539:
664:) appears as uniformly colored snakes, with hardly little or no pattern. Aruba Island rattlesnake typically occur un two basic color phases. One, the ground color can pale gray to bluish gray. In the other, it can be brown or pale grayish-brown. In addition to the uniform ground color of most specimens, there is frequently a varying amount of darker gray pigment, occurring as a fine stippling or speckling. Often times, the lower sides of the body are pinkish or pinkish orange color. The average length of the Aruba Island rattlesnake ranges between 60–80 cm (24–31 in) in total length. It is a venomous species found in the sparsely populated areas of Arikok National Park. Aruba rattlesnakes are found in a range of elevations, from
902:), and any other vegetation would be sensitive for trampling by goats. The more goats graze in an area, the more monotonous the vegetation becomes. Hubada is a widespread vegetation species in the park and goats have spread their seeds. However, goats destroy the habitat and food supply of other animals by grazing on vegetation that is sensitive to trampling. For instance, goats gnaw on Cadushi cacti, which kills the plant. The flower of this cactus is an important source of food for bats and birds. Additionally, goats trample or injure the Aruban Island rattlesnake. Although the rattlesnake warns of danger by using its rattle, it does not flee when threatened by goats, which do not perceive the warning.
776:
79:
612:
571:
was a means of living provided many with seasonal work. There were two harvest-period are
January and June–July. In years with little rain, the January-crop were good, but sometimes it was spoiled by rainy weather. Women and children went out with sticks, baskets, or bags to beat the pods of the trees and gather them. They handed them to the owners, who would pay them twenty-five Dutch cents for approximately every 20 kg (44 lb). The principle market for these pods was
29:
525:
790:
598:
430:
731:), which is believed to have nested exclusively in the Jamanota area. While there have been sightings that have not been verified of this species in 1988 and 1997, its current presence on the island has not been confirmed. The White-tailed Hawk's distinctive call has been described as a 'penetrating "kee-weet, kee-weet".' However, these hawks are sometimes mistaken for other commonly found birds, such as the
570:
is recognizable from a considerable distance by its "windform". The tree occurs less frequent on the island of Aruba than on Curaçao and
Bonaire. Although Watapana and Dividivi are used synonymously, Dividivi actually refers to the fruit/pods of the Watapana tree. Growing and cultivating Watapanas
499:
and sheet flows. Pillow lavas are formed when lava enters the water and cools quickly, creating a rounded shape. Sheet flows are formed when lava spreads out on land and hardens into a flat, sheet-like shape. The dolerite sills occur at various levels at a thickness not exceeding 300 metres (980
579:
for the preparation of leather, which was then manufactured into the greased leather boots of East-European farmers. Aruba never shipped directly; everything was sent via Curaçao. Dividivi was in high demand as tannin, and in some places, it could be sold for sixty to eighty
426:. The thickness and particle size of tuff deposits can vary depending on how far away the eruption site it is. Tuff deposits closer to the site tend to be thicker and have larger particles. When compacted and cemented into a rock, the resulting material is called “tuff”.
883:
As of 2015, there were an estimated 43 goats per square kilometer (16 goats per square mile), which equates to approximately 1465 goats in the Arikok
National Park. While goats are non-selective animals, they do prefer Hubada/Twisted acacia
879:
began to spring up everywhere on Aruba, mainly for raising sheep and goats. After 1910, the number of goats has dwindled quickly as owners sold their animals due to failed crops, falling from 7,732 to 3,520 goats in a four-year time period.
