Floppy disk - Knowledge

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protects the delicate magnetic surface when the diskette is not in use and automatically opens when the diskette is inserted into the computer. The diskette has a square shape: there are apparently eight possible ways to insert it into the machine, only one of which is correct. What happens if I do it wrong? I try inserting the disk sideways. Ah, the designer thought of that. A little study shows that the case really isn't square: it's rectangular, so you can't insert a longer side. I try backward. The diskette goes in only part of the way. Small protrusions, indentations, and cutouts prevent the diskette from being inserted backward or upside down: of the eight ways one might try to insert the diskette, only one is correct, and only that one will fit. An excellent design.

2290: 3549: 2137:. In the 8-inch disk, the notch being covered or not present enables writing, while in the 5¼-inch disk, the notch being present and uncovered enables writing. Tape may be used over the notch to change the mode of the disk. Punch devices were sold to convert read-only 5¼" disks to writable ones, and also to enable writing on the unused side of single-sided disks for computers with single-sided drives. The latter worked because single- and double-sided disks typically contained essentially identical actual magnetic media, for manufacturing efficiency. Disks whose obverse and reverse sides were thus used separately in single-sided drives were known as 2298:

action originally accomplished by a disk-load solenoid. Later drives held the heads out of contact until a front-panel lever was rotated (5¼-inch) or disk insertion was complete (3½-inch). To write data, current is sent through a coil in the head as the media rotates. The head's magnetic field aligns the magnetization of the particles directly below the head on the media. When the current is reversed the magnetization aligns in the opposite direction, encoding one bit of data. To read data, the magnetization of the particles in the media induce a tiny voltage in the head coil as they pass under it. This small signal is amplified and sent to the

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per track, tracks per side and sides (which in hard disk drives with multiple platters can be greater than 2). Although other sector sizes have been known in the past, formatted sector sizes are now almost always set to powers of two (256 bytes, 512 bytes, etc.), and, in some cases, disk capacity is calculated as multiples of the sector size rather than only in bytes, leading to a combination of decimal multiples of sectors and binary sector sizes. For example, 1.44 MB 3½-inch HD disks have the "M" prefix peculiar to their context, coming from their capacity of 2,880 512-byte sectors (1,440 KiB), consistent with neither a decimal

2224:. The dimensions of the disk shell are not quite square: its width is slightly less than its depth, so that it is impossible to insert the disk into a drive slot sideways (i.e. rotated 90 degrees from the correct shutter-first orientation). A diagonal notch at top right ensures that the disk is inserted into the drive in the correct orientation—not upside down or label-end first—and an arrow at top left indicates direction of insertion. The drive usually has a button that, when pressed, ejects the disk with varying degrees of force, the discrepancy due to the ejection force provided by the spring of the shutter. In 2106: 3503:

many environments had quick formatting which skipped the error checking process. When floppy disks were often used, disks pre-formatted for popular computers were sold. The unformatted capacity of a floppy disk does not include the sector and track headings of a formatted disk; the difference in storage between them depends on the drive's application. Floppy disk drive and media manufacturers specify the unformatted capacity (for example, 2 MB for a standard 3½-inch HD floppy). It is implied that this should not be exceeded, since doing so will most likely result in performance problems.

3492:. Apple implemented this in early Macintosh computers by spinning the disk more slowly when the head was at the edge, while maintaining the data rate, allowing 400 KB of storage per side and an extra 80 KB on a double-sided disk. This higher capacity came with a disadvantage: the format used a unique drive mechanism and control circuitry, meaning that Mac disks could not be read on other computers. Apple eventually reverted to constant angular velocity on HD floppy disks with their later machines, still unique to Apple as they supported the older variable-speed formats. 2180: 2548: 3456: 2265: 2506: 45: 1857: 1849: 2257: 2560: 2609: 2649: 6692: 1650: 37: 1927: 1779: 2282: 29: 3563: 2114: 2239:, it is vulnerable to magnetic fields. Blank disks have been distributed with an extensive set of warnings, cautioning the user not to expose it to dangerous conditions. Rough treatment or removing the disk from the drive while the magnetic media is still spinning is likely to cause damage to the disk, drive head, or stored data. On the other hand, the 3½‑inch floppy disk has been lauded for its mechanical usability by 3522:(MiB). Hence, these disks hold 1.47 MB or 1.41 MiB. Usable data capacity is a function of the disk format used, which in turn is determined by the FDD controller and its settings. Differences between such formats can result in capacities ranging from approximately 1,300 to 1,760 KiB (1.80 MB) on a standard 3½-inch high-density floppy (and up to nearly 2 MB with utilities such as 1664: 2321:, enabling the controller to properly read and write data. The tracks are concentric rings around the center, with spaces between tracks where no data is written; gaps with padding bytes are provided between the sectors and at the end of the track to allow for slight speed variations in the disk drive, and to permit better interoperability with disk drives connected to other similar systems. 2228:, Commodores, Apple II/IIIs, and other non-Apple-Macintosh machines with standard floppy disk drives, a disk may be ejected manually at any time. The drive has a disk-change switch that detects when a disk is ejected or inserted. Failure of this mechanical switch is a common source of disk corruption if a disk is changed and the drive (and hence the operating system) fails to notice. 4726:-inch micro-floppy standard, along with Sony and 20 other company ... Its single-sided SA300 micro-floppy drive offers 500K of unformatted storage. Shugart's Kevin Burr said the obvious next step is to put another 500K of storage on the other side of the diskette and that the firm will come out with a double-sided 1-megabyte micro-floppy drive soon. 1758:'s 90 mm × 94 mm (3.54 in × 3.70 in) disk) offered by various companies. They all had several advantages over the old format, including a rigid case with a sliding metal (or later, sometimes plastic) shutter over the head slot, which helped protect the delicate magnetic medium from dust and damage, and a sliding 2592:. A blank 40‑track disk formatted and written on an 80‑track drive can be taken to its native drive without problems, and a disk formatted on a 40‑track drive can be used on an 80‑track drive. Disks written on a 40‑track drive and then updated on an 80 track drive become unreadable on any 40‑track drives due to track width incompatibility. 5495: 1906:, had the flexibility of floppy disks combined with greater capacity, but remained niche due to costs. High-capacity backward compatible floppy technologies became popular for a while and were sold as an option or even included in standard PCs, but in the long run, their use was limited to professionals and enthusiasts. 3537:/s, or approximately 83% that of single-speed CD‑ROM (71% of audio CD). This represents the speed of raw data bits moving under the read head; however, the effective speed is somewhat less due to space used for headers, gaps and other format fields and can be even further reduced by delays to seek between tracks. 2450:(CLV), which uses a variable speed drive motor that spins more slowly as the head moves away from the center of the disk, maintaining the same speed of the head(s) relative to the surface(s) of the disk. This allows more sectors to be written to the longer middle and outer tracks as the track length increases. 3487:

Because the sectors have constant angular size, the 512 bytes in each sector are compressed more near the disk's center. A more space-efficient technique would be to increase the number of sectors per track toward the outer edge of the disk, from 18 to 30 for instance, thereby keeping nearly constant

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Data is generally written to floppy disks in sectors (angular blocks) and tracks (concentric rings at a constant radius). For example, the HD format of 3½-inch floppy disks uses 512 bytes per sector, 18 sectors per track, 80 tracks per side and two sides, for a total of 1,474,560 bytes per disk. Some

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computers used single-sided 3½-inch floppy disks, but with 400 KB formatted capacity. These were followed in 1986 by double-sided 800 KB floppies. The higher capacity was achieved at the same recording density by varying the disk-rotation speed with head position so that the linear speed of

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design but improved to support both single-sided and double-sided media, with formatted capacities generally of 360 KB and 720 KB respectively. Single-sided drives of the consortium design first shipped in 1983, and double-sided in 1984. The double-sided, high-density 1.44 MB (actually

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Single-sided disks were coated on both sides, despite the availability of more expensive double sided disks. The reason usually given for the higher price was that double sided disks were certified error-free on both sides of the media. Double-sided disks could be used in some drives for single-sided

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The family of 8-inch disks and drives increased over time and later versions could store up to 1.2 MB; many microcomputer applications did not need that much capacity on one disk, so a smaller size disk with lower-cost media and drives was feasible. The 5¼-inch drive succeeded the 8-inch size in

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computers with built-in 3½-inch disk drives, the ejection button is replaced by software controlling an ejection motor which only does so when the operating system no longer needs to access the drive. The user could drag the image of the floppy drive to the trash can on the desktop to eject the disk.

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By the end of the 1980s, 5¼-inch disks had been superseded by 3½-inch disks. During this time, PCs frequently came equipped with drives of both sizes. By the mid-1990s, 5¼-inch drives had virtually disappeared, as the 3½-inch disk became the predominant floppy disk. The advantages of the 3½-inch disk

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A spindle motor in the drive rotates the magnetic medium at a certain speed, while a stepper motor-operated mechanism moves the magnetic read/write heads radially along the surface of the disk. Both read and write operations require the media to be rotating and the head to contact the disk media, an

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The 8-inch and 5¼-inch floppy disks contain a magnetically coated round plastic medium with a large circular hole in the center for a drive's spindle. The medium is contained in a square plastic cover that has a small oblong opening in both sides to allow the drive's heads to read and write data and

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tab, which was far more convenient than the adhesive tabs used with earlier disks. The large market share of the well-established 5¼-inch format made it difficult for these diverse mutually-incompatible new formats to gain significant market share. A variant on the Sony design, introduced in 1983 by

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The Apple II computer system is notable in that it did not have an index hole sensor and ignored the presence of hard or soft sectoring. Instead, it used special repeating data synchronization patterns written to the disk between each sector, to assist the computer in finding and synchronizing with

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Throughout the early 1980s, limits of the 5¼-inch format became clear. Originally designed to be more practical than the 8-inch format, it was becoming considered too large; as the quality of recording media grew, data could be stored in a smaller area. Several solutions were developed, with drives

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of decimal prefixes and binary sector sizes require care to properly calculate total capacity. Whereas semiconductor memory naturally favors powers of two (size doubles each time an address pin is added to the integrated circuit), the capacity of a disk drive is the product of sector size, sectors

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manufacturer; generally, it sets up a file storage directory system on the disk, and initializes its sectors and tracks. Areas of the disk unusable for storage due to flaws can be locked (marked as "bad sectors") so that the operating system does not attempt to use them. This was time-consuming so

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Different sizes of floppy disks are mechanically incompatible, and disks can fit only one size of drive. Drive assemblies with both 3½-inch and 5¼-inch slots were available during the transition period between the sizes, but they contained two separate drive mechanisms. In addition, there are many

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Some drive mechanisms such as the Apple II 5¼-inch drive without a track zero sensor, produce characteristic mechanical noises when trying to move the heads past the reference surface. This physical striking is responsible for the 5¼-inch drive clicking during the boot of an Apple II, and the loud

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In either case, the head is moved so that it is approaching track zero position of the disk. When a drive with the sensor has reached track zero, the head stops moving immediately and is correctly aligned. For a drive without the sensor, the mechanism attempts to move the head the maximum possible

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The core of the 3½-inch disk is the same as the other two disks, but the front has only a label and a small opening for reading and writing data, protected by the shutter—a spring-loaded metal or plastic cover, pushed to the side on entry into the drive. Rather than having a hole in the center, it

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once per rotation in the magnetic disk. Detection occurs whenever the drive's sensor, the holes in the correctly inserted floppy's plastic envelope and a single hole in the rotating floppy disk medium line up. This mechanism is used to detect the angular start of each track, and whether or not the

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Sony, who had been in the floppy disk business since 1983, ended domestic sales of all six 3½-inch floppy disk models as of March 2011. This has been viewed by some as the end of the floppy disk. While production of new floppy disk media has ceased, sales and uses of this media from inventories is

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and an emergency boot device, as well as for the general secure feeling of having the familiar device. By this time, the retail cost of a floppy drive had fallen to around $ 20 (equivalent to $ 34 in 2023), so there was little financial incentive to omit the device from a system. Subsequently,

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In IBM-compatible PCs, the three densities of 3½-inch floppy disks are backwards-compatible; higher-density drives can read, write and format lower-density media. It is also possible to format a disk at a lower density than that for which it was intended, but only if the disk is first thoroughly

