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more, you have to raise prices. The man I worked for disagreed. When business was better, he wanted to spend more. That's one of the points where we disagreed. We also disagreed on the issue of financing. I felt that the moment our stock was trading high, we should have issued new stock; especially since we had never had an increase since we went public in 1962. With the $ 120 million we would have earned from 2 million new shares, we could have paid all our debts to the banks and strengthened the company's position. It would have allowed us to weather any storm without relying on the banks. The man I worked for thought this would dilute his share in the company and lose influence in the process - that was absolutely wrong. Those were the main reasons. In short, our philosophies were different. It got to the point where I said to him: Either I can run the company the way I think it should be run or I have to leave. I was told very kindly: If you don't want to do it the way I do, then leave. And I left.
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had grown from under $ 100 million to over a billion dollar corporation. Just unbelievable growth. A success story. But Jack was on stage and he didn't look like a happy man, and Jack was not someone to hide his emotions generally – it just seemed strange for some of us in the back of the room. Three days after the show, Jack announced that he was resigning from the company. Apparently there had been some falling out between him and the chairman of the board, Irving Gould, and from that day on the company was not the same place.
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Commodore: On
January 13, 1984 during a meeting with Irving, Jack told Irving that treating the assets of the company as his own and using them for personal use was wrong. He said to Irving, "you can't do that while I'm still president" to which Irving responded by saying "Goodbye". Three days after the show, Jack announced to the public that he was resigning from the company.
442:, which became the best-selling home computer of all time. The VIC-20 was the first computer to sell one million units. The Commodore 64 sold several million units. It was during this time that Tramiel coined the phrase, "We need to build computers for the masses, not the classes." An industry executive attributed to Tramiel the discontinuation of the
378:(TI), it found a ready market. However, after slowly realizing the size of the market, TI decided to cut Commodore out of the middle, and released their own calculators at a price point below Commodore's cost of just the chips. Gould once again rescued the company, injecting another $ 3 million, which allowed Commodore to purchase
649:
I asked Jack if he held resentment toward the
Germans to which he replied, "The German people didn’t kill the Jews. The rules killed the Jews. Germans always follow the rules and if the rules are made by madmen, they still follow the rules." Another time I asked him how he dealt with the memories of
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If you ask the people who have worked with me, they will tell you that I have changed virtually nothing in the last 25 years. I've always been one of them. Just because we were a billion-dollar company, we didn't have to throw money out the window like a billion-dollar company. Because, if you spend
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Tramiel angrily left a
January 13, 1984 meeting of Commodore's board of directors led by chairman Gould, and never returned to the company. What happened at the board meeting remains unclear, but the departure surprised the industry because of Commodore's great success against competitors. The press
467:
The microcomputer industry abounds with horror stories describing the way
Commodore treats its dealers and its customers. However, Jack Tramiel has built a large and profitable organization by offering a capable product. Tramiel definitely plays hardball, but he deserves credit for what he has been
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in
January of '84 – a very strange press conference. Jack Tramiel got on stage in front of a whole ballroom full of press people to make the announcement that in the calendar year of 1983, Commodore had sold more than a billion dollars worth of products. Just phenomenal. In three years the company
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AG and began to sell
Commodore portable typewriters made from the parts of older Rheinmetall-Borsig typewriters. In 1962, Commodore went public, but the arrival of Japanese typewriters in the U.S. market made the selling of Czechoslovakian typewriters unprofitable. Struggling for cash, the company
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business, which was profitable for a time before the
Japanese entered that field as well. Stung twice by the same source, Gould suggested that Tramiel travel to Japan to learn why they were able to outcompete North Americans in their own local markets. It was during this trip that Tramiel saw the
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design was a major advantage. Much of their success with the PET came from the business decision to sell directly to large customers, instead of selling to them through a dealer network. The first PET computers were sold primarily in Europe, where
Commodore had also introduced the first wave of
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Despite successfully shipping the ST, Tramiel's poor personal reputation hurt Atari. One retailer said in 1985 about the ST that because of its prior experience with
Tramiel "Our interest in Atari is zero, zilch". A software company executive said "Dealing with Commodore was like dealing with
510:
During a question and answer session at CommVEx v11 (July 18, 2015), Jack's son, Leonard
Tramiel, stated that now that both Irving Gould and his dad Jack were both deceased, he could finally reveal to the crowd, what really transpired between Jack and Irving Gould resulting in Tramiel leaving
548:
After a short break from the computer industry, he formed a new company named Tramel Technology, Ltd., in order to design and sell a next-generation home computer. The company was named "Tramel" to help ensure that it would be pronounced correctly (i.e., "tra – mel" instead of "tra – meal").
