Amstrad CPC - Knowledge

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by competent hobbyists and they attached to the main expansion port at the back of the machine. Software on ROM loads much faster than from disc or tape and the machine's boot-up sequence was designed to evaluate ROMs it found and optionally hand over control of the machine to them. This allows significant customisation of the functionality of the machine, something that enthusiasts exploited for various purposes. However, the typical users would probably not be aware of this added ROM functionality unless they read the CPC press, as it is not described in the user manual and was hardly ever mentioned in marketing literature. It is, however, documented in the official Amstrad firmware manual.

905: 1403: 1395: 1138:"jewel" case. The casing is thicker and more rigid than that of 3.5 inch diskettes, and designed to be mailed without any additional packaging. A sliding metal cover to protect the media surface is internal to the casing and latched, unlike the simple external sliding cover of Sony's version. They were significantly more expensive than both 5.25 inch and 3.5 inch alternatives. This, combined with their low nominal capacities and their essentially proprietary nature, led to the format being discontinued shortly after the CPC itself was discontinued. 1046: 454: 1263: 656: 1184: 300: 366: 1073: 285:. Their computer-in-a-keyboard design prominently features an integrated storage device, either a compact cassette deck or 3-inch floppy disk drive. The main units were only sold bundled with either a colour, green-screen or monochrome monitor that doubles as the main unit's power supply. Additionally, a wide range of first and third-party hardware extensions such as external disk drives, printers, and memory extensions, was available. 413: 29: 955: 740: 560: 695: 1168:-standard interface means that Amstrad CPC machines are able to use standard 3", 3½" or 5¼" drives as their second drive. Programs such as ROMDOS and ParaDOS extend the standard AMSDOS system to provide support for double-sided, 80-track formats, enabling up to 800 KB to be stored on a single disk. 1459:

In 1988, after Schneider refused to market Amstrad's AT-compatible computer line, the cooperation ended. Schneider went on to sell the remaining stock of Schneider CPC models and used their now well-established market position to introduce its own PC designs. With the formation of its German daughter

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Such extra ROM chips do not plug directly into the CPC itself, but into extra plug-in "rom boxes" which contain sockets for the ROM chips and a minimal amount of decoding circuitry for the main machine to be able to switch between them. These boxes were either marketed commercially or could be built

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The CPC series was pitched against other home computers primarily used to play video games and enjoyed a strong supply of game software. The comparatively low price for a complete computer system with dedicated monitor, its high-resolution monochrome text and graphic capabilities and the possibility

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The hardware and firmware was designed to be able to access software provided on external ROMs. Each ROM has to be a 16 KB block and is switched in and out of the memory space shared with the video RAM. The Amstrad firmware is deliberately designed so that new software could be easily accessed

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Amstrad CPCs are equipped with either 64 (CPC 464, CPC 664, 464plus, GX4000) or 128 (CPC 6128, 6128plus) KB of RAM. This base memory can be extended by up to 512 KB using memory expansions sold by third-party manufacturers, and by up to 4096 KB using experimental methods developed by

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key (although some of them were temporarily manufactured without the ñ key). The sole purpose of the 8 KB memory chip (which is not electrically connected to the machine, so consequently rendered unusable) is to increase the machine's total memory specs to 72 KB in order to circumvent the

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Although they are based on the same hardware, the Schneider CPC models differ from the Amstrad CPC models in several details. Most prominently, the Schneider CPC 464 and CPC 664 keyboards featured grey instead of coloured keys, but still in the original British keyboard layout. To achieve a German

792:, in October 1989. Although the machine included various substitutes and emulations of an Amstrad CPC's hardware, the machine is largely compatible with Amstrad CPC software. It is equipped with 64 KB of memory and a CPC 6128's firmware customized to the modified hardware, including a copy of 440:

The back of the CPC 664 main unit features the same connectors as the CPC 464, with the exception of an additional 12V power lead. Unlike the CPC 464's cassette tape drive that could be powered off the main unit's 5V voltage, the CPC 664's floppy disk drive requires an additional 12V voltage. This

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After the successful release of the CPC 464, consumers were constantly asking for two improvements: more memory and an internal disk drive. For Amstrad, the latter was easier to realise. At the deliberately low-key introduction of the CPC 664, the machine was positioned not only as the lowest-cost

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operating system was supplied with the 664 and 6128 disk-based systems, and the DDI-1 disk expansion unit for the 464. 64k machines shipped with CP/M 2.2 alone, while the 128k machines also include CP/M 3.1. The compact CP/M 2.2 implementation is largely stored on the boot sectors of a 3" disk in

1092:. The chosen drive (built-in for later models) is a single-sided 40-track unit that requires the user to remove and flip the disk to access the other side. Each side has its own independent write-protect switch. The sides are termed "A" and "B", with each one commonly formatted to 180 KB (in 931:

Three built-in display resolutions are available: 160×200 pixels with 16 colours ("Mode 0", 20 text columns), 320×200 pixels with 4 colours ("Mode 1", 40 text columns), and 640×200 pixels with 2 colours ("Mode 2", 80 text columns). Increased screen size can be achieved by reprogramming the CRTC.

