339:
318:
Spanish had overthrown the last of the Taíno cacique chiefdoms on
Hispaniola, and firmly established the supreme authority of the Spanish colonists over the now-subjugated Taíno. Over the next decade, the Spanish colonists presided over a genocide of the remaining Taíno on Hispaniola, who suffered enslavement, massacres, or exposure to diseases. The population of Hispaniola at the point of first European contact is estimated at between several hundred thousand to over a million people, but by 1514, it had dropped to a mere 35,000. By 1509, the Spanish had successfully conquered Puerto Rico and subjugated the approximately 30,000 Taíno inhabitants. By 1530, there were 1,148 Taíno left alive in Puerto Rico.
46:
281:, which even today is famed for its agricultural productivity. Maize and sweet potatoes were their main crops, though they also grew cassava and yautia. The Arawaks fished using nets made of fibers, bones, hooks, and harpoons. According to Heckenberger, pottery and other cultural traits show these people belonged to the Arawakan language family, a group that included the Tainos, the first Native Americans Columbus encountered. It was the largest language group that ever existed in the pre-Columbian Americas.
219:
169:
326:(Caribs), who allied with the English and Dutch. The Lokono benefited from trade with European powers into the early 19th century, but suffered thereafter from economic and social changes in their region, including the end of the plantation economy. Their population declined until the 20th century, when it began to increase again.
390:
in 1512, which forbade slavery of native populations in the New World and encouraged their conversion to
Catholicism. These laws were created in response to the ongoing enslavement of the Taíno populations, and originally applied only to the island of Hispaniola before being expanded to include other
1002:
329:
Most of the Arawak of the
Antilles died out or intermarried after the Spanish conquest. In South America, Arawakan-speaking groups are widespread, from southwest Brazil to the Guianas in the north, representing a wide range of cultures. They are found mostly in the tropical forest areas north of the
321:
Taíno influence has survived even until today, though, as can be seen in the religions, languages, and music of
Caribbean cultures. The Lokono and other South American groups resisted colonization for a longer period, and the Spanish remained unable to subdue them throughout the 16th century. In the
458:
in existence. He is also the creator of the only
Phonetic English to Arawak dictionary (2021), and the only comprehensive books about Lokono-Arawak Culture called 'Lokono Arawaks' (2020), and on traditional Lokono-Arawak spirituality in 'Amazonia's Mythical and Legendary Creatures in the Eagle Clan
418:
With the modern invention of DNA testing, many scientists came into shock and realization that the Taíno, did infact, not go extinct in the late 1700s. They found many communities and individuals around the islands having a substantial amount of Taíno dna in this modern time. Particularly in rural
414:
Despite this Paper
Genocide and the myth of extinction spread throughout colonial empires, Taíno people still continued to practice their culture and teachings passing it down from generation to generation. Much of this was done in secret or disguised through Catholicism in fear for their survival
313:
settlement in the
Americas. Relationships between the Spaniards and the Taíno would ultimately take a sour turn. Some of the lower-level chiefs of the Taíno appeared to have assigned a supernatural origin to the explorers. When Columbus returned to La Navidad on his second voyage, he found that the
276:
who helped found the
Central Amazon Project, and his team found elaborate pottery, ringed villages, raised fields, large mounds, and evidence for regional trade networks that are all indicators of a complex culture. There is also evidence that they modified the soil using various techniques such as
432:
By coming together and sharing individual knowledge passed down by either oral history or maintained practice, these groups were able to use that knowledge and cross-reference the journals of
Spaniards to fill in parts of Taíno culture & religion long thought to be lost due to Colonization.