584:
a ton. Half-ripe pods, when pounded fine and boiled, yielded a pap that was used as medicine to open sores of animals. One of the best years was 1911, when Aruba exported 303.000 kg (668.001 lb). In earlier times, the word
263:
Aruba features three distinct landscapes, each characterized by unique geological formations. In the northwestern part of the island one can find the flat composite batholith landscapes, which includes notable features such as
678:. In contrast, there are no historical records or local reports suggesting that rattlesnakes have occupied the western side of the island. Much of this area is densely populated and has been subjected to human disturbance. The
859:, Spaniards preferred goat's milk over cow's milk, and goats were practically unknown by the Dutch, who would never put goat's milk above cow's milk. This is most likely the reason for the introduction of goats during the
1287:
469:
The Aruba Lava
Formation (ALF) has a thickness of 3 km (1.9 mi) and covers an area of approximately 20 km (7.7 sq mi). It is primarily composed of basalt (41%) and dolerite (24%),
538:
230:
language and can be explained somewhat as follows: JA or YA is spirit; MA is great or great spirit; NO is a suffix denoting a plural; TA is source. So about, Source of Great
Spirits.
1985:
1610:
Reinart, H., Bushar, L., Rocco, G., Goode, M., & Odum, R. (2002). A revision of the
Distribution of the Aruba Island rattlesnake, Crotalus unicolor, on Aruba, Dutch West Indies.
291:
Arikok hill has an elevation of 185 metres (607 ft) high. These landscapes are surrounded by a third type of terrain, the limestone formation, which consists of a flat terrace.
369:, cools the slowest below the Earth's surface, resulting in crystals over 1 cm (0.39 in) across or even larger. An example of Diabase being used in construction are the "
1019:
Versteeg, A.; Ruiz, A.C. (1995). Reconstructing Brasil Wood Island: the archaeology and landscape of Indian Aruba. Aruba: Publications of the
Archaeological Museum, no. 6. p. 35
999:
1454:
516:. From venomous snakes to rare birds that have adapted to the hill's unique environment. This section will highlight some of the most notable species found at Jamanota.
1734:
1279:
241:, and freely-roaming goats that graze upon the undulating hills of the region. At Jamanota's summit, one can experience a panoramic view that encompasses
1743:
302:
as noted in earlier geological research. However, more recent studies have reclassified as the ALF. Description for both classification are presented.
1980:
97:
211:
226:, reaching a height of 188 metres (617 ft) and holding the distinction of being the highest point on the island. Jamanota is a word from the
1533:
1191:
970:
1558:
1990:
1727:
867:; Indian inhabitants reared cattle and goats for meat. Around 1780, a land-tax was introduced to the island, which protected it against
991:
1412:
1720:
1446:
992:"The influence of goats on soil erosion and vegetation in Arikok National Park, Aruba | Dutch Caribbean Biodiversity Database"
950:
245:
along the southern coastline, which holds historical significance as indigenous people once defended the island against the
488:(a sedimentary rock that forms from remains of microscopic organisms called plankton that lived in the open ocean), cherty
395:. The squeezing pressure causes the minerals in the rock to align in layers, creating visible pattern, a property known as
763:
in
Papiamento and Dutch, respectively. The Warawara is the best-known falcon on the island and is the "garbageman" of the
1509:
1325:"Wullschlägel (Heinrich Rudolf),, Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch West-Indië, Herman Daniël Benjamins, Joh. F. Snelleman"
1112:
1367:
Reinert, H.K., L.M. Bushar, G.L. Rocco, M. Goode, and R. A. Odum. 2002. Distribution of the Aruba island rattlesnake,
1224:
1054:
287:(ALF). This area is characterized by a landscape of undulating hills that encompasses landmarks such as Jamanota and
1083:
492:(made up of calcium carbonate, the same substance found in seashells, and chert, a hard, dense, sedimentary rock).
1164:"Modification of an oceanic plateau, Aruba, Dutch Caribbean: Implications for the generation of continental crust"
1141:
1809:
1475:
1859:
767:(wilderness in Papiamento). They prefer to make their nests in the tall column cacti during the breeding season.
825:
1162:
White, R. V; Tarney, J; Kerr, A. C; Saunders, A. D; Kempton, P. D; Pringle, M. S; Klaver, G. T (1999-01-01).
