Commodore PET - Knowledge

811: 544: 1813:, and ROM containing the disk operating software. This software was not compatible with Commodore standards and was somewhat awkward to use. Before using the disk system, it had to be initialized manually by issuing the command SYS45056. This made available a set of "pseudo-BASIC" commands for performing disk operations, which bore little or no resemblance to the standard Commodore commands for the same operations and in addition had to be prefixed with $ , thus breaking the rules of BASIC syntax. It had a severe limitation in that it was only possible to have one file open at a time, which made many common tasks difficult and slow, though the direct interface to the motherboard made data transfer significantly faster than the CBM units using the IEEE-488 bus. The additional code hooked into the BASIC interpreter could slow the execution of BASIC programs by 20–30%, and it would break with programs which used the standard POKE to disable user STOPs. Nevertheless, it was still regarded as a useful system and as a great improvement over cassette storage. 1458: 647: 1273: 1068:. Normally, banking in the expansion RAM will swap out the video RAM, I/O registers, and system ROMs, so interrupts must be turned off first, but it is also possible to set the video RAM and I/O registers to "peek" through. Regardless, switching the OS ROMs out will require the user to either have interrupts disabled or supply their own interrupt handler. The expansion RAM cannot be seen by BASIC and machines equipped with the RAM board will still report the standard 31,743 bytes free on power up. A relatively small amount of software could utilize it. 655: 268: 3195: 3185: 3175: 259: 623: 635: 802:

and positioning the cursor. In addition, the kernal ROM received system interrupts and scanned the keyboard. The kernel, an idea of John Feagans, was the first personal computer OS ROM to be a distinct entity from BASIC. The character ROM was 4K in size, containing four different 128 character tables, the uppercase/graphics character set and upper/lowercase character set, plus reverse video versions of both. This included a number of graphics characters for creating

2741: 3155: 1841:, lowercase letters, and reliable cassette system, while disapproving of the keyboard. His machine had three faulty RAM chips and after some difficulty contacting Commodore, was mailed a set of replacement chips and installation instructions by John Feagans. Fylstra described the PET 2001 as a versatile "appliance" computer most suitable for casual users and computer hobbyists, calling it a "strong contender" in the personal computer market. 1440: 1160:

a new molded plastic case with a swivel monitor. Four models were offered, the 8032SK, 8096SK, and the new 8296 and 8296-D. The 8296 models had 128K of memory (96K on the expansion memory board) and the 8296-D had two internal half-height 8250 drives. In addition, the 8296 came bundled with an office suite on disk and the system ROMs included a menu program to launch each of its four applications. Early units contained leftover 8032/96

73: 175: 32: 1378: 3165: 1331:, where new characters could be defined by a programmer to create custom graphics shapes. From a programming point of view, this was a relatively simple method of producing good-looking graphics, which used negligibly more RAM than a standard character display, and significantly less RAM than bitmap graphics. The PET's lack of a remappable character set is a major weakness in the machine's design. 956: 1596: 937: 567:-based processors and had a lower total cost of production. These companies began to undercut TI business, so TI responded by entering the calculator market directly in 1975. As a result, TI was selling complete calculators at lower price points than they sold just the chipset to their former customers, and the industry that had built up around it was frozen out of the market. 1277: 1274: 822:" because the keys resembled the chewing gum it was named after. The key tops also tended to rub off easily. Reliability was fairly poor, although that was common in many early microcomputers. Because of the poor keyboard on the PET, external replacement ones quickly appeared. The PET had somewhat of a competitive advantage over its Apple II and 1276: 1237:. Of the previously extensive PET disk drive line, the only drives that returned were the 2031-LP and SFD-1001 (basically a 2040 and an 8250 repackaged in a 1541-style case with half-height drive mechanisms). The resurrected PET was sold through 1986 and then finally retired for good, having been superseded by the 1358:. This flexibility was achieved by the use of two switchable character sets, allowing the choice of either mixed-case characters, or uppercase with graphics; either could also be displayed as a reverse field, negative image. For specialized applications, alternative character sets could be programmed into an 1800:

An alternative option for adding floppy disk capability to the PET was the Computhink disk system. Although references to this system are hard to find today, it was nevertheless popular at the time, as it was both cheaper and considerably faster than the Commodore system and available from an earlier

1167:

The 8296 had a completely redesigned motherboard and handled expansion RAM in a different fashion than the 8096. While on the 8096, the expansion RAM cannot be accessed at all without switching out the OS ROMs and video RAM, the 8296 has a setup closer to that of the Commodore 64 where writing to the

1023:

The 4000/8000 PETs were more explicitly targeted at professional/business use than the 2001/3000. Business customers were the main target for the features of the enhanced BASIC 4.0, and a good selection of prepackaged business software was available. A large line of 5.25-inch and 8-inch floppy drives

1159:

In 1982, Commodore retired the PET line with the intention of replacing it with the B-series machines; however, they were a marketplace flop and also very expensive to manufacture. Because Commodore still had a strong business software market in Europe, the 80xx series PET was revived during 1984 in

806:

on the screen as well as playing card symbols (reportedly because Jack Tramiel's sons wanted to play card games on the computer). On the original PET 2001, the uppercase/graphics character set and upper/lowercase character set were reversed compared to how they would be on later machines; PET owners

801:

ROM. The first half of the kernal contained screen editor functions (the screen editor on 80 column PETs differed from 40-column models) with the second half containing a number of function calls for tasks such as inputting and outputting data to and from different I/O devices, reading the keyboard,

1015:

and the row above the alphabet keys had only punctuation symbols. The 3032 and 4032 were produced in two special variants known as the B models with the so-called "business keyboard", which had a conventional layout with mathematical symbols and numbers above the alphabet keys. The keypad contained

979:

model. Because of this, they punched out the memory sockets in the 4008 and 4016 to prevent that practice. The 4032 was a major success in schools, where its tough all-metal construction and all-in-one design made it better able to stand up to the rigors of classroom use. Just as important in this

1736:

The original lineup of disk drives for the PET were the single-unit 2031 and dual-unit 2040, 3040. Then followed the 4040, 8050, and 8250. Later (near the end of the PET's lifespan), single-unit 2031 and SFD-1001 drives were produced that used the same case as the 1540/1541, but sported the PET's

1083:

at the same time. This feature was used because of the extremely slow 6550 SRAMs in the PET 2001, although it ceased to be a problem on 3000-series PETs since they used faster 2114 SRAMs for the video memory instead. Ordinarily, this feature was enabled on power-up. If the user did not mind snow,

904:

displayed a Microsoft copyright notice). This feature was present in all 30xx series PETs. Commodore executives were unhappy when they learned about it and it was removed from BASIC on all subsequent Commodore machines. Microsoft also remained sensitive about their copyrighted code and pressured

1396:

The PET had two empty sockets on the motherboard for adding expansion ROMs, which could be a total of 8K in size. A predecessor to the cartridge slots on later Commodore machines, they allowed various software add-ons such as machine language monitors. In addition, it was common for commercial

1103:

The PET 2001 and 2001-8N had a register that would disable the video output; this was also used as output for the IEEE-488 interface, so screen flicker would occur during disk drive or printer use. It also became a popular method of producing explosion effects in games, but because the screen

1373:

In 2012, Commodore enthusiast Steve Gray began a project to convert the Commodore PET to colour. This involves upgrading a 4032 machine or downgrading an 8032 machine. The result is 16 colours for foreground and background, The colour RAM is located at $ 8800 which is not used in regular PET

735:

A working PET 2001 prototype was shown to the public at the Winter CES 1977 in January 1977, and the first hundred units were shipped in October, mostly going to magazines and software developers, while the machine was not generally available to consumers until December. However, the PET was

1449: 995:

The PET's simple, rugged design and completely enclosed components made it an early favorite in the North American education market. Schools preferred the 40-column models because the 40-column display's larger characters vs. the 80xx PETs were easier for young children to read. Commodore

945: 1151:

program which allowed the machine to be used as a "smart terminal" as well, so this single machine could replace many of the boxes currently in use at the university. Additionally this machine became a remote development environment where the user could later upload their creation to a

984:

and allowed printers and disk drives (which were then very expensive) to be shared among all of the machines in the classroom. Unlike later Commodore machines, PETs had no kernel ROM functions for the IEEE-488 port and users had to write their own to use peripherals such as modems.

