VIC-20 - Knowledge

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threats of low-cost systems from Japan). This was in keeping with Tramiel's philosophy which was to make "computers for the masses, not the classes". The concept was supported at the meeting by Tomczyk, newly hired marketing strategist and assistant to the president; Tony Tokai, General Manager of Commodore Japan, and Kit Spencer, the UK's top marketing executive. Peddle disagreed with the decision and left the company with other engineers, so an engineering team in Commodore Japan led by Yash Terakura helped finish the design. The VIC-20 was marketed in Japan as VIC-1001 before VIC-20 was introduced to the US.

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to its lower power consumption, heat output, and less supporting circuitry. The original Revision A system board found in all silver-label VIC-20s used 2114 SRAMs and due to their tiny size (only 512 bytes per chip), ten of them were required to reach 5 KB of system RAM. The Revision B system board, found in rainbow logo VIC-20s (see below) switched to larger 2048-byte SRAMs which reduced the memory count to five chips: 2× 2048-byte chips + 3× 2114 (the 1024 × 4 bits) chips.

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company who thought we were jokers because we were working late, about an hour after everyone else had left the building. We'd swipe whatever equipment we needed to get our jobs done. There was no other way to get the work done! they'd discover it was missing and they would just order more stuff from the warehouse, so everybody had what they needed to do their work."

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mode, but programmers can define their own custom character sets. It is possible to get a fully addressable screen, although slightly smaller than normal, by filling the screen with a sequence of different double-height characters, then turning on the pixels selectively inside the RAM-based character

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The VIC-20 went through several variations in its three-and-a-half years of production. First-year models (1980) had a PET-style keyboard with a blocky typeface while most VIC-20s made during 1981 had a slightly different keyboard also shared with early C64s. The rainbow logo VIC-20 was introduced in

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of any description to sell one million units, eventually reaching 2.5 million. It was described as "one of the first anti-spectatorial, non-esoteric computers by design...no longer relegated to hobbyist/enthusiasts or those with money, the computer Commodore developed was the computer of the future."

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at about 25 columns. Just as on the PET, two different 256-character sets are included, the uppercase/graphics character set and the upper/lowercase set, and reverse video versions of both. Normally, the VIC-20 operates in a high-resolution mode whereby each character is 8×8 pixels in size and uses

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computers than to Yannes' prototype, albeit with a 22-column VIC chip instead of the custom chips designed for the more ambitious computers. As the amount of memory on the VIC-20's system board was very small even for 1981 standards, the design team could get away with using more expensive SRAM due

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The main issue was that BASIC could only see one contiguous chunk of memory. That is, in order for your expansion memory to be visible and useful to BASIC, it needs to be added next to the existing BASIC program area. However, the video buffer memory was hardwired to a position rather close to the

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In April 1980, at a meeting of general managers outside London, Jack Tramiel declared he wanted a low-cost color computer. When most of the GMs argued against it, preferring Peddle's more sophisticated design, he said: "The Japanese are coming, so we must become the Japanese!" (in reference to the

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keys, programmable function keys, and a built-in RS-232 interface. Michael later contracted and co-designed a $ 100 modem, the VICModem, which became the first modem to sell 1 million units. According to one of the development team, Neil Harris, "e couldn't get any cooperation from the rest of the

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cartridge adds BASIC commands supporting such a graphics mode using a resolution of 160×160 pixels. It is also possible to fill a larger area of the screen with addressable graphics using a more dynamic allocation scheme if the contents are sparse or repetitive enough. This is used by the port of

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in 1981 expected the VIC-20 would be popular in classrooms and homes with small children, with "excellent graphic and sound capabilities". While predicting the 22-column screen was "too small to support any but the most rudimentary business applications" the magazine observed that "at a price of

409:(The Other Intellect). The TOI computer failed to materialize, mostly because it required an 80-column character display which in turn required the MOS Technology 6564 chip. However, the chip could not be used in the TOI since it required very expensive static RAM to operate fast enough. 958:

based on the scan position. The two VIA timer chips can serve this purpose through an elaborate programming technique, allowing graphics to be mixed with text above or below it, two different backgrounds and border colors, or more than 200 characters for the pseudo-high-resolution mode.

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and finished a prototype with help from Al Charpentier and Charles Winterble. With the TOI unfinished, when Jack Tramiel was shown the MicroPET prototype, he immediately said he wanted it to be finished and ordered it to be mass-produced following a limited demonstration at the CES.

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called the Commodore Information Network to enable users to exchange information and take some of the pressure off of Customer Support inquiries, which were straining Commodore's lean organization. In 1982, this network accounted for the largest traffic on CompuServe.

1799:"), keyboard ("the equal of any personal-computer keyboard in both appearance and performance. This is a remarkable achievement, almost unbelievable considering the price of the entire unit"), graphics, documentation, and ease of software development with the KERNAL. 412:

As the new decade began, the price of computer hardware was dropping and Tramiel saw an emerging market for low-price computers, that could be sold at retail stores to relative novices rather than professionals or people with an electronics or programming background.