668:
2 m (6.6 ft) up to the top of
Jamanota, but they are most commonly found in the diabase hills and
481:(this is a type of rock made up of sand-sized grains that have been compacted and cemented together), tuff,
1559:""Goats or no goats": The influence of goats on soil erosion and vegetation in Arikok National Park, Aruba"
388:, like mud or sediment, are squeezed and heated. This process is known as metamorphism, which results in a
90:
824:
In the 16th century, Spaniards transported herding animals, including goats, to Aruba after declaring the
2011:
1970:
1599:
Recommendations for the
Conservation and Management of the Aruba Island rattlesnake (Crotalus unicolor).
1324:
1915:
694:, birds, and lizards. The Aruba rattlesnake are active in the early morning and late afternoon but are
1241:
1163:
966:
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environment. Goats (and donkeys) remain alive and even propagate, while cattle perish of starvation.
365:. This allows individual crystals to grow up to 2 mm (0.079 in) in size. Gabbro, found at
233:
This region is known for its rugged and dry landscape, as well as its diverse wildlife, such as the
1910:
1751:
1646:
1393:
D. W. Goodall (ed.), Evolution of Desert Biota, pp. 64-99. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas
833:
277:
78:
2016:
1661:
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875:(all old Aruban families can be traced back to this period) through Curaçao and Bonaire. Little
911:
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318:
181:
54:
1930:
1601:
The Toledo Zoological Society, Toledo, USA: Aruba Island rattlesnake Conservation Action Plan.
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with herds roaming free. By 1661, the number of goats increased to such an extent that the
669:
283:
Moving towards the northeastern region, the oldest formation on the island is known as the
223:
161:
1404:
1349:
Strimple, Pete (1993). "Crotalus Unicolor (van Lidt de Jeude), Aruba Island rattlesnake".
8:
1975:
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589:(see spelling 1914) also meant a flogging, as thin branches were used to punish slaves.
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Mededelingen van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium van de Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht
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useless supposedly for the lack of precious resources. Aruba became a kind of Spanish
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Exotic and invasive terrestrial and freshwater animal species in the Dutch Caribbean.
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portion and are composed of a distinct type of rock called Diabase-Schist-Tuff
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1219:. W.I.: University of the West Indies Publishers' Association. p. 289.
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1242:"Morphology and distribution of lava flows on mid-ocean ridges: a review"
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breeding; as goat can be left to take care of themselves and endure the
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Crested Caracara (English). Warawara (Papiamento). Kuifcaracara (Dutch).
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1371:, on Aruba, Dutch West Indies. Caribbean Journal of Science 38:126-128.
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Sarmiento, G. 1976. Evolution of arid vegetation in tropical America.
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Hartog, J. 1984. Aruba. Editions Delroisse, Boulogue, France. 15 pp.
840:) as goat-islands. The Aruban rancho system was hardly suitable for
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524:
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1312:. Translated by Verleun, J.A. Oranjestad: De Wit. pp. 154–156.
1028:
Stoffers, A.L. (1956). The vegetation of the Netherlands Antilles.
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Jamanota is home to a variety of unique and fascinating species of
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Aruba past and present: from the time of the indians until today
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Aruba past and present: from the time of the indians until today
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1047:"Diabase: A dark-colored, fine-grained intrusive igneous rock"
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Birds of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao: A Site and Field Guide
1076:"Schist: Metamorphic Rock - Pictures, Definition & More"
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576:
403:
186:
1280:"Flora Malesiana - Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinia coriaria"
701:
419:
1134:"Tuff - an igneous rock of explosive volcanic eruptions"
477:(a type of rock made up of fragments of volcanic rock),
1161:
603:
Pale gray to bluish gray in color (Crotalus unicolor).
1742:
1432:Wells, J. V., Wells, A. C., & Dean, R. (2017).
945:(in Dutch). Aruba: Vivienno L. Frank. p. 116.
1240:Kennish, Michael J; Lutz, Richard A (1998-05-01).
321:that is dark gray to black in color. It resembles
1499:. Translated by Verleun, J.A. Oranjestad: De Wit.