410:
In indigenous culture, the
European social construct of race, did not exist. So if a Taíno woman birthed a child with a man from a different tribe, or a non indigenous man, if that child was raised within the culture and the teachings of the Taíno people they were not considered Mestizos (mixed
317:
With the establishment of a second settlement, La Isabella, and the discovery of gold deposits on the island, the Spanish settler population on Hispaniola started to grow substantially, while disease and conflict with the Spanish began to kill tens of thousands of Taíno every year. By 1504, the
201:
proposed calling the Caribbean populace "Island Arawak" because of their cultural and linguistic similarities with the mainland Arawak. Subsequent scholars shortened this convention to "Arawak", creating confusion between the island and mainland groups. In the 20th century, scholars such as
422:
With that realization, Taíno practices and culture started to be taken more seriously and living Taínos being studied under a modern lenses. Because of this, Taíno people started to become more open about sharing their Identities, passed down indigenous culture, and beliefs.
440:
Today there are many legitimate Yukayekes such as "Higuayagua" and "Yukayeke Taíno Borikén". The Taíno language has also been revived in different dialects thanks to remaining Arawak speaking nations in South America that have helped filled in words lost.
459:
Lokono-Arawak Oral Tradition of Guyana', and another work that challenges the 'No natives were here when European settlement occurred colonial version of the history of Barbados in the book 'Last Arawak Girl Born in Barbados – a 17th Century Tale' (2021)
453:
Damon Gerard Corrie, Barbados Lokono of Guyana Lokono descent, radical international indigenous rights activist, and creator of the militant Indigenous Democracy Defence Organization (IDDO), the only such global pan-tribal and multi-racial indigenous
403:
This is known as a Paper Genocide. For example the 1787 census in Puerto Rico lists 2,300 "pure" Indios in the population, but on the next census, in 1802, not a single Indio is listed. This created the myth that the Taíno people went extinct.
358:(today Haiti and the Dominican Republic), and the Virgin Islands in 1492 and later in Puerto Rico in 1493, brought women on their first expeditions. Many of the explorers and early colonists raped these Taíno women and others they came across.
378:
During this Spanish occupation of the islands, many Taínos who escaped slavery maintained scattered populations in rural areas on these islands, whether in remote areas of dense forestation or in difficult to reach mountain sides and valleys.
382:
While much of the population was put into slavery. The Spaniards regularly did censuses on natives for the Spanish Crown, however their unwillingness to go into rural parts of the islands greatly undermined the actual number of Taínos.
436:
This movement led to Yukayekes (Taíno Tribes) finally being reformed resulting in many Taíno families coming out of hiding, and also those who had lost their connection as a result of Colonization began to reconnect their lineages.
284:
At some point, the Arawakan-speaking Taíno culture emerged in the Caribbean. Two major models have been presented to account for the arrival of Taíno ancestors in the islands; the "Circum-Caribbean" model suggests an origin in the
361:
By 1493 many Taínos were starting to be enslaved and the population taking a big hit due to the diseases the Spaniards brought to the islands, such as smallpox and syphilis, from lack of bathing & from raping woman.
2250:
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In the 21st century, about 10,000 Lokono live primarily in Guyana, with smaller numbers present in Venezuela, Suriname, and French Guiana. Despite colonization, the Lokono population is growing.
426:
However, even before the DNA conformation in the scientific community, Taíno peoples within the different islands and dispora had started a movement around the late 1980s and early 1990s.
1114:
407:
They also implemented a caste system as a colonial tool to divide and opress indigenous claim called "Sistema de Castas" (or Society of Castes), otherwise known as "Blood Quantum".
293:, while the Amazonian model supports an origin in the Amazon basin, where the Arawakan languages developed. The Taíno were among the first American people to encounter Europeans.
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system still trapped many Taínos in forced labor. Additionally, many slave owning Spaniards on these islands were reluctant to release their enslaved Taínos.
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Eventually the Spaniards were able to take control of the islands due to the hit on the population, the political atmosphere between not only the different
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valley in present-day Venezuela. They subsequently spread widely, becoming by far the most extensive language family in South America at the time of
338:
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The movement's focus was to rebuild & fill in the pieces of Taíno culture and practices that were lost between families and communities.
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Amazon. As with all Amazonian native peoples, contact with European settlement has led to culture change and depopulation among these groups.