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which rescued survivors from the camp and had taken and stored photographs of at least 16 of the survivors. Tott, who died of cancer in 2003, was personally commemorated by Tramiel with an inscription on one of the Holocaust Museum's walls saying "To Vernon W. Tott, My Liberator and Hero".
599:. I don't know if Tramiel will be following his old habits ... I don't see a lot of people rushing to get software on the machine." (One ex-Commodore employee said that to Tramiel "software wasn't tangible—you couldn't hold it, feel it, or touch it—so it wasn't worth spending money for".)
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Tramiel said that he had resigned from Commodore because he disagreed with Gould "on the basic principles, how to run the company. And I felt that if I could not go into my office smiling, and being happy, I'd better quit". Their disagreement was so bitter that, after his departure,
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In the late 1980s, Tramiel decided to step away from day-to-day operations at Atari, naming his son, Sam, President and CEO. In 1995, Sam suffered a heart attack, and his father returned to oversee operations. In 1996, Tramiel sold Atari to disk-drive manufacturer
646:
The Germans said, "Why should we give you concessions?" to which Jack replied, "You owe it to me – I’m an Auschwitz survivor" – then he added – “Besides, it will be great PR for you." They accepted his logic and gave us the plant which was in Braunschweig, West
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who did not believe in budgets; he wanted to approve every expense greater than $ 1,000, which meant that operations stopped when Tramiel went on vacation. His management style made it difficult for Commodore to hire and keep executives, but was effective.
507:, his "inflexible one-man rule" had resulted in poor dealer relations and "a steady turnover of top executives at Commodore". The magazine concluded "it has become increasingly clear that the company is just too big for one man, however talented, to run".
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In a 1986 interview with Dr. Achim Becker for the german newspaper DATA WELT, at the question "Why did you leave Commodore? Is there a simple answer to this question?" Jack Tramiel answered:
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home computer in 1983, after the company had lost hundreds of millions of dollars, stating that "TI got suckered by Jack". By 1983 Commodore had $ 1 billion in annual revenue.
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in 1977, and soon the company was receiving 50 calls a day from dealers wanting to sell the computer. The PET became a success—especially in the education field, where its
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was often the comparison. Another executive was more positive, stating "Jack Tramiel is a winner. I wouldn't bet against him." In 1988 Stewart Alsop II called Tramiel and
454:
Gould had controlled the company since 1966. He and Tramiel often argued, but Gould usually let Tramiel run Commodore by himself. Tramiel was considered by many to be a
591:, which also used the same CPU. Under Tramiel's direction, the Atari ST was a considerable success in Europe, and globally in the professional music market.
701:
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On November 10, 1947, Tramiel immigrated to the United States. He soon joined the U.S. Army, where he learned how to repair office equipment, including
330:. Tramiel wanted a military-style name for his company, but names such as Admiral and General were already taken, so he settled on the Commodore name.
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wrote that although Tramiel's "obsession with controlling the cost of every phase of the manufacturing process" had led to record profits during the
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in the work camp; however, Tramiel believed he was killed by an injection of gasoline. Tramiel was rescued from the labor camp in April 1945 by the
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of Commodore UK) also states that Gould told him the falling out was due to Tramiel's insistence on his three sons joining the board.
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394:, told Tramiel that calculators were a dead end and computers were the future, Tramiel told him to build one to prove the point.