526:

Following the initial PET 2001, the design was updated through a series of models with more memory, better keyboard, larger screen, and other modifications. The systems were a top seller in the Canadian and United States education markets, as well as for business use in Europe.

1792:

All PET peripherals will work on VIC-20/C64/Plus-4/C128 machines with an IEEE-488 parallel to IEC serial adapter (reverse IEC serial to IEEE-488 parallel adapters were also made), and as mentioned above, using these adapters, 8050/8250 drives were sometimes used on C64s for

754:

This was delayed by over six months, during which Microsoft lost money and had their cash reserves further depleted by a lawsuit over ownership of Altair BASIC. At the end of the year, Microsoft was saved by Apple's decision to license Microsoft BASIC for the Apple II line.

895:

personally coded, which would cause "MICROSOFT!" to appear if the user typed WAIT 6502,x (x being the number of times to display the message); this was reportedly due to a dispute with Commodore over ownership of BASIC (years later, when Microsoft developed BASIC for the

673:

The result was Commodore's first mass-market personal computer, the PET, the first model of which was the PET 2001. Its 6502 processor controlled the screen, keyboard, cassette tape recorders and any peripherals connected to one of the computer's several expansion ports.

834:, a sophisticated screen editor, and lowercase letters, the last being a feature that the two competing platforms would not have for a few years. On the other hand, Commodore were a year behind Apple and Tandy in making disk drives available for their computers. 1191:. When operating from BASIC, the machine would be nearly indistinguishable from an 8032. By setting the jumpers, one could swap out any 8K region of upper memory for RAM, and it was even possible to have everything switched out and convert the entire 723:

The computer's main board carried four expansion ports: extra memory, a second cassette tape recorder interface, a parallel ("user") port which could be used for sound output or connection to "user" projects or non-Commodore devices and a parallel

1275: 1084:

they could turn it off and get faster text output. BASIC programs and some machine-language software commonly did this for performance reasons. PETs with 12-inch displays (all 8000s and later 4000s) used a video controller based on the

1401:

ROM that had to be installed prior to running the application; something of an inconvenience to users owning multiple applications protected in this way, as the chips would have to be swapped in order to run their respective programs.

1749:

and is read compatible (although software that performs low-level drive access will not work, and a one byte sector–header size difference makes the formats write-incompatible). 8050 and 8250 drives had an incompatible higher density

996:

manufactured a variation on the PET called "Teacher's PET" – these were relabeled 2001-series PETs which were donated by Commodore as part of a "buy 2, get 1 free" program offered to schools as part of a promotion/

1222:

The motherboard also sported "user" jumpers which "connected" the RAM banking to the user port, these required soldering to enable. If connected, the user port could be used to adjust the upper memory configuration via software.

782:. BASIC 1.0 still had numerous bugs and IEEE-488 support was broken, so that when Commodore later came out with disk drives, they could not be used from BASIC (although the kernel routines supported them), and only supported 256 1847:

praised its portability, reliability, and ease of use. While it criticized the efficiency of its cassette recorder and the initial lack of adequate documentation, it considered the PET to be the best computer for a classroom.

1826:

wrote that the Commodore PET was revolutionary in helping to bring personal computers to widespread use, noting the company's marketing and its targeting of inexperienced computer users with the computer's simple design.

1019:

Entering graphics symbols on PETs with the business keyboard proved something of a challenge since they could not be directly typed out and usually it was necessary to display them indirectly via a CHR$ function.

570:

Commodore initially responded by beginning their own attempt to form a vertically integrated calculator line as well, purchasing a vendor in California that was working on a competitive CMOS calculator chip and an

1007:

with programs designed for the 40 column screen, and it appears to have been unpopular as a result. Unlike the 30xx series, the 40xx and 80xx PETs came standard with a 1-channel speaker for sound generation.

860:

in the original model. PET 2001-8Ns had eight 2108 (8kx1) DRAMs and 2001-16Ns used sixteen 2108s. The PET 4016 used eight 4116 (16kx1) chips. All 32K PETs used sixteen 4116 chips. Finally, Commodore added a

1801:

date. Unlike the Commodore units, it did not use the IEEE-488 interface, but instead required an extra circuit board to be installed inside the PET, connected to the PET's expansion connector, which used a

851:

It was offered in 8 KB, 16 KB, or 32 KB models as the 2001-N8, 2001-N16, and 2001-N32 (the 8 KB models were dropped soon after introduction). The 2001-N switched to using conventional

1203:

to control which RAM banks occupied upper memory. The 8296's RAM is banked in 16K chunks like the 8096, although since it has 128K, there are six possible banks instead of four, three that can go into

1096:

flag had been on the 2001/3000. BASIC programs intended for the 2001/3000 thus had to be modified in order to run safely on 12-inch PETs. Later machines had modified video circuitry to prevent

1071:

As noted above, 8000-series PETs (and later 4000s) used larger monitors and a different video controller than the 2001/3000 models. This created a notorious compatibility problem known as the

880:

Commodore contacted Microsoft to upgrade BASIC for the new machines; this resulted in the soon-to-be-familiar BASIC 2.0 which removed the 256 element array limitation and had a rearranged

1164:

in order to get rid of remaining stock; after these were used up, Commodore equipped the machines with a new PCB that replaced the old triple-voltage 4116 DRAMs with more modern types.

2235: 810: 1338: – was one of the most varied and flexible of the era. It allowed PET games with rudimentary graphics to be created, exemplified by clones of video games such as 1100:

damage; a TDA 1170 chip was used in place of the original analog circuit so that if no sync went to the monitor, it would merely be shut off rather than send spurious signals.