544:View of the landscape, seen from Jamanota (1964).
2003:
1597:Reinart, H., Bushar, L., & Odum, R. (1995).
967:"Waarom Nationaal Park Arikok een must visit is"
617:Pale grayish-brown in color (Crotalus unicolor).
1625:
863:. Aruba's importance lay in its meat supply to
1405:"Crotalus unicolor (Aruba Island Rattlesnake)"
1214:
1728:
1584:Buurt van, G., & Debrot, A. O. (2012).
1239:
1215:Donovan, S. K.; Jackson, Trevor A. (1994).
624:
566:(Jacq.) Wild.) tree, also known as Dividivi
1735:
1721:
77:
682:of the rattlesnake can be categorized as
284:
1348:
755:The Crested Caracara, also known as the
575:. Dividivi was used at tanneries on the
428:
464:
345:. Diabase cools slower through shallow
2004:
1307:
1284:caesalpinioideae.linnaeus.naturalis.nl
943:Aruba en een keuze uit haar toponiemen
896:), or Cadushi/Tall candelabra cactus (
702:White-tailed Hawk and Crested Caracara
410:of materials ejected during explosive
305:
1946:Navassa / U.S. Minor Outlying Islands
1716:
1624:
1566:Dutch Caribbean Biodiversity Database
1210:
1208:
940:
1556:
1534:"| Dutch Caribbean Species Register"
1510:"| Dutch Caribbean Species Register"
1447:"| Dutch Caribbean Species Register"
341:that are difficult to see with the
13:
1860:Saint Vincent & the Grenadines
1217:Caribbean Geology: An Introduction
1205:
723:One notable examples is the rare,
503:
384:is a type of rock that forms when
222:is a hill situated within Aruba's
14:
2028:
1588:Wageningen: IMARES Wageningen UR.
711:Falki, Partawela, Gabilan di seru
690:to the island and feeds on small
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1322:
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337:cools rapidly and produces tiny
333:determined by its cooling rate.
294:These hills are situated in the
27:
1744:Highest points of North America
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1144:from the original on 2023-03-29
1115:from the original on 2023-03-31
1086:from the original on 2023-03-31
1057:from the original on 2023-03-29
1002:from the original on 2022-12-06
973:from the original on 2023-03-28
686:and desert. The rattlesnake is
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1039:
1022:
1013:
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959:
934:
433:Basic types of intrusions: 1.
1:
1538:www.dutchcaribbeanspecies.org
1514:www.dutchcaribbeanspecies.org
1451:www.dutchcaribbeanspecies.org
1258:10.1016/S0012-8252(98)00006-3
1180:10.1016/S0024-4937(98)00061-9
927:
893:Opuntia caracassana Salm-Dyck
836:(WIC) referred to Aruba (and
198:Basalt and Diabase (Dolerite)
16:Aruba's highest natural point
1612:Caribbean Journal of Science
1105:"Schist | rock | Britannica"
495:The basalts present as both
7:
1971:Saint Pierre & Miquelon
1626:Places of interest in Aruba
1436:. Cornell University Press.
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10:
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698:during the warmer months.
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1476:"Kuifcaracara (Warawara)"
871:and induced an influx of
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1870:United States of America
1647:Casibari Rock Formations
941:Frank, Vivienno (2019).
729:Geranoaetus albicaudatus
658:Aruba island rattlesnake
625:Aruba Island rattlesnake
278:Casibari rock formations
239:Aruba Island Rattlesnake
59:188 m (617 ft)
49:188 m (617 ft)
1850:Saint Kitts & Nevis
1662:Bushiribana and Balashi
802:
1911:British Virgin Islands
1495:Hartog, Johan (1961).
1351:Litteratura Serpentium
1308:Hartog, Johan (1961).