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434:, which offered color graphics and could be hooked to a television as an inexpensive display. Commodore responded with the
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341:, they could not be imported directly into the U.S., so Tramiel used parts from Zbrojovka's Consul typewriters and set up
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658:, which was opened in 1993. He was among many other survivors of the Ahlem labor camp who tracked down U.S. Army veteran
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recalled that when Tramiel asked the German government for financial incentives for Commodore to take over a factory,
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to repair office machinery, securing a $ 25,000 loan for the business from a U.S. Army entitlement. He named it
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on April 13, 1998, Tramiel said "Business is war, I don't believe in compromising, I believe in winning."
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349:, Canada. After Zbrojovka began developing their own hardware Commodore signed an agreement in 1962 with
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269:, where he worked in a garment factory. When the ghettos were liquidated, his family was sent to the
426:(green text on black screen) was at a disadvantage in the market when compared to machines like the
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to assemble and sell their typewriters in North America. However, as Czechoslovakia was part of the
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and selected for a work party, after which he and his father were sent to the labor camp Ahlem near
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The story of Commodore and the 8-bit generation | Leonard Tramiel | TEDxMidAtlantic via YouTube
64:
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reported the poor relationship between Tramiel and Gould as the cause. Neil Harris, editor of
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1984:
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390:, a company which had also supplied Commodore with calculator ICs. When their lead designer,
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deal. The newly merged company was named JTS Corporation, and Tramiel joined the JTS board.
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first digital calculators, and decided that the mechanical adding machine was a dead end.
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254:(some sources also list Juda Trzmiel, Jacek Trzmiel, or Idek Tramielski) into a
199:; December 13, 1928 – April 8, 2012) was a Polish-American businessman and
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Whilst acknowledging this description of events, David Pleasance (the eventual
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When Commodore released its first calculators, combining an LED display from
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invasion of Poland in 1939 his family was transported by German occupiers to
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564:. TTL was then renamed Atari Corporation, and went on to produce the 16-bit
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In 1956, Tramiel signed a deal with Czechoslovakian typewriter manufacturer
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In 1962, he bought Feiler, a German company producing adding machines (see
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The Home Computer Wars: An Insider's Account of Commodore and Jack Tramiel
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Business is war, I don't believe in compromising I believe in winning.
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from its parent company. He was one of 6 people spotlighted when the
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In July 1984, Tramel Technology bought the Consumer Division of
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produced while he was running the company. Tramiel later formed
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1948:
1624:"Michael Tomczyk: Commodore VIC-20 Developer, Computer Pioneer"
596:
435:
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212:
690:
Computer Legend and Gaming Pioneer Jack Tramiel Dies at Age 83
2009:
1933:
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Auschwitz and he immediately replied, "I live in the future."
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family, the son of Abram Josef Trzmiel and Rifka Bentkowska.
1016:"Jack Tramiel, Founder Of Commodore Computers, Dies Aged 83"
319:
255:
176:
167:
1330:(published April 29, 2009), April 13, 1998, archived from
1383:"A few words with Jack Tramiel and the Commodore 64 gang"
619:"the world's two leading business-as-war entrepreneurs".
410:
processor. It was first shown, privately, at the Chicago
607:
said after meeting with Tramiel that he reminded him of
1707:
On the Edge: The Spectacular Rise and Fall of Commodore
674:. He died of heart failure on April 8, 2012, aged 83.
16:
American businessman and Holocaust survivor (1928–2012)
188:
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was forbidden to quote Tramiel or mention his name.
422:
As prices dropped and the market matured, the PET's
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560:. The division had fallen on hard times due to the
173:
170:
1666:"Jack Tramiel, a pioneer in computers, dies at 83"
1652:Jack Tramiel obituary | Technology | The Guardian
1153:
1151:
944:"oz.Typewriter: Rheinmetall Portable Typewriters"
787:
785:
2349:
1569:
1549:"A New Force in Games, Part 1: Fractal Dreamers"
1448:
1354:
1352:
1308:"Jack Tramiel interview for Data Welt (English)"
1261:Bil Herd and Leonard Tramiel at CommVEx v11 2015
1124:
1122:
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842:Jack and the Machine: An Interactive Documentary
751:Jack and the Machine: An Interactive Documentary
227:after he purchased the remnants of the original
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1563:
1360:"Time Warner Companies Inc, et al. · SC 13D/A"
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1040:"Commodore 64 at 30: computing for the masses"
913:"As Commodore 64 Turns 25, Founders Reminisce"
782:
740:
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354:sold 17% of its stock to Canadian businessman
313:
1770:
1589:
1540:
1482:Perry, Tekla S.; Wallich, Paul (March 1985).
