378:March 26, 8348:March 26, 8286:April 19, 8260:April 19, 7941:Billboard 6503:0027-8378 6046:April 24, 6036:0362-4331 5898:143581432 5684:Daily Kos 5408:145520215 5124:, p. 539 5006:USA Today 4972:March 25, 4914:0021-8723 4535:Citations 4058:Bob Moses 3838:Fred Gray 3748:Sam Cooke 3246:Malcolm X 3244:Mural of 3164:list was 3160:Billboard 3073:socialist 3065:Malcolm X 2885:Malcolm X 2863:received 2853:Charlotte 2829:Nashville 2561:Uncle Tom 2548:Malcolm X 2503:Malcolm X 2489:Malcolm X 2340:apartheid 1951:Communism 1695:Tennessee 1677:In 1959, 1586:Nashville 1535:Roosevelt 1473:Kim Novak 1462:in 1858, 1411:St. Louis 1399:Milwaukee 1391:Baltimore 1313:redlining 1180:Southwest 1099:lynchings 1043:areas of 707:Nashville 675:1896–1954 671:1865–1896 624:Americans 506:1964–1968 418:Tent City 412:1960–1963 355:1954–1959 92:Caused by 57:The 1963 21309:Medicaid 21302:Medicare 20430:Timeline 20375:template 20315:New Left 19968:Zenkyōtō 19897:Rude boy 19807:protests 19646:timeline 19588:Category 19379:America 19345:Diaspora 19330:Virginia 19263:Oklahoma 19246:New York 19229:Nebraska 19192:Maryland 19175:Kentucky 19141:Illinois 19080:Arkansas 18985:Illinois 18923:of color 18609:Populism 18582:Movement 18499:Religion 17841:Lynching 17624:Timeline 17561:Category 17257:Abortion 17121:Religion 17079:Columbia 17037:internet 16973:Holidays 16968:Folklore 16939:literacy 16877:eviction 16767:Aviation 16739:Taxation 16694:Currency 16687:by state 16597:Scandals 16467:Township 16225:Judicial 16126:Governor 15889:Judicial 15775:Marshals 15648:Politics 15602:Missouri 15592:Columbia 15587:Colorado 15582:Arkansas 15575:Longest 15554:Southern 15539:Northern 15383:counties 15337:Military 15327:Economic 15305:By topic 15284:Iraq War 15234:Cold War 14992:By event 14601:Maya Lin 14594:Designer 13598:(mentor) 13481:(sister) 13473:(mother) 13465:(father) 13239:" (1963) 13211:" (1959) 13190:Writings 13181:" (1968) 13172:" (1967) 13163:" (1965) 13154:" (1963) 13145:" (1957) 13133:Speeches 12539:Movement 11969:Tom Kahn 11253:Activist 10673:timeline 10550:and the 10506:Archived 10368:, 2003. 10077:Archived 9789:Archived 9720:(2004). 9670:(eds.), 9457:in JSTOR 9429:. (1998) 9408:(1965). 9152:(2015). 9041:(1993). 8616:(2020). 8342:Archived 8280:BBC News 8232:July 13, 8107:NBC News 7867:July 29, 7790:Archived 7763:July 29, 7708:July 29, 7659:March 1, 7563:Archived 7539:Archived 7466:Archived 7418:Archived 7395:July 29, 7336:July 29, 7268:Archived 7248:Archived 7230:July 29, 7065:(2015). 7000:Archived 6920:June 23, 6735:March 4, 6709:March 4, 6646:July 27, 6641:Politico 6551:Archived 6532:Archived 6507:Archived 6437:Archived 6347:Archived 6203:Archived 6185:The Root 6106:March 3, 6100:Archived 6076:March 3, 6070:Archived 6040:Archived 6002:41887103 5968:March 3, 5962:Archived 5800:Archived 5594:July 29, 5500:WUWM.com 5426:Archived 5400:30036966 5279:Archived 5202:Archived 5092:Archived 4840:July 29, 4710:23408735 4582:Archived 4275:See also 3778:Ruby Dee 3434:suburban 3410:backlash 3370:and the 3162:Year-End 3157:for the 3136:" (1968) 3038:dashikis 2970:badges. 2949:(center) 2907:Jim Crow 2869:violence 2841:dynamite 2372:and his 2359:Magazine 2354:— 2289:Anniston 1953:. 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