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models were intended as "more sophisticated and stylish" replacements of the CPC 464 and CPC 6128. Based on the redesigned plus hardware platform, they share the same base characteristics as their predecessors: The 464 plus is equipped with 64 KB RAM and a cassette tape drive, the 6128 plus

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The CPC 6128 was released on 13 June 1985 and initially only sold in the US. Imported and distributed by Indescomp, Inc. of Chicago, it was the first Amstrad product to be sold in the United States, a market that at the time was traditionally hostile towards European computer manufacturers. Two

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screening process, the edge connectors of the previous models have been replaced with micro-ribbon connectors as previously used on the German Schneider CPC 6128. As a result, a wide range of extensions for the original CPC range are connector-incompatible with the 464 plus and 6128 plus. In

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and soft scrolling, with a colour palette extended from a maximum of 16 colours (plus separately definable border) at one time from a choice of 27, increased to a maximum of 31 (16 for background and 15 for hardware sprites) out of 4096. The enhanced sound hardware offers automatic

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Compared to the CPC 464, the CPC 664's main unit has been significantly redesigned, not only to accommodate the floppy disk drive but also with a redesigned keyboard area. Touted as "ergonomic" by Amstrad's promotional material, the keyboard is noticeably tilted to the front with

1058: 1054: 673:, the GX4000 was Amstrad's short-lived attempt to enter the video game consoles market. Sharing the plus range's enhanced hardware characteristics, it represents the bare minimum variant of the range without a keyboard or support for mass storage devices. It came bundled with 2 1561:"...the worldwide rights to sell and manufacture all existing and future Sinclair computers and computer products, together with the Sinclair brand name and those intellectual property rights where they relate to computers and computer-related products." which included the 1310:

what was called "System format"; typing |CPM from Locomotive BASIC would load code from these sectors, making it a popular choice for custom game loading routines. The CP/M 3.1 implementation is largely in a separate file which is in turn loaded from the boot sector. Much

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The philosophy behind the CPC series was twofold, firstly the concept was of an "all-in-one", where the computer, keyboard and its data storage device were combined in a single unit and sold with its own dedicated display monitor. Most home computers at that time such as

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months later, on 15 August 1985, it arrived in Europe and replaced the CPC 664 in the CPC model line-up. Initial suggested retail prices for the CPC 6128 were US$ 699.00/£299.00/DM1598.00 with a green screen and US$ 799.00/£399.00/DM2098.00 with a colour monitor.

1972:"BOE.es - BOE-A-1985-15611 Real Decreto 1250/1985, de 19 de junio, por el que se establece la sujeción a especificaciones técnicas de los terminales de pantalla con teclado, periféricos para entrada y representación de información en equipo de proceso de datos" 1056: 424:

The CPC 664 features 64 KB RAM and an internal 3-inch floppy disk drive. It was introduced on 25 April 1985 in the UK. Initial suggested retail prices for the CPC 664 were £339.00/DM1198.00 with a green screen and £449.00/DM1998.00 with a colour monitor.

706:) on computers containing 64 KB or less of RAM (Royal Decree 1215/1985 and 1558/1985), and a new law (Royal Decree 1250/1985) mandated that all computers sold in Spain must have a Spanish keyboard. To circumvent this, Amstrad's Spanish distributor 1018:

at a resolution of approximately 5-bit by sending a stream of values to the sound chip. This technique is very processor-intensive and hard to combine with any other processing. Examples are the title screens or other non-playable scenes of games like

499:. The main goals were numerous enhancements to the existing CPC hardware platform, to restyle the casework to provide a contemporary appearance, and to add native support of cartridge media. The new model palette includes three variants, the 353:

wanted the machine to resemble a "real computer, similar to what someone would see being used to check them in at the airport for their holidays", and for the machine to not look like "a pregnant calculator" – in reference presumably to the

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columnist in January 1985 called the CPC 464 "the closest yet to filling" his criteria for a useful home computer, including good keyboard, 80-column text, inexpensive disk drive, and support for a mainstream operating system like CP/M.

1530:. Following the CPC's end of production, Amstrad gave permission for the CPC ROMs to be distributed freely as long as the copyright message is not changed and that it is acknowledged that Amstrad still holds copyright, giving 444:

The CPC 664 was only produced for approximately six months. In late 1985, when the CPC 6128 was introduced in Europe, Amstrad decided not to keep three models in the line-up, and production of the CPC 664 was discontinued.

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from these ROMs. Popular applications were marketed on ROM, particularly word processing and programming utility software (examples are Protext and Brunword of the former, and the MAXAM assembler of the latter type).

1954:"BOE.es - BOE-A-1985-18847 Real Decreto 1558/1985, de 28 de agosto, por el que se aclara el alcance del mínimo específico introducido en la subpartida 84.53.B.II del Arancel de Aduanas, por el Real Decreto 1215/1985" 580:

features 128 KB RAM and a 3" floppy disk drive. Both models share a common case layout with a keyboard taken over from the CPC 6128 model, and the respective mass storage drive inserted in a case breakout.

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Despite the significant hardware enhancements, many viewed it as outdated, being based on an 8-bit CPU, and it failed to attract both customers and software producers who were moving towards systems such as the

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with the original CPC models. Its enhanced features are only available after a deliberately obscure unlocking mechanism has been triggered, thus preventing existing CPC software from accidentally invoking them.

974:, also used by Acorn computers, to connect the supplied Amstrad monitor. This connector delivers a 1v p-p analogue RGB with a 50 Hz composite sync signal that, if wired correctly, can drive a 50 Hz 607:

firmware's structural differences causes problems with some CPC software directly calling firmware functions by their memory addresses, Amstrad separately sold a cartridge containing the original CPC 6128's

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899.00 with a green screen and £359.00/DM1398.00 with a colour monitor. Following the introduction of the CPC 6128 in late 1985, suggested retail prices for the CPC 464 were cut by £50.00/DM100.00.