1349:
1207:Herzog, Marty (January 1988). "Neil Harris".
1176:
1117:
1063:
868:"Chronological History of Commodore Computer"
2288:† Listed in chronological order by category
1732:featuring an extended interview with Tramiel
1546:
1481:
1427:
1128:
1087:
870:. Up & Running Technologies Incorporated
1784:
1454:
1160:"Founder of Commodore Resigns Unexpectedly"
812:"Commodore founder Jack Tramiel dies at 83"
735:
1877:
1777:
1763:
1639:"Holocaust Survivors Honor Camp Liberator"
1257:
1244:
1242:
702:"Commodore founder Jack Tramiel dead at 83
135: 1947–2012)
31:
1406:
1404:
1374:
1057:
969:Early history of Jack Tramiels-Commodore
941:
910:
809:
2383:American people of Polish-Jewish descent
1626:(Interview). Interviewed by Tim Santens.
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1202:
1200:
983:
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835:
744:
1709:by Brian Bagnall, Variant Press, 2005,
1621:
1484:"Design case history: the Commodore 64"
1239:
1157:
712:
656:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
2398:Auschwitz concentration camp survivors
2350:
1596:Alsop, Stewart II (January 18, 1988).
1475:
1401:
1327:movieprop.com's atari video game pages
1206:
764:
2378:Polish emigrants to the United States
1758:
1637:Susan Stamberg (September 25, 2007).
1622:Tomczyk, Michael (October 19, 2021).
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683:
670:Tramiel retired in 1996 and moved to
322:driver, Tramiel bought a shop in the
235:was denoted "Machine of the Year" by
2413:People from Monte Sereno, California
2408:American technology company founders
2302:
1318:
1285:. Downtime Publishing. p. 103.
1158:Pollack, Andrew (January 14, 1984).
911:Del Conte, Natali (March 29, 1994).
862:
860:
858:
838:"Jack Tramiel: American Immigration"
718:
692:, 2012/04/09, By Dave Thier, Forbes
13:
1679:
1598:"WUI: The War Over User Interface"
14:
2424:
1720:
1664:Douglas Martin (April 10, 2012).
1570:Sanger, David E. (May 13, 1985).
942:Messenger, Robert (May 3, 2013).
855:
810:Takahashi, Dean (April 9, 2012).
397:
2332:
2331:
2322:
2321:
2312:
2311:
2301:
2292:
2291:
1457:"Atari Promises Software For ST"
1455:Chin, Kathy (January 28, 1985).
1411:"75 Power Players: The Family".
1258:BIOSJERBIL (September 8, 2015),
1177:Osborne, Adam (April 13, 1981).
654:Tramiel was a co-founder of the
157:
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1630:
1299:
1274:
1221:
1045:
1033:
1007:
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935:
745:Schmüdde, D. (April 26, 2016).
132:
1654:. Retrieved December 13, 2016.
1547:Maher, Jimmy (July 10, 2015).
1129:Maher, Jimmy (July 28, 2013).
836:Schmüdde, D. (June 13, 2016).
829:
803:
634:
419:digital handheld calculators.
245:
1:
1909:Commodore Semiconductor Group
1746:at History Corner (in German)
1428:Maremaa, Tom (June 3, 1985).
1362:. secinfo.com. March 29, 1994
747:"Jack Tramiel: Birth Details"
677:
328:Commodore Portable Typewriter
1744:Biography about Jack Tramiel
1572:"Atari is Facing New Doubts"
1306:DrWatson (October 5, 2023).
1131:"A Computer for Every Home?"