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disks have only one index hole in the medium, and sector position is determined by the disk controller or low-level software from patterns marking the start of a sector. Generally, the same drives are used to read and write both types of disks, with only the disks and controllers differing. Some

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All 3½-inch disks have a rectangular hole in one corner which, if obstructed, write-enables the disk. A sliding detented piece can be moved to block or reveal the part of the rectangular hole that is sensed by the drive. The HD 1.44 MB disks have a second, unobstructed hole in the opposite

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and packet writing—a similar reusability as floppy disks. However, CD-R/RWs remained mostly an archival medium, not a medium for exchanging data or editing files on the medium itself, because there was no common standard for packet writing which allowed for small updates. Other formats, such as

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Information Systems – Unformatted Flexible Disk Cartridge for Information Interchange, 5.25 in (130 mm), 96 Tracks per inch (3.8 Tracks per Millimeter), General, Physical, and Magnetic Requirements (includes ANSI X3.162/TC-1-1995) Specifies the general, physical, and magnetic requirements for

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A simple example of a good design is the 3½-inch magnetic diskette for computers, a small circle of floppy magnetic material encased in hard plastic. Earlier types of floppy disks did not have this plastic case, which protects the magnetic material from abuse and damage. A sliding metal cover

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Inside the cover are two layers of fabric with the magnetic medium sandwiched in the middle. The fabric is designed to reduce friction between the medium and the outer cover, and catch particles of debris abraded off the disk to keep them from accumulating on the heads. The cover is usually a

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finally were a practical and popular replacement, that supported traditional file systems and all common usage scenarios of floppy disks. As opposed to other solutions, no new drive type or special software was required that impeded adoption, since all that was necessary was an already common

1879:. Adoption was limited by the competition between proprietary formats and the need to buy expensive drives for computers where the disks would be used. In some cases, failure in market penetration was exacerbated by the release of higher-capacity versions of the drive and media being not 2513:

Floppy disks of the first standard are 8 inches in diameter, protected by a flexible plastic jacket. It was a read-only device used by IBM as a way of loading microcode. Read/write floppy disks and their drives became available in 1972, but it was IBM's 1973 introduction of the

1715:(GCR). The 5¼-inch format displaced the 8-inch one for most uses, and the hard-sectored disk format disappeared. The most common capacity of the 5¼-inch format in DOS-based PCs was 360 KB (368,640 bytes) for the Double-Sided Double-Density (DSDD) format using MFM encoding. 104:

in 1971, had a disk diameter of 8 inches (203.2 mm). Subsequently, the 5¼-inch (133.35 mm) and then the 3½-inch (88.9 mm) became a ubiquitous form of data storage and transfer into the first years of the 21st century. 3½-inch floppy disks can still be used with an external

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For more than two decades, the floppy disk was the primary external writable storage device used. Most computing environments before the 1990s were non-networked, and floppy disks were the primary means to transfer data between computers, a method known informally as

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medium in a square or nearly square plastic enclosure lined with a fabric that removes dust particles from the spinning disk. The three most popular (and commercially available) floppy disks are the 8-inch, 5¼-inch, and 3½-inch floppy disks. Floppy disks store

2588:) is smaller than that of a 40‑track double-density (360 KB if double-sided) drive but can also format, read and write 40‑track disks provided the controller supports double stepping or has a switch to do so. 5¼-inch 80-track drives were also called 1835:

briefly occurred between SuperDisk and other high-density floppy-disk products, although ultimately recordable CDs/DVDs, solid-state flash storage, and eventually cloud-based online storage would render all these removable disk formats obsolete. External

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The diskette is about 8" (20 cm) square and has a net capacity of 1898 128-character records – about one day's data entry activity. Each of the diskette's 73 magnetic recording tracks available for data entry can hold 26 sectors of up to 128 characters

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The first commercial floppy disks, developed in the late 1960s, were 8 inches (203.2 mm) in diameter; they became commercially available in 1971 as a component of IBM products and both drives and disks were then sold separately starting in 1972 by

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Before a disk can be accessed, the drive needs to synchronize its head position with the disk tracks. In some drives, this is accomplished with a Track Zero Sensor, while for others it involves the drive head striking an immobile reference surface.

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In some 5¼-inch drives, insertion of the disk compresses and locks an ejection spring which partially ejects the disk upon opening the catch or lever. This enables a smaller concave area for the thumb and fingers to grasp the disk during removal.

1974:. If BIOS updates fail or become corrupt, floppy drives can sometimes be used to perform a recovery. The music and theatre industries still use equipment requiring standard floppy disks (e.g. synthesizers, samplers, drum machines, sequencers, and 2344:

After a disk is inserted, a catch or lever at the front of the drive is manually lowered to prevent the disk from accidentally emerging, engage the spindle clamping hub, and in two-sided drives, engage the second read/write head with the media.

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may not have a USB interface; data and programs are then loaded from disks, damageable in industrial environments. This equipment may not be replaced due to cost or requirement for continuous availability; existing software emulation and

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For a soft-sectored disk, there is only a single hole, which is used to locate the first sector of each track. Clock timing is then used to find the other sectors behind it, which requires precise speed regulation of the drive motor.

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with the original drives, dividing the users between new and old adopters. Consumers were wary of making costly investments into unproven and rapidly changing technologies, so none of the technologies became the established standard.

1738:(PS/2) line in 1987. These disk drives could be added to older PC models. In 1988, Y-E Data introduced a drive for 2.88 MB Double-Sided Extended-Density (DSED) diskettes which was used by IBM in its top-of-the-line PS/2 and some 2697:

Writing at different densities than those at which disks were intended, sometimes by altering or drilling holes, was possible but not supported by manufacturers. A hole on one side of a 3½-inch disk can be altered as to make some

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could read, write and format IBM PC format 3½-inch disks, but few IBM-compatible computers had drives that did the reverse. 8-inch, 5¼-inch and 3½-inch drives were manufactured in a variety of sizes, most to fit standardized

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Marketed capacity is the capacity, typically unformatted, by the original media OEM vendor or in the case of IBM media, the first OEM thereafter. Other formats may get more or less capacity from the same drives and disks.

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and though the size is defined in metric. The ANSI specification of 3½-inch disks is entitled in part "90 mm (3.5-inch)" though 90 mm is closer to 3.54 inches. Formatted capacities are generally set in terms of

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and can be resolved by automatically re-trying the read operation; other errors are permanent and the disk controller will signal a failure to the operating system if multiple attempts to read the data still fail.

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A blank unformatted diskette has a coating of magnetic oxide with no magnetic order to the particles. During formatting, the magnetizations of the particles are aligned forming tracks, each broken up into

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enabled by the widespread support for USB flash drives and BIOS boot, manufacturers and retailers progressively reduced the availability of floppy disk drives as standard equipment. In February 2003,

2022:"the operational functions of the United States' nuclear forces". The government planned to update some of the technology by the end of the 2017 fiscal year. Use in Japan's government ended in 2024. 2141:. Disk notching 5¼" floppies for PCs was generally only required where users wanted to overwrite original 5¼" disks of store-bought software, which somewhat commonly shipped with no notch present. 116:

Floppy disks were so common in late 20th-century culture that many electronic and software programs continue to use save icons that look like floppy disks well into the 21st century, as a form of

5787: 2421:, and is the purpose of the small hole in the jacket, off to the side of the spindle hole. A light beam sensor detects when a punched hole in the disk is visible through the hole in the jacket. 4642: 2472:

subtle, usually software-driven incompatibilities between the two. 5¼-inch disks formatted for use with Apple II computers would be unreadable and treated as unformatted on a Commodore. As

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disk controllers can vary these parameters at the user's request, increasing storage on the disk, although they may not be able to be read on machines with other controllers. For example,

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the disk was closer to constant. Later Macs could also read and write 1.44 MB HD disks in PC format with fixed rotation speed. Higher capacities were similarly achieved by Acorn's

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problems of the floppy disk is its vulnerability; even inside a closed plastic housing, the disk medium is highly sensitive to dust, condensation and temperature extremes. As with all

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In the early 1980s, many manufacturers introduced smaller floppy drives and media in various formats. A consortium of 21 companies eventually settled on a 3½-inch design known as the

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disk is rotating at the correct speed. Early 8‑inch and 5¼‑inch disks also had holes for each sector in the enclosed magnetic medium, in addition to the index hole, with the same

2067:. Unlike hard disks, floppy disks were handled and seen; even a novice user could identify a floppy disk. Because of these factors, a picture of a 3½-inch floppy disk became an 2212:

Two holes at the bottom left and right indicate whether the disk is write-protected and whether it is high-density; these holes are spaced as far apart as the holes in punched

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no longer come with drivers for floppy disk drives (both internal and external). However, they will still support them with a separate device driver provided by Microsoft.

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in 1998 with a CD-ROM drive but no floppy drive; this made USB-connected floppy drives popular accessories, as the iMac came without any writable removable media device.

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ANSI X3.137, One- and Two-Sided, Unformatted, 90-mm (3.5-inch) 5,3-tpmm (135-tpi), Flexible Disk Cartridge for 7958 bpr Use. General, Physical and Magnetic Requirements.

4525: 5173: 4151: 4078: 3526:). The highest capacity techniques require much tighter matching of drive head geometry between drives, something not always possible and unreliable. For example, the 2352:

Newer 5¼-inch drives and all 3½-inch drives automatically engage the spindle and heads when a disk is inserted, doing the opposite with the press of the eject button.

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is still used by software on user-interface elements related to saving files even though physical floppy disks are largely obsolete. Examples of such software include

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For a hard-sectored disk, there are many holes, one for each sector row, plus an additional hole in a half-sector position, that is used to indicate sector zero.

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While the original IBM 8-inch disk was actually so defined, the other sizes are defined in the metric system, their usual names being but rough approximations.

6637: 5809: 5490:, Kitagami, Osamu & Fujiwara, Hideo, "Production of perpendicular magnetic recording medium", published 1988-02-25, assigned to 5381: 4444:

Wozniak's technique would allow the drive to do self-synchronization ("soft sectoring"), not have to deal with that little timing hole, and save on hardware.

3484:(CAV) format, with the disk spinning at a constant speed and the sectors holding the same amount of information on each track regardless of radial location. 2385: 2171:, do not use the index hole, and the drives designed for such systems often lack the corresponding sensor; this was mainly a hardware cost-saving measure. 4952: 6073: 5779: 4241: 3507:

was introduced permitting 1.68 MB to fit onto an otherwise standard 3½-inch disk; utilities then appeared allowing disks to be formatted as such.

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many applications, and developed to about the same storage capacity as the original 8-inch size, using higher-density media and recording techniques.

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floppy disks are rare to non-existent. Some individuals and organizations continue to use older equipment to read or transfer data from floppy disks.

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The USB stick under the two boxes of about 80 floppy disks is capable of holding over 130 times as much data as the two boxes of disks put together.

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demagnetized with a bulk eraser, as the high-density format is magnetically stronger and will prevent the disk from working in lower-density modes.

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were its higher capacity, its smaller physical size, and its rigid case which provided better protection from dirt and other environmental risks.

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In 1976, Shugart Associates introduced the 5¼-inch FDD. By 1978, there were more than ten manufacturers producing such FDDs. There were competing

6960: 2600:); more expensive dual-head drives which could read both sides without turning over were later produced, and eventually became used universally. 2438:

Most 3½-inch drives used a constant speed drive motor and contain the same number of sectors across all tracks. This is sometimes referred to as

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released a report that covered the need to upgrade or replace legacy computer systems within federal agencies. According to this document, old

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Turns out the obsolete floppy is way more in demand than you'd think. ... I expect to be in this business for at least another four years.

3687:"Hyper drive" was an alternative name for 5¼-inch 80-track HD floppy drives with 1.2 MB capacity. The term was used, for example, by 2401:

number of positions needed to reach track zero, knowing that once this motion is complete, the head will be positioned over track zero.

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Front and rear of a retail 3½-inch and 5¼-inch floppy disk drive cleaning kit, as sold in Australia at retailer Big W, circa early 1990s

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the 1.2 MB (1,228,800 bytes) dual-sided 5¼-inch floppy disk, but it never became very popular. IBM started using the 720 KB

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treat the disk as one of higher or lower density, for bidirectional compatibility or economical reasons. Some computers, such as the

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drive supports a 32 MB capacity on standard 3½-inch HD disks, but this is a write-once technique, and requires its own drive.