2356:
2255:
2215:
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1704:
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Amazonia's Mythical and Legendary Creatures in the Eagle Clan Lokono-Arawak Oral Tradition of Guyana: 9781393821069: Corrie, Damon: Books
222:
Arawakan languages in South America. The northern Arawakan languages are colored in light blue, southern Arawakan languages in dark blue.
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1933:
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Les Civilisations Amérindiennes des Petites Antilles, Fort-de-France: Départemental d’Archéologie Précolombienne et de Préhistoire.
1287:
1115:"The Law on the Indigenous Peoples of Ukraine does not fully comply with international standards – Damon Gerard Corrie | CTRC"
2615:
2381:
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1992:
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375:(a neighboring Arawakan tribe), and the depletion of crops due to being infected by pathogens brought by supplies on ships.
231:
2007:
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Joseph, P. Musée, C. Celma (ed.), (1968). "LГhomme Amérindien dans son environnement (quelques enseignements généraux)", In
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913:
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1982:
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Handler, Jerome S. (January 1977). "Amerindians and Their Contributions to Barbadian Life in the Seventeenth Century".
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2002:
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978:
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700:
618:
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1666:
1555:
1239:"As Indigenous Heritage Month continues ... Indigenous artists pay homage to Lokono Priest John Bennett"
644:
Kim, Julie Chun (2013). "The Caribs of St. Vincent and Indigenous Resistance during the Age of Revolutions".
1215:
The Last Arawak girl born in Barbados – A 17th Century Tale: Corrie, Damon: 9781393841937: Amazon.com: Books
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1951:
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1971:
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Proceedings of the First International Congress on Pre-Columbian Cultures of the Lesser Antilles,
1351:
Haviser, J. B. (1997). "Settlement Strategies in the Early Ceramic Age". In Wilson, S. M. (ed.).
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20:
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1900:
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The Native Population of Pre-columbian Saba. Part One. Pottery Styles and their Interpretations
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rivers and their tributaries. The group that self-identified as the Arawak, also known as the
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465:(Lokono), first Amerindian ordained as an Anglican priest in Guyana, linguist, and author of
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1977:
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51:
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1266:"Indigenous art exhibition honors George Simon – Department of Public Information, Guyana"
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While the decrees of Burgos had made slavery of native populations nominally illegal, the
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Comparative Arawakan Histories: Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia
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Comparative Arawakan Histories: Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia
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Comparative Arawakan Histories: Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia
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settlement had been burned down and all 39 men he had left there had been killed.
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140:. Specifically, the term "Arawak" has been applied at various times from the
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64:
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areas such as "Campos" (meaning small villages/towns in the country side).
210:" for the Caribbean group to emphasize their distinct culture and language.
1778:
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1392:
Bullen, Ripley P., (1966). "Barbados and the Archeology of the Caribbean",
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early 17th century, they allied with the Spanish against the neighbouring
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The Indians of Central and South America: An Ethno-historical Dictionary
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The Indians of Central and South America: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary
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The Indians of Central and South America: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary
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The Indians of Central and South America: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary
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person), they were still considered a full Taíno to all Taíno people.
396:
355:
306:
302:
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1942:
1911:
1620:
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137:
68:
1682:
1412:"Archeologist studies signs of ancient civilization in Amazon basin"
2100:
1826:
484:, Arawak environmentalist and indigenous rights activist in Guyana.
372:
247:
218:
2038:
771:
Tennesen, M. (September–October 2010). "Uncovering the Arawacks".
342:
Arawak people gathered for an audience with the Dutch Governor in
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145:
1600:
534:
526:
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259:
251:
168:
27:
1288:"The Arawaks left their physical signatures here – George Simon"
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reserved for indigenous groups that they considered hostile and
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Lokono-Arawaks: Corrie, Damon: 9781393432555: Amazon.com: Books
499:
243:
239:
234:, with speakers located in various areas along the Orinoco and
141:
16:
Group of indigenous peoples of South America and the Caribbean
1801:
1610:
1394:
The Journal of the Barbados Museum and Historical Society,
1363:. , Leiden: University of Leiden (Faculty of Archaeology).