594:

design (short for "Keyboard Input Monitor") in January of 1976, a small computer kit based on the 6502. At Commodore, Peddle had long dreamed of making computers and convinced

1511:

48 KB, including BASIC 4.0 and other programming languages (Waterloo microAPL, microFORTRAN, microBASIC, microPASCAL, microCOBOL), and microEDITOR a modal text editor

887:

Most bugs were fixed and IEEE-488 support in BASIC was made to be functional. The PEEK function was unblocked for memory locations above 49152. BASIC 2.0 also included an

543: 2601: 2137: 1327:, similar to the Apple II in text mode. On many of the PET range's home computer rivals, the look-up address of the character graphics could be changed and pointed to 1003:

Two more machines were released in the PET series. The 8000 series included a new display chip which drove an 80×25 character screen, but this resulted in a number of

1075:. On 2001/3000 PETs, there was a register which when enabled did not allow reading/writing of the video RAM except during the vertical blanking in order to prevent 1028:. While they became fairly popular for business use in Europe, they failed to make much impact on the US market in part because the 6502-based PETs could not run 736:

back-ordered for months, so to ease deliveries, early in 1978, Commodore decided to cancel the 4 KB version (also because the user would be left with barely

837:

In 1979, Commodore replaced the original PET 2001 with an improved model known as the 2001-N (the N was short for "New"). The new machine used a standard green-

1837:

magazine received one of the initial PETs in October 1977, S/N 16, and reported on the computer in the March 1978 issue. Fylstra praised its full-featured

1199:

to RAM, although such a machine would be useless with no I/O or system ROMs accessible. Like with the 8096, the user could also manipulate the register at

666:, with his team including John Feagans, Bill Seiler, two Japanese engineers named Fujiyama and Aoji, and Jack's son Leonard Tramiel, who helped design the 1581:

Basically an upgraded 2001. The 8000 series was basically a 4000 with 80 columns and a slightly different keyboard with a smaller, 11-key numeric pad.

963:

In 1980, the 4000-series PETs were launched. These included the enhanced BASIC 4.0, which added commands for disk functions and significantly improved

1642:

dual disk drive – replacing the 2040 and 3040 models; used same disk format as the 2031 and could be used as a stand-alone disk copier

988:

First year 4000-series PETs retained the same video hardware as the PET 2001/3000, but in 1981 this was replaced by the 12-inch screen and 6845-based

2638: 578:

They also went looking for a company with an existing calculator chip line, something to tide them over in the immediate term, and this led them to

2083:, By Harrie De Ceukelaire (With Ottls Cowper, Technical Editor, And Charles Brannon, Program Editor), COMPUTE! ISSUE 57 / FEBRUARY 1985 / PAGE 112 3229: 3103: 2127:

Commodore press release. "The PET computer made its debut recently as the first 100 units were shipped to waiting customers in mid-October 1977."

662:

The Commodore PET was officially announced in 1976 and Jack Tramiel gave Chuck Peddle six months to have the computer ready for the January 1977

1309:, and Atari 400 (via 3rd party expansions)/800 could all be expanded to a maximum of 48 KB of RAM while the PET was limited to 32 KB. 818:

Although the machine was moderately successful, there were frequent complaints about the tiny calculator-like keyboard, often referred to as a "

2376: 1393:) up to the 6522 "user" port that could be used to output square wave tones to an external amplifier, and some games supported this feature. 716:

for data storage located on the front of the case, which left little room for the keyboard. The data transfer rate to cassette tape was 1500

489:

Development of the system began in 1976, and it was demonstrated and sold as the first personal computer for the masses at the January 1977

1285:

In the home computer market, the PET line was soon outsold by machines that supported high-resolution color graphics and sound, mainly the

2333: 2239: 1092:

logic circuit in 2001/3000s/early 4000s) that eliminated the snow problem, but also placed a CRT control register in place of where the

1985: 1231: 2401: 1948: 3168: 602:

market instead. At first, they considered purchasing an existing design, and in September 1976 Peddle asked for a demonstration of

1389:-class beeper, PETs did not have sound hardware (except for the 8000 models), but it was possible to rig a circuit (attributed to 790:

function would not work on memory locations above 49152 so as to prevent the user from viewing the copyrighted code in the system

2571: 1168:

memory locations with the OS ROMs accesses the RAM underneath, but reading from those locations will read back the ROMs instead.

2576: 2222: 908:

Sales of the newer machines were strong, and Commodore then introduced the models to Europe. However, Philips owned a competing

766:

of BASIC-80, and Commodore performed the rest of the work themselves, including changing the startup screen and prompts, adding

2581: 1226:

The IEEE-488–based PET disk drive line was also updated; the large, heavy metal-cased drives were replaced by smaller units in

1614:

Commodore 2040/3040 dual disk drives – The initial dual floppy disk drive units. 2040 (U.S.), 3040 (Europe). (

1584:

Basically an 8000 with ROMs for programming languages, it also had three character sets, and an RS-232 for use as a terminal.

2631: 2147: 1334:

Somewhat offsetting this drawback, the PET's ROM-restricted character set – an ASCII-1963 deviation known as

905:

Commodore to not release any BASIC code listings to the public, although user groups eventually made disassemblies of BASIC.

2200: 582:. MOS had been building calculator chips for some time, but more recently had begun to branch out into new markets with its 137: 729: 2292: 1523:

video circuit, 9" monochrome monitor (white phosphor on the original 2001, green on 2001-N PETs), 40×25 character display

1230:

cases; they looked almost identical to a 1541 drive except for the back sporting an IEEE-488 connector instead of the two

109: 2961: 2515: 1052:

is used to set the RAM configuration. The extra RAM is banked in four 16K blocks, the first two blocks are switched into

928:

models. Like the 2001-N-8, the 3008 was quickly dropped. Later PET 3000 series machines switched to the BASIC 4.0 ROMs.

3224: 3219: 2547: 2302: 2185: 1904: 1505:

18 KB, including BASIC 1.0, or 20 KB, including BASIC 2.0 (disk drives not supported on the original 2001)

236: 218: 156: 116: 59: 200: 3158: 2624: 2067: 1773:

used on their other disk drives and was mainly intended to allow PET users to read disks written on IBM mainframes/

807:

who upgraded their machines to the BASIC 2.0 ROMs often also swapped out the character ROMs for the newer version.

1011:

2001/3000 and 4000-series PETs used what became known as the "graphics keyboard". Numbers were exclusively on the

758:

The BASIC included on the original PET 2001 was known as Commodore BASIC 1.0; Microsoft supplied Commodore with a

2424: 1822: 1520: 1107:

The last in the series was the SP9000, known as the SuperPET or MicroMainframe. This machine was designed at the

1089: 844:

It now had a conventional, full-sized keyboard and no longer sported the built-in cassette recorder. The kernel

614:

prototype. Steve Jobs was offering to sell it to Commodore, but Commodore considered Jobs' offer too expensive.

3188: 1370:

were available in the aftermarket. A 2001-8B model with katakana keyboard and character set was sold in Japan.

1346: 185: 123: 94: 90: 45: 2770: 2474: 1843: 1766: 1711: 1140: 866: 853: 980:

role was the PET's otherwise underutilized IEEE-488 port. Used wisely, the port could be used as a simple

105: 2760: 1867: 857: 1128: 1093: 1080: 964: 900:, one of their conditions was that Commodore credit the original authors of BASIC, so BASIC 7.0 on the 2836: 831: 663: 490: 20: 2369: 3198: 3052: 1004: 611: 516: 1526:

9-inch as 3000 or MOS 6545 12-inch / 12-inch monochrome monitor, 40×25 or 80×25 character display

1260:. This was an attempt to retake some of the education market they had largely lost by then to the 555:

In the 1970s, Commodore was one of many electronics companies selling calculators designed around

3178: 2647: 2511: 1374:

machines. Colour PET emulation is available in the newer versions of the Vice Emulator software.

