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Cylinders 755, Tracks 1510, Rotational speed 720 rpm, Power dissipation 6 watt average, Data reliability <1 error unrecoverable error per 10^11 bits, Seek errors <1 error per 10^6 seeks, Drive dimensions H: 1.625" W: 4.0" D 5.91", SCSI Common
Command Set (CSC), soft formatting, error checking and correction (ECC), and defect mapping. In addition, the I325VM (variable mode) offers FULL READ AND WRITE DOWNWARD COMPATIBILITY with current 3.5 inch 720 kB and 1.44 MB formatted diskettes. Brier Technology Flextra BR 3020: CAPACITY unformatted 25.0 meg, formatted 21.4 meg, CONFIGURATION Number of disks 1, Data Surfaces 2, Data heads 2, Servo System T^3, Tracks per surface 516, Track density (TPI) 777, Track capacity (bytes typical) 20480, Blocks per drive (512 byte) 42080, Blocks per surface (512 byte) 21040, Blocks per track (typical 512 byte) 40, MEDIA (flexible diskette) 3.5", PERFORMANCE Actuator, Linear voice coil motor, Seek time (includes setting), Track to track (ms) 15, Average (ms) 35, Maximum (ms) 70, Average latency (ms) 41.6, Rotation speed (RPM) 720, Data transfer rate, To/From the media (megabits/sec) 2.2, To/from the buffer (megabytes/sec) 1.25, Start time 1 sec, Stop time 1 sec, READ/WRITE, Interface SCSI, Recording method BRLL, Recording density (BPI) 26000, COMPATIBILITY, the BR3225 (not BR3020) reads IBM formatted floppy disks, Dimensions, L: 5.75", W: 4.0", H: 1.625" Weight: 1.6 pounds, Power requirements (*), DC Input +12 volts DC, +5 volts DC, Power dissipation <9 watts (operational-seeking), Power management algorithms reduce power to an average of 2.0 watts
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homing signal is embedded at the bottom of the barium ferrite coating after the disk is manufactured. Later, the data are recorded in the top of the layer, using a higher-frequency signal. The Brier system cannot read and write lower-capacity disks, although the company says it will introduce a model that can do that later this year. Insite's
Floptical disks, which can store 20.8 megabytes, use homing technology similar to that used in optical disks. Microscopic grooves are stamped into the diskettes at the time the disks are made. A light-emitting diode rides along with the magnetic head and shines light into the groove, which is reflected and received by a photo-detector. If the head starts to sway from the track, the light will miss the groove and the reflection will change, alerting the system to adjust course. While the tracking is optical, the data are recorded magnetically in tracks between the grooves. To achieve compatibility with existing lower-capacity drives, the system uses two magnetic recording heads - one to read the high-capacity diskettes and the other to read conventional diskettes. Brier has designed its system from scratch to achieve higher speeds. Insite uses a conventional floppy drive and homing components that are used in compact disk players.
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327:-inch disk, but less wide and thicker (i.e. with increased depth). The actual 3-inch magnetic-coated disk occupies less than 50% of the space inside the casing, the rest being used by the complex protection and sealing mechanisms implemented on the disks, which thus are largely responsible for the thickness, length, and relatively high costs of the disks. On the early Amstrad machines (the CPC line and the PCW 8256), the disks are typically flipped over to change the side (acting like 2 separate single-sided disks, comparable to the "flippy disks" of
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density of the formatted disk structure. While this format was developed by Atari for their DOS 2.0D and their (canceled) 180 KB Atari 815 floppy drive, that double-density DOS was never widely released and the format was generally used by third-party DOS products. Under the Atari DOS II scheme, sector 360 is the VTOC sector map, and sectors 361-367 contain the file listing. The Atari-brand DOS II versions and compatible use three bytes per sector for housekeeping and to link-list to the next sector.
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sector 720 cannot be written to by the DOS. Some companies used a copy-protection scheme where hidden data was put in sector 720 that cannot be copied through the DOS copy option. Another more-common early copy-protected scheme simply does not record important sectors as allocated in the VTOC, so the DOS Utility
Package (DUP) does not duplicate them. All of these early techniques were thwarted by the first program that simply duplicated all sectors.
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order to position their heads over the desired track. For good interoperability of disks among drives, this requires precise alignment of the drive heads to a reference standard, somewhat similar to the alignment required to get the best performance out of an audio tape deck. The newer systems generally use position information on the surfaces of the disk to find the tracks, allowing the track width to be greatly reduced.
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alignment marks. The alignment is based on hard-coded optical alignment marks, which meant that a complete format can safely be done. This worked very well at the time and as a result failures associated with magnetic fields wiping the Zip drive alignment Z tracks were less of a problem. It was also able to read and write to standard floppy disks about 5 times as fast as standard floppy drives.
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either format). The loader program detects which type of drive is in use, and loads the main software program straight from disk bypassing the DFS, double-stepping for 80-track drives and single-stepping for 40-track. This effectively achieves downgraded capacity to 100 KB from either disk format, but enabled distributed software to be effectively compatible with either drive.
687:-inch floppy disk, specially modified so that the two sides can be used independently (but not simultaneously) in single-sided drives. Many commercial publishers of computer software (mainly, relatively small programs like arcade games that could fit on a single-sided floppy disk) distributed their products on flippy disks formatted for two different brands of computer, e.g.
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1041:" which was originally supposed to hold 150 MB (157.3 decimal megabytes) of data. Although by this time the LS-120 had already garnered some market penetration, industry observers nevertheless confidently predicted the HiFD would be the real standard-floppy-killer and finally replace standard floppies in all machines.
1111:). Tracks 1 to 17 had 21 sectors, 18 to 24 had 19, 25 to 30 had 18, and 31 to 35 had 17, for a disk capacity of 170.75 KB (175 decimal kB). Unique among personal computer architectures, the operating system on the computer itself is unaware of the details of the disk and filesystem; disk operations are handled by
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As a further enhancement, successive tracks are offset by a sector, giving time for the head to advance to the next track without missing the first sector, thus increasing bulk throughput. The
Archimedes uses special values in the ADFS load/execute address metadata to store a 12-bit filetype field and a 40-bit timestamp.
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1281:, and a second floppy drive. Another alternative to read Amiga disk is open source and open hardware project Greaseweazle. It is simple STM32 based USB to FD interface adapter capable of reading magnetic flux image. With proper software, it is possible to read and write Amiga and almost any other floppy disk.
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The Brier and Insite systems, which can store 20 megabytes, increase the number of tracks. The key to the Brier and Insite drives is that information is embedded in the tracks themselves and acts as a homing signal, keeping the head on the track. In Brier's
Flextra system, a low-frequency magnetic
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For disk operating systems that do use index sync, a second index hole window has to be punched in both sides of the jacket, and for hard-sectored formats, an additional window must be punched for the sector holes. While cutting a second notch is relatively safe, cutting an additional window into the
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laptop computer circa 1989. Although the media exhibited nearly identical performance to the 3½-inch disks of the time, they were not very successful. This was due in part to the scarcity of other devices using this drive making it impractical for software transfer, and high media cost which was much
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The Acorn
Archimedes adds D format, which increases the number of objects per directory from 44 to 77 and increases the storage space to 800 KB. The extra space is obtained by using 1024 byte sectors instead of the usual 512 bytes, thus reducing the space needed for inter-sector gaps.