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hardware enthusiasts. Because the Z80 processor is only able to directly address 64 KB of memory, additional memory from the 128 KB models and memory expansions is made available using

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name. However, as the games had not been designed around the Roland character and only had the branding added later, the character design varies immensely, from a spiky-haired blonde teenager (

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The Amstrad CPC enjoyed a strong and long lifetime, mainly due to the machines use for businesses as well as gaming. Dedicated programmers continued working on the CPC range, even producing

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The plus range is not equipped with an on-board ROM, and thus the 464 plus and the 6128 plus do not contain a firmware. Instead, Amstrad provided the firmware for both models via the

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to generate a pixel display output. CPC 6128s later in production as well as the models from the plus range integrate both the CRTC and the gate array's functions with the system's

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In order to avoid the CPU and the video logic simultaneously accessing the shared main memory and causing video corruption ("snowing"), CPU memory access is constrained to occur on

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disk system but even the lowest-cost CP/M 2.2 machine. In the Amstrad CPC product range the CPC 664 complemented the CPC 464 which was neither discontinued nor reduced in price.

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to distribute its product lines including the CPC 464 and CPC 6128, Amstrad attempted but ultimately failed to establish their own brand in the German-speaking parts of Europe.

437:-style cursor keys above the numeric keypad. Compared to the CPC 464's multicoloured keyboard, the CPC 664's keys are kept in a much quieter grey and pale blue colour scheme. 551:

which was launched a few short months after the plus range. The plus range was a commercial failure, and production was discontinued shortly after its introduction in 1990.

1334:. Popular assemblers were Hisoft's Devpac, Arnor's Maxam, and (in France) DAMS. Disk-based CPC (not Plus) systems shipped with an interpreter for the educational language 1057: 1294:

commands required on generic Microsoft implementations. Other unusual features include timed event handling with the AFTER and EVERY commands, and text-based windowing.

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cartridge. This resulted in reduced hardware localization cost (only some select key caps and case labels had to be localized) with the added benefit of a rudimentary

1444:" keyboard layout, Schneider marketed a small software program to reassign the keys as well as sticker labels for the keys. In order to conform with stricter German 1242:

service. A separate version of the ROM was created for the U.S. market due to the use of the commands "|SUCK" and "|BLOW", which were considered unacceptable there.

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In order to market its computers in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland where Amstrad did not have any distribution structures, Amstrad entered a partnership with

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The redesign significantly enhanced the CPC hardware, mainly to rectify its previous shortcomings as a gaming platform. The redesigned video hardware allows for

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improvements, one of the CPC 6128's most prominent features is the compatibility with the CP/M+ operating system that rendered it attractive for business uses.

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serial interfaces, attached to the expansion connector on the rear of the machine, with a through-connector for the CPC 464 disk drive or other peripherals.

2098: 993:, providing three channels, each configurable to generate square waves, white noise or both. A small array of hardware volume envelopes are available. 876: 483:

In 1990, confronted with a changing home computer market, Amstrad decided to refresh the CPC model range by introducing a new range variantly labelled

2452: 883:, causing a minor loss of processing power and resulting in what Amstrad estimated to be an "effective clock rate" of "approximately 3.3 MHz". 766:" - which means "small computer" - being a rather literal German translation of the English "microcomputer") is a clone of the Amstrad CPC built by 1448:

regulations, the complete Schneider CPC line-up is equipped with an internal metal shielding. For the same reason, the Schneider CPC 6128 features

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and Spectrums. Amstrad made more than £5 million on selling these surplus machines alone. Amstrad launched two new variants of the Spectrum: the

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The 3-inch disks themselves are usually known as "discs" on the CPC, following the spelling on the machine's plastic casing and conventional

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based company Patisonic released the Aleste 520EX, a computer highly compatible with the Amstrad CPC 6128. It could also be switched into an

1936:"BOE.es - BOE-A-1985-15514 Real Decreto 1215/1985, de 17 de julio, por el que se modifican determinadas subpartidas del arancel de Aduanas" 263:, intended to prolong the system's lifecycle with hardware updates, were considerably less successful, as was the attempt to repackage the 1428:, a German company that - very much like Amstrad itself - was previously only known for value-priced audio products. In 1984, Schneider's 1245:

Software and hardware limitations in this interface led to its replacement with an Amstrad-branded version of a compatible alternative by

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voltage had to be separately supplied by an updated version of the bundled green screen/colour monitor (GT-65 and CTM-644 respectively).

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co-processor board. It is particularly notable for providing easy access to the machine's video and audio resources in contrast to the

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happening at the time of the release, only a very small number of systems were sold. The KC compact can be emulated by free software

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software also rendered the system attractive for business users, which was reflected by a wide selection of application software.

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CP/M software was made available for the CPC, from word-processors such as VDE to complete bulletin board systems such as ROS.

2201: 1456:. Both the greyscale keyboard and the micro ribbon connectors found their way up into the design of later Amstrad CPC models. 2128: 1736: 1709: 1820: 947:). The plus range extended the palette to 4096 colours, also generated from RGB with 4 bits each for red, green and blue ( 731:

and the import tax was suppressed, so Amstrad added the ñ key for the 464 and production of the CPC 472 was discontinued.

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Both the 464 plus and the 6128 plus were introduced to the public in September 1990. Initial suggested retail prices were

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mechanism (without a firmware present, the machine itself could not copy a game cartridge's content). As the enhanced

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daughter company was created specifically for the task, and the complete Amstrad CPC line-up was branded and sold as

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In 1990, the 6128plus replaced the CPC 6128 in the model line-up, and production of the CPC 6128 was discontinued.