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interface was designed by Glen Stark. It served several purposes, including costing substantially less than the IEEE-488 interface on the PET, using smaller cables and connectors that allowed for a more compact case design, and also complying with newly imposed

518:, the product manager who recruited the group and dubbed them the VIC Commandos. Commodore founder Jack Tramiel initially gave Tomczyk the title VIC Czar and later appointed him product manager. Tomczyk insisted on several features including full-size 914:

width-to-height ratio, each VIC pixel is much wider than it is high. The screen normally shows 22 columns and 23 rows of 8-by-8-pixel characters; it is possible to increase these dimensions up to 27 columns, but the characters would soon

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The "20" in the computer's name was widely assumed to refer to the text width of the screen (although in fact, the VIC-20 has 22-column text, not 20) or that it referred to the combined size of the system ROMs (8 KB BASIC+8 KB

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Commodore's VIC-1010 Expansion allows the user to connect multiple devices to the VIC-20's cartridge port. It has its own power supply and six slots that can be used to connect memory extensions, game cartridges or other peripherals.

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of RAM and considerably improved sound and graphics. Initial sales of the C64 were slow but took off in mid-1983. The VIC-20 was widely available for under $ 90 by that time. Commodore discontinued the VIC-20 in January 1985.

577:. He recruited a marketing team and a small group of computer enthusiasts and worked closely with colleagues in the UK and Japan to create colorful packaging, user manuals, and the first wave of games and home applications. 1684:, Utilities Authority to measure the input and output of two of their generators and display the results on monitors throughout the plant. The utility was able to purchase multiple VIC and C64 systems for the cost of one 1592:

format is the same. Before the computer's release, a Commodore executive promised it would have "enough additional documentation to enable an experienced programmer/hobbyist to get inside and let his imagination work".

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While the PET was sold through authorized dealers the VIC-20 primarily sold at retail, especially discount and toy stores, where it could compete directly with game consoles. It was the first computer to be sold in

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port for games and other software as well as for adding memory to the machine. Port expander boxes from Commodore and other vendors allow more than one cartridge to be attached at a time. Cartridge size ranges from

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The VIC-20 can be hooked into external electronic circuitry via the joystick port, the "user port," or the memory expansion cartridge port, which exposes various analog to digital, memory bus, and other internal

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The prototype produced by Yannes had few of the features required for a real computer, so Robert Russell at Commodore headquarters had to coordinate and finish large parts of the design under the codename

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emissions by home electronics (the PET was certified as Class B office equipment which had less stringent RFI requirements). Some features, like the memory add-in board, were designed by Bill Seiler.

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When they returned to California from that meeting, Tomczyk wrote a 30-page memo detailing recommendations for the new computer and presented it to Tramiel. Recommendations included programmable

859:, the VIC-20 reverted to the 8 KB BASIC 2.0 used on earlier PETs as part of another of the design team's goals: 20 KB system ROMs. There are no dedicated sound or graphics features. 1607:. Because of its small memory and low-resolution display compared to some other computers of the time, the VIC-20 was primarily used for educational software and games. However, productivity 381:

An early revision of the Commodore VIC-20 is displayed here with several accessories. The VIC-20's composite output allowed for it to be connected to the standard television sets of its era.

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cartridges, leading to a situation where some programs only work if the right amount of memory is present (the most significant divide being between a machine with no or

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one color. A lower-resolution multicolor mode can also be used with 4×8 characters and three colors each, but it is not used as often due to its extreme blockiness.

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The VIC-20 was a bestseller, becoming the first computer to sell over a million. In total, 2.5 million computers were sold. In summer 1982, Commodore unveiled the

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stated that the VIC 20 was "unexcelled as low-cost, consumer-oriented computer. Even with some of its limitations...it makes an impressive showing against...the

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The Commodore VICModem and later models connected directly to the user port's edge connector. But in order to connect the VIC to industry-standard

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The VIC-20's RAM is expandable through the cartridge port via a RAM cartridge. RAM cartridges were available from Commodore in several sizes:

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fame) as its spokesman, asking: "Why buy just a video game?" and describing it as "The Wonder Computer of the 1980s". Television personality

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The VIC-20 has a composite output, which provides a sharper, cleaner picture if a dedicated monitor is used. The TRS-80 Color Computer and

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early 1983 and has the newer C64 keyboard with gray function keys and the Revision B motherboard. It has a similar power supply to the C64

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regulations. It can either be attached to a dedicated monitor or a TV set using the external modulator included with the computer.

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The VIC-1001 is the Japanese version of the VIC-20. It has Japanese-language characters in the ROM and on the front of the keys.

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concluded "VIC will create its own market, and it will be a big one". While also noting the small screen size and RAM,

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and other machines. The first production run of the five cartridges generated over $ 1,500,000 in sales for Commodore.

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to load into various memory locations. The monitor programs were the same as the PET monitor but added a mini-

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for BASIC programs and variables. Memory not visible to BASIC could still be used by machine code programs.