742: 2328:(CRC) is written into the sector headers and at the end of the user data so that the disk controller can detect potential errors. 1897:

were touted as an alternative, because of the greater capacity, compatibility with existing CD-ROM drives, and—with the advent of

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Generally, the term floppy disk persisted, even though later style floppy disks have a rigid case around an internal floppy disk.

762: 6066: 5909: 5855:. Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA, Abacus Software (translated from the original 1983 German edition, Düsseldorf, Data Becker GmbH). 4079:"What Has Your Floppy Drive Done for You Lately? PC makers are still standing by floppy drives despite vanishing consumer demand" 3855: 2302:, which converts the streams of pulses from the media into data, checks it for errors, and sends it to the host computer system. 5035: 4282: 2728:

Other smaller floppy sizes were proposed, especially for portable or pocket-sized devices that needed a smaller storage device.

4787: 4688: 3731: 1636: 5315: 4582: 4015: 1840:-based floppy disk drives are still available, and many modern systems provide firmware support for booting from such drives. 6970: 6623: 6033: 4143: 1177: 5890: 5166: 4088: 4051: 3436: 2898: 2673:

1440 KiB = 1.41 MiB or 1.47 MB) disk drive, which would become the most popular, first shipped in 1986. The first

6604: 5933: 5652: 3984:"The Microfloppy—One Key to Portability", Thomas R. Jarrett, Computer Technology Review, winter 1983 (Jan 1984), pp. 245–7 2435:

The later 3½-inch drives of the mid-1980s did not use sector index holes, but instead also used synchronization patterns.

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The cost of a hard disk with a controller in the mid 1980s was thousands of dollars, for capacity of 80 MB or less.

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used for engineering, business, or word processing often used one or more 8-inch disk drives for removable storage; the

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In the case of a power failure or drive malfunction, a loaded disk can be removed manually by inserting a straightened

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A schematic representation of one sector of data on the disk; the tracks and sectors are not visible on actual disks.

2522:, as an industry standard for information interchange. Formatted diskette for this system store 242,944 bytes. Early 1827:

in the late 1990s, using very narrow data tracks and a high precision head guidance mechanism with a capacity of 120

1125: 1068: 388: 3917: 1797:. Before hard disks became affordable to the general population, floppy disks were often used to store a computer's 6980: 5813: 2007: 1700: 236: 5366: 3548: 1708: 6965: 5926: 5833:: A detailed essay describing one of the first commercial floppy disk drives (from the Apple II History website). 3823: 1952: 1947:, one of the leading personal computer vendors, announced that floppy drives would no longer be pre-installed on 1451: 1111: 1055: 5294:

The original 48 tpi drives were joined by 96tpi drives from Tandon, Micro Peripherals and Micropolis in 1980 ...

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disks formatted with 21 sectors instead of 18; they could still be recognized by a standard controller. On the

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A small notch on the side of the disk identifies whether it is writable, as detected by a mechanical switch or

1688:. The term "floppy disk" appeared in print as early as 1970, and although IBM announced its first media as the 1137: 806: 618: 214: 2188:

has a metal hub which mates to the spindle of the drive. Typical 3½-inch disk magnetic coating materials are:

6843: 6594: 4487: 3602: 2573: 2443: 1996: 1931: 1704: 1486: 1951:

home computers, although they were still available as a selectable option and purchasable as an aftermarket

1938:

By 2002, most manufacturers still provided floppy disk drives as standard equipment to meet user demand for

1820:

required a dozen disks or more. In 1996, there were an estimated five billion standard floppy disks in use.

6955: 6681: 6462: 6433: 4620: 3654: 2746:

Three-inch disks similar in construction to 3½-inch were manufactured and used for a time, particularly by

1750:; however, this format had limited market success due to lack of standards and movement to 1.44 MB drives. 837: 732: 633: 2596:

disks, as long as an index signal was not needed. This was done one side at a time, by turning them over (

6950: 6862: 6259: 6201: 3633: 3622: 2463: 2019: 794: 125: 5487: 6945: 6801: 6438: 5234: 4586: 3617: 1865: 1731: 1629: 1426: 1325: 1197: 827: 816: 157: 3969:

Porter, James (November 1992). 1992 Disk/Trend Report - Flexible Disk Drives (Report). p. DT14-3.

2405:

rattles of its DOS and ProDOS when disk errors occurred and track zero synchronization was attempted.

925: 6706: 6252: 4025: 3592: 3504: 3481: 3469: 2439: 2216:

paper, allowing write-protected high-density floppy disks to be clipped into international standard (

2126:

a large hole in the center to allow the magnetic medium to spin by rotating it from its middle hole.

688: 623: 518: 4283:"Boeing 747s still get critical updates via floppy disks: A rare look inside a 20-year-old airliner" 1955:

add-on. By January 2007, only 2% of computers sold in stores contained built-in floppy disk drives.

6985: 6888: 6569: 6482: 6455: 6426: 6189: 5380:, Information Systems Group, Quality & Reliability Control Center. July 1986. pp. 98–104. 3009: 2447: 2269: 1975: 1719: 1498: 1481: 970: 256: 5262: 4809: 1875:

In the mid-1990s, mechanically incompatible higher-density floppy disks were introduced, like the

6512: 6507: 6395: 6368: 3783: 3533:

The raw maximum transfer rate of 3½-inch ED floppy drives (2.88 MB) is nominally 1,000

2325: 1493: 1310: 1033: 438: 273: 251: 231: 184: 20: 4839: 4556: 124:, they have been superseded by data storage methods with much greater data storage capacity and 6925: 5537: 5413: 4359: 3597: 2413:

All 8-inch and some 5¼-inch drives used a mechanical method to locate sectors, known as either

2299: 2105: 2000: 1880: 1763:

many manufacturers, was then rapidly adopted. By 1988, the 3½-inch was outselling the 5¼-inch.

1366: 583: 453: 393: 5733: 5698: 5624: 5604: 715: 6791: 6786: 6759: 6402: 5713: 5678: 5509: 5335: 4493: 3827: 3649: 1903: 1735: 1712: 1685: 1622: 869: 787: 573: 378: 358: 348: 204: 169: 5135: 4711: 4255: 2628:

A polyester sheet reducing friction against the disk media as it rotates within the housing.

2179: 6796: 6711: 6390: 5991: 5979: 4993: 3607: 3510: 3455: 2723: 2494: 2134: 1565: 1433: 1212: 1172: 1095: 708: 613: 503: 398: 261: 241: 224: 219: 110: 5880: 3993: 3013: 2264: 2042:

fleet, up to its retirement in 2020, used 3½-inch floppy disks to load avionics software.

8: 6721: 6716: 6264: 4409: 4147: 3860: 3193: 1471: 1162: 1100: 1085: 952: 904: 757: 568: 266: 5896: 4997: 2747: 2547: 117: 6852: 6647: 5199:"Chronology of Events in the History of Microcomputers − 1981–1983 Business Takes Over" 5017: 3568: 3489: 2585: 2485: 2473: 2459: 2293:

Visualization of magnetic information on floppy disk (image recorded with CMOS-MagView)

2068: 1727: 1696: 1681: 1571: 1536: 1182: 608: 593: 538: 533: 523: 498: 423: 5906: 4360:"'Last man standing in the floppy disk business' reckons his company has 4 years left" 2505: 6412: 6276: 6174: 6086: 5856: 5841: 5721: 5686: 5648: 5612: 5583: 5547: 5422: 5377: 5108: 5104:

Programming the PET/CBM: The Reference Encyclopedia For Commodore PET & CBM Users

5039: 5009: 4644:

IBM 3740 Data Entry System System Summary and Installation Manual – Physical Planning

4497: 4029: 3954: 3831: 3443:

For 5¼- and 3½-inch capacities quoted are from subsystem or system vendor statements.

2760:

An incompatible two-inch floppy produced by Fujifilm called the LT-1 was used in the

2736: 2225: 1958:

Floppy disks are used for emergency boots in aging systems lacking support for other

1813: 1790: 1248: 1243: 1167: 1132: 986: 964: 863: 822: 725: 563: 288: 5021: 4779: 4680: 3723: 2324:

Each sector of data has a header that identifies the sector location on the disk. A

2183:

Rear side of a 3½-inch floppy disk in a transparent case, showing its internal parts

1991:

do not solve this problem because a customized operating system is used that has no

6726: 6661: 6247: 6138: 6039: 6003: 5949: 5001: 4931: 4590: 4310: 4037: 3696: 3499: 3265:

1,440 KB (512 bytes sectors, 18 sectors/track, 160 tracks); 1,760 KB on Amiga

3233:

diskette with 62,464 bytes per side (512 byte sectors, 8 sectors/track, 16 tracks,

2761: 2711: 2703: 2638: 2236: 1983: 1979: 1971: 1856: 1848: 1806: 1798: 1759: 1583: 1577: 1503: 1466: 1456: 1421: 1233: 1187: 1155: 930: 913: 598: 558: 318: 303: 199: 189: 141: 77: 6615: 5901: 5866:

Hewlett Packard: 9121D/S Disc Memory Operator's Manual; printed 1 September 1982;

4898:

Disk/Trend Report-Flexible Disk Drives, Disk/Trend Inc., November 1991, pp. SUM-27

3942:

IBM's 370/145 Uncovered; Interesting Curves Revealed, Datamation, November 1, 1970

2256: 2144:

Another LED/photo-transistor pair located near the center of the disk detects the

44: 6676: 6407: 6385: 6348: 6296: 6116: 6111: 6103: 5985: 5913: 4461: 4055: 3688: 3612: 3495: 2559: 2311: 2080: 2036: 1910: 1869: 1817: 1676:

and others. These disks and associated drives were produced and improved upon by

1476: 1303: 1290: 981: 976: 832: 699: 678: 653: 513: 433: 363: 333: 308: 194: 165: 129: 5639: 1785:

USB floppy drive, model 01946: an external drive that accepts high-density disks

6893: 6472: 6373: 6143: 6126: 6015: 5961: 5867: 5543: 5491: 3576: 3554: 2732: 2674: 2608: 2442:(CAV). In order to fit more data onto a disk, some 3½-inch drives (notably the 2356: 2206: 2155: 2039: 1988: 1948: 1723: 1595: 1513: 1356: 1013: 875: 811: 683: 668: 648: 643: 588: 553: 508: 458: 448: 443: 428: 323: 313: 246: 5885: 5005: 4570:

interchangeability for the two-sided, 5.25 in (130 mm) flexible disk cartridge

3488:

the amount of physical disk space used for storing each sector; an example is

2153:

from the center, for alignment with the same envelope hole. These were termed

6939: 6867: 6574: 6564: 6544: 6360: 6286: 6239: 6184: 6179: 6131: 6027: 5967: 5013: 4483: 4033: 4020: 2977: 2959: 2648: 2523: 2376:

machines had soft-eject 3½-inch disk drives as well for which some issues of

2244: 2213: 1992: 1789:

Floppy disks became commonplace during the 1980s and 1990s in their use with

1601: 1228: 1223: 1192: 947: 857: 673: 663: 658: 638: 473: 463: 343: 328: 145: 121: 6051: 5747: 4110: 2117:

A disk notcher punch, which could make read-only 5¼" floppies writable, and

1692:

in 1973, the industry continued to use the terms "floppy disk" or "floppy".

6909: 6817: 6450: 6338: 6321: 6316: 6094: 4984:

Sollman, George (July 1978). "Evolution of the Minifloppy Product Family".

4173: 3692: 3440:. Spare, hidden and otherwise reserved sectors are included in this number. 2754: 2481: 2476:

began to form, attempts were made at interchangeability. For example, the "

2054: 2011: 1926: 1861: 1812:

By the early 1990s, the increasing software size meant large packages like

1778: 1649: 1548: 1542: 1508: 1376: 1331: 1315: 1207: 1003: 998: 958: 920: 603: 578: 478: 413: 368: 353: 137: 82: 73: 36: 6691: 5838:

Inside Commodore DOS: The Complete Guide to the 1541 Disk Operating System

5198: 4431: 3753: 2364:

into a small hole at the drive's front panel, just as one would do with a

6549: 6517: 6420: 6380: 6343: 6153: 5973: 5918: 3921: 3641:

copy tool (retries on errors, over-formatted floppies), DOS, discontinued

3627: 3230: 2776:

Floppy disk size is often referred to in inches, even in countries using

2699: 2597: 2381: 2318: 2281: 2221: 2162: 2138: 2118: 2076: 1809:(ROM), with the option of loading a more advanced OS from a floppy disk. 1747: 1739: 1559: 993: 528: 468: 373: 133: 120:. While floppy disk drives still have some limited uses, especially with 4935: 4922:

Engh, James T. (September 1981). "The IBM Diskette and Diskette Drive".