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Output is provided in mono by a small (4 cm) built-in loudspeaker with volume control, driven by an internal

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In an attempt to give the CPC a recognisable mascot, a number of games by Amstrad's in-house software publisher

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The CPC 6128 features 128 KB RAM and an internal 3-inch floppy disk drive. Aside from various hardware and

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In 1990, the 464plus replaced the CPC 464 in the model line-up, and production of the CPC 464 was discontinued.

342:. In itself, the all-in-one concept was not new, having been seen before on business-oriented machines and the 303:

The Schneider CPC 6128 was a Schneider-branded version of the Amstrad CPC 6128, and very similar in appearance.

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Transistorized memory, such as RAM, ROM, flash and cache sizes as well as file sizes are specified using

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between 1984 and 1990. It was designed to compete in the mid-1980s home computer market dominated by the

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appeared during the 1980s including publications in countries such as Britain, France, Spain, Germany,

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format, comprising 2 KB directory and 178 KB storage) for a total of 360 KB per disk.

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The CPC 464 was one of the most successful computers in Europe and sold more than two million units.

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television. External adapters for RF television were available as a first-party hardware accessory.

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During the August holidays of 1985, Spain briefly introduced an import tax of 15 000 pesetas (

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drive (similar to the CPC 664 and 6128), taking the 3" discs that Amstrad CPC machines used.

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160×200 pixels with 16 colours, 320×200 pixels with 4 colours, 640×200 pixels with 2 colours

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Technical Specification, CPC6128 Service Manual, p. 31., Amstrad Consumer Electronics Plc.

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that will either directly take one joystick, or two joysticks by use of a splitter cable.

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Technical Specification, CPC464 Service Manual, p. 2., Amstrad Consumer Electronics Plc.

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slot. The KC compact is the last 8-bit computer introduced in East Germany. Due to the

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word-processor range, another Z80-based machine with a 3" disk drive and software by

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were highly successful competitors in the European home computer market. The later

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colour space with each colour component assigned as either off, half on, or on (

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addition, the 6128plus does not have a tape socket for an external tape drive.

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Schneider CPC 6128 with visible micro ribbon connectors at the top (back) side

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Back of the case of a CPC 464, with the mini-jack, joystick and printer ports.

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video game console. The "CPC" abbreviation was dropped from the model names.

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During its lifetime, the CPC series sold approximately three million units.

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for facilitating data transfer between other systems using a proprietary

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Discs were shipped in a paper sleeve or a hard plastic case resembling a

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machines. Its features are not fully used in order to cut costs, namely

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authors the possibility to ship the CPC firmware with their programs.

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Although it was possible to obtain compilers for Locomotive BASIC,

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Amstrad followed their success with the CPC 464 by launching the

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1.1 modified in the startup banner only. The expansion port is a

528: 227: 39: 28: 1775: 1629: 1624: 1504: 1489: 1477: 1441: 1355: 1330:, the majority of the CPC's software was written in native Z80 1217: 1093: 954: 739: 127: 1593: 559: 2412: 1108: 975: 865: 544: 220: 152: 1662:

CPC464 User Manual, p. 11, Amstrad Consumer Electronics Plc.

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Underlying a CPC's video output is the unusual pairing of a

1565:, for £5 million. This included Sinclair's unsold stock of 1306: 1150: 1149:), the few other computer systems to use them included the 842: 817: 355: 290: 135: 2417: 2341:"You're NOT fired: The story of Amstrad's amazing CPC 464" 719: 2406: 2194: 962:

With the exception of the GX4000, all CPC models lack an

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The series spawned a total of six distinct models: The

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drive (like the CPC 464) and, the following year, the

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On 7 April 1986, Amstrad announced it had bought from

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Like most home computers at the time, the CPC has its

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The new range of models was intended to be completely

219:(short for "Colour Personal Computer") is a series of 393:

The CPC 464 featured 64 KB RAM and an internal

2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 1161:machines. They also found use on embedded systems. 2409:(CPC specific Wiki containing further information) 1889: 1697: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2122: 2120: 1084:3" floppy disk drive , which was compatible with 2424: 2305: 2270: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 1691: 1573:, based on the ZX Spectrum 128, with a built-in 1496:publication, as well as independent titles like 1141:Apart from Amstrad's other 3-inch machines (the 723:import tax. Some months later, Spain joined the 281:, complemented with either 64 or 128 KB of 2180: 2177:CPC464/664/6128 Firmware (Soft 968), Section 1 2117: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1728:What You See Is What You Get: My Autobiography 1389: 595:extension facility, contained on the included 362:with their low cost, membrane-type keyboards. 2149: 2038:"JKCEMU - Kleincomputer-Emulator (in German)" 2004: 1982: 1886:issue 83, From the Archives: Radical Software 1813: 1257: 2137:. Vol. 10, no. 1. pp. 401–407 1823:(in French). Amstrad Forever. Archived from 1099:The interface with the drives is an NEC 765 970:output and instead shipped with a 6-pin RGB 783: 772: 761: 684: 631:with a colour monitor for the 464 plus, and 1851: 935:The original CPC video hardware supports a 1724: 420:main unit (German Schneider-brand variant) 27: 1656: 1238:software to connect to British Telecom's 274:The CPC models' hardware is based on the 2453:Computers designed in the United Kingdom 2126: 1718: 1409: 1401: 1393: 1261: 1211: 1182: 1076:3-inch floppy disks used on CPC machines 1071: 1052: 1044: 953: 903: 875:boundaries. This effectively pads every 738: 693: 654: 647:with a colour monitor for the 6128plus. 567:main unit (with Spanish keyboard layout) 558: 452: 411: 364: 298: 2171: 1636: 1266:Locomotive BASIC on the Amstrad CPC 464 1103:, used for the same purpose in the IBM 958:Amstrad MP1 external television adapter 2438:Computer-related introductions in 1984 2425: 1653:for K (1024), M (1024), G (1024), etc. 1588: 920:or compatible) with a custom-designed 860:The entire CPC series is based on the 554: 2338: 1753:"OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum" 1414:Schneider CPC Demo Tape Presentation 1153:SF-7000 and CP/M systems such as the 312: 1848:, "User News...", August 1985, p. 7. 1234:in the device's own ROM, as well as 1040: 908:Mode 1 image on a GT65 green monitor 267:hardware into a game console as the 2289:. Nicholas Campbell. Archived from 1538:Influence on other Amstrad machines 1226:The original interface came with a 1049:Built-in disk drive of the CPC 6128 597:Burnin' Rubber and Locomotive BASIC 13: 2311: 1925:Issue 60, September 1990, P. 34-36 1864: 1796:. 1 May 1987. pp. 14–18 (18). 1788:"Special Feature: Happy Birthday!" 1317: 1199:The machines also feature a 9-pin 330:relied on the use of the domestic 16:Home computers produced by Amstrad 14: 2464: 2400: 864:; a processor, clocked at 4 475: 2339:Smith, Tony (12 February 2014). 1476:(GUI) operating systems such as 1398:Schneider Computer Division logo 2413:Unofficial Amstrad WWW Resource 2378: 2358: 2332: 2249: 2236: 2224: 2127:Pountain, Dick (January 1985). 2091: 2073: 2055: 2030: 1964: 1946: 1928: 1915: 1877: 1839: 1632:(multitasking operating system) 1610:Amstrad CP/M Plus character set 1492:. Titles included the official 824:mode. An expansion board named 811: 787:Kombinat Mikroelektronik Erfurt 334:set and a separately connected 2316:. Cliff Lawson. Archived from 1899:. grimware.org. Archived from 1867:"Arnold "V" Specification 1.4" 1821:"Interview de M. Roland Perry" 1800: 1745: 1643: 1510:Computing with the Amstrad CPC 1206: 1123:disks; they were formatted as 1068:from its internal floppy drive 939:of 27 colours, generated from 714:) created and distributed the 639:with a monochrome monitor and 623:with a monochrome monitor and 1: 2257:"Defunct Audio Manufacturers" 1701:Sir Alan Sugar: The Biography 1615:List of Amstrad CPC emulators 1368:) to a white cube with legs ( 1129:modified frequency modulation 1004:output is provided through a 734: 1467: 1178: 1014:It is possible to play back 988:General Instrument AY-3-8912 855: 835: 743:The Kleincomputer KC compact 457:CPC 6128 main circuit board. 7: 2231:CPC Schneider International 1897:"Amstrad System Cartridges" 1698:Chas Newkey-Burden (2010). 