176:
Early Spanish explorers and administrators used the terms
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The Journal of the Barbados Museum and Historical Society
1314:"Tituba's Race—Black, Indian, Mixed? How Would We Know?"
1422:
Hill, Jonathan David; Santos-Granero, Fernando (2002).
933:
Hill, Jonathan David; Santos-Granero, Fernando (2002).
689:
Hill, Jonathan David; Santos-Granero, Fernando (2002).
1382:(3). Barbados: Museum and Historical Society: 189–210.
1370:. , Leiden: Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University.
567:
List of indigenous names of Eastern Caribbean islands
543:, Arawak deity, created the world in Arawak mythology
502:, one of the first women to be accused of practicing
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572:
List of Native American peoples in the United States
557:
Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas
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in 1492, which was followed by the establishment of
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A Comparison of Arawak Sites in the Lesser Antilles
1347:. St. Lucia: Archaeological and Historical Society.
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186:to distinguish the peoples of the Caribbean, with
156:in the Caribbean. All these groups spoke related
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939:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 39–42.
496:(Lokono), artist and archaeologist from Guyana.
371:(Chiefs), but also neighboring tribes like the
226:The Arawakan languages may have emerged in the
695:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 1–4.
297:visited multiple islands and chiefdoms on his
2641:History of indigenous peoples of the Americas
1927:
1698:
1540:
889:"Puerto Rico | Genocide Studies Program"
849:"Hispaniola | Genocide Studies Program"
1263:
516:, the first Olympian of Arawakian heritage.
242:, settled the coastal areas of what is now
1934:
1920:
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1547:
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194:for groups that they considered friendly.
44:
2347:Caribbean Basin Trade and Partnership Act
1355:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press.
305:that same year on the northeast coast of
2311:Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States
1368:Amerindian cultural Geography on Curaçao
1345:The Amerindians in St. Lucia (Iouanalao)
770:
596:
594:
592:
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217:
167:
1350:
1139:A Phonetic English to Arawak Dictionary
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1941:
1418:M&C, 08/02/2010. Web. 29 May 2011.
1353:The Indigenous People of the Caribbean
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2387:Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange
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277:adding charcoal to transform it into
2487:Central American and Caribbean Games
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841:
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59:Regions with significant populations
2601:Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean
1993:Baltic-German Caribbean (1654-1689)
1213:Corrie, Damon (28 September 2021).
1000:
643:
13:
2606:Indigenous culture of the Americas
1163:Corrie, Damon (2 September 2020).
881:
806:. Yale University Press. pp.
637:
14:
2657:
2611:Indigenous peoples of the Guianas
1520:
1188:Corrie, Damon (14 October 2019).
834:
609:. Yale University Press. p.
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350:The Spaniards who arrived in the
334:Modern population and descendants
1556:Ancestry and ethnicity in Guyana
1428:. University of Illinois Press.
1264:Neola Damon (8 September 2019).
2296:Association of Caribbean States
2155:Latin America and the Caribbean
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994:
973:. Greenwood. pp. 30, 211.
960:
926:
906:
2616:Ethnic groups in the Caribbean
914:"Exploring the Early Americas"
866:
791:
764:
730:
716:
1:
2008:Swedish Caribbean (1784–1878)
1983:British Caribbean (1586–1834)
1967:Spanish Caribbean (1492–1898)
1450:Olson, James Stewart (1991).
1080:Olson, James Stewart (1991).
967:Olson, James Stewart (1991).
737:Olson, James Stewart (1991).
582:
391:islands in the West Indies.
386:The Spanish Crown issued the
2357:Central banks and currencies
2003:German Caribbean (1685-1693)
1998:Danish Caribbean (1672–1917)
1988:French Caribbean (1625–1817)
467:An Arawak-English Dictionary
262:and parts of the islands of
7:
2646:History of Îles des Saintes
1978:Dutch Caribbean (1554–1863)
873:Keegan, William F. (1992).