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The combination of DOS and hardware (810, 1050 and XF551 disk drives) for Atari 8-bit floppy usage allows sectors numbered from 1 to 720 (1040 in the 1050 disk drive, 1440 in XF551). For instance, the DOS's 2.0 disk bitmap provides information on sector allocation, counts from 0 to 719. As a result,
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mechanism that can load a stack of floppies one at a time into a drive. These are very bulky systems, and suffer from media hangups and chew-ups more than standard drives, but they were a partial answer to replication and large removable storage needs. The smaller 5¼- and 3½-inch floppies made this
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With RISC OS 3, the
Archimedes can also read and write disk formats from other machines (for example the Atari ST and the IBM PC, which are largely compatible depending on the ST's OS version). With third-party software it can even read the BBC Micro's original single-density 5¼-inch DFS disks. The
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After only a short time on the market the product was pulled, as it was discovered there were a number of performance- and reliability problems that made the system essentially unusable. Sony then reengineered the device for a quick rerelease, but then extended the delay well into 1998 instead, and
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Due to the incompatibility between 40- and 80-track drives, much software was distributed on combined 40/80-track disks. These work by writing the same data in pairs of consecutive tracks in 80-track format, and including a small loader program on track 1 (which is in the same physical position in
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has been around for almost as long as the Amiga itself though it was not initially called by that name. Only with the advent of the internet and Amiga emulators has it become a popular way of distributing disk images. The proprietary IPF files were created to allow preservation of commercial games
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computers use an 880 KB format (11×512-byte sectors per track, times 80 tracks, times two sides) on a 3½-inch floppy. Because the entire track is written at once, intersector gaps can be eliminated, saving space. The Amiga floppy controller is much more flexible than the one on the PC: it is
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LS in this case stands for LASER-servo, which uses a very low-power superluminescent LED that generates light with a small focal spot. This allows the drive to align its rotation to precisely the same point each time, allowing far more data to be written due to the absence of conventional magnetic
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ADFS provides hierarchical directory structure, rather than the flat model of DFS. ADFS also stores some metadata about each file, notably a load address, an execution address, owner and public privileges, and a lock bit. Even on the eight-bit machines, load addresses are stored in 32-bit format,
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A true double-density Atari floppy format (from 180 KB upwards) uses 128-byte sectors for sectors 1-3, then 256-byte sectors for the rest. The first three sectors typically contain boot code as used by the onboard ROM OS; it is up to the resulting boot program (such as SpartaDOS) to recognize the
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The main technological change for the higher-capacity formats was the addition of tracking information on the disk surface to allow the read/write heads to be positioned more accurately. Normal disks have no such information, so the drives use feedforward (blind) positioning by a stepper motor in
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with many based on the standard 3½-inch physical format while offering much higher capacity. Most of these systems provide the ability to read and write standard DD and HD disks. None of these ever reached the point where it could be assumed that every current PC would have one, and they have now
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INSITE I325/I325VM: CAPACITY unformatted 25 megs, formatted 20.8 megs, Recording density 23980 BPI (RLL), Transfer from DISK 1.6 Mbit/Sec, Buffer transfer rate 2 Mbyte/Sec, Average Seek time 65 msec, Settle time 15 msec, Motor start time 750 msec, # of read/write heads 2, Track density 1250 TPI,
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to position the heads over marks in the disk surface. The original drive stores 21 MB, while also reading and writing standard DD and HD floppies. In order to improve data transfer speeds and make the high-capacity drive usefully quick as well, the drives are attached to the system using a
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A number of companies, including IBM and
Burroughs, experimented with using large numbers of unenclosed disks to create massive amounts of storage. The Burroughs system uses a stack of 256 12-inch disks, spinning at a high speed. The disk to be accessed is selected by using air jets to part the
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drive. The Amiga HD disks can handle 1760 KB, but using special software programs they can hold even more data. A company named Kolff
Computer Supplies also made an external HD floppy drive (KCS Dual HD Drive) available which can handle HD format diskettes on all Amiga computer systems.
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for "half". This program was driven by aggressive cost goals, but missed the pulse of the industry. The prospective users, both inside and outside IBM, preferred standardization to what by release time were small cost reductions, and were unwilling to retool packaging, interface chips and
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was a single-sided quad-density drive with a nominal storage capacity of 500 KB (80 tracks, 140 tpi, 16 sectors, 300 rpm, 250 kbit/s, 9,250 bpi with MFM). It could work with standard controllers for 5¼-inch floppy disks. Since August 1984, it was used in the
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that do not use the index hole in the disk to mark the beginnings of tracks, the "flippy" modification required only a new write-enable notch to be cut if the disk was designed to be written to. For this purpose, specially designed single-rectangular-hole punchers, commonly known as
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911:. Although neither size (the original or the later Pocket Zip drive) conforms to the 3½-inch form factor and hence is not compatible with standard 1.44 MB drives, the original physical size still became the most popular of the "super floppies". The first version boasted
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Later, mostly third-party DOS systems added features such as double-sided drives, subdirectories, and drive types such as 720 KB, 1.2 MB, 1.44 MB. Well-known 3rd party Atari DOS products include SmartDOS (distributed with the Rana disk drive), TopDos, MyDos and SpartaDOS.
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uses a disk format that is largely identical to the
Commodore DOS format with a few minor extensions; while generally compatible with standard Commodore disks, certain disk maintenance operations can corrupt the filesystem without proper supervision from the GEOS kernel.
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disks from several vendors. Equipped with one of these drives, the C128 is able to access both C64 and CP/M disks, as it needs to, as well as MS-DOS disks (using third-party software), which was a crucial feature for some office work. At least one commercial program,
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led to much larger file sizes. Zip disks greatly eased the exchange of files that were too big to fit on a standard 3.5-inch floppy or an email attachment, when there was no high-speed connection to transfer the file to the recipient. Eventually the falling prices of
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introduced this 3-inch-wide Compact Floppy format in 1983 to compete with Sony's 3.5-inch floppy system. The Compact Floppy, which held about 140KB per side, saw the most use in British Amstrad computers; otherwise, the format faded quickly into history's back
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1372:. Acorn however, used standard disk controllers: initially FM, though they quickly transitioned to MFM. The original disk implementation for the BBC Micro stores 100 KB (40 track) or 200 KB (80 track) per side on 5¼-inch disks in a custom format using the
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It uses 3½-inch standard disk jackets whose disks have low-frequency magnetic servo information embedded on them for use with the Twin-Tier Tracking technology. Media were manufactured by Verbatim. Quantum sold the drives under the QuadFlextra name.
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chips used are unable to format disks with sector skew, losing some performance. ADFS and the PC controllers also support extra-high density (ED) disks as G format, storing 3,200 KB, but ED drives were never fitted to production machines.