1097:Leemon, Sheldon (May 1984).
449:
318:In 1953, while working as a
302:
7:
1899:Commodore Business Machines
1740:at a Commodore history site
1283:Commodore: The Inside Story
343:Commodore Business Machines
314:Typewriters and calculators
10:
2429:
1503:10.1109/MSPEC.1985.6370590
1099:"The Future of Commodore?"
1052:"Gamer Decades: The 1980s"
1020:Liverpool Sound and Vision
989:"Early Commodore History!"
579:, directly competing with
541:
402:Peddle responded with the
388:semiconductor manufacturer
306:
203:, best known for founding
2388:American company founders
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2008:
1957:
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1919:
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1822:
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1551:. The Digital Antiquarian
1014:admin (August 19, 2012).
991:. Running. Archived from
799:. London. April 15, 2012.
485:Consumer Electronics Show
412:Consumer Electronics Show
406:, based on his company's
267:the Jewish ghetto in Łódź
142:
119:
90:
71:
42:
30:
23:
2327:Storage devices template
2191:Commodore 64 peripherals
1809:(founder/CEO, 1958–1984)
1430:"Atari Ships New 520 ST"
1417:(11): 57. November 1995.
721:"Woz, meet Jack Tramiel"
672:Monte Sereno, California
562:video game crash of 1983
537:
483:Well, came that fateful
2317:Amiga hardware template
2242:List of cancelled games
1786:Commodore International
1729:The Computer Chronicles
1135:The Digital Antiquarian
568:computer line based on
505:home computer price war
309:Commodore International
205:Commodore International
105:Commodore International
1230:Jack Tramiel Interview
1179:"The Portable Osborne"
890:"You Don't Know Jack!"
652:
528:
490:
470:
290:84th Infantry Division
65:Second Polish Republic
2393:American taxi drivers
644:
611:, while within Atari
558:Warner Communications
530:In an interview with
523:
481:
465:
432:Atari 8-bit computers
276:. He was examined by
2147:Cancelled prototypes
923:on December 13, 2007
772:"Poland 2004 Page 6"
723:. CNET Networks, Inc
662:, who was among the
380:MOS Technology, Inc.
250:Tramiel was born as
83:Stanford, California
2403:Łódź Ghetto inmates
1737:You Don't Know Jack
1069:"Texas Instruments"
797:The Daily Telegraph
625:Jugi Tandon Storage
468:able to accomplish.
408:MOS Technology 6502
109:Founder and CEO of
2337:MOS chips template
1800:Board of directors
1670:The New York Times
1576:The New York Times
1281:Pleasance, David.
1164:The New York Times
1073:Creative Computing
719:Terdiman, Daniel.
495:Commodore Magazine
476:Commodore Magazine
424:monochrome monitor
372:integrated circuit
351:Rheinmetall-Borsig
292:of the U.S. Army.
274:concentration camp
201:Holocaust survivor
2345:
2344:
2201:Super Expander 64
2172:
2171:
2100:IBM PC compatible
1894:Amiga Corporation
1873:
1872:
1381:Takahashi, Dean.
1334:on March 19, 2016
1217:. pp. 41–51.
995:on March 23, 2010
544:Atari Corporation
516:managing director
376:Texas Instruments
335:Zbrojovka Brno NP
225:Atari Corporation
150:
149:
111:Atari Corporation
57:December 13, 1928
2420:
2373:Commodore people
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2334:
2325:
2324:
2315:
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1924:
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1815:(CEO, 1984–1989)
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1765:
1756:
1755:
1727:1985 episode of
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1613:
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1567:
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1527:
1521:. Archived from
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1468:
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1445:
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1425:
1419:
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1389:on June 12, 2009
1385:. Archived from
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1215:Fictioneer Books
1210:Comics Interview
1204:
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1185:. pp. 42–43
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1075:. pp. 30–32
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985:
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919:. Archived from
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587:and Commodore's
532:Fortune magazine
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78:
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2227:Commodore BASIC
2205:
2178:
2168:
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2094:
2004:
1953:
1915:
1882:
1869:
1855:Carl Sassenrath
1818:
1788:
1783:
1723:
1690:Michael Tomczyk
1682:
1680:Further reading
1677:
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1635:
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1545:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1528:on May 13, 2012
1525:
1486:
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1414:Next Generation
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1254:Wayback Machine
1247:
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1213:. No. 54.