2445:"Twenty-Two Columns of Lowbrow Revolution: The Commodore VIC-20 and the Beginning of the Home Computer Era" 2082: 1973:"Twenty-Two Columns of Lowbrow Revolution: The Commodore VIC-20 and the Beginning of the Home Computer Era" 1133: 679: 500: 599:

games reside in a ROM cartridge instead of being loaded into main memory via cassette as they were on the

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chips, so Tramiel decided these should be used in the new computer. The result was arguably closer to the

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Transistorized memory, such as RAM, ROM, flash and cache sizes as well as file sizes are specified using

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generator with overall volume control and mono output. Each pulse wave generator has a range of three

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have only RF video output. An external RF modulator was necessary to use the computer with a TV set.

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The VIC-20 was intended to be more economical than the PET computer. It was equipped with 5

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wrote in January 1986, "Believe it or not, a new VIC accessory... We were as surprised as you."

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converter box (standard TTL voltages lie between 0 and 5 V, while RS-232 uses ±12 V).

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game series were ported to the VIC. They got around the limited memory of VIC-20 by having the

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favorably contrasted the company's encouragement of "cottage industry software developers" to

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wanted a product that would compete in the same segment, to be presented at the January 1980

2632:"The Enhanced VIC-20 / Part 4: Connecting Serial RS-232C Peripherals to the VIC's TTL Port" 2053: 1808: 1717: 1681: 1662: 1608: 1604: 1076: 1045: 1017: 253: 1029: 565:(inspired by competing Japanese computers), full-size typewriter-style keys, and built-in 8: 1949: 1589: 1581: 1453: 1442: 1299: 834: 479: 421:, a relatively low-cost machine that was widely sold to novices and in 1980 released the 213: 1009:

located on the scale about an octave apart, giving a total range of about five octaves.

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at MOS Technology (then a part of Commodore) designed a computer in his home dubbed the

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default location of the BASIC program area, so expansion cartridges offering more than

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and another 500+ were available on tape. A handful of disk applications were released.

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Perhaps the last new commercially available VIC-20 peripheral was the VIC-Talker, a

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extra memory on one hand, and a machine with more extra memory on the other).

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While newer PETs had the upgraded BASIC 4.0, with disk commands and improved

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The Home Computer Wars: An Insider's Account of Commodore and Jack Tramiel.

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The Home Computer Wars: An Insider's Account of Commodore and Jack Tramiel

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Altogether, the VIC 20 development team consisted of five people led by

75: 3151: 3126: 2989: 2984: 2957: 2952: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2922: 1733: 1544: 1496: 1465: 1129: 1110: 1080: 998: 943: 753: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 519: 2783: 2494:. Commodore Business Machines, Inc. and Howard W. Sams & Co, Inc. 84: 2979: 2927: 2744: 2522:. Chichester, UK: Ellis Horwood Ltd. and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 963: 955: 951: 218: 2444: 1972: 1101:(with or without an included "Super Expander" BASIC extension ROM), 728: 616: 3182: 2739: 1776: 1640: 1623: 1595: 1477: 1457: 1446: 916: 826: 487: 390: 386: 365: 243: 2033:"Commodore VIC-1001 Kana (Japanese VIC-20 Characters) Demystified" 433: 3121: 1862:"Commodore VIC-20: Worlds First Computer to Sell 1 Million Units" 1728:

in Germany and was marketed as though it were an abbreviation of

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tape drive. The VIC-20 did not originally have a disk drive; the

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of this is used for the video display and dynamic aspects of the

529: 475: 377: 24: 3141: 2515: 2264: 2083:"Michael Tomczyk: Commodore VIC-20 Developer, Computer Pioneer" 1780: 1721:) became the commentator in a series of Commodore product ads. 1634:, as well as offline by mail order and by user groups. Several 1492: 1414: 1091: 1061: 1006: 932: 890: 871: 600: 566: 193: 2488:

Finkel, A.; Harris, N.; Higginbottom, P.; Tomczyk, M. (1982).

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signal via the joystick port, but few appeared on the market.

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had to move the location where BASIC looked for its program.

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The side of the computer showing the joystick "control port"

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in size, although the latter was uncommon due to its cost.

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signals (most frequently used as RS-232, for connecting a

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The VIC-20's BASIC is compatible with the PET's, and the

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video signals, which are combined to create the VIC-20's

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Describing it as "an astounding machine for the price",

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On The Edge: The Spectacular Rise and Fall of Commodore

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games. With help from a Commodore engineer who came to

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An estimated 300 commercial titles were available on

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provided inexpensive external storage for the VIC-20.