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Later DOS versions (3.0 and later 2.5) and DOSes by third parties (i.e. OSS) accept (and format) disks with up to 1040 sectors, resulting in 130 KB of storage capacity per disk side on drives equipped with double-density controllers
1277:, an Amiga can theoretically read any arbitrary format on the 3½-inch floppy, including those recorded at a slightly different rotation rate. On the PC, however, there is no way to read an Amiga disk without special hardware, such as an
406:"CoronaPrint" word-processor typewriters used a proprietary double-sided 3-inch diskette format named "DataDisk". Confusingly, it was labelled 2.8-inch reflecting the diameter of the magnetic disk itself rather than the media's case.
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applications for a proprietary design. The product was announced and withdrawn in 1983 with only a few units shipped. IBM wrote off several hundred million dollars of development and manufacturing facility. IBM obtained patent number
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drive, and provides 144 MB of storage while also being compatible with the standard 1.44 MB floppies. The drive was slower than its competitors but the media was cheaper, running about US$ 8 at introduction and US$ 5 soon after.
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In 1990, an attempt was made to standardize details for a 20MB 3½-inch format floppy. At the time, "three different technologies that are not interchangeable" existed. One major goal was that the to-be-developed standard drive be
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In the early 1980s, IBM Rochester developed a 4-inch floppy disk drive, the Model 341 and an associated diskette, the DemiDiskette. At about half the size of the original 8-inch floppy disk the name derived from the prefix
931:) was developed with 40 MB. Though Zip drives gained in popularity for several years they never reached the same market penetration as standard floppy drives, since only some new computers were sold with the drives.
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As early as 1987, Brier Technology announced the Flextra BR3020, which boasts 21.4 MB (a value used for marketing: its true size is 21,040 kB, 2 sides × 526 cylinders × 40 sectors × 512 bytes or 25 MB unformatted).
151:-based workstations by General Scientific Corporation. Originally, Educational Microcomputer Systems (EMS) announced a system using this drive as well, but later changed plans to use 3½-inch diskette drives instead.
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marketed several 3-inch diskette "Quick Disk" formats for OEM use. They used 2.8-inch magnetic discs. The OEM could decide on the outer case of the media which led to several mechanically incompatible solutions:
341:-inch media) as opposed to being contiguously double-sided. Double-sided mechanisms were introduced on the later PCW 8512 and PCW 9512, thus removing the need to remove, flip, and then reinsert the disk.
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increased the capacity to "200 MB" (approximately 210 decimal megabytes) while they were at it. By this point the market was already saturated by the Zip disk, so it never gained much market share.
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Insite licensed their technology to a number of companies, who introduced compatible devices as well as even larger-capacity formats. The most popular of these, by far, was the LS-120, mentioned below.
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offerings of the same period and there were also many reported problems moving standard floppies between LS-120 drives and normal floppy drives. This belief, true or otherwise, crippled adoption. The
1336:) files. The DiskMasher format is copy-protected and has problems storing particular sequences of bits due to bugs in the compression algorithm, but was widely used in the pirate and demo scenes.
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Around 1990, it announced the BR3225 drive, which was supposed to double the capacity and also read standard DD, HD and ED 3½-inch disks. However, the drive was still not released in 1992.
735:, were produced and sold by third-party computer accessory manufacturers. Many users, however, made do with a standard (round) hole puncher and/or an ordinary pair of scissors for this job.
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format that preceded them, many proprietary floppy disk formats were developed, either using a different disk design or special layout and encoding methods for the data held on the disk.
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A number of floppy-disk manufacturers produced ready-made "flippy" media. As the cost of media went down and double-sided drives became the standard, "flippies" became obsolete.
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which provides almost all the features required to implement an ADFS-compatible filesystem. Because of this modular design, it is easy in RISC OS 3 to add support for so-called
208:. Production was very limited in the early 1980s due to manufacturing problems and the product was abandoned by 1984 after the industry adopted a standard 3.5 inch format.
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stack, and then a pair of heads flies over the surface as in some hard disk drives. This approach in some ways anticipated the Bernoulli disk technology implemented in the
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2 introduces E format, which retains the same physical layout as D format, but supports file fragmentation and auto-compaction. Post-1991 machines including the A5000 and
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1191:. not the Atari 810) vs. previous 90 KB. That unusual 130 KB format and was introduced by Atari with the 1050 drive with the introduction of DOS 3.0 in 1983.
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Another 2-inch format, the LT-1, is digitally formatted—720 kB, 245 TPI, 80 tracks/side, double-sided, double-density. They are used exclusively in the
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connector instead of the normal floppy controller. This meant that most PCs were unable to boot from them. This again adversely affected pickup rates.
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is a data storage and transfer medium that was ubiquitous from the mid-1970s well into the 2000s. Besides the 3½-inch and 5¼-inch formats used in
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The 3-inch "Compact Floppy Disk" or "CF-2" was an intended rival to Sony's 3.5" floppy system introduced by a consortium of manufacturers led by
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Because of storage reasons, the use of emulators and preserving data, many disks were packed into disk images. Currently popular formats are
200:, and some computers made in East Germany were also equipped with one. The floppies are single sided and can hold up to 149 KB of data when
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1387:(ADFS). It uses double-density recording and adds the ability to treat both sides of the disk as a single disk. This offers three formats:
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which uses a custom disk format, resulting in some unusual sounds. The Amiga's empty drive clicking can also be heard at the beginning.
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bytes per side (512 byte sectors, 8 sectors/track, 16 tracks (00..15), 48 tpi, 250 kbit/s, 270 rpm with
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was a manufacturer of 3-inch disk drives, and stated in advertisements, "It's clear that the 3" floppy will become the new standard."
106:, a 3¼-inch diskette drive marketed by Tabor Corporation of Westland, Massachusetts, USA between 1983 and 1985 with media supplied by
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onto a normal 1,440 kB disk. Unfortunately, popular opinion held the Super Disks to be quite unreliable, though no more so than the
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1451:. These are used to implement completely transparent support for IBM PC format floppy disks, including the slightly different
1000:") to 240 MB (240.75 MB). Not only can the drive read and write 1,440 kB disks, but the last versions of the drives can write
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1292:) when a high-density floppy was inserted, enabling the existing floppy controller to be used. This drive was built into the
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The Acorn filesystem design is interesting to some people because all ADFS-based storage devices connect to a module called
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From a conceptual point of view, superfloppies are treated as unpartitioned media. The entire media forms a single volume.
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A number of attempts were made by various companies to introduce newer floppy-disk formats, frequently characterized as a
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1023:. In the case of the Compaq notebooks, the LS-120 drive replaced the standard floppy drive in a multibay configuration.
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Much later, another 2-inch (case size: 54.5 mm × 50.2 mm × 2.0 mm) miniature disk format was
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One of these, officially referred to as a Video Floppy (or VF for short) can be used to store video information for
1986:
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1105:(GCR) scheme used in 1541 and compatibles employed four different data rates depending upon track position (see
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computers, but negotiations fell through. Versions of the floppy drive was released in minimal quantity for the
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bypass Commodore's DOS completely, and replace it with fast-loading (for the time) programs in the 1541 drive.