1598: 1452:type connectors instead of 1430:Schneider Computer Division 1390:Schneider Computer Division 1252: 850: 448: 166:, expandable to 576 KB 87:; 34 years ago 69:; 40 years ago 10: 2469: 2012:"KC Compact Documentation" 1425:Schneider Rundfunkwerke AG 1370:Roland Goes Square Bashing 1358:have been tagged with the 1347: 1258:BASIC and operating system 1119:transfers and support for 777:Mikroelektronik Mühlhausen 689: 662: 407: 383: 379: 349:Secondly, Amstrad founder 1869:. Amstrad. Archived from 1673:"Amstrad Product Archive" 1620:List of Amstrad CPC games 1605:Amstrad CPC character set 1341: 886: 685:Special models and clones 669:Developed as part of the 650: 583:In order to simplify the 307: 203: 192: 178: 170: 158: 142: 121: 107: 99: 81: 63: 55: 45: 35: 26: 2448:Z80-based home computers 2366:"The CPC that never was" 2063:"Aleste 520EX - CPCWiki" 1793:Popular Computing Weekly 1474:graphical user interface 1173:British English spelling 981: 899: 729:Treaty of Accession 1985 1350:Roland (game character) 1297: 2390:www.crashonline.org.uk 1524:Amstrad Cent Pour Cent 1419: 1407: 1399: 1267: 1188: 1077: 1069: 1050: 959: 909: 784: 773: 762: 744: 699: 660: 568: 458: 421: 376: 375:on the CPC 464 in 1988 304: 185:or compatible, custom 2345:www.theregister.co.uk 2129:"The Amstrad CPC 464" 1921:Paris in the Spring, 1846:Amstrad Computer User 1808:Amstrad Computer User 1757:www.old-computers.com 1494:Amstrad Computer User 1418:came with the CPC 464 1413: 1405: 1397: 1265: 1212:RS232 serial adapters 1186: 1090:3" floppy disk format 1075: 1061: 1048: 1016:digital sound samples 957: 907: 742: 697: 658: 562: 456: 415: 368: 302: 199:, 3-voices, 8-octaves 2042:www.jens-mueller.org 1873:on 18 November 2000. 1637:Notes and references 1372:) or a mutant flea ( 802:German reunification 725:European Communities 677:and the racing game 536:backwards compatible 2374:. 28 December 2017. 2018:on 20 February 2022 1810:May 1985, P. 42-46. 1725:Alan Sugar (2010). 1589:Production Timeline 1548:Locomotive Software 1375:Roland in the Caves 1366:Roland Goes Digging 1216:Amstrad issued two 1201:Atari joystick port 1062:A CPC 6128 loading 945:3 level RGB palette 555:464 plus, 6128 plus 23: 2418:New OS for the CPC 2314:"Lawson emulation" 2293:on 31 October 2001 2287:"CPC UK Magazines" 2085:aleste520.narod.ru 1903:on 1 February 2010 1581:, with a built-in 1420: 1408: 1400: 1268: 1189: 1078: 1070: 1051: 960: 910: 745: 700: 675:paddle controllers 661: 659:The Amstrad GX4000 569: 507:computers and the 459: 422: 377: 313:The original range 305: 21: 2386:"CRASH 28 - News" 2244:Schneider Magazin 1738:978-0-230-74933-7 1731:. Pan Macmillan. 1711:978-1-84454-891-0 1559:Sinclair Research 1488:, Australia, and 1332:assembly language 1276:BASIC interpreter 1059: 1041:Floppy disk drive 986:The CPC uses the 710:(later to become 369:Children playing 213: 212: 50:Personal computer 2460: 2394: 2393: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2283: 2268: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2253: 2247: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2212:on 8 August 2009 2208:. Archived from 2198: 2192: 2189: 2178: 2175: 2169: 2166: 2147: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2124: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2105:on 13 March 2016 2101:. Archived from 2095: 2089: 2088: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2034: 2028: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2014:. Archived from 2008: 2002: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1932: 1926: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1862: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1817: 1811: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1784: 1773: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1763:on 25 March 2019 1759:. Archived from 1749: 1743: 1742: 1722: 1716: 1715: 1695: 1689: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1675:. Archived from 1669: 1663: 1660: 1654: 1647: 1520:The Amstrad User 1416:Compact Cassette 1303:Digital Research 1284:Locomotive BASIC 1060: 1007: 828:allowed to play 794:Locomotive BASIC 790: 779: 765: 758: 705: 642: 634: 626: 618: 516:hardware sprites 132:Locomotive BASIC 123:Operating system 112:Compact Cassette 95: 93: 88: 77: 75: 70: 31: 24: 20: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2458: 2457: 2423: 2422: 2403: 2398: 2397: 2384: 2383: 2379: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2349: 2347: 2337: 2333: 2323: 2321: 2312:Lawson, Cliff. 2310: 2306: 2296: 2294: 2285: 2284: 2271: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2241: 2237: 2229: 2225: 2215: 2213: 2200: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2150: 2140: 2138: 2125: 2118: 2108: 2106: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2046: 2044: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2021: 2019: 2010: 2009: 2005: 1995: 1993: 1988: 1987: 1983: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1920: 1916: 1906: 1904: 1895: 1894: 1890: 1882: 1878: 1865:Lawson, Cliff. 1863: 1852: 1844: 1840: 1830: 1828: 1827:on 20 July 2011 1819: 1818: 1814: 1805: 1801: 1786: 1785: 1776: 1766: 1764: 1751: 1750: 1746: 1739: 1723: 1719: 1712: 1696: 1692: 1682: 1680: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1651:binary meanings 1648: 1644: 1639: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1540: 1470: 1454:edge connectors 1392: 1384:Roland in Space 1382:and its sequel 1352: 1346: 1320: 1318:Other languages 1300: 1260: 1255: 1214: 1209: 1181: 1155:Tatung Einstein 1053: 1043: 1005: 984: 968:composite video 902: 889: 858: 853: 838: 814: 752: 737: 703: 692: 687: 667: 653: 640: 632: 624: 616: 601:copy protection 557: 481: 451: 410: 388: 386:Amstrad CPC 464 382: 315: 310: 162:64 or 128 91: 89: 86: 73: 71: 68: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2466: 2456: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2402: 2401:External links 2399: 2396: 2395: 2377: 2357: 2331: 2320:on 10 May 2008 2304: 2269: 2248: 2235: 2223: 2193: 2179: 2170: 2148: 2116: 2099:"Spanish page" 2090: 2081:"Aleste 520EX" 2072: 2067:www.cpcwiki.eu 2054: 2029: 2003: 1981: 1963: 1945: 1927: 1923:Amstrad Action 1914: 1888: 1876: 1850: 1838: 1812: 1799: 1774: 1744: 1737: 1717: 1710: 1704:. John Blake. 