912:List of birds of Aruba
890:), Tuna/Prickly pear (
461:
329:, but has a different
319:intrusive igneous rock
268:, a conical hill, and
1865:Trinidad & Tobago
1632:Geological formations
1246:Earth-Science Reviews
432:
317:) is a fine-grained,
113:12.48722°N 69.94028°W
1689:Noord/Tanki Leendert
1644:Arikok National Park
1409:Animal Diversity Web
917:Arikok National Park
861:Spanish colonization
564:Caesalpinia coriaria
465:Aruba Lava Formation
285:Aruba Lava Formation
272:formations like the
224:Arikok National Park
162:Arikok National Park
1991:U.S. Virgin Islands
1760:Antigua and Barbuda
1650:Ayo Rock Formations
1557:Veerbeek, Babette.
1483:Aruba National Park
899:Stenocereus Griseus
380:On the other hand,
306:Diabase-Schist-Tuff
118:12.48722; -69.94028
109: /
2012:Geography of Aruba
1986:Turks & Caicos
1800:Dominican Republic
1109:www.britannica.com
834:West India Company
558:Libidibia coriaria
530:Watapana in Aruba.
462:
39:Highest point
33:View from Jamanota
1999:
1998:
1884:other territories
1710:
1709:
1677:Baby Beach, Aruba
1369:Crotalus unicolor
952:978-0-359-65900-5
748:Pandion haliaetus
725:White-tailed Hawk
662:Crotalus unicolor
631:Crotalus unicolor
412:volcanic eruption
386:sedimentary rocks
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151:Jamanota location
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1961:Saint Barthelemy
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733:Crested Caracara
719:Witstaartbuizerd
652:Aruba ratelslang
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393:crystalline rock
259:Geology of Aruba
243:Frenchman's Pass
134:Language of name
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1976:Sint Eustatius
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1953:
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1916:Cayman Islands
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1641:Caves of Aruba
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562:The Watapana (
556:Main article:
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257:Main article:
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455:Volcanic pipe
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372:
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313:(also called
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182:Mountain type
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1981:Sint Maarten
1966:Saint Martin
1895:
1880:Dependencies
1611:
1606:
1598:
1593:
1585:
1580:
1569:. Retrieved
1565:
1552:
1541:. Retrieved
1537:
1528:
1517:. Retrieved
1513:
1504:
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1470:
1459:. Retrieved
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1408:
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1350:
1344:
1333:. Retrieved
1328:
1318:
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1303:
1292:. Retrieved
1283:
1274:
1252:(3): 63–90.
1249:
1245:
1235:
1216:
1196:. Retrieved
1174:(1): 43–68.
1171:
1167:
1157:
1146:. Retrieved
1137:
1128:
1117:. Retrieved
1108:
1099:
1088:. Retrieved
1079:
1070:
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1050:
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1004:. Retrieved
995:
986:
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961:
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891:
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850:
823:
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815:
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764:
761:Kuifcaracara
760:
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714:
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661:
655:
651:
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641:
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586:
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561:
507:
497:pillow lavas
494:
475:conglomerate
468:
401:
379:
309:
299:
293:
288:
282:
262:
232:
219:
218:
194:Type of rock
1951:Puerto Rico
1855:Saint Lucia
1805:El Salvador
1704:San Nicolas
1674:Eagle Beach
1138:geology.com
1080:geology.com
1051:geology.com
1036:(1), 1–142.
996:www.dcbd.nl
826:ABC islands
795:Feral goat.
684:thorn scrub
437:, 2. Small
406:forms from
390:metamorphic
367:Bushiribana
116: /
91:Coordinates
2006:Categories
1941:Montserrat
1936:Martinique
1931:Guadeloupe
1785:Costa Rica
1698:Santa Cruz
1692:Oranjestad
1614:, 126-128.
1571:2023-04-13
1543:2023-04-13
1519:2023-04-13
1461:2023-04-04
1419:2023-04-04
1357:(1): 4–13.