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313:-inch size, but with some unique features. One example is the more elongated plastic casing, taller than a
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to support high-density floppies, but sold a custom drive (made by Chinon) that spins at half speed (150
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LS-120 drives were available as options on many computers, including desktop and notebook computers from
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Commodore started its tradition of special disk formats with the 5¼-inch disk drives accompanying its
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Seither, Mike (October 1987). "Brier Technology fields a first: a 20M-byte, 3½-inch flexible disk".
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2030:, Information Systems Group, Quality & Reliability Control Center. July 1986. pp. 98–104.
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Eventually Commodore gave in to disk format standardization, and made its last 5¼-inch drives, the
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547:), introduced in 1999. The disks could store 40 MB. The external drives were available as
501:. VF is not a digital data format; each track on the disk stores one video field in the analog
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1217:, controls floppy access on all revisions of the Commodore Amiga as one of its many functions
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184:, BRG), in 1973. In 1982, such a product, the 3-inch MCD-1 was announced internationally and
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standard. This yields a capacity of 25 images per disk in frame mode and 50 in field mode.
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released a package that implements an image filing system to allow access to high density
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Amiga's disks cannot be read by this system as they omitted the usual sector gap markers.
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8:
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add support for high-density disks with F format, storing 1,600 KB. However, the PC
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1417:. The BBC Master Compact marked the move to 3½-inch disks, using the same ADFS formats.
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Kristina B. Sullivan (1990-10-15). "Researchers Press for 20M-Byte Floppy Standards".
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Commercial nonwriteable Flippy disk with no write notches and two jacket index windows
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For their Electron floppy-disk add-on, Acorn chose 3½-inch disks and developed the
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At least two incompatible floppy disks measuring two inches appeared in the 1980s.
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1954:"10 Bizarre PC Storage Formats That Didn't Quite Cut It: 4: 3-Inch Compact Floppy"
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or air failures were spectacularly messy. The program did not reach production.
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of many motherboards even to this day supports LS-120 drives as a boot option.
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2509:: a detailed essay describing one of the first commercial floppy disk drives.
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used proprietary 3-inch diskettes called "Disk Cards" between 1986 and 1990.
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122:(P/N D3251), sometimes also nicknamed "Tabor" or "Brown" at tradeshows. The
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3466:
3099:
2987:
2970:
2965:
2743:
1482:
1090:
1060:
1054:
948:
944:
814:
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798:
473:
465:
403:
395:
197:
185:
3340:
2545:
2486:
Inside Commodore DOS. The Complete Guide to the 1541 Disk Operating System
1037:
Sony introduced its own floptical-like system in 1997 as the "150 MB
3430:
3198:
3166:
3069:
3029:
2992:
2960:
2802:
2670:
2622:
2567:
1407:
434:
277:
273:
236:
225:
193:
37:
1413:
The ADFS format was later adopted into the BBC line upon release of the
869:
The Insite Floptical is considered to be the first actual super floppy.
737:
3521:
3505:
3497:
2930:
2860:
2855:
2845:
1794:
Inventing Europe - European Digital Museum for Science & Technology
1522:
1477:
1414:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1231:
1071:
781:
144:
1869:(NB. Exported by METRIMPEX Hungarian Trading Company for Instruments.)
1569:
1983 Disk/Trend Report - Flexible Disk Drives, December 1983 p. MFGR-7
1257:
can be done in software, and developers were able to create their own
418:
introduced a 2.5-inch floppy disk format for use with their family of
178:, who was working at the Hungarian Budapest Radio Technology Factory (
3482:
3208:
3203:
3187:
3116:
2955:
2807:
2770:
2234:
1472:
1460:
1432:
1358:
1038:
1032:
1005:
970:
964:
924:
908:
898:
855:
851:
845:
806:
540:
477:
449:
280:
computers, and (after Amstrad took over manufacture of the line) the
148:
140:
573:
3402:
3146:
2797:
2732:
2658:
2400:
1452:
1266:
1158:
Commodore also developed a 3½-inch 800 KB disk format for its
986:
693:
376:
354:
703:
519:
284:. It was also adopted by some other manufacturers/systems such as
2980:
2918:
2872:
1718:
1655:
1428:
1424:
1270:
982:
920:
916:
912:
548:
363:
269:
262:
221:
1101:
drives used with the later two machines. The standard Commodore
3423:
3397:
3094:
2867:
1776:"Patent: Casket type storing system for rotating flexible disk"
1403:
1366:
1086:
1020:
1001:
997:
974:
904:
774:
688:
536:
494:
136:
398:
labelled 2.8-inch for the diameter of the magnetic disc itself
147:
processors. It was also offered in limited quantity with some
3418:
3413:
1527:
1245:
1159:
928:
544:
419:
107:
95:
1848:"Model MCD-1 - Micro Cassette Disk Drive - Technical manual"
1348:
19:"Superfloppy" redirects here. For the MSD floppy drive, see
3563:
3171:
3065:
2328:
1456:
1261:
disk formats. Because of this, foreign formats such as the
1143:
1013:
863:
509:
490:
285:
132:
154:
3381:
3151:
2975:
951:, along with notorious hardware failures (the so-called "
858:
552:
513:
1249:
free of arbitrary format restrictions, encoding such as
204:
formatted. The drives were compatible with contemporary
167:
A magnetic disk in a hard plastic shell was invented by
2530:
Computer Hope: Information about computer floppy drives
1880:"Jánosi Marcell: MCD-1 floppy drive és disk, 1974-1981"
833:: that it be able to read 720 KB and 1.44 MB floppies.
441:
with a total capacity of 2×64 KB (128 KB) at
111:
1622:"Historic "Tabor" Floppy Disc Drive | #219855797"
2454:
2324:"Scaling the memory pyramid: Floppy - But Very Large"
2105:. No. 70. COMPUTE! Publications, Inc. p. 18
2011:
2009:
2007:
2537:(mention of ANSI X3.162 and X3.171 floppy standards)
2209:
2062:
Sharp Service Manual Model CE-140F Pocket Disk Drive
2055:
2053:
2051:
1853:. Budapesti Rádiótechnikai Gyár (BRG). 3B50-703/-A.
1072:
Custom formatting types on 3½-inch and 5¼-inch media
296:. Despite this, the format was not a major success.
3294:
2479:, Hewlett Packard, 1982-09-01, Part No. 09121-90000
1119:processor on the disk drive. Many programs such as
670:A flippy disk (sometimes known as a "flippy") is a
598:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2541:Floppy disk drives and media technical information
2455:Englisch, Lothar; Szczepanowski, Norbert (1984) ,
2252:. Cahners Publishing Company. pp. 23, 26, 30.
2090:
2004:
700:Generally, there are two levels of modifications:
2392:
2048:
1345:, which is something that ADF and DMS cannot do.
697:published an article on the topic in March 1981.
532:more than 3½-inch and 5¼-inch disks of the time.
299:Three-inch diskettes bear much similarity to the
232:lines and in some systems by other manufacturers.
83:on the media and the drive for the DemiDiskette.
51:
3586:
1924:"Pictures [of various CF2 floppy disks]"
813:, the former used for optical drives (including
759:IBM developed, and several companies copied, an
2368:6848 cylinders × 36 blocks/cylinder × 512 bytes
1752:. Informatika Történeti Kiállítás. 2016-08-30.