1183:. The factory default configuration was to have the I/O registers, video RAM, and ROMs occupying 1112: 548: 464: 368: 281: 196: 83: 1457: 646: 2325: 2080: 1147:

for use in writing and maintaining programs for any of the 6809 languages. Also included was a

1108: 870: 1111:

for teaching programming. In addition to the basic CBM 8000 hardware, the 9000 added a second

1044:

that added an additional 64K of RAM for 96K total; this was a standard feature on the 8096. A

1036:

of memory was a disadvantage against the Apple II and TRS-80, both of which could accommodate

2846: 2539: 1794: 1786: 1770: 1759: 1538: 1290: 1161: 1041: 690: 498: 720:, but the data was recorded to tape twice for safety, giving an effective rate of 750 baud. 2591: 1670: 1367: 1351: 1328: 862: 686: 586:

microprocessor design, which they were trying to bring to market. Along with the 6502 came

572: 560: 130: 1104:

flickered while using the IEEE-488 port, the 16K and 32K models had this feature removed.

8: 2346: 1952: 1470: 1350:. The PETSCII character set was even flexible enough to allow for the creation of simple 1127:

for the 6502 and a separate ANSI Minimal BASIC-compatible BASIC for the 6809, along with

713: 583: 468: 373: 2527:(Interview). Interviewed by Doug Fairbairn and Stephen Diamond. Computer History Museum. 2469: 1975: 1219:, and like with the 8096, the video RAM and I/O registers can be set to "peek" through. 2611: 2262: 1729: 1622: 1172: 1153: 981: 888: 694: 192: 51: 830:

for their first six months on the market while the PET had a full-featured BASIC with

530:

The PET line was discontinued in 1982 after approximately 219,000 machines were sold.

3062: 2755: 2543: 2533: 2357: 2298: 2181: 2160: 1900: 1862: 1653: 1320: 1148: 1045: 783: 779: 751:

as Commodore stipulated that they would only pay for it when the PET began shipping.

654: 556: 460: 291: 2606: 2440: 1256:

motherboards in plastic cases similar to the PET 4000-series in order to create the

1016:

only numerals. On the other hand, all 8000-series PETs sported the business layout.

3113: 2856: 2805: 1646: 1578:

and built-in Datassette / full-sized, full-travel keyboard, no built-in Datassette

1575: 1324: 1124: 845: 819: 791: 706: 639: 627: 479: 447: 353: 2002: 865:

to the kernel ROM that could be accessed by jumping to any memory location with a

814:

The Commodore PET 2001-8 alongside its rivals, the Apple II and the TRS-80 Model I

598:

that calculators were a dead-end and that Commodore should explore the burgeoning

267: 3088: 2841: 2716: 2445: 1833: 1802: 1723: 1717: 1679:

single 8-inch disk drive (single-sided 800K format, also supports IBM 3740 disks)

1398: 975:

models of the 3000-series and upgrading the RAM rather than paying extra for the

511: 475: 358: 1691:

dual 8-inch disk drive (double-sided 1.6MB format, also supports IBM 3740 disks)

1652:

Commodore 8028 daisy wheel printer, 40 chars/s, friction or traction gear, with

1362:

inserted in the character set ROM socket. Alternative character set EPROMs with

797:

Aside from the 8K BASIC ROM, the PET also included a 4K character ROM and an 8K

3057: 3047: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2931: 2904: 2765: 2422:

Wideman, Graham; Czerwinski, Mark (February 1978). "Inside The Commodore PET".

2173: 1765:

In addition, Commodore had 8-inch 8060, 8061, 8062, and 8280 drives which used

1746: 1704: 1694: 1688: 1685:

dual 8-inch disk drive (single-sided 800K format, also supports IBM 3740 disks)

1682: 1676: 1659: 1639: 1604: 1390: 1340: 1302: 1252:

Although not officially a member of the PET series, in 1983 Commodore packaged

1246: 1242: 1227: 1012: 948: 803: 579: 471: 2524: 1559:

2 MOS 6520 PIA, MOS 6522 VIA, 2 Datassette ports (1 on the back), 1× IEEE-488

1305:

graphics chip with a resolution of 512×512 pixels. In addition, the Apple II,

1032:, which had become the standard for business software. In addition, the PET's 848:

was upgraded to add support for Commodore's newly introduced disk drive line.

3213: 3134: 3093: 3020: 3015: 2969: 2861: 2726: 2721: 1738: 1544:

Single piezo "beeper" (optional external speaker driven by MOS 6522 CB2 pin)

1480: 1317: 1238: 1234: 1116: 1085: 1076: 997: 967:

cleanup. By this point, Commodore discovered that people were buying cheaper

901: 827: 787: 771: 607: 599: 483: 916:

series ('CBM' standing for Commodore Business Machines), which included the

3025: 2920: 2851: 2831: 2711: 2674: 2668: 2535:

The Home Computer Wars – An Insider's Account of Commodore and Jack Tramiel

2520: 1980: 1774: 1626: 1253: 1079:

on the screen, caused by the CPU and video controller trying to access the

775: 767: 748: 622: 595: 587: 520: 2616: 2506:(first ed.), Palo Alto, California: Commodore Business Machines, Inc. 258: 3129: 2951: 2925: 2826: 2706: 2691: 1828: 1810: 1806: 1257: 1144: 1097: 1072: 874: 759: 702: 428: 2607:

Video Commodore PET 2001-8C Retro Computer museum, Zatec, Czech Republic

1636:

Commodore 4023 dot matrix printer, tractor feed, with Epson mechanicals.

634: 3108: 3083: 2946: 2941: 2914: 2909: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2879: 2586: 1919: 1553: 1386: 892: 603: 2740: 2178:

The encyclopedia of consoles, handhelds & home computers 1972–2005

1732:"quad density" single disk drive (basically a single-drive 8250 model) 2936: 2884: 2701: 2587:

Detailed discussion of PET 2001, with photos of exterior and interior

1890: 1888: 1363: 1261: 1025: 909: 881: 744: 502: 1897:

Home Computer Wars-An Insiders Account of Commodore and Jack Tramiel

1439: 1123:

and included a number of programming languages including a BASIC in

203:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 72: 3139: 2696: 2117:

What's New (February 1978), "Commodore Ships First PET Computers",

1645:

Commodore 8024 132 column printer, friction or traction gear, with

1286: 838: 725: 494: 2596: 1899:, Greensboro, NC: Compute Publications International, p. 12, 1885: 1143:

and a 6809 assembler on floppies. It also included microEDITOR, a

912:

on the PET name, so these models were renamed. The result was the

3078: 2326:"PET Keys - A closer inspection of the keyboards of the PET 2001" 1976:"Total share: 30 years of personal computer market share figures" 1857: 1448: 1335: 1136: 944: 763: 667: 425: 1541:"beeper" (optional external speaker driven by MOS 6522 CB2 pin) 1377: 1024:

were made for the PET family, and even 5 and 7 MB external

705:

case that reflected Commodore's background as a manufacturer of

501:, and stated they were going to make the "pet computer". It was 493:. The name "PET" was suggested by Andre Souson after he saw the 3098: 2810: 1563: 1306: 1294: 823: 798: 1797:

service because of their large capacity and faster interface.