1912:"Commodore VIC-20 History, Pictures & Time Line" 1701:. Commodore took out advertisements featuring actor 1441:

for program/expansion cartridges and a PET-standard

1868: 405:and Bill Seiler started to design a computer named 2516:Jones, A.J.; Coley, E. A.; Cole, D. G. J. (1983). 2353: 2351: 2076: 2074: 259:3.5 KB for BASIC (expandable to 27.5 KB) 2300: 1611:such as home finance programs, spreadsheets, and 1072:are actually available on an unexpanded machine. 417:had been achieving considerable success with the 3254: 2267:devices, the user needed to purchase a separate 2144: 1816: – Emulator for Commodore's 8-bit computers 1317:Used for color RAM when expansion RAM at block 1 1025:RAM expansion cartridge with BASIC extension ROM 2411: 2348: 2071: 1680:The VIC's low cost led to it being used by the 2405: 2312:"Advice to PET Owners: How To Be A VIC Expert" 2138: 1715:(best known as a panelist on the TV game show 1075:Unlike the PET, the VIC-20 does not include a 2675: 2011:Herzog, Marty (January 1988). "Neil Harris". 1891:"Home Video Game Console Sound Chip Round-Up" 1791:would be a fair price...But it does not cost 1144:built-in user memory, this gave a maximum of 3193:† Listed in chronological order by category 2117: 1626:software. This software was distributed via 1424: 1140:to the BASIC user memory; together with the 1128:Most expansion cartridges featured hardware 2689: 2655:VIC-20 Programmers reference guide and more 2650:OLD-COMPUTERS.COM online-museum VIC-20 page 2629: 2616: 2603: 2590: 2577: 2330:"Commodore: New Products, New Philosophies" 2306: 2226: 1527:commands from BASIC can be used to perform 1064:(a low-level operating system). Only 3,583 645:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 591:, to assist in the effort, five of Adams's 2782: 2682: 2668: 2111: 2094: 2092: 1880:MESS — Multiple Emulator Super System 1531:from temperature sensors, control robotic 474:, a character set with the characteristic 470:) taken from John Feagan's design for the 83: 74: 2357: 1856: 1854: 840:as the PET. The VIC-20's video chip, the 813:Learn how and when to remove this message 665:Learn how and when to remove this message 2322: 2085:(Interview). Interviewed by Tim Santens. 1575: 1562: 1428: 1028: 1016: 922: 889: 876: 548: 505: 432: 376: 49:of all important aspects of the article. 2546: 2459: 2089: 2080: 2006: 2004: 1691: 1087:instead of requiring the user to enter 3273:Computer-related introductions in 1980 3255: 2442: 2201: 2010: 1970: 1851: 1837:for K (1024), M (1024), G (1024), etc. 985:inside the computer's case because of 583:was contracted to provide a series of 45:Please consider expanding the lead to 2663: 2235:"Using Atari Joysticks With Your VIC" 2179: 1942:"OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum" 1068:of BASIC program memory for code and 1037:RAM expansion cartridge with PCB view 981:output. Commodore did not include an 931:The VIC chip does not support a true 526:At the time, Commodore had a glut of 3207: 2360:"The Commodore VIC-20: A First Look" 2081:Tomczyk, Michael (19 October 2021). 2001: 751:adding citations to reliable sources 722: 643:adding citations to reliable sources 610: 155: (equivalent to $ 1,010 in 2023) 18: 2491:VIC 20 Programmer's reference guide 2233:Flynn, Christopher J. (June 1982). 2098: 1567:Commodore VIC-1010 Expansion module 1476:bus (a serial version of the PET's 389:gained momentum with the advent of 13: 2443:Arnold, Bruce Makoto (June 2017). 2436: 2358:Thornburg, David D. (April 1981). 1971:Arnold, Bruce Makoto (June 2017). 14: 3284: 2643: 2145:Kevelson, Morton (January 1986). 1732:("people's computer," similar to 1618:The VIC had a sizable library of 1449:disk drive was released in 1981. 898:The graphics capabilities of the 3237: 3236: 3227: 3226: 3217: 3216: 3206: 3197: 3196: 2580:"Exploring the Commodore VIC-20" 2336:. September 1980. pp. 26–28 2189:. zimmers.net. 19 September 2005 1615:were also made for the machine. 917:run out the sides of the monitor 894:The MOS Technology 6561 VIC chip 727: 615: 510:The startup screen of the VIC-20 23: 2384: 2370: 2278: 2253: 2165: 2046: 2025: 1666:, offered programming tips and 1613:communication terminal programs 1571: 738:needs additional citations for 37:may be too short to adequately 16:1981 home computer by Commodore 2553:. COMPUTE! Publications, Inc. 2209:"VIC 20 / Commodore 64 RS 232" 1987: 1964: 1934: 1876:"MESS VIC20/VC20 (German) PAL" 1827: 1523:circuits to the experimenter. 1456:, compatible with the digital 1113:is reorganized if you plug in 445:In the meantime, new engineer 428: 47:provide an accessible overview 1: 2814:Commodore Semiconductor Group 2591:Swank, Joel (February 1983). 