1550:"PC World announces the end of the floppy disk"
1394:M (medium): 320 KB, 80-track single-sided;
188:showed interest in using the technology in his
179:
1397:L (large): 640 KB, 80-track double-sided.
1391:S (small): 160 KB, 40-track single-sided;
1357:used non-standard disk formats in their 8-bit
493:Mavica (not to be confused with later Digital
253:An Amstrad CPC loading a game from floppy disk
102:Another unsuccessful diskette variant was the
3280:
3249:History of computing hardware (1960s–present)
2730:
2716:
2583:
2417:
2398:
1670:"Tabor TC500 Drivette! Woohoo! | 68kMLA"
1115:instead, which was implemented with an extra
985:, had an initial capacity of 120 MB (120.375
955:"), reduced the popularity of the Zip drive.
497:models) and the Ion and Xapshot cameras from
409:
2484:Immers, Richard; Neufeld, Gerald G. (1984).
2352:(manual page), Linux command, archived from
1541:
1269:, which was included with later versions of
1155:software was available to perform the task.
1048:
850:In 1991, Insite Peripherals introduced the "
212:3-inch "Compact Floppy Disk" / "CF-2" format
2180:
2178:
2122:
1948:
1946:
1944:
747:jacket is a great peril to the disk itself.
32:A Maxell-branded 3-inch Compact Floppy Disk
3287:
3273:
2723:
2709:
2597:
2590:
2576:
2525:HowStuffWorks: How Floppy Disk Drives Work
2488:. Data most & Reston (Prentice-Hall).
2265:"The Evolution of the Floppy Disk for PCs"
2116:
1993:(advertisement). January 1984. p. 327
1979:
2218:
1956:. PC Magazine. 2017-06-21. Archived from
1725:
1691:
1628:
1349:Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, and Archimedes
658:Learn how and when to remove this message
2499:
2399:Jonguin, Vincent; Joguin, Sonia (2004).
2175:
1941:
1790:"BRG MCD-1, Hungarian floppy disk drive"
1547:
1220:
1206:
736:
702:
518:
459:
389:
385:
348:
243:
235:
215:
158:
90:
65:IBM DemiDiskette media and Model 341 FDD
60:
27:
2262:
2247:
2096:
1987:"The winning move. Hitachi's 3" floppy"
1916:
1872:
1840:
1811:
1782:
1265:'s can be handled with ease (by use of
977:drive, often seen with the brand names
3587:
1907:
1773:
767:
455:
370:
344:
3268:
2704:
2571:
2476:9121D/S Disc Memory Operator's Manual
2459:, Grand Rapids, MI: Abacus Software,
2426:KCS Dual HD Drive for Amiga computers
2224:
2148:
1969:A consortium of manufacturers led by
1823:ITF, NJSZT Informatikatörténeti Fórum
1774:Jánosi, Jánosi Marcell (1974-11-30).
1700:"The floppy is a 3.25" Flex Diskette"
1697:
1634:
1608:"Tabor bringt Drivette auf den Markt"
764:a much easier technology to perfect.
558:
3595:Rotating disc computer storage media
3254:List of pioneers in computer science
2321:
2203:
1063:drive surfaced early in 1998 as the
691:on one side and Apple on the other.
596:adding citations to reliable sources
567:
508:format in either the North American
2520:Programming Floppy Disk Controllers
1819:"BRG MCD-1 kazettás hajlékonylemez"
1334:Interchangeable Preservation Format
1177:
1076:
56:
13:
2457:The Anatomy of the 1541 Disk Drive
1912:. Disk/Trend Inc. p. MFGR-23.
1304:was only fitted with the standard
124:Microfloppy Disk Drive TC 500
14:
3621:
2513:
1530:(1.2 MB format on 3.5-inch media)
1166:disk drive, which uses only MFM.
523:2-inch LT-1 floppy disk from Fuji
86:
3339:
2429:, Amiga hardware, archived from
1548:Fletcher, Richard (2007-01-30).
1093:home computers, the same as the
958:
572:
425:. Two drives were produced: the
224:. This format was used by their
2548:at the Museum of Obsolete Media
2448:
2374:
2340:
2315:
2300:from the original on 2017-06-19
2286:
2256:
2241:
2142:
2079:from the original on 2017-03-11
2037:from the original on 2017-03-23
1908:Porter, James (December 1985).
1901:
1860:from the original on 2016-03-01
1829:from the original on 2019-08-01
1800:from the original on 2019-08-13
1767:
1756:from the original on 2023-02-07
1742:
1710:from the original on 2020-11-09
1647:from the original on 2020-11-09
1273:). With the correct filesystem
787:
754:
583:needs additional citations for
563:
433:(chassis: FDU-250). Both took
292:, and Timex of Portugal in the
98:3¼" Flex Diskettes (P/N 802950)
3321:Common Language Infrastructure
2263:Pollack, Andrew (1990-03-14).
2192:. The Computer Language Co Inc
2149:Joshi, Rajmohan (April 2006).
1886:(in Hungarian). Archived from
1662:
1614:
1600:
1586:
1572:
1563:
1279:Individual Computers Catweasel
268:The format was widely used by
240:An Amstrad 3-inch floppy drive
163:MCD-1 drive and disk cassettes
52:Non-standard media and devices
1:
3244:History of computing hardware
2097:Bateman, Selby (March 1986).
1825:(in Hungarian). 2018-10-17 .
1750:"MCD-1 cassette floppy drive"
1534:
1503:Floppy disk hardware emulator
1402:since those machines support
1284:Commodore never upgraded the
1211:The pictured chip, codenamed
1136:Modified Frequency Modulation
181:Budapesti Rádiótechnikai Gyár
155:3-inch "MCD-1 Micro Cassette"
3610:Floppy disk computer storage
3112:Network interface controller
2562:, pp. 139–156, Dec 1983
2099:"The Future of Mass Storage"
2024:Sharp PC-1600 Service Manual
1732:"Tabor Adds 3½-inch Drive".
1637:"Why does this drive exist?"
1026:
892:
839:
294:FDD and FDD-3000 disk drives
139:portable computer with both
16:Types of floppy disk formats
7:
2909:Refreshable braille display
2851:Refreshable braille display
1518:List of floppy disk formats
1466:
1385:Advanced Disk Filing System
1021:Compaq Computer Corporation
114:. The diskettes were named
10:
3626:
3451:Holographic Versatile Disc
2155:. Isha Books. p. 79.
2123:Sieg, M. G. (March 1981).
1513:History of the floppy disk
1365:, and their successor the
1052:
1030:
962:
947:optical media and, later,
896:
876:
843:
707:A write-notch puncher for
471:
410:Sharp 2.5-inch floppy disk
18:
3572:
3551:
3530:
3475:
3459:
3390:
3356:Advanced Intelligent Tape
3348:
3337:
3303:
3236:
3180:
3139:
3130:
3008:
2944:
2887:
2816:
2751:
2742:
2606:
2500:Weyhrich, Steven (2005),
2227:"Windows 10 hardware dev"
2152:Introduction To Computers
2026:. Yamatokoriyama, Japan:
1049:Caleb Technology’s UHD144
996:It was upgraded (as the "
915:; later versions boasted
797:largely been replaced by
2322:Ryan, Bob (March 1992).