520:
272:, an anthropologist at the
10:
2662:
2352:Caribbean Development Bank
2029:Caribbean Court of Justice
1410:Deutsche, Presse-Agentur.
1399:Haag, William G., (1964).
1086:. Greenwood. p. 211.
213:
25:
18:
2621:Ethnic groups in Suriname
2554:
2516:
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2432:
2423:
2404:in the Danish West Indies
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2016:
1959:
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743:. Greenwood. p. 29.
111:
106:
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74:
63:
58:
43:
2626:History of the Caribbean
1366:Haviser, J. B., (1987).
875:Destruction of the Taino
726:. Government of Jamaica.
724:"The History of Jamaica"
415:and of discrimination.
144:of South America to the
113:Native American religion
26:Not to be confused with
2150:Caribbean South America
1359:Hofman, C. L., (1993).
199:Daniel Garrison Brinton
163:
21:Arawak (disambiguation)
2291:Afro-Caribbean leftism
2165:Western Caribbean zone
1478:Rouse, Irving (1992).
798:Rouse, Irving (1992).
647:Early American Studies
601:Rouse, Irving (1992).
347:
223:
173:
172:Arawak village (1860).
2631:History of Hispaniola
2251:Dependent territories
2068:Territorial evolution
1488:Yale University Press
660:10.1353/eam.2013.0007
490:, Guyanese politician
472:Foster Simon, Artist,
341:
274:University of Florida
221:
197:In 1871, ethnologist
171:
2256:World Heritage Sites
779:(5): 51–52, 54, 56.
344:Paramaribo, Suriname
295:Christopher Columbus
270:Michael Heckenberger
52:John Gabriel Stedman
19:For other uses, see
2636:Spanish West Indies
2499:Television stations
2301:Caribbean Community
1416:Science and Nature,
1343:Jesse, C., (2000).
1245:. 13 September 2015
1136:Corrie, D. (2021).
922:. 12 December 2007.
919:Library of Congress
577:Maipurean languages
264:Trinidad and Tobago
148:, who lived in the
40:
2216:Metropolitan areas
2160:Southern Caribbean
2135:Caribbean Lowlands
2056:Influx of diseases
1403:. Fort-de-France:
1294:. 7 September 2015
547:Arawakan languages
508:Salem witch trials
348:
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174:
158:Arawakan languages
130:Indigenous peoples
85:Arawakan languages
38:
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2034:Indigenous people
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1714:Surinamese people
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1679:
1149:979-8-201-10203-6
877:. pp. 51–56.
562:Garifuna language
552:Cariban languages
529:, the sun in the
289:connected to the
122:
121:
97:Caribbean Spanish
93:Caribbean English
50:Arawak woman, by
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2447:Caribbean people
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2126:Windward Islands
2121:Leeward Antilles
2106:Greater Antilles
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1142:. Damon Corrie.
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1456:. Greenwood.
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1060:DICE Missouri
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228:Orinoco River
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152:and northern
151:
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134:South America
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65:South America
62:
57:
53:
47:
42:
33:
29:
22:
2526:Pre-Arawakan
2509:Demographics
2043:
1974:(1500s–1830)
1576:
1512:
1505:. Retrieved
1481:
1467:. Retrieved
1452:
1439:. Retrieved
1424:
1415:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1360:
1352:
1344:
1337:Bibliography
1322:. Retrieved
1317:
1308:
1296:. Retrieved
1291:
1282:
1270:. Retrieved
1268:. Dpi.gov.gy
1259:
1247:. Retrieved
1242:
1233:
1214:
1208:
1189:
1183:
1164:
1158:
1138:
1131:
1119:. Retrieved
1109:
1097:. Retrieved
1082:
1075:
1063:. Retrieved
1059:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1001:Lagasse, P.