2214:. commodore.ca. 30 March 2011 2058:Old-Computers.com: The Museum 1844: 1491:-level "user port" with both 954:counters but cannot generate 697:a more advanced machine with 482:-compatible interface, and a 2578:Swank, Joel (January 1983). 2547:Tomczyk, Michael S. (1984). 2412:Williams, Gregg (May 1981). 1743: 1638:sold on newsstands, such as 606: 7: 2804:Commodore Business Machines 1802: 1409: 1404: 1391: 1386: 1375: 1370: 1359: 1354: 1343: 1338: 1328: 1323: 1313: 1308: 1290: 1285: 1275: 1270: 1259: 1254: 1243: 1238: 1227: 1222: 1212: 1207: 1196: 1191: 1181: 1176: 962:The VIC chip can process a 885: 364:. The VIC-20 was the first 354:Commodore Business Machines 281:Commodore 1701; 176 × 184, 165:; 39 years ago 128:; 43 years ago 117:; 44 years ago 96:Commodore Business Machines 10: 3289: 2617:Swank, Joel (April 1983). 2604:Swank, Joel (March 1983). 2318:. No. 11. p. 34. 2187:"VIC-20 memory map (long)" 2118:Lock, Robert (June 1983). 1302:VIA#1, 6522 VIA#2, block 0 1185:RAM with jump vectors etc. 950:The VIC chip has readable 685: 372: 283:16 color composite palette 257:(expandable to 32 KB) 3268:6502-based home computers 3191: 3165: 3114: 3081: 3051: 3003: 2913: 2862: 2831: 2824: 2791: 2780: 2727: 2704: 2697: 1580:The Commodore 1530 C2N-B 1551:. Tomczyk also created a 1425:Peripherals and expansion 1379:Decoded for expansion ROM 1012: 718: 317: 298: 288: 277: 263: 237: 207: 185: 177: 159: 148: 140: 111: 101: 91: 82: 73: 3232:Storage devices template 3096:Commodore 64 peripherals 2714:(founder/CEO, 1958–1984) 2630:Swank, Joel (May 1983). 2392:"Commodore VC20 / VIC20" 2287:VIC-1010 Expansion Board 2101:"The Home Computer Wars" 1820: 1795:—the VIC 20 retails for 1216:RAM for BASIC and screen 1077:machine language monitor 1041:The VIC-20 shipped with 992: 3222:Amiga hardware template 3147:List of cancelled games 2691:Commodore International 2460:Bagnall, Brian (2005). 2378:"RUN Magazine Issue 34" 1995:"RUN Magazine issue 28" 1660:, and the CBM-produced 997:The VIC chip has three 593:Adventure International 569:. Tomczyk insisted on " 441:game on a ROM cartridge 1763:TRS-80 Pocket Computer 1724:The VIC-20 was called 1585: 1568: 1434: 1038: 1026: 928: 895: 882: 554: 511: 442: 382: 2541:Mastering the Vic-20. 2449:Journal in Humanities 1977:Journal in Humanities 1759:TRS-80 Color Computer 1579: 1566: 1470:Atari 8-bit computers 1432: 1032: 1020: 969:The VIC chip outputs 926: 893: 880: 552: 509: 436: 380: 3052:Cancelled prototypes 2519:Mastering the Vic-20 2107:on 14 February 2015. 2054:"Commodore VIC-1001" 1809:List of VIC-20 games 1692:Marketing and retail 1682:Fort Pierce, Florida 1663:Commodore Power/Play 1630:such as CompuServe, 1605:third-party software 1437:The VIC-20 has card 1332:Color RAM (normally) 1279:ROM character bitmap 747:improve this article 639:improve this section 1922:on 14 February 2015 1454:Atari joystick port 1153: 927:16-color capability 480:Atari CX40 joystick 341:in Germany and the 214:MOS Technology 6502 70: 3242:MOS chips template 2705:Board of directors 2099:Tomczyk, Michael. 1952:on 2 February 2009 1779:, the Radio Shack 1636:computer magazines 1586: 1569: 1435: 1151: 1039: 1027: 929: 896: 883: 857:garbage collection 842:MOS Technology VIC 833:and used the same 707:speech synthesizer 555: 512: 443: 401:. For this reason 383: 303:MOS Technology VIC 293:MOS Technology VIC 149:Introductory price 68: 3250: 3249: 3106:Super Expander 64 3077: 3076: 3005:IBM PC compatible 2799:Amiga Corporation 2778: 2777: 2021:. pp. 41–51. 1946:old-computers.com 1718:I've Got a Secret 1686:IBM PC compatible 1601:Texas Instruments 1422: 1421: 1263:Expansion block 3 1247:Expansion block 2 1231:Expansion block 1 1001:generators and a 936:definitions. The 823: 822: 815: 797: 675: 674: 667: 589:Longwood, Florida 571:user-friendliness 486:port. The serial 468:BASIC interpreter 358:personal computer 352:that was sold by 331: 330: 252:5 KB (3.5KB Free) 163:January 1985 126:, Worldwide: 1981 64: 63: 3280: 3240: 3239: 3230: 3229: 3220: 3219: 3210: 3209: 3200: 3199: 2829: 2828: 2786: 2720:(CEO, 1984–1989) 2702: 2701: 2684: 2677: 2670: 2661: 2660: 2639: 2626: 2613: 2600: 2587: 2574: 2569: 2567: 2543: 2538: 2536: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2456: 2430: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2355: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2308:Butterfield, JIm 2304: 2298: 2297: 2296: 2294: 2282: 2276: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2213: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2183: 2177: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2120:"Editor's Notes" 2115: 2109: 2108: 2103:. Archived from 2096: 2087: 2086: 2078: 2069: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2019:Fictioneer Books 2014:Comics Interview 2008: 1999: 1998: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1948:. Archived from 1938: 1932: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1918:. Archived from 1905: 1896: 1895:090514 gweep.net 1894: 1887: 1881: 1879: 1872: 1866: 1865: 1858: 1838: 1831: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1756: 1670:for the VIC-20. 