2294:""Floptical" drive info"
2225:Hudek, Ted (June 2017).
1202:
969:Announced in 1995, the "
220:A 3-inch floppy disk by
3018:Central processing unit
2553:"War of the Microdisks"
2233:. Windows and GPT FAQ.
1552:. London: The Telegraph
1237:Lotus Turbo Challenge 2
282:Sinclair ZX Spectrum +3
120:Tabor 3¼" Flex Diskette
116:Dysan 3¼" Flex Diskette
3575:List of Ecma standards
3304:Application interfaces
2336:(3): 161–169, 166–167.
1493:Floppy disk controller
1488:Don't Copy That Floppy
1241:
1218:
923:of storage, until the
817:), and the latter for
742:
728:Disk Operating Systems
722:
607:"Floppy disk variants"
551:Type II and with
524:
469:
399:
360:
254:
241:
233:
180:
164:
99:
66:
33:
3531:Radio link interfaces
3476:Programming languages
3441:Ultra Density Optical
2271:. Business Technology
1698:@Foone (2020-10-13).
1635:@Foone (2018-04-30).
1508:Group coded recording
1300:, although the later
1229:
1210:
1171:GEOS operating system
1138:(MFM), to enable the
1103:Group Coded Recording
740:
706:
522:
489:such as the original
463:
394:3-inch diskette from
393:
386:Smith Corona DataDisk
352:
252:
239:
219:
162:
94:
80:U.S. patent 4,482,929
64:
31:
3446:Universal Media Disc
2125:"Flipping Your Disk"
1910:Flexible Disk Drives
1449:image filing systems
1353:The British company
592:improve this article
358:Famicom Disk Systems
129:Seequa Chameleon 325
3605:American inventions
3391:File systems (disk)
3349:File systems (tape)
2546:Floppy Disk Formats
2401:"Disk2FDI Homepage"
2388:(encyclopedia term)
927:(formerly known as
831:backward compatible
768:Floppy mass storage
487:still video cameras
456:2-inch floppy disks
380:Famicom Disk System
371:Famicom Disk System
353:3-inch diskette of
345:Quick Disk variants
3297:Ecma International
2269:The New York Times
2250:Mini-Micro Systems
2231:docs.microsoft.com
2190:PCMag Encyclopedia
1498:Floppy disk format
1374:Disc Filing System
1242:
1219:
1162:machines with the
1134:, compatible with
1108:zone bit recording
1010:SyQuest Technology
973:" marketed as the
936:desktop publishing
743:
723:
559:Extended use cases
543:(originally named
525:
470:
400:
361:
255:
242:
234:
206:floppy controllers
165:
100:
67:
34:
3582:
3581:
3262:
3261:
3232:
3231:
3162:Analog audio jack
2883:
2882:
2698:
2697:
2072:. 00ZCE140F/SME.
2070:Sharp Corporation
2028:Sharp Corporation
1594:"Popular Science"
1457:Computer Concepts
1286:Original Chip Set
1263:IBM PC compatible
1227:
940:computer graphics
854:", which uses an
668:
667:
660:
642:
250:
42:IBM PC compatible
3617:
3577:(1961 – present)
3376:Linear Tape-Open
3343:
3311:ANSI escape code
3289:
3282:
3275:
3266:
3265:
3137:
3136:
2788:Optical trackpad
2753:Pointing devices
2749:
2748:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2702:
2701:
2599:Magnetic storage
2592:
2585:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2508:
2506:Apple II History
2480:
2469:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2396:
2390:
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2222:
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2085:
2084:
2078:
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2057:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2021:
2017:"Model CE-1600F"
2013:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1965:
1950:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1926:. Archived from
1920:
1914:
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1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1876:
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1868:
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1739:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1676:. Archived from
1666:
1660:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1545:
1370:Acorn Archimedes
1331:
1323:
1315:
1228:
1178:Atari 8-bit line
1077:Commodore 64/128
981:(Panasonic) and
819:hard disk drives
720:
719:
715:
712:
686:
685:
681:
678:
663:
656:
652:
649:
643:
641:
600:
576:
568:
529:Zenith MinisPORT
447:
446:
437:diskettes named
423:pocket computers
340:
339:
335:
332:
326:
325:
321:
318:
312:
311:
307:
304:
251:
183:
177:
82:
57:IBM DemiDiskette
44:systems, or the
3625:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3600:Legacy hardware
3585:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3568:
3547:
3526:
3471:
3455:
3386:
3344:
3335:
3326:Office Open XML
3299:
3293:
3263:
3258:
3228:
3176:
3126:
3004:
2998:USB flash drive
2947:
2940:
2879:
2812:
2766:Game controller
2761:Graphics tablet
2738:
2729:
2699:
2694:
2602:
2596:
2560:Popular Science
2555:
2551:
2516:
2473:
2467:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2436:
2434:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2409:
2407:
2397:
2393:
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2301:
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2219:
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2183:
2176:
2167:
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2147:
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2117:
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2106:
2095:
2091:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1963:
1961:
1952:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1931:
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1902:
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1803:
1801:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1772:
1768:
1759:
1757:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1738:. October 1984.
1731:
1730:
1726:
1713:
1711:
1696:
1692:
1683:
1681:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1650:
1648:
1633:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1596:. October 1986.
1592:
1591:
1587:
1580:"Computerworld"
1578:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1553:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1469:
1355:Acorn Computers
1351:
1343:copy protection
1329:
1321:
1318:Amiga Disk File
1313:
1221:
1205:
1180:
1149:Big Blue Reader
1079:
1074:
1057:
1051:
1035:
1029:
967:
961:
907:introduced the
901:
895:
879:
848:
842:
790:
770:
757:
717:
713:
710:
708:
683:
679:
676:
674:
664:
653:
647:
644:
601:
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589:
577:
566:
561:
506:composite video
480:
458:
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442:
412:
388:
373:
347:
337:
333:
330:
328:
323:
319:
316:
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309:
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300:
290:Tatung Einstein
244:
214:
171:
157:
89:
78:
59:
54:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3623:
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3597:
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3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3406:
3403:CD File System
3400:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3368:
3363:
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3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3122:Expansion card
3119:
3114:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3059:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3023:Microprocessor
3014:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2893:
2891:
2889:Output devices
2885:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2793:Pointing stick
2790:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2728:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2705:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2549:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2515:
2514:External links
2512:
2511:
2510:
2497:
2482:
2471:
2465:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2416:
2391:
2373:
2339:
2314:
2296:. 1990-01-17.
2285:
2255:
2240:
2217:
2202:
2186:"super floppy"
2174:
2161:
2141:
2115:
2089:
2047:
2003:
1978:
1940:
1915:
1900:
1871:
1839:
1810:
1781:
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1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1463:format disks.