996:
984:. Retrieved
969:
962:
950:. Retrieved
935:
928:
917:
908:
896:. Retrieved
893:gsp.yale.edu
892:
883:
874:
868:
856:. Retrieved
853:gsp.yale.edu
852:
828:
821:. Retrieved
801:
793:
776:
772:
766:
754:. Retrieved
739:
732:
718:
706:. Retrieved
691:
684:
651:
645:
639:
631:
624:. Retrieved
604:
541:Aiomun-Kondi
514:Dominic King
494:George Simon
488:Lenox Shuman
482:Jean La Rose
466:
443:
439:
435:
431:
428:
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402:
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385:
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366:
364:
360:
349:
328:
320:
316:
309:, the first
299:first voyage
283:
268:
225:
204:Irving Rouse
196:
191:
187:
181:
177:
175:
132:of northern
125:
123:
117:Christianity
35:Ethnic group
32:
2186:Earthquakes
773:Archaeology
506:during the
279:black earth
136:and of the
2590:Categories
2533:Population
2462:Literature
2051:Hurricanes
1885:Portuguese
1822:Paramaccan
1722:Indigenous
1672:Portuguese
1564:Indigenous
1501:0300051816
1490:. p.
1482:The Tainos
1463:0313263876
1435:0252073843
1324:20 January
1298:20 January
1249:20 January
1093:0313263876
980:0313263876
946:0252073843
898:19 January
858:19 January
817:0300051816
802:The Tainos
750:0313263876
702:0252073843
620:0300051816
605:The Tainos
583:References
504:witchcraft
397:encomienda
356:Hispaniola
307:Hispaniola
303:La Navidad
2538:Religions
2521:Languages
2452:Carnivals
2367:Companies
2306:CARIFORUM
2286:Democracy
2221:Mountains
2211:Cetaceans
2181:Bioregion
2082:Geography
1943:Caribbean
1901:Brazilian
1647:Brazilian
1621:Wapishana
1318:ThoughtCo
676:144195511
531:mythology
236:Amazonian
138:Caribbean
75:Languages
69:Caribbean
2570:Category
2494:Stadiums
2342:Airports
2337:Airlines
2274:Politics
2174:By topic
2101:Antilles
2017:By topic
1960:Timeline
1872:European
1857:Javanese
1827:Saramaka
1606:Patamona
1272:8 August
1121:8 August
1053:"Lokono"
1003:"Arawak"
785:41780608
668:23546705
521:See also
478:, Artist
373:Kalinago
368:caciques
354:, Cuba,
248:Suriname
107:Religion
2561:Outline
2457:Cuisine
2425:Culture
2411:Tourism
2399:in Cuba
2372:Fishing
2325:Economy
2206:Mammals
2200:by area
2196:Islands
2094:Regions
2061:Malaria
1952:History
1847:Chinese
1812:Matawai
1797:Maroons
1789:African
1762:Sikiana
1757:Saloema
1752:Kali'na
1652:Chinese
1642:African
1616:Wai-Wai
1601:Macushi
1572:Akawaio
1507:16 June
1469:16 June
1441:16 June
1099:16 June
1065:27 June
986:16 June
952:16 June
823:16 June
756:16 June
708:16 June
626:16 June
535:Orinoco
533:of the
527:Adaheli
469:(1989).
352:Bahamas
311:Spanish
260:Jamaica
256:Bahamas
252:Grenada
214:History
28:Sarawak
2575:Portal
2472:Poetry
2377:Hotels
2362:Citrus
2241:Ultras
2231:Rivers
2044:Arawak
1972:Piracy
1862:Jewish
1852:Indian
1817:Ndyuka
1807:Kwinti
1772:Wayana
1767:Tiriyó
1747:Akurio
1735:Lokono
1730:Arawak
1667:Jewish
1662:Indian
1594:Taruma
1582:Lokono
1577:Arawak
1498:
1460:
1432:
1221:
1196:
1171:
1146:
1090:
977:
943:
814:
783:
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