1690: 1664: 1655: 1641: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1600: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1579:ZX Spectrum +3 1571:ZX Spectrum +2 1539: 1536: 1518:, Australia's 1499:Amstrad Action 1469: 1466: 1391: 1388: 1380:Roland in Time 1348:Main article: 1345: 1340: 1319: 1316: 1299: 1296: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1228:Book of Spells 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1180: 1177: 1147:ZX Spectrum +3 1125:double density 1121:single density 1042: 1039: 983: 980: 937:colour palette 901: 898: 894:bank switching 888: 885: 879:cycle to four 857: 854: 852: 849: 837: 834: 830:Scream Tracker 813: 810: 736: 733: 691: 688: 686: 683: 679:Burnin' Rubber 665:Amstrad GX4000 663:Main article: 652: 649: 556: 553: 525:ROM cartridges 480: 474: 450: 447: 409: 406: 384:Main article: 381: 378: 314: 311: 309: 306: 224:home computers 211: 210: 205: 201: 200: 194: 190: 189: 180: 176: 175: 172: 168: 167: 160: 156: 155: 146: 140: 139: 125: 119: 118: 109: 105: 104: 101: 97: 96: 83: 79: 78: 65: 61: 60: 57: 53: 52: 47: 43: 42: 37: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2465: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2391: 2387: 2381: 2373: 2372: 2367: 2361: 2346: 2342: 2335: 2319: 2315: 2308: 2292: 2288: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2258: 2252: 2245: 2239: 2232: 2227: 2211: 2207: 2206:8bit.yarek.pl 2203: 2197: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2174: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2123: 2121: 2104: 2100: 2094: 2086: 2082: 2076: 2068: 2064: 2058: 2043: 2039: 2033: 2017: 2013: 2007: 1991: 1985: 1978:(in Spanish). 1977: 1973: 1967: 1960:(in Spanish). 1959: 1955: 1949: 1942:(in Spanish). 1941: 1937: 1931: 1924: 1918: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1885: 1880: 1872: 1868: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1847: 1842: 1826: 1822: 1816: 1809: 1803: 1795: 1794: 1789: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1748: 1740: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1721: 1713: 1707: 1703: 1702: 1694: 1679:on 9 May 2008 1678: 1674: 1668: 1659: 1652: 1646: 1642: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1516: 1511: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1465: 1463: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1437: 1435: 1434:Schneider CPC 1431: 1427: 1426: 1417: 1412: 1404: 1396: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1362: 1357: 1351: 1344: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1315: 1313: 1312:public domain 1308: 1304: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1264: 1250: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1204: 1202: 1197: 1193: 1185: 1176: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1080:Amstrad uses 1074: 1067: 1066: 1047: 1038: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1029: 1024: 1023: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1003: 999: 994: 992: 989: 979: 977: 973: 972:DIN connector 969: 965: 964:RF television 956: 952: 950: 946: 942: 938: 933: 929: 927: 923: 919: 918:Motorola 6845 915: 906: 897: 895: 884: 882: 878: 874: 869: 867: 863: 848: 845: 844: 833: 831: 827: 823: 819: 809: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 789: 788: 780: 778: 776: 769: 764: 763:Kleincomputer 759: 756: 751: 741: 732: 730: 726: 721: 717: 713: 712:Amstrad Spain 709: 696: 682: 680: 676: 672: 666: 657: 648: 646: 638: 630: 622: 613: 611: 606: 602: 598: 594: 589: 586: 581: 578: 574: 566: 561: 552: 550: 546: 540: 537: 532: 530: 526: 522: 517: 512: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 479: 473: 470: 466: 464: 455: 446: 442: 438: 436: 430: 426: 419: 414: 405: 402: 400: 396: 395:cassette deck 391: 387: 374: 373: 367: 363: 361: 357: 352: 347: 345: 344:Commodore PET 341: 337: 336:tape recorder 333: 329: 325: 321: 301: 297: 294: 292: 286: 284: 280: 277: 272: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 245: 239: 237: 233: 229: 225: 222: 218: 209: 206: 202: 198: 195: 191: 188: 184: 183:Motorola 6845 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 154: 150: 147: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 126: 124: 120: 117: 113: 110: 106: 102: 98: 84: 80: 66: 62: 58: 54: 51: 48: 44: 41: 38: 34: 30: 25: 19: 2389: 2380: 2369: 2360: 2348:. Retrieved 2344: 2334: 2322:. Retrieved 2318:the original 2307: 2295:. Retrieved 2291:the original 2262:20 September 2260:. Retrieved 2251: 2246:5/88, P. 6-8 2243: 2238: 2230: 2226: 2214:. Retrieved 2210:the original 2205: 2196: 2173: 2139:. Retrieved 2132: 2107:. Retrieved 2103:the original 2093: 2084: 2075: 2066: 2057: 2045:. Retrieved 2041: 2032: 2020:. Retrieved 2016:the original 