1668:type-in programs 1647:Family Computing 1529:data acquisition 1514: 1487:and printers; a 1407: 1389: 1373: 1357: 1341: 1326: 1311: 1288: 1273: 1257: 1241: 1225: 1210: 1194: 1179: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1051: 1044: 1036: 1024: 881:VIC-20 mainboard 818: 811: 807: 804: 798: 796: 755: 731: 723: 700: 696: 670: 663: 659: 656: 650: 619: 611: 598: 576: 533: 464:operating system 345:in Japan) is an 268:Compact Cassette 256: 249: 233: 226: 203: 196: 187:Operating system 173: 171: 166: 154: 136: 134: 129: 125: 123: 118: 87: 78: 71: 67: 59: 56: 50: 27: 19: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3278: 3277: 3253: 3252: 3251: 3246: 3187: 3161: 3132:Commodore BASIC 3110: 3083: 3073: 3047: 2999: 2909: 2858: 2820: 2787: 2774: 2760:Carl Sassenrath 2723: 2693: 2688: 2646: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2439: 2437:Further reading 2434: 2433: 2423: 2421: 2410: 2406: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2380:. October 1986. 2376: 2375: 2371: 2356: 2349: 2339: 2337: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2305: 2301: 2292: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2279: 2258: 2254: 2244: 2242: 2231: 2227: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2192: 2190: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2173: 2170: 2166: 2156: 2154: 2143: 2139: 2129: 2127: 2116: 2112: 2097: 2090: 2079: 2072: 2062: 2060: 2052: 2051: 2047: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2017:. No. 54. 2009: 2002: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1969: 1965: 1955: 1953: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1925: 1923: 1906: 1899: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1860: 1859: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1841: 1835:binary meanings 1832: 1828: 1823: 1805: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1754: 1746: 1703:William Shatner 1694: 1628:online services 1574: 1512: 1439:edge connectors 1427: 1405: 1387: 1371: 1355: 1339: 1324: 1309: 1286: 1271: 1255: 1239: 1223: 1208: 1192: 1177: 1171: 1164:[in KB] 1163: 1158: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1109:. The internal 1106: 1102: 1098: 1058:Commodore BASIC 1049: 1042: 1034: 1022: 1015: 995: 979:composite video 888: 819: 808: 802: 799: 756: 754: 744: 732: 721: 698: 691: 688: 671: 660: 654: 651: 636: 620: 609: 596: 574: 527: 516:Michael Tomczyk 499:regulations on 431: 375: 258: 251: 241: 227: 216: 200:Commodore BASIC 198: 197: 191: 169: 167: 164: 152: 132: 130: 127: 121: 119: 116: 60: 54: 51: 44: 32:This article's 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3286: 3276: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3244: 3234: 3224: 3214: 3204: 3192: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3118: 3116: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3108: 3103: 3101:Super Expander 3098: 3093: 3087: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3009: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2919: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2835: 2833: 2826: 2822: 2821: 2819: 2818: 2817: 2816: 2809:MOS Technology 2806: 2801: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2722: 2721: 2715: 2708: 2706: 2699: 2695: 2694: 2687: 2686: 2679: 2672: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2652: 2645: 2644:External links 2642: 2641: 2640: 2638:. p. 331. 2627: 2625:. p. 260. 2614: 2601: 2599:. p. 118. 2588: 2586:. p. 222. 2575: 2559: 2544: 2528: 2513: 2500: 2485: 2472: 2457: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2431: 2404: 2383: 2369: 2347: 2321: 2310:(April 1981). 2299: 2277: 2252: 2225: 2200: 2178: 2164: 2137: 2110: 2088: 2070: 2045: 2024: 2000: 1986: 1963: 1933: 1897: 1882: 1867: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1825: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1811: 1804: 1801: 1745: 1742: 1738:Volksempfänger 1693: 1690: 1573: 1570: 1533:stepper motors 1506:The VIC has a 1482:daisy chaining 1426: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1417: 1411: 1408: 1402: 1401: 1399: 1393: 1390: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1336: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1321: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1306: 1305: 1303: 1292: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1220: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1189: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1174: 1173: 1168: 1165: 1160: 1014: 1011: 994: 991: 938:Super Expander 