1399:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1363:Acorn Electron
1350:
1347:
1204:
1201:
1179:
1176:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1053:Main article:
1050:
1047:
1031:Main article:
1028:
1025:
963:Main article:
960:
957:
953:click of death
897:Main article:
894:
891:
878:
875:
844:Main article:
841:
838:
811:computer cases
794:"super floppy"
789:
786:
769:
766:
756:
753:
749:
748:
744:
666:
665:
580:
578:
571:
565:
562:
560:
557:
457:
454:
450:GCR (4/5)
427:Sharp CE-1600F
411:
408:
387:
384:
372:
369:
346:
343:
213:
210:
169:Marcell Jánosi
156:
153:
118:(P/N 802950),
88:
87:Tabor Drivette
85:
58:
55:
53:
50:
21:MSD Super Disk
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3622:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
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3571:
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3562:
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3554:
3550:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3517:Minimal BASIC
3515:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3465:
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3458:
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3447:
3444:
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3404:
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3389:
3383:
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3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
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3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3295:Standards of
3290:
3285:
3283:
3278:
3276:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3194:Parallel port
3192:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3010:Computer case
3007:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2936:Graphics card
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2834:Graphics card
2832:
2830:
2829:Image scanner
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2744:Input devices
2741:
2737:
2734:
2726:
2721:
2719:
2714:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2600:
2593:
2588:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2561:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2507:
2503:
2502:"The Disk II"
2498:
2495:
2494:0-8359-3091-2
2491:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2466:0-916439-01-1
2462:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2433:on 2011-09-27
2432:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2369:
2359:on 2011-07-27
2355:
2351:
2350:
2343:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2282:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2251:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2214:. p. 21.
2213:
2206:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2164:
2162:9788182053793
2158:
2154:
2153:
2145:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1960:on 2017-06-28
1959:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1930:on 2018-08-12
1929:
1925:
1919:
1911:
1904:
1890:on 2008-02-24
1889:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1856:
1849:
1843:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1777:
1770:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1737:
1736:
1728:
1720:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1680:on 2022-01-09
1679:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1657:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1623:
1617:
1609:
1603:
1595:
1589:
1582:. March 1983.
1581:
1575:
1566:
1551:
1544:
1540:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1319:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1184:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1142:to work with
1141:
1140:Commodore 128
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:Commodore DOS
1110:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
994:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
966:
959:LS-120/LS-240
956:
954:
950:
949:flash storage
946:
941:
937:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
900:
890:
886:
883:
874:
870:
867:
865:
860:
857:
853:
847:
837:
834:
832:
826:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
803:flash storage
800:
795:
785:
783:
779:
778:Bernoulli Box
776:
765:
762:
752:
745:
739:
734:
733:disk doublers
729:
725:
724:
705:
701:
698:
696:
695:
690:
673:
662:
659:
651:
640:
637:
633:
630:
626:
623:
619:
616:
612:
609: –
608:
604:
603:Find sources:
597:
593:
587:
586:
581:This article
579:
575:
570:
569:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
530:
521:
517:
515:
511:
507:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
483:
479:
475:
467:
462:
453:
451:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
421:
417:
407:
405:
397:
392:
383:
381:
378:
375:The Japanese
368:
365:
359:
356:
351:
342:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
238:
231:
227:
223:
218:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
182:
175:
170:
161:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
97:
93:
84:
81:
75:
74:
63:
49:
47:
43:
39:
30:
26:
22:
3467:Universal 3D
3100:Power MOSFET
3083:Power supply
3052:Data storage
2988:Flash memory
2966:Optical disc
2948:data storage
2629:Ferrite core
2559:
2505:
2485:
2475:
2456:
2449:Bibliography
2435:, retrieved
2431:the original
2425:
2419:
2408:. Retrieved
2404:
2394:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2361:, retrieved
2354:the original
2348:
2342:
2333:
2327:
2317:
2308:
2302:. Retrieved
2288:
2279:
2273:. Retrieved
2268:
2258:
2249:
2243:
2230:
2220:
2211:
2205:
2194:. Retrieved
2189:
2166:. Retrieved
2151:
2144:
2133:. Retrieved
2131:. p. 71
2128:
2118:
2107:. Retrieved
2102:
2092:
2081:. Retrieved
2061:
2039:. Retrieved
2023:
1995:. Retrieved
1990:
1981:
1968:
1962:. Retrieved
1958:the original
1932:. Retrieved
1928:the original
1918:
1909:
1903:
1892:. Retrieved
1888:the original
1883:
1874:
1862:. Retrieved
1842:
1831:. Retrieved
1822:
1813:
1802:. Retrieved
1793:
1784:
1769:
1758:. Retrieved
1744:
1733:
1727:
1717:– via
1712:. Retrieved
1693:
1682:. Retrieved
1678:the original
1673:
1664:
1654:– via
1649:. Retrieved
1630:
1616:
1602:
1588:
1574:
1565:
1554:. Retrieved
1543:
1483:Disk storage
1442:
1438:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1408:coprocessors
1400:
1382:
1378:
1352:
1311:
1283:
1243:
1235:
1212:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1168:
1157:
1148:
1125:
1106:
1091:Commodore 64
1080:
1064:
1058:
1055:Caleb UHD144
1043:
1036:
1018:
995:
991:
968:
945:compact disc
934:The rise of
933:
902:
887:
884:
880:
871:
868:
849:
835:
827:
823:
801:burners and
799:optical disc
793:
791:
788:Super floppy
782:head crashes
771:
758:
755:Auto-loaders
750:
732:
699:
692:
672:double-sided
669:
654:
648:October 2012
645:
635:
628:
621:
614:
602:
590:Please help
585:verification
582:
564:Flippy disks
534:
526:
512:or European
484:
481:
474:Video Floppy
466:video floppy
452:recording).
413:
404:Smith Corona
401:
396:Smith Corona
374:
362:
298:
267:
256:
198:Commodore 64
186:Jack Tramiel
166:
123:
119:
115:
110:, Brown and
103:
101:
71:
68:
35:
25:
3378:(Ultrium-1)
3199:Serial port
3190:(IEEE 1394)
3167:DisplayPort
3157:Thunderbolt
3030:Motherboard
2993:Memory card
2961:Floppy disk
2803:Touchscreen
2671:Floppy disk
2641:Stripe card
2386:PC Magazine
1406:and 32-bit
1341:which have
1259:proprietary
917:250 MB
721:-inch disks
555:interface.