1335:2023-04-19
1331:(in Dutch)
1294:2023-04-10
1198:2023-04-11
1148:2023-03-29
1119:2023-03-31
1090:2023-03-31
1061:2023-03-29
1006:2023-04-08
977:2023-03-28
928:References
877:plantation
869:annexation
808:Papiamento
707:Papiamento
637:Papiemanto
577:Elbe river
414:, such as
375:Stonehenge
363:laccoliths
349:, such as
347:intrusions
331:grain size
249:invaders.
104:69°56′25″W
101:12°29′14″N
55:Prominence
1926:Greenland
1840:Nicaragua
1815:Guatemala
1684:Districts
1639:Jamanota
1266:0012-8252
1188:0024-4937
873:Europeans
853:Catalonia
696:nocturnal
673:limestone
666:sea level
587:Watapaana
490:limestone
479:sandstone
443:Batholith
435:Laccolith
397:foliation
371:bluestone
359:lopoliths
343:naked eye
144:Geography
45:Elevation
1891:Anguilla
1825:Honduras
1795:Dominica
1770:Barbados
1701:Savaneta
1695:Paradera
1637:Hooiberg
1455:Archived
1413:Archived
1288:Archived
1192:Archived
1142:Archived
1113:Archived
1084:Archived
1055:Archived
1000:Archived
971:Archived
922:Hooiberg
906:See also
757:Warawara
670:terraced
642:Cascabel
552:Watapana
459:Lopolith
402:Lastly,
339:crystals
315:dolerite
296:diabasic
266:Hooiberg
220:Jamanota
203:Climbing
158:Location
22:Jamanota
1921:Curaçao
1906:Bonaire
1901:Bermuda
1830:Jamaica
1810:Grenada
1765:Bahamas
1669:Beaches
865:Curaçao
857:Galicia
838:Bonaire
812:Cabrito
692:rodents
688:endemic
680:habitat
676:plateau
573:Hamburg
500:feet).
483:pelagic
311:Diabase
289:Arikok.
253:Geology
176:Geology
168:Country
65:Listing
1845:Panama
1835:Mexico
1780:Canada
1775:Belize
1323:DBNL.
1264:
1223:
1186:
1168:Lithos
949:
830:rancho
743:Osprey
741:) and
422:, and
382:Schist
335:Basalt
327:gabbro
323:basalt
247:French
228:Arawak
208:Access
138:Arawak
129:Naming
75:
1896:Aruba
1820:Haiti
1562:(PDF)
1479:(PDF)
842:sheep
816:Dutch
765:mondi
715:Dutch
647:Dutch
514:fauna
510:flora
486:chert
457:, 7.
453:, 6.
449:, 5.
445:, 4.
441:, 3.
424:magma
355:dikes
351:sills
171:Aruba
1956:Saba
1790:Cuba
1329:DBNL
1262:ISSN
1221:ISBN
1184:ISSN
947:ISBN
855:and
846:arid
820:geit
803:Goat
656:The
512:and
451:Sill
447:Dike
439:dike
416:rock
404:Tuff
325:and
276:and
187:hill
1882:and
1254:doi
1176:doi
1034:135
851:In
759:or
420:ash
361:or
280:).
274:Ayo
2008::
1564:.
1536:.
1512:.
1481:.
1453:.
1449:.
1411:.
1407:.
1391:In
1355:13
1353:.
1327:.
1286:.
1282:.
1260:.
1250:43
1248:.
1244:.
1207:^
1190:.
1182:.
1172:46
1170:.
1166:.
1140:.
1136:.
1111:.
1107:.
1082:.
1078:.
1053:.
1049:.
1032:,
998:.
994:.
969:.
818::
814:|
810::
717::
713:|
709::
650::
644:|
640::
418:,
399:.
377:.
357:,
353:,
237:,
1736:e
1729:t
1722:v
1574:.
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1522:.
1485:.
1464:.
1422:.
1338:.
1297:.
1268:.
1256::
1229:.
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1178::
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1093:.
1064:.
1009:.
980:.
955:.
884:(
753:.
751:)
745:(
735:(
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568:,
300:,
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