887: 884: 821: 820: 735: 733: 726: 720: 717: 687: 684: 673: 672: 623: 621: 614: 608: 605: 585:text adventure 430: 427: 423:Color Computer 419:TRS-80 Model I 374: 371: 337:(known as the 329: 328: 319: 315: 314: 300: 296: 295: 290: 286: 285: 279: 275: 274: 265: 261: 260: 239: 235: 234: 211: 205: 204: 189: 183: 182: 179: 175: 174: 161: 157: 156: 150: 146: 145: 142: 138: 137: 113: 109: 108: 103: 99: 98: 93: 89: 88: 80: 79: 62: 61: 41:the key points 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3285: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3243: 3235: 3233: 3225: 3223: 3215: 3213: 3205: 3203: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3178:Commodore USA 3176: 3174: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3157:Simons' BASIC 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3137:Commodore DOS 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3080: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3064:Commodore 900 3062: 3060: 3059:Commodore LCD 3057: 3056: 3054: 3050: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2905:Commodore 128 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2815: 2812: 2811: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2771: 2770:Robert Yannes 2768: 2766: 2765:Shiraz Shivji 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2685: 2680: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2666: 2665: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2612:. p. 34. 2611: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2573: 2562: 2560:0-942386-75-2 2556: 2552: 2551: 2545: 2542: 2531: 2529:0-471-88892-3 2525: 2521: 2520: 2514: 2503: 2501:0-672-21948-4 2497: 2493: 2492: 2486: 2475: 2473:0-9738649-0-7 2469: 2465: 2464: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2440: 2419: 2415: 2408: 2393: 2387: 2379: 2373: 2366:. p. 26. 2365: 2361: 2354: 2352: 2335: 2331: 2325: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2303: 2289: 2288: 2281: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2256: 2240: 2236: 2229: 2210: 2204: 2188: 2182: 2168: 2152: 2148: 2141: 2125: 2121: 2114: 2106: 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April 1986. 1996: 1990: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1967: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1937: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1902: 1892: 1886: 1877: 1871: 1863: 1857: 1855: 1850: 1836: 1830: 1826: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1800: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1751: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1730:VolksComputer 1727: 1722: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1676: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1654: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1620:public domain 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1603:discouraging 1602: 1598: 1597: 1591: 1583: 1578: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1525:PEEK and POKE 1522: 1516: 1509: 1508:ROM cartridge 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1452:There is one 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1431: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1353: 1349: 1346: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1269: 1265: 1262: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1237: 1233: 1230: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1175: 1169: 1166: 1161: 1159:(hexadecimal) 1156: 1155: 1149: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1112: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1047: 1031: 1019: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 990: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 967: 965: 960: 957: 953: 948: 946: 945: 939: 934: 925: 921: 918: 913: 910:screen has a 909: 905: 901: 892: 879: 875: 873: 867: 865: 860: 858: 853: 851: 850:game consoles 847: 843: 839: 836: 832: 828: 817: 814: 806: 795: 792: 788: 785: 781: 778: 774: 771: 767: 764: – 763: 759: 758:Find sources: 752: 748: 742: 741: 736:This section 734: 730: 725: 724: 716: 714: 713: 708: 703: 694: 683: 681: 669: 666: 658: 648: 644: 640: 634: 633: 629: 624:This section 622: 618: 613: 612: 604: 602: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 572: 568: 564: 563:function keys 559: 551: 547: 544: 540: 536: 531: 524: 521: 517: 508: 504: 502: 498: 493: 489: 485: 484:ROM cartridge 481: 477: 473: 472:Commodore PET 469: 465: 461: 455: 452: 448: 447:Robert Yannes 440: 435: 426: 424: 420: 416: 410: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 379: 370: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 350:home computer 348: 344: 340: 336: 327: 323: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 301: 297: 294: 291: 287: 284: 280: 276: 273: 269: 266: 262: 