194:ZX Spectrum
172: [
131:, an early
38:floppy disk
3589:Categories
3522:Full BASIC
3506:ECMAScript
3498:JavaScript
2946:Removable
2931:Sound card
2861:Sound chip
2856:Sound card
2846:Microphone
2736:components
2437:2011-06-23
2410:2006-05-25
2363:2011-06-23
2349:floppy (8)
2304:2017-06-19
2275:2017-06-19
2196:2023-05-31
2168:2023-03-03
2135:2013-10-26
2109:2018-10-07
2083:2017-03-11
2041:2017-03-12
1997:2014-12-25
1971:Matsushita
1964:2018-08-15
1934:2018-08-15
1894:2006-12-28
1864:2019-08-01
1833:2019-08-01
1804:2019-08-01
1760:2023-05-01
1714:2022-01-09
1684:2022-01-12
1674:68kmla.org
1651:2022-01-09
1556:2011-06-22
1535:References
1523:Sneakernet
1478:Disk image
1415:BBC Master
1326:DiskMasher
1302:Amiga 1200
1298:Amiga 4000
1294:Amiga 3000
1232:Amiga 2000
1006:Zip drives
979:Matsushita
807:drive bays
761:autoloader
618:newspapers
503:interlaced
472:See also:
468:from Canon
259:Matsushita
3371:Super DLT
3209:PS/2 port
3204:Game port
3117:Fax modem
2956:Disk pack
2808:Trackball
2771:Light pen
2689:Racetrack
2653:Thin film
2635:Hard disk
2405:Old skool
2235:Microsoft
1473:dd (Unix)
1461:Macintosh
1359:BBC Micro
1039:Sony HiFD
1033:Sony HiFD
1027:Sony HiFD
971:SuperDisk
965:SuperDisk
925:PocketZip
919:and then
909:Zip drive
903:In 1994,
899:Zip drive
893:Zip drive
856:infra-red
852:Floptical
846:Floptical
840:Floptical
541:PocketZip
478:PocketZip
414:In 1986,
272:in their
190:Commodore
149:PDP-11/23
3460:Graphics
3188:FireWire
3181:Obsolete
3147:Ethernet
2926:Speakers
2824:Keyboard
2798:Touchpad
2733:computer
2382:"LS-120"
2298:Archived
2129:Compute!
2103:COMPUTE!
2074:Archived
2032:Archived
1855:Archived
1827:Archived
1798:Archived
1796:. 2017.
1754:Archived
1708:Archived
1645:Archived
1467:See also
1455:format.
1453:Atari ST
1445:FileCore
1433:combo IO
1267:CrossDOS
1234:loading
1117:MOS-6502
694:Compute!
439:CE-1650F
435:turnable
429:and the
377:Nintendo
355:Nintendo
230:Spectrum
104:Drivette
3559:ECMA-35
3483:C++/CLI
3331:OpenXPS
3237:Related
3140:Current
2981:Blu-ray
2919:Plotter
2914:Printer
2897:Monitor
2873:Softcam
2781:Optical
2679:(~1970)
2667:(~1968)
2665:Twistor
2556:(Books)
2212:PC Week
1884:Octogon
1719:Twitter
1656:Twitter
1429:Risc PC
1425:RISC OS
1376:(DFS).
1271:AmigaOS
1083:PET/CBM
983:Imation
877:Flextra
815:Blu-ray
716:⁄
682:⁄
632:scholar
549:PC Card
464:2-inch
431:CE-140F
364:Mitsumi
336:⁄
322:⁄
308:⁄
270:Amstrad
263:Hitachi
222:Amstrad
133:CP/M-80
3493:Eiffel
3424:FAT16B
3405:(CDFS)
3398:CD-ROM
3095:MOSFET
3035:Memory
2902:Screen
2868:Webcam
2731:Basic
2691:(2008)
2685:(1995)
2677:Bubble
2673:(1969)
2661:(1962)
2655:(1962)
2649:(1956)
2643:(1956)
2637:(1956)
2631:(1949)
2625:(1932)
2619:(1928)
2613:(1898)
2492:
2463:
2159:
1974:pages.
1367:32-bit
1328:) and
1275:driver
1153:SOGWAP
1089:, and
1087:VIC-20
1061:UHD144
998:LS-240
975:LS-120
921:750 MB
913:100 MB
905:Iomega
780:, but
775:Iomega
689:TRS-80
634:
627:
620:
613:
605:
537:Iomega
495:Mavica
288:, the
137:MS-DOS
135:&
46:8-inch
3552:Other
3419:FAT16
3414:FAT12
3214:eSATA
3132:Ports
2817:Other
2776:Mouse
2601:media
2535:NCITS
2357:(man)
2077:(PDF)
2066:(PDF)
2035:(PDF)
2020:(PDF)
1858:(PDF)
1851:(PDF)
1704:Tweet
1641:Tweet
1528:3mode
1246:Amiga
1214:Paula
1203:Amiga
1160:8-bit
1002:32 MB
929:Clik!
639:JSTOR
625:books
545:Clik!
499:Canon
420:BASIC
416:Sharp
402:Many
176:]
108:Dysan
96:Dysan
3564:JSON
3512:Dart
3316:APIW
3172:HDMI
3088:SMPS
3076:SSHD
3070:NVMe
3066:SATA
3045:BIOS
2683:MRAM
2659:CRAM
2647:MICR
2623:Drum
2617:Tape
2611:Wire
2490:ISBN
2461:ISBN
2329:BYTE
2157:ISBN
1991:Byte
1735:BYTE
1361:and
1330:.IPF
1322:.DMS
1314:.ADF
1296:and
1253:and
1244:The
1169:The
1164:1581
1144:CP/M
1132:1571
1130:and
1128:1570
1121:GEOS
1099:1541
1097:and
1095:1540
1059:The
1014:BIOS
1008:and
938:and
864:SCSI
726:For
611:news
510:NTSC
491:Sony
476:and
286:Sega
276:and
228:and
196:and
145:8088
143:and
73:demi
36:The
3543:UWB
3538:NFC
3502:E4X
3436:UDF
3409:FAT
3382:VXA
3366:DLT
3361:DDS
3224:VGA
3219:DVI
3152:USB
3105:VRM
3062:SSD
3057:HDD
3040:RAM
2976:DVD
2839:GPU
1706:).
1643:).
1404:16-
1338:ADF
1320:),
1290:RPM
1255:GCR
1251:MFM
1230:An
1189:i.e
1151:by
989:).
859:LED
809:in
594:by
553:USB
539:'s
514:PAL
445:464
278:PCW
274:CPC
226:CPC
202:MFM
141:Z80
3591::
3504:,
3488:C#
3431:FD
3068:/
2971:CD
2558:,
2504:,
2403:.
2384:,
2366:,
2334:17
2332:.
2326:.
2307:.
2278:.
2267:.
2229:.
2188:.
2177:^
2127:.
2101:.
2068:.
2050:^
2022:.
2006:^
1989:.
1967:.
1943:^
1882:.
1821:.
1792:.
1672:.
1410:.
1306:DD
1085:,
1065:it
987:MB
821:.
443:62
261:.
174:hu
112:3M
3508:)
3500:(
3288:e
3281:t
3274:v
3072:)
3064:(
2724:e
2717:t
2710:v
2591:e
2584:t
2577:v
2564:.
2496:.
2481:.
2470:.
2441:.
2413:.
2371:.
2237:.
2199:.
2171:.
2138:.
2112:.
2086:.
2044:.
2000:.
1937:.
1897:.
1867:.
1836:.
1807:.
1778:.
1763:.
1721:.
1702:(
1687:.
1658:.
1639:(
1624:.
1610:.
1559:.
1332:(
1324:(
1316:(
1187:(
718:4
714:1
711:+
709:5
684:4
680:1
677:+
675:5
661:)
655:(
650:)
646:(
636:·
629:·
622:·
615:·
588:.
338:4
334:1
331:+
329:5
324:2
320:1
317:+
315:3
310:2
306:1
303:+
301:3
23:.
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