4242:"Japan declares victory in effort to end government use of floppy disks" 2130:

one-part sheet, double-folded with flaps glued or spot-welded together.

6872: 6856: 6848: 6281: 6211: 6206: 6196: 3587: 3050:

1,196 KB (512 byte sectors, 11-19 variable sectors / track, 80 tracks)

2477: 2361: 2332: 2193: 2072: 2064: 2029: 2025: 1939: 1832: 1202: 1028: 782: 548: 543: 418: 283: 209: 2530:

operating system was developed for microcomputers with 8-inch drives.

28: 6833: 6559: 6554: 6538: 6467: 6306: 6158: 6121: 5514: 5340: 5320: 5072:. Vol. 2, no. 1. Montgomeryville, Pennsylvania. p. 2. 4869: 4716: 4287: 3659: 3582: 3465: 3431:

Formatted storage capacity is total size of all sectors on the disk:

3338: 3320: 3302: 3234: 3224:

2½-inch Sharp CE-1600F, CE-140F (chassis: FDU-250, medium: CE-1650F)

3036:

612 KB (512 byte sectors, 11-19 variable sectors / track, 80 tracks)

2490: 2232: 2168: 1959: 1934:, same size as a 3½-inch drive, provides a USB interface to the user. 1876: 1824: 1589: 1554: 1391: 1320: 1218: 1089: 1080: 777: 720: 488: 408: 5576:

Hardware-Praxis – PCs warten reparieren, aufrüsten und konfigurieren

4753: 4386:"We Spoke With the Last Person Standing in the Floppy Disk Business" 3123:

720 KB (800 KB on Macintosh and RISC OS, 880 KB on Amiga)

6753: 6497: 6148: 6083: 6009: 4115: 4083: 3700: 3638: 3562: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3480:

and most other microcomputer platforms, disks were written using a

2786: 2782: 2515: 2373: 2113: 1967: 1915: 1828: 1801:(OS). Most home computers from that time have an elementary OS and 1743: 1699:, with hard- and soft-sector versions and encoding schemes such as 1667:

3½-inch, high-density floppy diskettes with adhesive labels affixed

1518: 1461: 1396: 1351: 1336: 1106: 1075: 1048: 1023: 881: 767: 493: 403: 298: 293: 94: 5308: 2757:

was introduced by Sony for use with its Mavica still video camera.

6331: 6269: 6223: 4684: 3644: 3534: 2683: 2679: 2217: 2084: 1888: 1782: 1673: 1416: 1406: 1401: 1361: 1263: 1258: 1238: 1043: 1018: 1008: 799: 2622:

A shutter that protects the surface when removed from the drive.

2518:

that began the establishment of floppy disks, called by IBM the

6774: 6748: 6445: 6218: 5140: 4211:"US nuclear emergency messaging system still uses floppy disks" 3527: 3473: 2369: 2365: 2199: 2150: 1794: 1730:

laptop computer in 1986 and the 1.44 MB (1,474,560 bytes)

1411: 1371: 1253: 1142: 940: 483: 85:

which can be read and written when the disk is inserted into a

3498:

is usually done by a utility program supplied by the computer

2119:

convert certain single-sided 5¼-inch diskettes to double-sided

1663: 6769: 6764: 3630:– popular mainly for 8-inch drives, and partially for 5¼-inch 2740: 2572:

The head gap of an 80‑track high-density (1.2 MB in the

2109:

The inside of a destructively disassembled 8-inch floppy disk

1898: 1831:

and backward-compatibility with standard 3½-inch floppies; a

1802: 1346: 1283: 1278: 1273: 935: 892: 886: 772: 752: 737: 5840:. Datamost & Reston Publishing Company (Prentice-Hall). 4183:. United States Government Accountability Office. May 2016. 3468:

applications were often distributed on 3½-inch 1.68 MB

1860:

A collection of removable data storage media: Floppy disks,

6914: 6522: 6416: 3356: 3025:

Game publishers privately contracted 3rd party custom DOS.

2707: 2669: 2527: 1963: 1944: 1894: 1823:

An attempt to enhance the existing 3½-inch designs was the

1755: 1341: 628: 278: 2936:

113.75 KB (256 byte sectors, 13 sectors/track, 35 tracks)

6732: 6502: 6326: 4311:"Notice of Termination of Sales of 3.5-inch Floppy Disks" 3477: 2377: 1837: 1677: 1381: 1268: 1038: 106: 101: 5510:"Vendor Introduces Ultra High-Density Floppy Disk Media" 4460:[Floppy disk drives] (in German). Archived from 3022:

157.5 KB (768 byte sectors, 6 sectors/track, 35 tracks)

1978:). Industrial automation equipment such as programmable 5886:

Computer Hope: Information about computer floppy drives

5716:. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. – via Google Books. 5607:. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. – via Google Books. 5502: 5464:. No. 70. COMPUTE! Publications, Inc. p. 18. 4722:

Shugart is one of the major subscribers to the 3⁄

4410:"Floppy Disk / Diskettes // Retrocmp / Retro computing" 4174:"Federal Agencies Need to Address Aging Legacy Systems" 3078:

127 KB (128 byte sectors, 26 sectors/track, 40 tracks)

3064:

280 KB (256 byte sectors, 16 sectors/track, 70 tracks)

3000:

140 KB (256 byte sectors, 16 sectors/track, 35 tracks)

2777: 2735:

otherwise similar to 5¼-inch floppies were proposed by

2690:

corner that identifies them as being of that capacity.

109:

floppy disk drive. USB drives for 5¼-inch, 8-inch, and

4384:

Hilkmann, Niek; Walskaar, Thomas (12 September 2022).

4004:

1991 Disk/Trend Report, Flexible Disk Drives, Figure 2

2950:

90 KB (128 byte sectors, 18 sectors/track, 40 tracks)

1843: 5539:

Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 15th Anniversary Edition

5451: 5449: 5447: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5336:"Viability of 2-Inch Media Standard for PCs in Doubt" 2796:

In quantities of bits (b) or bytes (B) the prefixes:

5902:

The Floppy User Guide -historical technical material

5893:(mention of ANSI X3.162 and X3.171 floppy standards) 5415:

Sharp Service Manual Model CE-140F Pocket Disk Drive

5408: 5406: 5404: 5402: 3544: 2372:

has soft-eject 5¼-inch drives. Some late-generation

6645: 5328: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4741:. Disk/Trend, Inc. November 1986. p. FSPEC-59. 2565:

Uncovered 5¼‑inch disk mechanism with disk inserted

5897:Floppy disk drives and media technical information 5631: 5444: 5352: 4054:. LinuxCommand.org. 4 January 2006. Archived from 3776: 2771: 2768:None of these sizes achieved much market success. 1793:to distribute software, transfer data, and create 5851:Englisch, Lothar; Szczepanowski, Norbert (1984). 5399: 4519:"Oral History Panel on 8 inch Floppy Disk Drives" 3888:"1971: Floppy disk loads mainframe computer data" 2058:Screenshot depicting a floppy disk as "save" icon 2003:to a USB port that can be used for flash drives. 40:8-inch, 5¼-inch (full height), and 3½-inch drives 6937: 5486: 4910: 4383: 4202: 2285:How the read-write head is applied on the floppy 5907:Summary of Floppy Disk Types and Specifications 3856:"PC World Announces the End of the Floppy Disk" 2682:(800 KB for DD, 1,600 KB for HD) and 5603:Inc, InfoWorld Media Group (14 October 1991). 4455: 3437:List of floppy disk formats#IBM 8-inch formats 2167:operating systems using soft sectors, such as 48:A 3½-inch floppy disk removed from its housing 6631: 6600:History of computing hardware (1960s–present) 6081: 6067: 5934: 5290:1982 Disk/Trend Report – Flexible Disk Drives 4947: 4945: 4739:1986 Disk/Trend Report – Flexible Disk Drives 4681:"The IBM Diskette General Information Manual" 4334:"Sony Announces the Death of the Floppy Disk" 3681: 2908:962–1,184 KB depending upon sector size 2121:, by adding cutouts drives expected to sense. 2071:for saving data. As of 2022, the floppy disk 1630: 100:The first floppy disks, invented and made by 19:"Floppy" redirects here. For other uses, see 5836:Immers, Richard; Neufeld, Gerald G. (1984). 5712:Inc, InfoWorld Media Group (19 March 1990). 5681:. Ziff Davis, Inc. – via Google Books. 5305:1986 Disk/Trend Report, Flexible Disk Drives 4007: 3918:"Five decades of disk drive industry firsts" 2686:(880 KB for DD, 1,760 KB for HD). 1921: 3813: 3811: 3809: 2793:Historical sequence of floppy disk formats 2616:A hole that indicates a high-capacity disk. 2100: 1754:at 2-, 2½-, 3-, 3¼-, 3½- and 4-inches (and 6638: 6624: 6074: 6060: 5948: 5941: 5927: 5881:HowStuffWorks: How Floppy Disk Drives Work 5531: 5529: 5257: 5255: 5228:"Three-inch floppy disk product announced" 5191: 5096: 5094: 4942: 4810:"Formatting 720K Disks on a 1.44MB Floppy" 4379: 4377: 4141: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3849: 3847: 3044:5¼-inch Victor 9000 / ACT Sirius 1 (DSDD) 3030:5¼-inch Victor 9000 / ACT Sirius 1 (SSDD) 2619:The hub that engages with the drive motor. 2046:expected to continue until at least 2026. 1637: 1623: 76:composed of a thin and flexible disk of a 5812:. Mt. San Antonio College. Archived from 4016:"Iomega's Zip drives need a bit more zip" 4013: 3952:Watson (24 May 2010). "The Floppy Disk". 2612:Internal parts of a 3½-inch floppy disk. 2339: 32:8-inch, 5¼-inch, and 3½-inch floppy disks 5222: 5220: 5063:"New Commodore Products: A Quick Review" 4449: 4357: 4208: 3853: 3806: 3672: 3454: 3293:2,880 KB (3,200 KB on Sinclair QL) 2647: 2607: 2504: 2288: 2280: 2263: 2255: 2178: 2112: 2104: 2053: 1925: 1855: 1847: 1777: 1662: 1648: 43: 35: 27: 5573: 5535: 5526: 5455: 5252: 5167:"Victor 9000 Hardware Reference Manual" 5161: 5159: 5091: 4983: 4924:IBM Journal of Research and Development 4374: 4144:"Floppy disks ejected as demand slumps" 3973: 3958:. Vol. 83, no. 8. p. 17. 3844: 3724:"Floppy Disk: History & Definition" 3268:1.44 MB (2.0 MB unformatted) 2493:. Alongside the common disk sizes were 2444:Macintosh External 400K and 800K drives 6961:Computer-related introductions in 1971 6938: 5641:Intel 82077SL for Super-Dense Floppies 5287: 4619:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 4516: 4482: 4331: 4280: 4256:"How to use Floppy Disk on Windows 10" 4076: 3968: 3951: 3822:(1st ed.). Reston, Virginia, US: 2603: 2537: 140:, and storage available through local 6619: 6055: 5922: 5677:Inc, Ziff Davis (10 September 1991). 5651:, IMD Marketing. AP-358, 292093-002. 5217: 5060: 5038:. Swtpc. 25 June 2007. Archived from 4657:from the original on 15 February 2017 4262:from the original on 17 November 2018 4239: 4142:Derbyshire, David (30 January 2007). 4123:from the original on 16 February 2009 3854:Fletcher, Richard (30 January 2007). 2753:A two-inch nominal size known as the 2500: 2391: 2260:The spindle motor from a 3½‑inch unit 1680:and other companies such as Memorex, 1178:Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus 6976:Rotating disc computer storage media 6605:List of pioneers in computer science 5790:from the original on 5 December 2013 5760:from the original on 27 January 2012 5637: 5316:"Revisiting the Famicom Disk System" 5205:from the original on 7 December 2008 5179:from the original on 29 January 2022 5156: 5100: 4921: 4850:from the original on 13 January 2018 4709: 4691:from the original on 28 October 2014 3898:from the original on 8 December 2015 3817: 2930:5¼-inch Apple Disk II (Pre-DOS 3.3) 1970:programs can still be executed from 1742:models and in the second-generation 122:legacy industrial computer equipment 5711: 5676: 5602: 5101:West, Raeto Collin (January 1982). 4880:from the original on 4 January 2018 4790:from the original on 1 October 2011 4712:"Shrinking drives increase storage" 4358:Robinson, Dan (20 September 2022). 4135: 3868:from the original on 2 January 2012 3820:The Designer's Guide to Disk Drives 3794:from the original on 3 January 2017 3754:"IBM History – Floppy disk storage" 1844:Gradual transition to other formats 13: 5853:The Anatomy of the 1541 Disk Drive 5823: 5432:from the original on 11 March 2017 5387:from the original on 23 March 2017 4840:"Sony / Canon 2 Inch Video Floppy" 4665:– via Stuttgart University. 4181:Report to Congressional Requesters 4166: 4014:Reinhardt, Andy (12 August 1996). 3109:360 KB (400 KB on Macintosh) 2882:5¼-inch (35 track) Shugart SA 400 2714:, ignored these holes altogether. 2408: 2368:drive in a similar situation. The 339:Data validation and reconciliation 14: 6997: 5874: 5658:from the original on 19 June 2017 5647:(Application Note) (2 ed.). 5580:Addison-Wesley Publishing Company 5079:from the original on 11 June 2016 4820:from the original on 23 July 2011 4430:. 2 December 2008. Archived from 4332:SORREL, CHARLIE (26 April 2010). 3764:from the original on 16 June 2024 3734:from the original on 16 June 2024 2631:The magnetic coated plastic disk. 1718:In 1984, IBM introduced with its 389:Distributed file system for cloud 6690: 5468:from the original on 1 July 2018 5263:"6. Using floppy and hard discs" 4953:"Memorex 650 Flexible Disc File" 4760:from the original on 24 May 2006 4221:from the original on 29 May 2016 4190:from the original on 2 June 2016 4154:from the original on 22 May 2011 3561: 3547: 3155: 2994:5¼-inch Apple Disk II (DOS 3.3) 2558: 2553:5¼-inch floppies, front and back 2546: 2008:Government Accountability Office 1726:3½-inch microfloppy disk on its 1701:differential Manchester encoding 237:Areal density (computer storage) 5810:"Properties of Storage Systems" 5802: 5772: 5748:"Chapter 8: Floppy Disk Drives" 5740: 5705: 5670: 5596: 5567: 5480: 5299: 5288:Porter, James (December 1982). 5281: 5128: 5107:. COMPUTE! Books. p. 167. 5054: 5028: 4977: 4901: 4892: 4862: 4832: 4802: 4772: 4746: 4743:Reports Sony shipped in 1Q 1986 4731: 4703: 4673: 4635: 4605: 4575: 4543: 4510: 4476: 4416: 4402: 4351: 4325: 4303: 4274: 4248: 4233: 4209:Trujillo, Mario (25 May 2016). 4103: 4070: 4044: 3998: 3987: 3962: 3784:"Floppy Disks - CHM Revolution" 2772:Sizes, performance and capacity 2174: 2006:In May 2016, the United States 1056:Programmable metallization cell 6672:Common Language Infrastructure 5292:. Disk/Trend. p. DT13-3. 4986:IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 4456:(M)Tronics SCS (20 May 2007). 4281:Warren, Tom (11 August 2020). 3945: 3936: 3910: 3880: 3746: 3716: 2750:computers and word processors. 2717: 2641:tab (unlabeled) in upper left. 2576:format) 5¼‑inch drive (a.k.a. 1997:Hardware floppy disk emulators 619:Persistence (computer science) 1: 6595:History of computing hardware 5456:Bateman, Selby (March 1986). 4489:The Design of Everyday Things 3710: 3603:Floppy disk hardware emulator 3148: 2820:8-inch: IBM 23FD (read-only) 2305: 1966:updates, since most BIOS and 1773: 1705:modified frequency modulation 1487:Electronic quantum holography 16:Removable disk storage medium 6971:Floppy disk computer storage 6463:Network interface controller 5578:(in German) (3rd ed.). 5458:"The Future of Mass Storage" 5374:Sharp PC-1600 Service Manual 4555:, ANSI, 1994, archived from 4458:"Floppy-Disketten-Laufwerke" 4240:Swift, Rocky (3 July 2024). 4077:Spring, Tom (24 July 2002). 3655:X10 accelerated floppy drive 3413:= High capacity Floppy Disk; 2276: 2095: 838:Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM) 634:Non-RAID drive architectures 7: 6260:Refreshable braille display 6202:Refreshable braille display 5522:(45): 19. 10 November 1986. 4720:. pp. 1, 7, 8, 9, 11. 4524:. p. 4. Archived from 3623:List of floppy disk formats 3540: 3103:3½-inch SS DD (at release) 2812:Formatted storage capacity 2652:A 3½-inch floppy disk drive 2464:List of floppy disk formats 93:) connected to or inside a 60:(casually referred to as a 10: 7002: 6802:Holographic Versatile Disc 5036:"Shugart SA 400 Datasheet" 4710:Shea, Tom (13 June 1983). 4587:Louisiana State University 3618:History of the floppy disk 3196:(derived from Quick Disk) 3178:3-inch Mitsumi Quick Disk 2829:not marketed commercially 2721: 2457: 2309: 2241:human–computer interaction 1659:in front, shown for scale) 1427:Holographic Versatile Disc 1326:Compact Disc Digital Audio 1198:Magnetic-tape data storage 817:Content-addressable memory 158:History of the floppy disk 155: 151: 18: 6923: 6902: 6881: 6826: 6810: 6741: 6707:Advanced Intelligent Tape 6699: 6688: 6654: 6587: 6531: 6490: 6481: 6359: 6295: 6238: 6167: 6102: 6093: 5957: 5912:17 September 2018 at the 5829:Weyhrich, Steven (2005). 5376:. Yamatokoriyama, Japan: 5136:"cbmsrc / DOS_4040 / dos" 5006:10.1109/TMAG.1978.1059748 4517:Porter, Jim, ed. (2005). 4026:The McGraw-Hill Companies 3482:constant angular velocity 3430: 3371: 2497:for specialized systems. 2440:Constant Angular Velocity 2090: 2049: 2014:minicomputers running on 1999:can be made to interface 1922:Usage in the 21st century 1657:(3½-inch floppy diskette, 624:Persistent data structure 519:Digital rights management 5780:"The Original Macintosh" 5638:Shah, Katen A. (1996) . 4874:Museum of Obsolete Media 4870:"2 inch lt1 floppy disk" 4844:Museum of Obsolete Media 4780:"A question of floppies" 4650:. IBM. 1974. p. 2. 3818:Teja, Edward R. (1985). 3665: 3579:for 3½-inch floppy drive 2877:6.2 megabit unformatted 2860:3.1 megabit unformatted 2798:k = 1,000 and K = 1,024 2453: 2448:Constant Linear Velocity 2432:the data in each track. 2101:8-inch and 5¼-inch disks 2015: 1932:floppy hardware emulator 1499:DNA digital data storage 1482:Holographic data storage 971:Solid-state hybrid drive 257:Network-attached storage 6981:20th-century inventions 6369:Central processing unit 5868:part number 09121-90000 5574:Mueller, Scott (1994). 5536:Mueller, Scott (2004). 5348:(31): 21. 31 July 1989. 3892:Computer History Museum 3788:www.computerhistory.org 3728:Encyclopedia Britannica 3240:2× 64 KB (128 KB) 3008:5¼-inch Apple Disk II ( 2944:5¼-inch Atari DOS 2.0S 2867:IBM 43FD / Shugart 850 2850:IBM 33FD / Shugart 901 2843:1.5 megabit full track 2384:and higher) offered an 2326:cyclic redundancy check 2192:DD: 2 μm magnetic 2001:floppy-disk controllers 1494:5D optical data storage 1311:3D optical data storage 1034:Universal Flash Storage 439:Replication (computing) 384:Distributed file system 274:Single-instance storage 252:Direct-attached storage 232:Continuous availability 21:Floppy (disambiguation) 6966:Computer storage media 6926:List of Ecma standards 6655:Application interfaces 5267:RISC OS 3.7 User Guide 3598:Floppy disk controller 3593:Don't Copy That Floppy 3460: 3245:5¼-inch Perpendicular 2800:M has varying amounts. 2653: 2645: 2516:3740 data entry system 2510: 2340:Insertion and ejection 2300:floppy disk controller 2294: 2286: 2273: 2261: 2254: 2184: 2122: 2110: 2059: 1935: 1872: 1853: 1786: 1668: 1660: 1367:Nintendo optical discs 584:Storage virtualization 454:Information repository 394:Distributed data store 49: 41: 33: 6882:Radio link interfaces 6827:Programming languages 6792:Ultra Density Optical 4486:(1990). "Chapter 1". 3650:Write precompensation 3458: 3401:= Extra-high Density; 2651: 2611: 2508: 2292: 2284: 2267: 2259: 2249: 2182: 2116: 2108: 2057: 1972:bootable floppy disks 1929: 1904:magneto-optical discs 1887:Apple introduced the 1859: 1851: 1781: 1736:IBM Personal System/2 1713:group coded recording 1686:Burroughs Corporation 1666: 1652: 870:Mellon optical memory 858:Williams–Kilburn tube 574:Locality of reference 379:Clustered file system 205:Memory access pattern 170:computer data storage 47: 39: 31: 6797:Universal Media Disc 5061:Beals, Gene (n.d.). 4111:"R.I.P. Floppy Disk" 3699:in conjunction with 3608:Floppy disk variants 3279:1,600 KB on RISC OS 3145:5¼-inch RX50 (SSQD) 3097:500 KB (DS/DD) 3072:5¼-inch Atari DOS 3 2834:8-inch: Memorex 650 2724:Floppy disk variants 2625:The plastic housing. 