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640:Michael Tomczyk
637:
546:
540:
463:wrote in 1981:
452:
438:, and then the
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37:Tramiel in 2007
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1721:External links
1719:
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1067:(March 1984).
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793:"Jack Tramiel"
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636:
633:
629:reverse merger
609:Jabba the Hutt
597:Attila the Hun
542:Main article:
539:
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451:
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399:
398:Home computers
396:
360:adding machine
315:
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307:Main article:
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2273:Commodore USA
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1491:IEEE Spectrum
1485:
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1393:September 28,
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1166:. p. 27.
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1065:Ahl, David H.
1060:
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1021:
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948:oz.Typewriter
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727:September 28,
722:
715:
709:
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707:Computerworld
703:
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665:
664:84th Division
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404:Commodore PET
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75:April 8, 2012
74:
70:
66:
62:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2368:Atari people
2164:Commodore 65
1990:Commodore 16
1970:Commodore 64
1887:Subsidiaries
1850:Chuck Peddle
1813:Irving Gould
1807:Jack Tramiel
1806:
1736:
1728:
1706:
1685:
1669:
1659:
1647:
1632:
1617:
1608:
1604:
1591:
1579:. Retrieved
1575:
1565:
1553:. Retrieved
1542:
1532:November 12,
1530:. Retrieved
1523:the original
1497:(3): 48–58.
1494:
1490:
1477:
1465:. Retrieved
1463:. p. 17
1460:
1450:
1438:. Retrieved
1436:. p. 23
1433:
1423:
1412:
1391:. Retrieved
1387:the original
1376:
1364:. Retrieved
1343:
1336:, retrieved
1332:the original
1326:
1320:
1311:
1301:
1282:
1276:
1265:, retrieved
1260:
1250:Ghostarchive
1248:Archived at
1223:
1208:
1187:. Retrieved
1182:
1172:
1163:
1138:. Retrieved
1134:
1107:. Retrieved
1105:. p. 44
1102:
1077:. Retrieved
1072:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1023:. Retrieved
1019:
1009:
997:. Retrieved
993:the original
963:
951:. Retrieved
947:
937:
927:December 14,
925:. Retrieved
921:the original
916:
906:
894:. Retrieved
884:
872:. Retrieved
845:. Retrieved
841:
831:
819:. Retrieved
815:
805:
796:
775:
766:
754:. Retrieved
750:
725:. Retrieved
714:
705:
697:
685:
669:
653:
645:
638:
621:
601:Steve Arnold
593:
551:
547:
529:
524:
520:
513:
509:
498:
494:
491:
482:
479:, recalled:
474:
471:
466:
461:Adam Osborne
456:micromanager
453:
440:Commodore 64
421:
401:
392:Chuck Peddle
365:
356:Irving Gould
342:
332:
327:
317:
294:
260:
252:Idek Trzmiel
251:
249:
237:
217:Commodore 64
197:Idek Trzmiel
196:
153:Jack Tramiel
152:
151:
77:(2012-04-08)
47:Idek Trzmiel
25:Jack Tramiel
18:
2363:2012 deaths
2358:1928 births
2268:Amiga, Inc.
1985:Educator 64
1965:MAX Machine
1845:Dave Needle
1830:Dave Haynie
1605:P.C. Letter
1366:December 6,
1312:Neperos.com
1079:February 6,
917:PC Magazine
816:VentureBeat
776:tramiel.org
660:Vernon Tott
635:Later years
613:Darth Vader
386:design and
339:Warsaw Pact
297:typewriters
246:Early years
229:Atari, Inc.
103:Founder of
2352:Categories
2247:Magic Desk
2222:Amiga Unix
2186:1351 mouse
1920:Computers†
1581:January 5,
1189:January 1,
678:References
617:Alan Sugar
554:Atari Inc.