2006: 1994:. Retrieved 1984: 1975: 1966: 1957: 1948: 1939: 1930: 1922: 1917: 1905:. Retrieved 1901:the original 1891: 1879: 1871:the original 1845: 1841: 1829:. Retrieved 1825:the original 1815: 1807: 1806:The CPC664, 1802: 1791: 1765:. Retrieved 1761:the original 1756: 1747: 1727: 1720: 1700: 1693: 1683:25 September 1681:. Retrieved 1677:the original 1667: 1658: 1645: 1567:Sinclair QLs 1556: 1551: 1541: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1513: 1509: 1503: 1497: 1471: 1462:Amstrad GmbH 1461: 1458: 1450:micro ribbon 1438: 1433: 1429: 1423: 1421: 1383: 1379: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1359: 1353: 1342: 1321: 1301: 1278:built in as 1269: 1244: 1227: 1225: 1215: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1170: 1163: 1140: 1136:compact disc 1133: 1098: 1088:'s existing 1082:Matsushita's 1079: 1065:Turbo Esprit 1063: 1032: 1026: 1020: 1013: 995: 985: 961: 934: 930: 911: 890: 881:clock cycles 870: 859: 841: 839: 825: 818:Omsk, Russia 815: 812:Aleste 520EX 805: 782: 771: 768:East Germany 748: 746: 715: 711: 707: 701: 678: 670: 668: 643:/3,990 635:/2,990 627:/2,990 619:/1,990 614: 609: 604: 596: 590: 582: 576: 572: 570: 564: 541: 533: 521:DMA transfer 513: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 482: 477: 471: 467: 460: 443: 439: 431: 427: 423: 417: 403: 392: 389: 370: 348: 324:Commodore 64 316: 295: 287: 273: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 242: 240: 232:Commodore 64 226:produced by 216: 214: 134:1.0 or 1.1; 116:floppy disks 82:Discontinued 64:Release date 18: 2433:Amstrad CPC 2371:Retro Gamer 2350:20 December 2242:CeBIT '88, 2022:11 February 1884:Retro Gamer 1583:floppy disk 1563:ZX Spectrum 1544:Amstrad PCW 1522:, France's 1207:Peripherals 873:microsecond 826:Magic Sound 753: [ 360:ZX Spectrum 320:ZX Spectrum 236:ZX Spectrum 217:Amstrad CPC 151:A @ 4 22:Amstrad CPC 2427:Categories 2233:6/85, P. 7 2216:1 November 2109:10 January 1976:www.boe.es 1958:www.boe.es 1940:www.boe.es 1515:CPC Attack 1282:. It uses 1022:Chase H.Q. 1009:headphones 991:sound chip 949:12-bit RGB 922:gate array 798:K 1520 bus 781:, part of 750:KC compact 735:KC compact 671:plus range 612:firmware. 549:Mega Drive 497:CPC+ range 478:plus range 351:Alan Sugar 340:disk drive 332:television 276:Zilog Z80A 187:gate array 138:2.2 or 3.0 100:Units sold 56:Generation 2141:9 January 1996:17 August 1992:. CPCWiki 1482:Magazines 1468:Community 1288:BBC Micro 1179:Expansion 998:amplifier 862:Zilog Z80 856:Processor 836:Reception 816:In 1993, 708:Indescomp 577:6128 plus 565:6128 plus 328:BBC Micro 261:6128 plus 197:AY-3-8912 149:Zilog Z80 114:, 3-inch 103:3 million 36:Developer 2407:CPC-Wiki 1990:"CPC472" 1907:22 March 1599:See also 1532:emulator 1460:company 1253:Software 1236:terminal 1232:protocol 1218:RS-232-C 1145:and the 1028:Meltdown 851:Hardware 573:464 plus 527:up to 4 505:6128plus 463:firmware 449:CPC 6128 372:Paperboy 322:series, 257:464 plus 253:CPC 6128 234:and the 208:Keyboard 179:Graphics 2443:Amstrad 2047:6 March 1831:2 April 1767:27 June 1486:Denmark 1240:Prestel 1166:Shugart 1159:Osborne 1086:Hitachi 1034:RoboCop 877:machine 832:files. 727:by the 716:CPC 472 698:CPC 472 690:CPC 472 501:464plus 418:CPC 664 408:CPC 664 380:CPC 464 289:to run 249:CPC 664 244:CPC 464 228:Amstrad 171:Display 90: ( 72: ( 40:Amstrad 1735: 1708: 1630:SymbOS 1625:GX4000 1528:Amstar 1505:Amtix! 1490:Greece 1478:SymbOS 1442:QWERTZ 1361:Roland 1356:Amsoft 1343:Roland 1328:Pascal 1274:and a 1127:using 1094:AMSDOS 1031:, and 1011:jack. 1006:3.5 mm 1002:Stereo 887:Memory 806:JKCEMU 704:€90.15 651:GX4000 509:GX4000 326:, and 308:Models 269:GX4000 251:, and 159:Memory 128:AMSDOS 2324:6 May 2297:6 May 1109:PC/AT 1105:PC/XT 982:Audio 976:SCART 900:Video 757:] 545:Amiga 529:Mbits 495:, or 221:8-bit 204:Input 193:Sound 130:with 108:Media 59:Third 2352:2018 2326:2008 2299:2008 2264:2009 2218:2009 2143:2015 2134:BYTE 2111:2015 2049:2023 2024:2023 1998:2011 1909:2010 1833:2010 1769:2016 1733:ISBN 1706:ISBN 1685:2009 1575:tape 1526:and 1336:LOGO 1326:and 1307:CP/M 1298:CP/M 1292:POKE 1247:Pace 1164:The 1157:and 1151:Sega 1113:PS/2 1111:and 926:ASIC 914:CRTC 843:BYTE 785:VEB 747:The 641:£429 633:£329 625:£329 617:£229 575:and 571:The 547:and 503:and 493:1990 489:PLUS 485:plus 476:The 358:and 356:ZX81 291:CP/M 265:plus 259:and 215:The 136:CP/M 92:1990 85:1990 74:1984 67:1984 46:Type 1552:ANT 1446:EMC 1305:'s 1280:ROM 1221:D25 1143:PCW 1117:DMA 1101:FDC 966:or 951:). 941:RGB 866:MHz 822:MSX 775:VEB 770:'s 593:ROM 585:EMC 487:or 435:MSX 338:or 283:RAM 279:CPU 153:MHz 144:CPU 2429:: 2388:. 2368:. 2343:. 2272:^ 2204:. 2182:^ 2151:^ 2131:. 2119:^ 2083:. 2065:. 2040:. 1974:. 1956:. 1938:. 1853:^ 1790:. 1777:^ 1755:. 1512:, 1508:, 1502:, 1436:. 1272:OS 1175:. 1131:. 1107:, 1025:, 1000:. 928:. 896:. 868:. 840:A 808:. 760:(" 755:de 681:. 610:V3 605:V4 563:A 531:. 491:, 416:A 399:DM 346:. 271:. 247:, 164:KB 2392:. 2354:. 2328:. 2301:. 2266:. 2220:. 2145:. 2113:. 2087:. 2069:. 2051:. 2026:. 2000:. 1911:. 1835:. 1771:. 1741:. 1714:. 1687:. 1440:" 1324:C 916:( 720:ñ 645:F 637:F 629:F 621:F 94:) 76:)

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