1529:

MOS 6545, 12-inch monochrome monitor, 80×25 character display

2871: 2795: 2142: 1838: 1630: 1359: 1132: 955: 897: 747:'s 6502 BASIC, but the agreement nearly drove Microsoft into 591: 2597:

Bo Zimmermann's pictures of CBM machines from his collection

1595: 931: 2236:"PET-Grafikkarte Commodore ASSY No. 324402-01 für CBM 8296" 1175:

on the PCB to select the power-on memory configuration for

1029: 717: 564: 1156:

after completing development and testing on the SuperPET.

936: 559:(TI) chips. TI faced increasing competition from Japanese 1316:

board, the PET's graphics capabilities were limited to a

1120: 1040:. The 8000-series PETs had a motherboard connector for a 2015: 1789:

support and are treated as simply a larger floppy disk.

1293:(1979), and, in particular, Commodore's own bestselling 547:

Original prototype PET, in the storage warehouse of the

482:, keyboard, monochrome monitor, and, in early models, a 2036: 2003:"Total Share: Personal Computer Market Share 1975-2010" 1758:

format, but were popular well into the 1980s as server/

2370:"Compute - The Journal of Progressive Computing - 002" 1809:

interface. The board also held extra RAM for use as a

2098: 841:

monitor in place of the white in the original 2001.