416:all-in-one
261:After the
53:1928-12-13
1840:Jay Miner
1823:Engineers
1611:(2): 1–4.
1511:0018-9235
1467:March 19,
1461:InfoWorld
1434:InfoWorld
1338:March 23,
1183:InfoWorld
999:April 12,
896:April 12,
892:. Running
874:April 12,
605:LucasArts
585:Macintosh
450:Departure
303:Commodore
271:Auschwitz
242:in 1982.
219:are some
98:Holocaust
2297:Category
2278:Escom AG
2261:See also
2210:Software
2179:hardware
2070:500 Plus
1835:Bil Herd
1696:, 1984,
1555:July 11,
1519:11900865
1440:July 19,
1252:and the
1227:(1985).
1140:July 10,
1109:June 27,
1025:March 1,
847:June 13,
821:March 1,
756:June 13,
647:Germany.
570:Motorola
566:Atari ST
444:TI-99/4A
428:Apple II
240:magazine
233:computer
143:Children
100:survivor
2307:Commons
2217:AmigaOS
1694:Compute
1267:May 23,
1235:YouTube
953:May 11,
574:MC68000
370:and an
347:Toronto
282:Hanover
195:; born
137:
129:
2237:KERNAL
2059:3000UX
1995:Plus/4
1949:VIC-20
1944:CBM-II
1793:People
1713:
1700:
1641:. NPR.
1517:
1509:
1289:
436:VIC-20
368:Bowmar
286:typhus
263:German
256:Jewish
215:, and
213:VIC-20
207:. The
120:Spouse
85:, U.S.
2177:Other
2090:4000T
2064:3000T
2010:Amiga
1980:SX-64
1975:C64GS
1934:KIM-1
1927:Early
1601:(PDF)
1526:(PDF)
1515:S2CID
1487:(PDF)
1103:Ahoy!
1054:, IGN
704:from
627:in a
589:Amiga
581:Apple
556:from
538:Atari
500:Ahoy!
374:from
324:Bronx
131:(
127:
125:Helen
2138:PC60
2133:PC50
2128:PC40
2123:PC30
2118:PC20
2113:PC10
2085:4000
2080:1200
2053:3000
2048:CD32
2043:CDTV
2038:1500
2033:2500
2028:2000
2018:1000
1711:ISBN
1698:ISBN
1583:2015
1557:2015
1534:2011
1507:ISSN
1469:2011
1442:2014
1395:2008
1368:2007
1340:2016
1287:ISBN
1269:2016
1191:2015
1142:2014
1111:2014
1081:2015
1027:2024
1001:2021
955:2016
929:2007
898:2021
876:2021
849:2016
823:2024
758:2016
729:2008
430:and
320:taxi
238:Time
189:trə-
72:Died
61:Łódź
43:Born
2108:PC1
2075:600
2023:500
1958:C64
1939:PET
1688:by
1499:doi
1233:on
603:of
583:'s
577:CPU
572:'s
382:an
345:in
191:MEL
2354::
1692:,
1668:.
1607:.
1603:.
1574:.
1513:.
1505:.
1495:22
1493:.
1489:.
1459:.
1432:.
1403:^
1351:^
1342:,
1310:.
1256::
1241:^
1199:^
1181:.
1162:.
1150:^
1133:.
1119:^
1101:.
1089:^
1071:.
1018:.
976:^
946:.
915:.
857:^
840:.
814:.
795:.
784:^
774:.
749:.
737:^
384:IC
299:.
211:,
133:m.
63:,
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2057:(
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1672:.
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1585:.
1559:.
1536:.
1501::
1471:.
1444:.
1397:.
1370:.
1314:.
1295:.
1193:.
1144:.
1113:.
1083:.
1029:.
1003:.
971:)
957:.
931:.
900:.
878:.
851:.
825:.
778:.
760:.
731:.
183:/
180:l
177:ɛ
174:m
171:ˈ
168:ə
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162:t
159:/
155:(
146:3
55:)
51:(
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