2480:" included from the 2135:photoelectric sensor 1566:Magnetic-core memory 1213:Digital Data Storage 1173:Quadruplex videotape 614:In-memory processing 504:Information transfer 399:Distributed database 262:Storage area network 242:Block (data storage) 6956:American inventions 6742:File systems (disk) 6700:File systems (tape) 5816:on 7 December 2013. 4998:1978ITM....14..160S 4936:10.1147/rd.255.0701 4623:on 25 December 2017 4559:on 28 February 2022 4434:on 19 February 2018 4148:The Daily Telegraph 4091:on 24 December 2011 3861:The Daily Telegraph 3194:Famicom Disk System 3184:128 to 256 KB 2922:360 or 800 KB 2802: 2604:3½-inch floppy disk 2538:5¼-inch floppy disk 2495:non-classical sizes 2272:from a 3½‑inch unit 2016:8-inch floppy disks 1881:backward-compatible 1697:floppy disk formats 1653:8-inch floppy disk, 1163:Phonograph cylinder 1101:Electrochemical RAM 953:Solid-state storage 569:Memory segmentation 267:Block-level storage 126:data transfer speed 118:skeuomorphic design 6951:1971 in technology 6648:Ecma International 5732:has generic name ( 5697:has generic name ( 5623:has generic name ( 4593:on 18 October 2014 3569:Electronics portal 3490:zone bit recording 3461: 2815:Marketed capacity 2792: 2764:portable computer. 2654: 2646: 2511: 2509:8-inch floppy disk 2501:8-inch floppy disk 2486:Power Macintosh G3 2474:computer platforms 2460:Floppy disk format 2392:Finding track zero 2295: 2287: 2274: 2262: 2226:IBM PC compatibles 2185: 2123: 2111: 2069:interface metaphor 2060: 2020:used to coordinate 1936: 1873: 1854: 1791:personal computers 1787: 1682:Shugart Associates 1669: 1661: 1655:inserted in drive, 1572:Plated-wire memory 1537:Paper data storage 1183:Magnetic recording 609:In-memory database 594:Memory-mapped file 539:Volume boot record 534:Master boot record 524:Volume (computing) 499:Data communication 424:Data deduplication 50: 42: 34: 6946:1971 in computing 6933: 6932: 6613: 6612: 6583: 6582: 6513:Analog audio jack 6234: 6233: 6049: 6048: 5649:Intel Corporation 5425:. 00ZCE140F/SME. 5423:Sharp Corporation 5378:Sharp Corporation 5269:. 21 January 1997 5144:. 5 February 1980 3955:Canadian Business 3730:. 12 March 2009. 3453: 3452: 3383:= Double Density; 3377:= Single Density; 3010:Roland Gustafsson 2801: 2704:operating systems 2231:One of the chief 2202:-doped iron oxide 1995:for USB devices. 1984:industrial robots 1976:lighting consoles 1734:version with the 1647: 1646: 1244:8 mm video format 1168:Phonograph record 987:Flash Core Module 965:Solid-state drive 864:Delay-line memory 823:Computational RAM 726:Scratchpad memory 564:Disk partitioning 289:Unstructured data 215:Secondary storage 142:computer networks 97:or other device. 87:floppy disk drive 6993: 6928:(1961 – present) 6727:Linear Tape-Open 6694: 6662:ANSI escape code 6640: 6633: 6626: 6617: 6616: 6488: 6487: 6139:Optical trackpad 6104:Pointing devices 6100: 6099: 6076: 6069: 6062: 6053: 6052: 5950:Magnetic storage 5943: 5936: 5929: 5920: 5919: 5818: 5817: 5806: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5759: 5752: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5731: 5727: 5725: 5717: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5696: 5692: 5690: 5682: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5657: 5646: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5622: 5618: 5616: 5608: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5546:. p. 1380. 5533: 5524: 5523: 5506: 5500: 5499: 5498: 5494: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5453: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5431: 5420: 5410: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5386: 5371: 5367:"Model CE-1600F" 5363: 5350: 5349: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5312: 5306: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5259: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5240:on 8 August 2012 5239: 5233:. Archived from 5232: 5224: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5178: 5171: 5163: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5098: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5078: 5067: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5032: 5026: 5025: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4964: 4958:. Archived from 4957: 4949: 4940: 4939: 4919: 4908: 4905: 4899: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4876:. 22 July 2017. 4866: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4754:"Managing Disks" 4750: 4744: 4742: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4664: 4662: 4656: 4649: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4589:. Archived from 4579: 4573: 4572: 4566: 4564: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4530: 4523: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4492:. New York, US: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4439: 4428:Apple II History 4420: 4414: 4413: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4394: 4392: 4381: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4258:. 9 March 2016. 4252: 4246: 4245: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4189: 4178: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4119:. 1 April 2003. 4107: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4087:. Archived from 4074: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4036:. Archived from 4011: 4005: 4002: 3996: 3991: 3985: 3982: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3949: 3943: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3920:. Archived from 3914: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3851: 3842: 3841: 3815: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3720: 3704: 3697:Digital Research 3685: 3679: 3676: 3571: 3566: 3565: 3557: 3552: 3551: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3367:150/200 MB 3347:240,750 KB 3329:120,375 KB 3251:100 KB per inch 3153: 3150: 3095:125 KB (SS/SD), 2809:Year introduced 2803: 2794: 2791: 2762:Zenith Minisport 2733:3¼-inch floppies 2712:Acorn Archimedes 2639:write protection 2562: 2550: 2331:Some errors are 2237:magnetic storage 2198:HD: 1.2 μm 1911:USB thumb drives 1899:re-writeable CDs 1866:tape-based media 1807:read-only memory 1799:operating system 1760:write protection 1639: 1632: 1625: 1584:Thin-film memory 1578:Core rope memory 1504:Universal memory 1467:Millipede memory 1457:Racetrack memory 1422:Ultra HD Blu-ray 1234:Linear Tape-Open 1188:Magnetic storage 1156:Analog recording 599:Software entropy 559:Disk aggregation 319:Data degradation 304:Data compression 200:Memory hierarchy 190:Memory coherence 162: 161: 130:USB flash drives 78:magnetic storage 7001: 7000: 6996: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6991: 6990: 6986:Legacy hardware 6936: 6935: 6934: 6929: 6919: 6898: 6877: 6822: 6806: 6737: 6695: 6686: 6677:Office Open XML 6650: 6644: 6614: 6609: 6579: 6527: 6477: 6355: 6349:USB flash drive 6298: 6291: 6230: 6163: 6117:Game controller 6112:Graphics tablet 6089: 6080: 6050: 6045: 5953: 5947: 5914:Wayback Machine 5877: 5826: 5824:Further reading 5821: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5793: 5791: 5778: 5777: 5773: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5750: 5746: 5745: 5741: 5729: 5728: 5719: 5718: 5710: 5706: 5694: 5693: 5684: 5683: 5675: 5671: 5661: 5659: 5655: 5644: 5636: 5632: 5620: 5619: 5610: 5609: 5601: 5597: 5590: 5582:. p. 441. 5572: 5568: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5534: 5527: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5496: 5485: 5481: 5471: 5469: 5454: 5445: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5400: 5390: 5388: 5384: 5369: 5365: 5364: 5353: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5324:. 27 July 2019. 5314: 5313: 5309: 5304: 5300: 5286: 5282: 5272: 5270: 5261: 5260: 5253: 5243: 5241: 5237: 5230: 5226: 5225: 5218: 5208: 5206: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5157: 5147: 5145: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5099: 5092: 5082: 5080: 5076: 5065: 5059: 5055: 5045: 5043: 5034: 5033: 5029: 4982: 4978: 4968: 4966: 4965:on 25 July 2011 4962: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4943: 4920: 4911: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4893: 4883: 4881: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4853: 4851: 4838: 4837: 4833: 4823: 4821: 4808: 4807: 4803: 4793: 4791: 4778: 4777: 4773: 4763: 4761: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4737: 4736: 4732: 4725: 4708: 4704: 4694: 4692: 4679: 4678: 4674: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4626: 4624: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4596: 4594: 4581: 4580: 4576: 4562: 4560: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4521: 4515: 4511: 4504: 4481: 4477: 4467: 4465: 4464:on 19 June 2017 4454: 4450: 4437: 4435: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4408: 4407: 4403: 4390: 4388: 4382: 4375: 4365: 4363: 4356: 4352: 4342: 4340: 4330: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4313:. 23 April 2010 4309: 4308: 4304: 4294: 4292: 4279: 4275: 4265: 4263: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4238: 4234: 4224: 4222: 4207: 4203: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4176: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4157: 4155: 4140: 4136: 4126: 4124: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4094: 4092: 4075: 4071: 4061: 4059: 4058:on 27 July 2011 4050: 4049: 4045: 4040:on 6 July 2008. 4024:. No. 33. 4012: 4008: 4003: 3999: 3994:Picture of disk 3992: 3988: 3983: 3974: 3967: 3963: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3927: 3925: 3924:on 26 July 2011 3916: 3915: 3911: 3901: 3899: 3886: 3885: 3881: 3871: 3869: 3852: 3845: 3838: 3816: 3807: 3797: 3795: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3760:. 16 May 2024. 3752: 3751: 3747: 3737: 3735: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3707: 3689:Philips Austria 3686: 3682: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3613:Hard disk drive 3567: 3560: 3553: 3546: 3543: 3496:Disk formatting 3434:For 8-inch see 3421: 3419:= Single Sided; 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3395:= High Density; 3391: 3389:= Quad Density; 3385: 3379: 3373: 3372:Abbreviations: 3151: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2774: 2726: 2720: 2668:, similar to a 2644: 2606: 2570: 2569: 2568: 2567: 2566: 2563: 2555: 2554: 2551: 2540: 2503: 2466: 2458:Main articles: 2456: 2411: 2409:Finding sectors 2394: 2342: 2314: 2312:Disk formatting 2308: 2279: 2270:read-write head 2177: 2151:radial distance 2103: 2098: 2093: 2081:Microsoft Paint 2052: 2037:British Airways 1924: 1877:Iomega Zip disk 1846: 1818:Adobe Photoshop 1776: 1690:Type 1 Diskette 1658: 1656: 1654: 1643: 1614: 1613: 1532: 1524: 1523: 1477:Patterned media 1447: 1439: 1438: 1306: 1296: 1295: 1291:Hard disk drive 1158: 1148: 1147: 1128: 1117: 1116: 1071: 1061: 1060: 982:IBM FlashSystem 977:USB flash drive 916: 899: 898: 853: 845: 844: 833:Dual-ported RAM 711: 694: 693: 654:Cloud computing 514:Copy protection 434:Data redundancy 364:Shared resource 334:Data validation 309:Data corruption 284:Structured data 195:Cache coherence 180: 166:Computer memory 160: 154: 72:) is a type of 58:floppy diskette 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6999: 6989: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6931: 6930: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6917: 6912: 6906: 6904: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6896: 6891: 6885: 6883: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6830: 6828: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6820: 6814: 6812: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6757: 6754:CD File System 6751: 6745: 6743: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6735: 6730: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6703: 6701: 6697: 6696: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6658: 6656: 6652: 6651: 6643: 6642: 6635: 6628: 6620: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6591: 6589: 6585: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6494: 6492: 6485: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6475: 6473:Expansion card 6470: 6465: 6460: 6459: 6458: 6453: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6424: 6410: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6393: 6383: 6378: 6377: 6376: 6374:Microprocessor 6365: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6346: 6336: 6335: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6314: 6309: 6303: 6301: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6262: 6257: 6256: 6255: 6244: 6242: 6240:Output devices 6236: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6227: 6226: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6193: 6192: 6182: 6177: 6171: 6169: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6144:Pointing stick 6141: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6108: 6106: 6097: 6091: 6090: 6079: 6078: 6071: 6064: 6056: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6043: 6037: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6013: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5971: 5965: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5946: 5945: 5938: 5931: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5888: 5883: 5876: 5875:External links 5873: 5872: 5871: 5864: 5849: 5834: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5819: 5801: 5771: 5739: 5704: 5669: 5630: 5595: 5588: 5566: 5552: 5544:Que Publishing 5525: 5501: 5492:Hitachi Maxell 5479: 5443: 5398: 5351: 5327: 5307: 5298: 5280: 5251: 5216: 5190: 5155: 5127: 5113: 5090: 5070:PET User Notes 5053: 5042:on 27 May 2014 5027: 4976: 4941: 4930:(5): 701–710. 