255: 248: 245: 240: 236: 231: 224: 220: 215: 212: 210: 206: 201: 195: 190: 188: 184: 180: 176: 162: 158: 151: 147: 143: 139: 114: 110: 107: 106:Home computer 104: 100: 97: 94: 90: 86: 81: 77: 72: 66: 58: 48: 42: 40: 35: 30: 26: 21: 20: 3069:Commodore 65 2895:Commodore 16 2875:Commodore 64 2853: 2792:Subsidiaries 2755:Chuck Peddle 2718:Irving Gould 2712:Jack Tramiel 2635: 2622: 2609: 2596: 2583: 2571: 2564:. Retrieved 2549: 2540: 2533:. Retrieved 2518: 2505:. Retrieved 2490: 2477:. Retrieved 2462: 2452: 2448: 2422:. Retrieved 2420:. p. 46 2417: 2407: 2395:. Retrieved 2386: 2372: 2363: 2338:. Retrieved 2333: 2324: 2315: 2302: 2291:, retrieved 2286: 2280: 2255: 2243:. Retrieved 2241:. p. 79 2238: 2228: 2216:. Retrieved 2203: 2191:. Retrieved 2181: 2167: 2155:. Retrieved 2153:. p. 32 2150: 2140: 2128:. Retrieved 2123: 2113: 2105:the original 2061:. Retrieved 2057: 2048: 2036:. Retrieved 2027: 2012: 1989: 1980: 1976: 1966: 1954:. Retrieved 1950:the original 1945: 1936: 1924:. Retrieved 1920:the original 1916:commodore.ca 1915: 1885: 1870: 1829: 1770: 1766: 1749: 1747: 1729: 1725: 1723: 1716: 1713:Henry Morgan 1706: 1695: 1679: 1672: 1661: 1657: 1651: 1645: 1639: 1617: 1609:applications 1594: 1587: 1572:Applications 1558: 1517: 1505: 1451: 1436: 1146:27.5 KB 1130:DIP switches 1127: 1096: 1074: 1040: 996: 983:RF modulator 968: 961: 949: 942: 930: 897: 868: 861: 854: 824: 809: 800: 790: 783: 776: 769: 757: 745:Please help 740:verification 737: 710: 704: 693:Commodore 64 689: 676: 661: 655:October 2020 652: 637:Please help 625: 579: 560: 556: 542: 538: 525: 513: 490:-derivative 466:(kernel and 459: 456: 450: 444: 438: 411: 406: 403:Chuck Peddle 395:Jack Tramiel 384: 342: 338: 334: 332: 322:Commodore 64 228:@ 1.02 MHz ( 160:Discontinued 112:Release date 92:Manufacturer 65: 52: 36: 34:lead section 3173:Amiga, Inc. 2890:Educator 64 2870:MAX Machine 2750:Dave Needle 2735:Dave Haynie 2455:(1): 11–20. 2126:. p. 6 1983:(1): 11–20. 1485:disk drives 1472:; a serial 1363:I/O block 3 1347:I/O block 2 1167:Description 1152:Memory map 1142:3.5 KB 1089:hexadecimal 1081:executables 1003:white noise 581:Scott Adams 429:Development 415:Radio Shack 326:MAX Machine 272:floppy disk 181:2.5 million 115:Japan: 1980 3257:Categories 3152:Magic Desk 3127:Amiga Unix 3091:1351 mouse 2825:Computers† 2424:18 October 2293:5 February 2271:-to-RS232 2263:and other 2130:30 October 1845:References 1783:, and the 1734:Volkswagen 1545:CompuServe 1541:The Source 1497:Centronics 1464:used with 1443:Datassette 1138:24 KB 1119:16 KB 1111:memory map 1107:16 KB 1056:-resident 1035:16 KB 999:pulse wave 973:+Sync and 956:interrupts 944:Omega Race 831:static RAM 803:April 2023 773:newspapers 575:US$ 299.95 520:typewriter 192:Commodore 178:Units sold 153:US$ 299.95 55:March 2023 2745:Jay Miner 2728:Engineers 2245:6 October 2174:3 KB 1785:Atari 800 1744:Reception 1708:Star Trek 1675:cartridge 1590:Datasette 1582:Datasette 1549:Dow Jones 1480:bus) for 1466:Atari VCS 1458:joysticks 1200:Expansion 1170:Cartridge 1123:3 KB 1115:8 KB 1103:8 KB 1099:3 KB 1085:assembler 1070:variables 1023:3 KB 964:light pen 952:scan-line 864:Atari 400 846:terminals 626:does not 607:Evolution 393:in 1979, 318:Successor 39:summarize 3202:Category 3183:Escom AG 3166:See also 3115:Software 3084:hardware 2975:500 Plus 2740:Bil Herd 2566:20 April 2535:20 April 2507:20 April 2479:20 April 2364:Compute! 2334:Kilobaud 2316:Compute! 2239:Compute! 2124:Compute! 1956:23 March 1926:23 March 1803:See also 1797:$ 299.95 1777:Apple II 1767:Compute! 1750:Compute! 1641:Compute! 1624:freeware 1596:Compute! 1537:VICModem 1478:IEEE-488 1447:VIC-1540 1294:I/O for 1172:decoded 900:VIC chip 886:Graphics 835:MOS 6502 762:"VIC-20" 488:IEEE-488 451:MicroPET 391:VisiCalc 387:Apple II 366:computer 343:VIC-1001 313:channels 289:Graphics 217:@ 1.108 141:Lifespan 3212:Commons 3122:AmigaOS 2397:10 July 2340:23 June 2273:voltage 2038:17 June 1513:4–16 KB 1474:CBM-488 1462:paddles 1157:Address 1092:opcodes 1007:octaves 787:scholar 686:Decline 647:removed 632:sources 492:CBM-488 476:PETSCII 385:As the 373:History 278:Display 264:Storage 170:1985-01 168: ( 144:5 years 131: ( 120: ( 3263:VIC-20 3142:KERNAL 2964:3000UX 2900:Plus/4 2854:VIC-20 2849:CBM-II 2698:People 2557: 2526: 2498: 2470: 2265:RS-232 2261:modems 2218:21 May 2193:20 May 2157:2 July 2063:7 June 1781:TRS-80 1699:K-Mart 1547:, and 1493:RS-232 1415:KERNAL 1105:, and 1062:KERNAL 1050:1.5 KB 1048:, but 1013:Memory 975:Chroma 933:bitmap 872:KERNAL 789: 782: 775: 768: 760: 719:Design 601:TRS-80 567:RS-232 439:Clowns 360:, the 335:VIC-20 309:and 1 307:square 238:Memory 194:KERNAL 69:VIC-20 3082:Other 2995:4000T 2969:3000T 2915:Amiga 2885:SX-64 2880:C64GS 2839:KIM-1 2832:Early 2212:(PDF) 2151:Ahoy! 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