2138:"A tribute to Jack Tramiel, father of Commodore 64" 1171:The 8296 also differs from the 8096 in that it has 989: 97:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2592:Universal Videogame List – Commodore PET Game List 2428:. Vol. 2, no. 2. Canada. pp. 10–16. 2223:Commodore PET – The Worlds First Personal Computer 1566:, 2 Datassette ports (1 on the back), 1× IEEE-488 2421: 1762:storage devices because of their large capacity. 670:graphic characters and acted as quality control. 3211: 1281:Dutch newsreel from 1979 in which a PET is shown 1785:hard disks were produced as well. They have no 826:rivals as both were using relatively primitive 19:"SuperPET" redirects here. For other uses, see 2116: 732:peripherals such as disk drives and printers. 650:An early PET 2001 integrated cassette recorder 2632: 2432: 2110: 2000: 1942: 1940: 1805:floppy controller chip to provide a standard 1737:parallel interface instead of the VIC-20/C64 1701:capacity, same as the 8050, but double-sided) 1562:MOS 6520 PIA, MOS 6522 VIA, MOS 6551 ACIA, 1 693:with discrete logic driving a small built-in 3150:† Listed in chronological order by category 2646: 2449:. Vol. 3, no. 3. pp. 114–127 2394: 869:instruction. It did not include a built-in 743:Commodore was the first company to license 60:Learn how and when to remove these messages 2739: 2639: 2625: 2415: 2286: 2284: 1937: 266: 257: 2478:. Vol. 4, no. 4. pp. 24–26 932:Education, business, and computer science 237:Learn how and when to remove this message 219:Learn how and when to remove this message 157:Learn how and when to remove this message 2602:A tribute to Jack Tramiel's contribution 2504:PET 2001-8 Personal Computer User Manual 2362: 1946: 1594: 1556:(1 used and 1 on the back), 1× IEEE-488 1494:8, 16, or 32 KB / 32 or 96 KB 1376: 1271: 954: 943: 935: 809: 653: 645: 633: 621: 542: 2531: 2438: 2281: 2172: 2104: 2042: 1894: 1741:interface. The 4040/2031 used the same 3230:Computer-related introductions in 1977 3212: 2519: 2021: 1973: 1491:4 or 8 KB / 8, 16, or 32 KB 959:CBM 8296-D with two floppy disk drives 467:. A single all-in-one case combines a 2620: 2467: 2375:. January–February 1980. p. 19. 2336:from the original on August 10, 2023. 2201:"PET/CBM FAQ - MODELS OF THE PET/CBM" 712:The machine also included a built-in 3164: 2501: 2382:from the original on October 9, 2022 2290: 2092: 2054: 1974:Reimer, Jeremy (December 15, 2005). 762:for their 6502 BASIC, essentially a 523:collectively as the "1977 trinity". 322: (equivalent to $ 4,000 in 2023) 168: 95:adding citations to reliable sources 66: 25: 2291:West, Raeto Collin (January 1982). 2225: – www.Commodore.ca 1947:Matthews, Ian (February 22, 2003). 1411:Commodore PET model specifications 1267: 13: 2582:Commodore's version of the history 2468:Braun, Ludwig (July–August 1978). 2033:Walter Isaacson, Steve Jobs, 2011. 2001:Jeremy Reimer (December 7, 2012). 1599:Commodore 8028 daisy wheel printer 701:character graphics, enclosed in a 14: 3241: 2565: 2213:Commodore Microcomputers Issue 31 1988:from the original on June 7, 2012 1552:2 MOS 6520 PIA, MOS 6522 VIA, 2× 41:This article has multiple issues. 3194: 3193: 3184: 3183: 3174: 3173: 3163: 3154: 3153: 2260: 1697:"quad density" dual disk drive ( 1508:20 KB, including BASIC 4.0 1456: 1447: 1438: 1405: 1297:(1980/81). Commodore released a 173: 71: 30: 2461: 2425:Electronics Today International 2402:"Pet Floppyplatine (in German)" 2351: 2340: 2318: 2254: 2228: 2216: 2207: 2193: 2166: 2154: 2130: 2086: 2074: 1381:Commodore Pet Katakana Keyboard 873:and required the user to enter 82:needs additional citations for 49:or discuss these issues on the 2525:"Oral History of Chuck Peddle" 2161:Commodore PET ROM descriptions 2060: 2048: 2027: 1967: 1951:. commodore.ca. Archived from 1912: 1666:single-sided 5.25-inch format) 1618:single-sided 5.25-inch format) 1611:single-sided 5.25-inch format) 1590: 1289:(which shipped in June 1977), 507:Personal Electronic Transactor 1: 2771:Commodore Semiconductor Group 2441:"User's Report: The PET 2001" 1920:"Commodore PET 2001 computer" 1873: 1669:Commodore 8075 plotter, with 677:The PET 2001 included either 563:companies who were using new 463:produced starting in 1977 by 2532:Tomczyk, Michael S. (1984). 2163:, (C) 1998-2013 André Fachat 1816: 1301:board for the PET using the 658:PET 2001 with its top lifted 7: 2761:Commodore Business Machines 2439:Fylstra, Dan (March 1978). 2238:. CBMPET.DE. Archived from 2125:(2), Byte Publications: 190 1949:"The Amazing Commodore PET" 1868:List of Commodore PET games 1863:PET Transfer Protocol (PTP) 1851: 1211:and three that can go into 951:dual disk drive (5.25-inch) 856:instead of the 6550 (1kx4) 551:, Mountain View, California 332:; 42 years ago 303:; 47 years ago 199:the claims made and adding 10: 3246: 2577:PET killer poke discussion 1707:dual disk drive (8-inch) ( 1005:software incompatibilities 617: 538: 533: 18: 3225:Commodore 8-bit computers 3220:6502-based home computers 3148: 3122: 3071: 3038: 3008: 2960: 2870: 2819: 2788: 2781: 2748: 2737: 2684: 2661: 2654: 1570: 1548: 1543: 1533: 1515: 1501: 1487: 1466: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1417: 1415: 664:Consumer Electronics Show 491:Consumer Electronics Show 443: 435: 420: 412: 390: 382: 367: 352: 344: 326: 315: 297: 287: 277: 265: 256: 21:Superpet (disambiguation) 3189:Storage devices template 3053:Commodore 64 peripherals 2671:(founder/CEO, 1958–1984) 2263:"The Colour PET Project" 2180:, GAMEPLAN, p. 23, 1769:encoding instead of the 1726:hard drive (7.5 MB) 1420:2001-N and 2001-B series 863:machine-language monitor 689:, and was essentially a 16:Personal computer system 3179:Amiga hardware template 3104:List of cancelled games 2648:Commodore International 2294:Programming the PET/CBM 1314:High Resolution Graphic 1299:High Resolution Graphic 728:port which allowed for 549:Computer History Museum 465:Commodore International 282:Commodore International 2470:"Commodore PET review" 1720:hard drive (5 MB) 1600: 1397:programs to include a 1382: 1282: 1109:University of Waterloo 1088:CRTC chip (unlike the 1060:and the second two in 960: 952: 941: 832:floating-point support 815: 659: 651: 643: 642:of the PET 2001 series 631: 630:of the PET 2001 series 552: 2540:Compute! Publications 2242:on September 11, 2011 1895:Tomczyk, Tom (1985), 1598: 1476:MOS 6502, 1 MHz 1380: 1280: 958: 947: 939: 813: 778:programs, and fixing 774:command for invoking 691:single-board computer 657: 649: 637: 625: 561:vertically integrated 546: 515:referred to the PET, 3009:Cancelled prototypes 2150:on February 7, 2015. 1811:disk transfer buffer 1368:mathematical symbols 877:numbers for coding. 91:improve this article 2347:File:Cbm4022p-2.jpg 2081:How TurboTape Works 2068:"The Commodore PET" 1955:on January 23, 2009 1607:single disk drive ( 1412: 1115:in the form of the 469:MOS Technology 6502 416:40×25 or 80×25 text 253: 3199:MOS chips template 2662:Board of directors 2612:Colour-PET Project 2475:Creative Computing 2297:. COMPUTE! Books. 1844:Creative Computing 1730:Commodore SFD-1001 1623:dot matrix printer 1601: 1410: 1383: 1283: 982:local area network 961: 953: 942: 816: 695:monochrome monitor 685:(2001-8) of 8-bit 660: 652: 644: 632: 553: 461:personal computers 316:Introductory price 272:Commodore PET 2001 251: 184:possibly contains 3207: 3206: 3063:Super Expander 64 3034: 3033: 2962:IBM PC compatible 2756:Amiga Corporation 2735: 2734: 2523:(June 12, 2014). 2358:File:Cbm-4023.jpg 2045:, pp. 30–32. 