4909: 4900: 4891: 4861: 4846:. 2 May 2013. 4831: 4801: 4771: 4745: 4730: 4723: 4702: 4672: 4634: 4604: 4574: 4542: 4531:on 13 May 2015 4509: 4502: 4484:Norman, Donald 4475: 4448: 4415: 4401: 4373: 4362:. The Register 4350: 4324: 4302: 4273: 4247: 4232: 4201: 4165: 4134: 4102: 4069: 4043: 4006: 3997: 3986: 3972: 3961: 3944: 3935: 3909: 3879: 3843: 3836: 3805: 3775: 3745: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3705: 3680: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3636: 3631: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3577:Berg connector 3573: 3572: 3558: 3555:Physics portal 3542: 3539: 3451: 3450: 3445: 3444: 3441: 3428: 3427: 3425:= Double Sided 3407:= Laser Servo; 3369: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3352: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3334: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3316: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3298: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3284: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3270: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3256: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3242: 3241: 3238: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3189: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3117:3½-inch DS DD 3114: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3058:3½-inch HP SS 3055: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3041: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3027: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3005: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2973: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2955: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2913: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2901:/ Shugart 850 2893: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2879: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2865:8-inch: DS SD 2862: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2848:8-inch: SS SD 2845: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2831: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2817: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2765: 2758: 2751: 2744: 2722:Main article: 2719: 2716: 2658:Micro diskette 2643: 2642: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2602: 2564: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2545: 2544: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2524:microcomputers 2502: 2499: 2455: 2452: 2446:) instead use 2410: 2407: 2393: 2390: 2341: 2338: 2310:Main article: 2307: 2304: 2278: 2275: 2210: 2209: 2207:barium ferrite 2205:ED: 3 μm 2203: 2196: 2176: 2173: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2051: 2048: 2040:Boeing 747-400 1989:virtualization 1960:bootable media 1949:Dell Dimension 1923: 1920: 1895:Recordable CDs 1845: 1842: 1775: 1772: 1724:double density 1645: 1644: 1642: 1641: 1634: 1627: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1605: 1599: 1596:Twistor memory 1593: 1587: 1581: 1575: 1569: 1563: 1557: 1552: 1546: 1540: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1516: 1514:Quantum memory 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1448: 1446:In development 1445: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1357:Super Video CD 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1323: 1318: 1307: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1159: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1129: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1098: 1093: 1083: 1078: 1072: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1014:MultiMediaCard 1011: 1006: 1001: 991: 990: 989: 984: 979: 974: 968: 962: 950: 945: 944: 943: 938: 928: 923: 917: 912: 911: 908: 907: 901: 900: 897: 896: 890: 884: 879: 876:Selectron tube 873: 867: 861: 854: 851: 850: 847: 846: 843: 842: 841: 840: 830: 825: 820: 814: 809: 804: 803: 802: 792: 791: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 730: 729: 728: 723: 716:Hardware cache 712: 707: 706: 703: 702: 696: 695: 692: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 669:Edge computing 666: 661: 656: 651: 649:Grid computing 646: 644:Bank switching 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 589:Virtual memory 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 554:Disk mirroring 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 509:Temporary file 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 459:Knowledge base 456: 451: 449:Storage record 446: 444:Memory refresh 441: 436: 431: 429:Data structure 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 324:Data integrity 321: 316: 314:Data cleansing 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 270: 269: 264: 254: 249: 247:Object storage 244: 239: 234: 229: 228: 227: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 181: 178: 177: 174: 173: 156:Main article: 153: 150: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6998: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6927: 6922: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6901: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6880: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6868:Minimal BASIC 6866: 6864: 6861: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6825: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6809: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6740: 6734: 6731: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6693: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6646:Standards of 6641: 6636: 6634: 6629: 6627: 6622: 6621: 6618: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6586: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6545:Parallel port 6543: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6530: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6480: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6444: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6435: 6432: 6428: 6425: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6401: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6361:Computer case 6358: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6340: 6337: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6319: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6294: 6288: 6287:Graphics card 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6254: 6251: 6250: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6225: 6222: 6221: 6220: 6217: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6186: 6185:Graphics card 6183: 6181: 6180:Image scanner 6178: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6166: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6095:Input devices 6092: 6088: 6085: 6077: 6072: 6070: 6065: 6063: 6058: 6057: 6054: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6023: 6020: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5956: 5951: 5944: 5939: 5937: 5932: 5930: 5925: 5924: 5921: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5861:0-916439-01-1 5858: 5854: 5850: 5847: 5846:0-8359-3091-2 5843: 5839: 5835: 5832: 5831:"The Disk II" 5828: 5827: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5775: 5756: 5749: 5743: 5735: 5723: 5715: 5708: 5700: 5688: 5680: 5673: 5654: 5650: 5643: 5642: 5634: 5626: 5614: 5606: 5599: 5591: 5589:3-89319-705-2 5585: 5581: 5577: 5570: 5555: 5553:0-7897-2974-1 5549: 5545: 5541: 5540: 5532: 5530: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5511: 5505: 5493: 5489: 5483: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5416: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5368: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5347: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5331: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5311: 5302: 5295: 5291: 5284: 5268: 5264: 5258: 5256: 5236: 5229: 5223: 5221: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5175: 5168: 5162: 5160: 5143: 5142: 5137: 5131: 5116: 5114:0-942386-04-3 5110: 5106: 5105: 5097: 5095: 5075: 5071: 5064: 5057: 5041: 5037: 5031: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4992:(4): 160–66. 4991: 4987: 4980: 4961: 4954: 4948: 4946: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4904: 4895: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4865: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4835: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4775: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4740: 4734: 4727: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4706: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4676: 4669: 4653: 4646: 4645: 4638: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4608: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4583:"Floppy Disk" 4578: 4571: 4558: 4554: 4553: 4546: 4527: 4520: 4513: 4505: 4503:0-385-26774-6 4499: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4479: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4445: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4424:"The Disk II" 4419: 4411: 4405: 4398: 4387: 4380: 4378: 4361: 4354: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4312: 4306: 4290: 4289: 4284: 4277: 4261: 4257: 4251: 4243: 4236: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4205: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4169: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4138: 4122: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4106: 4090: 4086: 4085: 4080: 4073: 4057: 4053: 4047: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4021:Business Week 4017: 4010: 4001: 3995: 3990: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3965: 3957: 3956: 3948: 3939: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3883: 3867: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3850: 3848: 3839: 3837:0-8359-1268-X 3833: 3829: 3828:Prentice hall 3825: 3821: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3715: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3684: 3675: 3671: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3559: 3556: 3550: 3545: 3538: 3536: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3518:nor a binary 3517: 3512: 3508: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3491: 3485: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3457: 3449: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3433: 3432: 3429: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3300: 3299: 3296:2.88 MB 3295: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3243: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3222: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3098: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2978:Commodore DOS 2975: 2974: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2960:Commodore DOS 2957: 2956: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2896:8-inch DS DD 2895: 2894: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2769: 2763: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2650: 2640: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2614: 2610: 2601: 2599: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2578:Mini diskette 2575: 2561: 2549: 2535: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2507: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2433: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2337: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2322: 2320: 2313: 2303: 2301: 2291: 2283: 2271: 2266: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2246: 2245:Donald Norman 2242: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2190: 2189: 2181: 2172: 2170: 2165: 2164: 2159:disks. Later 2158: 2157: 2156:hard sectored 2152: 2147: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2120: 2115: 2107: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2056: 2047: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1940:file-transfer 1933: 1928: 1919: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1890: 1885: 1882: 1878: 1871: 1870:optical discs 1867: 1863: 1858: 1850: 1841: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1784: 1780: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1757: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1665: 1651: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1628: 1626: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1617: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1602:Bubble memory 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1443: 1442: 1435: 1432: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1300: 1299: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1229:Cassette tape 1227: 1225: 1224:Videocassette 1222: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1193:Magnetic tape 1191: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1152: 1151: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1121: 1120: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1065: 1064: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 996: 995: 992: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 972: 969: 966: 963: 