1662:dual disk drive ( 1588: 1587: 1278: 575:production line. 557:Texas Instruments 453: 452: 301:January 1977 292:Personal computer 247: 246: 239: 229: 228: 221: 186:original research 167: 166: 159: 141: 64: 3237: 3197: 3196: 3187: 3186: 3177: 3176: 3167: 3166: 3157: 3156: 2786: 2785: 2743: 2677:(CEO, 1984–1989) 2659: 2658: 2641: 2634: 2627: 2618: 2617: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2528: 2507: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2381: 2374: 2366: 2360: 2355: 2349: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2322: 2316: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2288: 2279: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2146:. Archived from 2134: 2128: 2126: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2096: 2095:, pp. 57–64 2090: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2010: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1971: 1965: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1944: 1935: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1924:oldcomputers.net 1916: 1910: 1909: 1892: 1784: 1780: 1757: 1753: 1744: 1710: 1700: 1665: 1647:Mannesmann Tally 1617: 1610: 1576:chiclet keyboard 1462:SuperPET SP9000 1460: 1451: 1442: 1430:SuperPET SP9000 1427:CBM 8000 series 1422:CBM 3000 series 1413: 1409: 1279: 1268:Graphics display 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1039: 1035: 991: 978: 974: 970: 820:chiclet keyboard 776:machine language 739: 707:office equipment 700: 684: 680: 640:chiclet keyboard 628:chiclet keyboard 480:read-only memory 408: 404: 400: 399:5.25-inch floppy 396: 378: 363: 354:Operating system 340: 338: 333: 321: 311: 309: 304: 270: 261: 254: 250: 242: 235: 224: 217: 213: 210: 204: 201:inline citations 177: 176: 169: 162: 155: 151: 148: 142: 140: 99: 75: 67: 56: 34: 33: 26: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3235: 3234: 3210: 3209: 3208: 3203: 3144: 3118: 3089:Commodore BASIC 3067: 3040: 3030: 3004: 2956: 2866: 2815: 2777: 2744: 2731: 2717:Carl Sassenrath 2680: 2650: 2645: 2568: 2563: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2516:Wayback Machine 2492: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2466: 2462: 2452: 2450: 2437: 2433: 2420: 2416: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2372: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2356: 2352: 2345: 2341: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2289: 2282: 2272: 2270: 2259: 2255: 2245: 2243: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2188: 2174:Forster, Winnie 2171: 2167: 2159: 2155: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2115: 2111: 2103: 2099: 2091: 2087: 2079: 2075: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2053: 2049: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2020: 2016: 1991: 1989: 1972: 1968: 1958: 1956: 1945: 1938: 1928: 1926: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1907: 1893: 1886: 1876: 1854: 1819: 1803:Western Digital 1782: 1778: 1755: 1751: 1742: 1708: 1698: 1663: 1621:Commodore 4022 1615: 1608: 1593: 1537:None or single 1461: 1452: 1443: 1426: 1425:PET 4000 series 1421: 1419: 1408: 1399:copy protection 1272: 1270: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1037: 1033: 976: 972: 968: 934: 737: 698: 682: 678: 620: 541: 536: 476:Commodore BASIC 406: 402: 398: 394: 376: 361: 359:Commodore BASIC 336: 334: 331: 319: 307: 305: 302: 273: 243: 232: 231: 230: 225: 214: 208: 205: 190: 178: 174: 163: 152: 146: 143: 106:"Commodore PET" 100: 98: 88: 76: 35: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3243: 3233: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3201: 3191: 3181: 3171: 3161: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3065: 3060: 3058:Super Expander 3055: 3050: 3044: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2966: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2876: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2792: 2790: 2783: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2775: 2774: 2773: 2766:MOS Technology 2763: 2758: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2745: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2678: 2672: 2665: 2663: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2644: 2643: 2636: 2629: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2567: 2566:External links 2564: 2562: 2561: 2548: 2529: 2508: 2498: 2497: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2460: 2431: 2414: 2393: 2361: 2350: 2339: 2317: 2303: 2280: 2253: 2227: 2215: 2206: 2192: 2186: 2165: 2153: 2129: 2109: 2097: 2085: 2073: 2059: 2047: 2035: 2026: 2014: 2012: 2011: 1966: 1936: 1911: 1905: 1883: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1853: 1850: 1818: 1815: 1745:format as the 1734: 1733: 1727: 1724:Commodore 9090 1721: 1718:Commodore 9060 1715: 1705:Commodore 8280 1702: 1695:Commodore 8250 1692: 1689:Commodore 8062 1686: 1683:Commodore 8061 1680: 1677:Commodore 8060 1674: 1667: 1660:Commodore 8050 1657: 1650: 1643: 1640:Commodore 4040 1637: 1634: 1619: 1612: 1605:Commodore 2031 1592: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1560: 1557: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1535: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1477: 1474: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1454: 1445: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1423: 1416: 1407: 1404: 1391:Hal Chamberlin 1354:games such as 1341:Space Invaders 1307:TRS-80 Model I 1303:Thomson EF936x 1269: 1266: 1235:DIN connectors 1013:numeric keypad 940:CBM Model 4016 933: 930: 828:integer BASICs 804:pseudographics 786:elements. The 760:source listing 730:daisy-chaining 619: 616: 580:MOS Technology 540: 537: 535: 532: 472:microprocessor 451: 450: 445: 441: 440: 439:None or beeper 437: 433: 432: 422: 418: 417: 414: 410: 409: 392: 388: 387: 384: 380: 379: 371: 365: 364: 356: 350: 349: 346: 342: 341: 328: 324: 323: 317: 313: 312: 299: 295: 294: 289: 285: 284: 279: 275: 274: 271: 263: 262: 245: 244: 227: 226: 181: 179: 172: 165: 164: 79: 77: 70: 65: 39: 38: 36: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3242: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3215: 3200: 3192: 3190: 3182: 3180: 3172: 3170: 3162: 3160: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3135:Commodore USA 3133: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3115: 3114:Simons' BASIC 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3094:Commodore DOS 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3037: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3021:Commodore 900 3019: 3017: 3016:Commodore LCD 3014: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2863: 2862:Commodore 128 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2728: 2727:Robert Yannes 2725: 2723: 2722:Shiraz Shivji 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2642: 2637: 2635: 2630: 2628: 2623: 2622: 2619: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2551: 2549:0-942386-75-2 2545: 2541: 2537: 2536: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2521:Peddle, Chuck 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2502:Anon (1978), 2500: 2499: 2494: 2493: 2477: 2476: 2471: 2464: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2435: 2427: 2426: 2418: 2403: 2397: 2378: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2354: 2348: 2343: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2321: 2306: 2304:0-942386-04-3 2300: 2296: 2295: 2287: 2285: 2268: 2264: 2261:Gray, Steve. 2257: 2241: 2237: 2231: 2224: 2219: 2210: 2202: 2196: 2189: 2187:3-00-015359-4 2183: 2179: 2175: 2169: 2162: 2157: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2139: 2133: 2124: 2120: 2113: 2107:, p. 32. 2106: 2101: 2094: 2089: 2082: 2077: 2069: 2063: 2056: 2051: 2044: 2039: 2030: 2023: 2018: 2008: 2007:Jeremy Reimer 2004: 1999: 1998: 1987: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1970: 1954: 1950: 1943: 1941: 1925: 1921: 1915: 1908: 1906:0-942386-78-7 1902: 1898: 1891: 1889: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1824: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1798: 1796: 1790: 1788: 1787:sub-directory 1776: 1775:minicomputers 1772: 1768: 1763: 1761: 1748: 1740: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1706: 1703: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1613: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1486: 1483:, 1 MHz 1482: 1481:Motorola 6809 1479:MOS 6502 and 1478: 1475: 1473:, 1 MHz 1472: 1469: 1465: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1414: 1406:Model summary 1403: 1400: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1385:Other than a 1379: 1375: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1343: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1319: 1318:character set 1315: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1291:Atari 400/800 1288: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1239:Commodore 128 1236: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1220: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1163: 1157: 1155: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1117:Motorola 6809 1114: 1110: 1105: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1086:Motorola 6845 1082: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1047: 1043: 1042:daughterboard 1031: 1027: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1009: 1006: 1001: 999: 998:tax write-off 993: 986: 983: 966: 957: 950: 946: 938: 929: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 906: 903: 902:Commodore 128 899: 894: 890: 885: 883: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 859: 855: 849: 847: 842: 840: 835: 833: 829: 825: 821: 812: 808: 805: 800: 795: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 770:support, the 769: 765: 761: 756: 752: 750: 746: 741: 733: 731: 727: 721: 719: 715: 710: 708: 704: 696: 692: 688: 675: 671: 669: 665: 656: 648: 641: 636: 629: 624: 615: 613: 609: 608:Steve Wozniak 605: 601: 600:microcomputer 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 576: 574: 568: 566: 562: 558: 550: 545: 531: 528: 524: 522: 518: 514: 513: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 487: 485: 484:cassette deck 481: 477: 473: 470: 466: 462: 459:is a line of 458: 457:Commodore PET 449: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 403:8-inch floppy 395:Cassette tape 393: 389: 385: 381: 375: 372: 370: 366: 360: 357: 355: 351: 347: 343: 329: 325: 318: 314: 300: 296: 293: 290: 286: 283: 280: 276: 269: 264: 260: 255: 252:Commodore PET 249: 241: 238: 223: 220: 212: 202: 198: 194: 188: 187: 182:This article 180: 171: 170: 161: 158: 150: 139: 136: 132: 129: 125: 122: 118: 115: 111: 108: – 107: 103: 102:Find sources: 96: 92: 86: 85: 80:This article 78: 74: 69: 68: 63: 61: 54: 53: 48: 47: 42: 37: 28: 27: 22: 3026:Commodore 65 2852:Commodore 16 2832:Commodore 64 2800: 2749:Subsidiaries 2712:Chuck Peddle 2675:Irving Gould 2669:Jack Tramiel 2553:. Retrieved 2534: 2512:Ghostarchive 2510:Archived at 2503: 2495:Bibliography 2480:. Retrieved 2473: 2463: 2451:. Retrieved 2444: 2434: 2423: 2417: 2405:. Retrieved 2396: 2384:. Retrieved 2364: 2353: 2342: 2329: 2320: 2308:. Retrieved 2293: 2271:. Retrieved 2269:. Steve Gray 2266: 2256: 2244:. Retrieved 2240:the original 2230: 2218: 2209: 2195: 2177: 2168: 2156: 2148:the original 2141: 2132: 2122: 2118: 2112: 2105:Tomczyk 1984 2100: 2088: 2076: 2062: 2050: 2043:Tomczyk 1984 2038: 2029: 2017: 2006: 1992:November 27, 1990:. Retrieved 1981:Ars Technica 1979: 1969: 1957:. Retrieved 1953:the original 1927:. Retrieved 1923: 1914: 1896: 1842: 1832: 1821: 1820: 1799: 1791: 1764: 1735: 1633:mechanicals. 1627:tractor feed 1395: 1384: 1372: 1355: 1347:Lunar Lander 1345: 1339: 1333: 1313: 1312:Without the 1311: 1298: 1284: 1251: 1225: 1221: 1170: 1166: 1158: 1106: 1102: 1070: 1022: 1018: 1010: 1002: 994: 987: 962: 925: 921: 917: 913: 907: 886: 879: 850: 843: 836: 817: 796: 757: 753: 749:receivership 742: 734: 722: 711: 681:(2001-4) or 676: 672: 661: 596:Jack Tramiel 588:Chuck Peddle 577: 569: 554: 529: 525: 521:Tandy TRS-80 510: 506: 488: 456: 454: 386:4–96 KB 327:Discontinued 298:Release date 278:Manufacturer 248: 233: 215: 206: 183: 153: 144: 134: 127: 120: 113: 101: 89:Please help 84:verification 81: 57: 50: 44: 43:Please help 40: 3130:Amiga, Inc. 2847:Educator 64 2827:MAX Machine 2707:Dave Needle 2692:Dave Haynie 2555:October 17, 2482:October 17, 2453:October 17, 2057:, p. 1 2022:Peddle 2014 1929:January 16, 1829:Dan Fylstra 1673:mechanicals 1656:mechanicals 1649:mechanicals 1591:Peripherals 1497:96 KB 1258:Educator 64 1145:text editor 1098:killer poke 1073:killer poke 875:hexadecimal 703:sheet metal 638:Drawing of 503:backronymed 429:semigraphic 424:Monochrome 3214:Categories 3109:Magic Desk 3084:Amiga Unix 3048:1351 mouse 2782:Computers† 2024:, 2:27:32. 1874:References 1823:ETI Canada 1739:IEC serial 1554:Datassette 1387:PC speaker 1364:diacritics 1038:48 KB 1034:32 KB 1026:hard disks 992:hardware. 977:32 KB 973:16 KB 893:Bill Gates 889:easter egg 604:Steve Jobs 431:characters 345:Units sold 209:April 2023 193:improve it 147:April 2023 117:newspapers 46:improve it 2702:Jay Miner 2685:Engineers 2572:PET index 2407:April 26, 2386:April 26, 2330:mass:werk 2310:April 19, 2246:March 30, 2093:Anon 1978 2055:Anon 1978 1817:Reception 1519:Discrete 1453:CBM 4032 1444:PET 2001 1356:Labyrinth 1321:hardwired 1262:Apple IIe 1154:mainframe 969:8 KB 910:trademark 882:zero page 871:assembler 745:Microsoft 740:of RAM). 714:Datasette 499:Los Gatos 444:Successor 407:hard disk 197:verifying 52:talk page 3159:Category 3140:Escom AG 3123:See also 3072:Software 3041:hardware 2932:500 Plus 2697:Bil Herd 2514:and the 2377:Archived 2334:Archived 2267:6502.org 2176:(2005), 1986:Archived 1959:July 11, 1852:See also 1671:Watanabe 1654:Robotron 1471:MOS 6502 1418:PET 2001 1287:Apple II 1149:terminal 1046:register 1000:scheme. 949:CBM 4040 914:CBM 3000 839:phosphor 726:IEEE-488 612:Apple II 517:Apple II 495:Pet Rock 421:Graphics 3169:Commons 3079:AmigaOS 2273:May 10, 1858:PETSCII 1807:Shugart 1714:format) 1629:, with 1574:69 key 1336:PETSCII 1173:jumpers 1137:FORTRAN 1119:, more 965:garbage 668:PETSCII 618:Release 539:Origins 534:History 426:PETSCII 413:Display 391:Storage 377:@ 1 MHz 362:1.0–4.0 348:219,000 335: ( 320:US$ 795 308:1977-01 306: ( 191:Please 131:scholar 3099:KERNAL 2921:3000UX 2857:Plus/4 2811:VIC-20 2806:CBM-II 2655:People 2546: 2301: 2184: 1903: 1783:7.5 MB 1752:500 KB 1743:170 KB 1709:500 KB 1664:500 KB 1616:170 KB 1609:170 KB 1571:Notes 1564:RS-232 1549:Ports 1534:Sound 1516:Video 1435:Image 1295:VIC-20 1245:, and 1217:$ FFFF 1213:$ C000 1209:$ BFFF 1205:$ 8000 1201:$ FFF0 1197:$ FFFF 1193:$ 8000 1189:$ FFFF 1185:$ 8000 1181:$ FFFF 1177:$ 8000 1141:Pascal 1094:VBLANK 1066:$ FFFF 1062:$ C000 1058:$ BFFF 1054:$ 8000 1050:$ FFF0 824:TRS-80 799:kernal 448:CBM-II 383:Memory 133: 126: 119: 112: 104: 3039:Other 2952:4000T 2926:3000T 2872:Amiga 2842:SX-64 2837:C64GS 2796:KIM-1 2789:Early 2380:(PDF) 2373:(PDF) 2143:ZDNet 1879:Notes 1839:BASIC 1631:Epson 1539:piezo 1360:EPROM 1133:COBOL 898:Amiga 891:that 784:array 699:40×25 697:with 592:KIM-1 436:Sound 138:JSTOR 124:books 3000:PC60 2995:PC50 2990:PC40 2985:PC30 2980:PC20 2975:PC10 2947:4000 2942:1200 2915:3000 2910:CD32 2905:CDTV 2900:1500 2895:2500 2890:2000 2880:1000 2557:2021 2544:ISBN 2484:2021 2455:2021 2446:Byte 2409:2013 2388:2013 2312:2018 2299:ISBN 2275:2022 2248:2010 2182:ISBN 2119:BYTE 1994:2021 1961:2006 1931:2019 1901:ISBN 1834:Byte 1781:and 1779:5 MB 1756:1 MB 1747:1541 1699:1 MB 1502:ROM 1488:RAM 1467:CPU 1366:and 1344:and 1247:1581 1243:1571 1228:1541 1162:PCBs 1081:VRAM 1077:snow 1030:CP/M 990:CRTC 971:and 926:3032 924:and 922:3016 918:3008 858:SRAM 854:DRAM 792:ROMs 788:PEEK 780:bugs 764:port 738:3 KB 718:baud 683:8 KB 679:4 KB 626:The 606:and 584:6502 565:CMOS 519:and 512:Byte 455:The 374:6502 337:1982 330:1982 288:Type 110:news 2970:PC1 2937:600 2885:500 2820:C64 2801:PET 1831:of 1795:BBS 1771:GCR 1767:MFM 1760:BBS 1712:MFM 1521:TTL 1329:RAM 1325:ROM 1323:in 1254:C64 1232:IEC 1129:APL 1125:ROM 1121:RAM 1113:CPU 1090:TTL 1048:at 867:BRK 846:ROM 772:SYS 768:I/O 687:RAM 610:'s 590:'s 573:LED 505:to 497:in 478:in 369:CPU 195:by 93:by 3216:: 2542:. 2538:. 2518:: 2472:. 2443:. 2332:. 2328:. 2283:^ 2265:. 2140:. 2121:, 2005:. 1984:. 1978:. 1939:^ 1922:. 1887:^ 1777:. 1625:, 1352:3D 1264:. 1249:. 1241:, 1139:, 1135:, 1131:, 920:, 884:. 794:. 709:. 509:. 486:. 474:, 405:, 401:, 397:, 55:. 2928:) 2919:( 2640:e 2633:t 2626:v 2559:. 2486:. 2457:. 2411:. 2390:. 2314:. 2277:. 2250:. 2203:. 2123:3 2070:. 2009:. 1996:. 1963:. 1933:. 1754:/ 1215:– 1207:– 1195:– 1187:– 1179:- 1064:– 1056:– 339:) 310:) 240:) 234:( 222:) 216:( 211:) 207:( 189:. 160:) 154:( 149:) 145:( 135:· 128:· 121:· 114:· 87:. 62:) 58:( 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index