960: 957: 956: 954: 951: 949: 948:ROM cartridge 946: 942: 939: 937: 934: 933: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 918: 915: 910: 909: 906: 903: 902: 894: 891: 888: 885: 883: 880: 877: 874: 871: 868: 865: 862: 859: 856: 855: 849: 848: 839: 836: 835: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 801: 798: 797: 796: 793: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 735: 734: 731: 727: 724: 722: 719: 718: 717: 714: 713: 710: 705: 704: 701: 698: 697: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 674:Dew computing 672: 670: 667: 665: 664:Fog computing 662: 660: 659:Cloud storage 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 639:Memory paging 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 474:File deletion 472: 470: 467: 465: 464:Computer file 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 344:Data recovery 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 329:Data security 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 268: 265: 263: 260: 259: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 226: 225:floating-gate 223: 222: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 182: 176: 175: 171: 167: 164: 163: 159: 149: 147: 146:cloud storage 143: 139: 138:optical discs 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 114: 112: 108: 103: 98: 96: 92: 88: 84: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 46: 38: 30: 26: 22: 6818:Universal 3D 6781: 6451:Power MOSFET 6434:Power supply 6403:Data storage 6339:Flash memory 6317:Optical disc 6311: 6299:data storage 6021: 5980:Ferrite core 5852: 5837: 5814:the original 5804: 5792:. Retrieved 5783: 5774: 5762:. Retrieved 5742: 5707: 5672: 5660:. Retrieved 5640: 5633: 5598: 5575: 5569: 5557:. Retrieved 5538: 5519: 5513: 5504: 5488:JP S6344319A 5482: 5470:. Retrieved 5461: 5434:. Retrieved 5414: 5389:. Retrieved 5373: 5345: 5339: 5330: 5319: 5310: 5301: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5271:. Retrieved 5266: 5242:. Retrieved 5235:the original 5207:. Retrieved 5193: 5183:12 September 5181:. Retrieved 5146:. Retrieved 5139: 5130: 5118:. Retrieved 5103: 5081:. Retrieved 5069: 5056: 5044:. Retrieved 5040:the original 5030: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4967:. Retrieved 4960:the original 4927: 4923: 4903: 4894: 4882:. Retrieved 4873: 4864: 4852:. Retrieved 4843: 4834: 4822:. Retrieved 4814:Floppy Drive 4813: 4804: 4792:. Retrieved 4783: 4774: 4762:. Retrieved 4748: 4738: 4733: 4721: 4715: 4705: 4693:. Retrieved 4675: 4666: 4659:. Retrieved 4643: 4637: 4625:. Retrieved 4621:the original 4616: 4607: 4595:. Retrieved 4591:the original 4577: 4568: 4561:, retrieved 4557:the original 4551: 4545: 4533:. 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Retrieved 3727: 3718: 3693:Philips :YES 3683: 3674: 3532: 3509: 3494: 3486: 3462: 3446: 3435: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3350:240 MB 3332:120 MB 3282:1.6 MB 3205:128 KB 3173:1.2 MB 3096: 2911:1.2 MB 2897: 2866: 2849: 2806:Disk format 2775: 2767: 2755:Video Floppy 2727: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2666:Micro floppy 2665: 2661: 2657: 2655: 2598:flippy disks 2594: 2590:hyper drives 2589: 2581: 2577: 2571: 2532: 2519: 2512: 2482:Macintosh SE 2470: 2467: 2437: 2434: 2430: 2427: 2423: 2419:soft sectors 2418: 2415:hard sectors 2414: 2412: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2330: 2323: 2315: 2296: 2250: 2230: 2222:ring binders 2211: 2186: 2175:3½-inch disk 2160: 2154: 2145: 2143: 2139:flippy disks 2132: 2128: 2124: 2061: 2044: 2034: 2024: 2012:IBM Series/1 2005: 1957: 1937: 1909:Flash-based 1908: 1893: 1886: 1874: 1862:flash memory 1822: 1811: 1788: 1768: 1765: 1752: 1732:high-density 1717: 1694: 1689: 1670: 1607: 1549:Punched tape 1543:Punched card 1509:Time crystal 1377:Hyper CD-ROM 1316:Optical disc 1208:Tape library 1143:FeFET memory 1124:Early-stage 1004:CompactFlash 999:Memory Stick 959:Flash memory 921:Diode matrix 905:Non-volatile 689:Kryder's law 679:Amdahl's law 604:Software rot 579:Logical disk 479:File copying 414:Data storage 369:File sharing 354:Data cluster 134:memory cards 115: 99: 90: 86: 83:digital data 74:disk storage 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 51: 25: 6729:(Ultrium-1) 6550:Serial port 6541:(IEEE 1394) 6518:DisplayPort 6508:Thunderbolt 6381:Motherboard 6344:Memory card 6312:Floppy disk 6154:Touchscreen 6022:Floppy disk 5992:Stripe card 5730:|last= 5714:"InfoWorld" 5695:|last= 5621:|last= 5605:"InfoWorld" 4824:11 February 4794:20 February 4563:28 February 4438:17 February 4295:26 February 4291:. Vox Media 3628:Shugart bus 3314:21 MB 3287:3½-inch ED 3273:3½-inch HD 3259:3½-inch HD 3237:recording) 3164:5¼-inch HD 3152: 1982 3131:5¼-inch QD 2980:2.1 (SSDD) 2962:1.0 (SSDD) 2916:5¼-inch DD 2874:568.320 kB 2857:242.844 kB 2718:Other sizes 2700:disk drives 2382:PC DOS 5.02 2077:LibreOffice 1748:NeXTstation 1728:Convertible 1608:Floppy disk 1560:Drum memory 994:Memory card 961:is used in: 895:(2002–2010) 860:(1946–1947) 684:Moore's law 529:Boot sector 469:Object file 374:File system 185:Memory cell 54:floppy disk 6940:Categories 6873:Full BASIC 6857:ECMAScript 6849:JavaScript 6297:Removable 6282:Sound card 6212:Sound chip 6207:Sound card 6197:Microphone 6087:components 5794:3 December 4784:Jla Forums 4695:13 October 4627:13 October 4597:2 December 4244:. Reuters. 3928:15 October 3902:1 December 3711:References 3691:for their 3588:Disk image 3311:20,385 KB 3126:1 MB 2986:170.75 KB 2826:81.664 kB 2662:Micro disk 2586:Minifloppy 2520:Diskette 1 2491:drive bays 2478:SuperDrive 2362:paper clip 2306:Formatting 2194:iron oxide 2146:index hole 2065:sneakernet 2030:Windows 11 2026:Windows 10 2018:are still 1833:format war 1805:stored in 1774:Prevalence 1531:Historical 1203:Tape drive 1029:SmartMedia 852:Historical 549:Disk image 544:Disk array 419:Data store 220:MOS memory 210:Memory map 128:, such as 111:other-size 6722:Super DLT 6560:PS/2 port 6555:Game port 6468:Fax modem 6307:Disk pack 6159:Trackball 6122:Light pen 6040:Racetrack 6004:Thin film 5986:Hard disk 5515:InfoWorld 5472:7 October 5341:InfoWorld 5321:Eurogamer 5273:4 January 5244:4 October 5209:4 October 5148:7 October 5120:7 October 5083:7 October 5014:0018-9464 4884:4 January 4854:4 January 4717:InfoWorld 4494:Doubleday 4288:The Verge 4034:0007-7135 3798:6 October 3660:Zip drive 3583:dd (Unix) 3466:Microsoft 3341:(LS-240) 3339:SuperDisk 3323:(LS-120) 3321:SuperDisk 3303:Floptical 3235:GCR (4/5) 3170:1,200 KB 3053:1,200 KB 2968:172.5 KB 2787:megabytes 2783:kilobytes 2675:Macintosh 2582:Mini disk 2388:command. 2357:Macintosh 2355:On Apple 2277:Operation 2233:usability 2169:Apple DOS 2096:Structure 1980:machinery 1825:SuperDisk 1590:Disk pack 1555:Plugboard 1392:DVD-Video 1321:LaserDisc 1219:Videotape 1090:3D XPoint 1081:Memristor 721:CPU cache 489:Core dump 409:Data bank 359:Directory 6811:Graphics 6539:FireWire 6532:Obsolete 6498:Ethernet 6277:Speakers 6175:Keyboard 6149:Touchpad 6084:computer 5910:Archived 5788:Archived 5784:Folklore 5755:Archived 5722:cite web 5687:cite web 5679:"PC Mag" 5653:Archived 5613:cite web 5466:Archived 5462:COMPUTE! 5436:11 March 5427:Archived 5391:12 March 5382:Archived 5203:Archived 5174:Archived 5074:Archived 5022:32505773 4878:Archived 4848:Archived 4818:Archived 4788:Archived 4758:Archived 4689:Archived 4652:Archived 4617:Archives 4260:Archived 4219:Archived 4215:The Hill 4185:Archived 4152:Archived 4121:Archived 4116:BBC News 4084:PC World 4052:"floppy" 3896:Archived 3872:2 August 3866:Archived 3792:Archived 3762:Archived 3732:Archived 3701:DOS Plus 3639:VGA-Copy 3541:See also 3535:kilobits 3524:2M/2MGUI 3520:mebibyte 3516:megabyte 3511:Mixtures 3361:1998/99 3355:3½-inch 3337:3½-inch 3319:3½-inch 3301:3½-inch 3231:turnable 2976:5¼-inch 2958:5¼-inch 2899:IBM 53FD 2888:87.5 KB 2374:IBM PS/2 2163:sectored 1968:firmware 1962:and for 1916:USB port 1744:NeXTcube 1519:UltraRAM 1397:DVD card 1352:Video CD 1337:CD Video 1107:Nano-RAM 1076:Memistor 1049:XQD card 1024:SIM card 882:Dekatron 768:XDR DRAM 763:EDO DRAM 700:Volatile 494:Hex dump 404:Database 299:Metadata 294:Big data 95:computer 66:diskette 6910:ECMA-35 6834:C++/CLI 6682:OpenXPS 6588:Related 6491:Current 6332:Blu-ray 6270:Plotter 6265:Printer 6248:Monitor 6224:Softcam 6132:Optical 6030:(~1970) 6018:(~1968) 6016:Twistor 5764:16 July 5662:19 June 5559:16 July 5046:22 June 4994:Bibcode 4969:22 June 4687:: Z80. 4661:7 March 4535:22 June 4468:19 June 4266:11 June 4158:19 July 4127:19 July 4095:4 April 4062:22 June 3768:16 June 3738:16 June 3645:MO disc 3216:720 KB 3210:2-inch 3202:112 KB 3192:3-inch 3159:400 KB 3140:720 KB 3137:720 KB 3112:500 KB 3086:3-inch 3081:130 KB 3067:264 KB 3039:600 KB 3003:140 KB 2989:170 KB 2971:170 KB 2939:113 KB 2925:360 KB 2891:110 kB 2840:175 kB 2748:Amstrad 2684:AmigaOS 2680:RISC OS 2484:to the 2319:sectors 2243:expert 2218:ISO 838 2085:WordPad 1993:drivers 1889:iMac G3 1864:media, 1814:Windows 1795:backups 1783:Imation 1740:RS/6000 1707:(MFM), 1674:Memorex 1604:(~1970) 1598:(~1968) 1580:(1960s) 1417:Blu-ray 1407:MiniDVD 1402:DVD-RAM 1362:Mini CD 1304:Optical 1264:U-matic 1259:MicroMV 1239:Betamax 1103:(ECRAM) 1044:MicroP2 1019:SD card 1009:PC Card 800:1T-SRAM 758:QDRSRAM 349:Storage 179:General 152:History 68:, or a 6844:Eiffel 6775:FAT16B 6756:(CDFS) 6749:CD-ROM 6446:MOSFET 6386:Memory 6253:Screen 6219:Webcam 6082:Basic 6042:(2008) 6036:(1995) 6028:Bubble 6024:(1969) 6012:(1962) 6006:(1962) 6000:(1956) 5994:(1956) 5988:(1956) 5982:(1949) 5976:(1932) 5970:(1928) 5964:(1898) 5859: 5844: 5586: 5550: 5497: 5141:GitHub 5111: 5020: 5012: 4764:25 May 4613:"3740" 4552:X3.162 4500: 4225:30 May 4194:26 May 4032: 3834: 3824:Reston 3528:LS-240 3474:IBM PC 3014:RWTS18 2953:90 KB 2778:metric 2380:(i.e. 2370:X68000 2366:CD-ROM 2200:cobalt 2091:Design 2073:symbol 2050:Legacy 1868:, and 1703:(DM), 1684:, and 1610:(1971) 1592:(1962) 1586:(1962) 1574:(1957) 1568:(1949) 1562:(1932) 1551:(1725) 1545:(1725) 1539:(1725) 1412:HD DVD 1372:CD-ROM 1328:(CDDA) 1254:MiniDV 973:(SSHD) 955:(SSS) 941:EEPROM 889:(2009) 878:(1952) 872:(1951) 866:(1947) 484:Backup 62:floppy 6903:Other 6770:FAT16 6765:FAT12 6565:eSATA 6483:Ports 6168:Other 6127:Mouse 5952:media 5891:NCITS 5758:(PDF) 5751:(PDF) 5656:(PDF) 5645:(PDF) 5430:(PDF) 5419:(PDF) 5385:(PDF) 5370:(PDF) 5238:(PDF) 5231:(PDF) 5177:(PDF) 5170:(PDF) 5077:(PDF) 5066:(PDF) 5018:S2CID 4963:(PDF) 4956:(PDF) 4668:each. 4655:(PDF) 4648:(PDF) 4529:(PDF) 4522:(PDF) 4338:Wired 4188:(PDF) 4177:(PDF) 3666:Notes 3344:1997 3326:1996 3308:1991 3305:(LS) 3290:1987 3276:1987 3262:1986 3248:1986 3227:1986 3213:1989 3199:1986 3181:1985 3167:1982 3134:1980 3120:1983 3106:1983 3089:1982 3075:1983 3061:1982 3047:1982 3033:1982 3019:1988 2997:1980 2983:1980 2965:1979 2947:1979 2933:1978 2919:1978 2905:1977 2885:1976 2871:1976 2854:1973 2837:1972 2823:1971 2741:Dysan 2737:Tabor 2664:, or 2584:, or 2454:Sizes 2386:EJECT 2161:soft- 1803:BASIC 1720:PC/AT 1472:ECRAM 1452:CBRAM 1387:DVD+R 1347:CD-RW 1284:D-VHS 1279:VHS-C 1274:S-VHS 1215:(DDS) 1138:ReRAM 1133:FeRAM 1126:NVRAM 1112:CBRAM 1069:NVRAM 967:(SSD) 936:EPROM 893:Z-RAM 887:T-RAM 819:(CAM) 807:ReRAM 773:RDRAM 753:LPDDR 748:SGRAM 743:SDRAM 738:eDRAM 172:types 6915:JSON 6863:Dart 6667:APIW 6523:HDMI 6439:SMPS 6427:SSHD 6421:NVMe 6417:SATA 6396:BIOS 6034:MRAM 6010:CRAM 5998:MICR 5974:Drum 5968:Tape 5962:Wire 5857:ISBN 5842:ISBN 5796:2013 5766:2011 5734:help 5699:help 5664:2017 5625:help 5584:ISBN 5561:2011 5548:ISBN 5474:2018 5438:2017 5393:2017 5275:2022 5246:2008 5211:2008 5185:2022 5150:2018 5122:2018 5109:ISBN 5085:2018 5048:2011 5010:ISSN 4971:2011 4886:2018 4856:2018 4826:2011 4796:2011 4766:2006 4697:2014 4663:2019 4629:2014 4599:2013 4565:2022 4537:2011 4498:ISBN 4470:2017 4440:2018 4393:2022 4368:2022 4345:2022 4319:2022 4297:2021 4268:2019 4227:2016 4196:2016 4160:2011 4129:2011 4097:2012 4064:2011 4030:ISSN 3930:2012 3904:2015 3874:2020 3832:ISBN 3800:2017 3770:2024 3740:2024 3695:and 3411:HiFD 3357:HiFD 2785:and 2739:and 2710:and 2708:PS/2 2702:and 2670:Sony 2637:The 2528:CP/M 2462:and 2333:soft 2035:The 2028:and 1982:and 1964:BIOS 1945:Dell 1756:Sony 1746:and 1711:and 1462:NRAM 1434:WORM 1342:CD-R 1096:MRAM 931:PROM 926:MROM 828:VRAM 812:QRAM 795:SRAM 783:GDDR 733:DRAM 629:RAID 279:Data 168:and 144:and 70:disk 64:, a 6894:UWB 6889:NFC 6853:E4X 6787:UDF 6760:FAT 6733:VXA 6717:DLT 6712:DDS 6575:VGA 6570:DVI 6503:USB 6456:VRM 6413:SSD 6408:HDD 6391:RAM 6327:DVD 6190:GPU 5002:doi 4932:doi 3758:IBM 3634:XDF 3505:DMF 3478:MSX 3470:DMF 3012:'s 2574:MFM 2417:or 2378:DOS 1953:OEM 1838:USB 1816:or 1709:MFM 1678:IBM 1382:DVD 1269:VHS 1086:PCM 1039:SxS 914:ROM 788:HBM 778:DDR 709:RAM 107:USB 102:IBM 91:FDD 56:or 6942:: 6855:, 6839:C# 6782:FD 6419:/ 6322:CD 5786:. 5782:. 5753:. 5726:: 5724:}} 5720:{{ 5691:: 5689:}} 5685:{{ 5617:: 5615:}} 5611:{{ 5542:. 5528:^ 5518:. 5512:. 5460:. 5446:^ 5421:. 5401:^ 5372:. 5354:^ 5346:11 5344:. 5338:. 5318:. 5265:. 5254:^ 5219:^ 5201:. 5172:. 5158:^ 5138:. 5093:^ 5068:. 5016:. 5008:. 5000:. 4990:14 4988:. 4944:^ 4928:25 4926:. 4912:^ 4872:. 4842:. 4816:. 4812:. 4786:. 4782:. 4756:. 4714:. 4685:DE 4683:. 4615:. 4585:. 4567:, 4496:. 4442:. 4426:. 4395:. 4376:^ 4336:. 4285:. 4217:. 4213:. 4179:. 4150:. 4146:. 4113:. 4081:. 4028:. 4018:. 3975:^ 3894:. 3890:. 3864:. 3858:. 3846:^ 3830:. 3826:/ 3808:^ 3790:. 3786:. 3756:. 3726:. 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