Zilog Z80 - Knowledge

3924: 3912: 3900: 2921:: CB and ED enable extra instructions, and DD or FD select IX+d or IY+d respectively (in some cases without displacement d) in place of HL. This scheme gives the Z80 a large number of permutations of instructions and registers; Zilog categorizes these into 158 different "instruction types", 78 of which are the same as those of the Intel 8080 (allowing operation of all 8080 programs on a Z80). The Zilog documentation further groups instructions into the following categories (most from the 8080, others entirely new like the block and bit instructions, and others 8080 instructions with more versatile addressing modes, like the 16-bit loads, I/O, rotates/shifts and relative jumps): 3170:(see below) can be especially useful in this context, for they incur less slowdown than their 16-bit parents. Similarly, instructions for 16-bit additions are not particularly fast (11 clocks) in the original Z80 (being 1 clock slower than in the 8080/8085); nonetheless, they are about twice as fast as performing the same calculations using 8-bit operations, and equally important, they reduce register usage. It was not uncommon for programmers to "poke" different offset displacement bytes (which were typically calculated dynamically) into indexed instructions; this is an example of 4151: 425: 2955:

additional purpose of a twos complement overflow indicator, a feature lacking in the 8080. Arithmetic instructions on the Z80 set it to indicate overflow rather than parity, while bitwise instructions still use it as a parity flag. (This introduces a subtle incompatibility of the Z80 with code written for the 8080, as the Z80 sometimes indicates signed overflow where the 8080 would indicate parity, possibly causing the logic of some practical 8080 software to fail on the Z80.) This new overflow flag is used for all new Z80-specific 16-bit operations (

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instruction supplies a constant offset that is added to the previous values, but they are also usable as 16-bit accumulators, among other things. A limitation is that all operand references involving IX or IY require an extra instruction prefix byte, adding at least four clock cycles over the timing of an instruction using HL instead; this sometimes makes using IX or IY less efficient than a method using only the 8080-model registers. The Z80 also introduced a new signed

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OUT (n),A and IN A,(n) places the contents of the A register on b8–b15 of the address bus and n on b0–b7 of the address bus. A designer could choose to decode the entire 16-bit address bus on I/O operations in order to take advantage of this feature, or use the high half of the address bus to select subfeatures of the I/O device. This feature has also been used to minimise decoding hardware requirements, such as in the

4109: 1044: 4536: 3165:) and can also reduce code size by removing the need for multiple short instructions using non-indexed registers. However, although they may save speed in some contexts when compared to long/complex "equivalent" sequences of simpler operations, they incur a lot of additional CPU time (e.g., 19 T-states to access one indexed memory location vs. as little as 11 to access the same memory using HL and 1000: 4416: 4401: 1085:

each register swap is made at each point in the program. Obviously if many jump and calls are made within these code segments it can quickly become difficult to tell which register file is in context unless carefully commented. Thus it is advisable that exchange instructions be used directly and in short discrete code segments. The Zilog Z280 instruction set includes

4720: 3868:, or similar, where this period would typically last typically 30-40% of a clock cycle. With memory chip affordability (i.e. access times around 450-250 ns in the 1980s) typically determining the fastest possible access time, this meant that such designs were locked to a significantly longer clock cycle (i.e. lower internal clock speed) than the Z80. 5119:

manuals or other documentation for the 8080 discouraged use of arithmetic instructions, or prescribed using logical instructions, to test parity, so there is no reason that an 8080 programmer exercising recommended good programming practice should be expected to have chosen one of the ways that will work on the Z80 over one of the ways that will not work.

641:. Some of the Z80 support and peripheral ICs were under development at this point, and many of them were launched during the following year. Among them were the Z80 CTC (counter/timer), Z80 DMA (direct memory access), Z80 DART (dual asynchronous receiver–transmitter), Z80 SIO (synchronous communication controller), and Z80 PIO (parallel input/output). 3318:

and the destination in RAM, so they can never overlap. The data block is copied one byte at a time, and the data movement and looping logic utilizes 16-bit operations. It demonstrates a variety of instructions but in practice it would not be coded this way as the Z80 has a single instruction that will replace this entire subroutine:

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high-priority interrupts. A similar feature was present in the 2200, but was never implemented at Intel. The dual register-set is very useful in the embedded role, as it improves interrupt handling performance, but found widespread use in the personal computer role as an additional set of general registers for complex code like

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Faggin had come up with the idea of adding transistors that would be subtly modified to operate differently than a visual inspection would suggest. Shima added six of these "traps" around the design. Sometime later, Shima was told by an engineer within NEC that the traps had delayed their copying efforts by six months.

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pass at the design was complete by April 1975. Shima had completed a logic layout by the beginning of May. A second version of the logic design was issued on August 7 and the bus details by September 16. Tape-out was completed in November and converting the tape into a production mask required two more months.

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The I/O instructions use the whole of the address bus, not just the lower 8 bits. So in fact, you can have 65536 I/O ports in a Z80 system (the Spectrum uses this). IN r,(C), OUT (C),r and all the I/O block instructions put the whole of BC on the address bus. IN A,(n) and OUT (n),A put A*256+n on the

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were 16-bit Z80 implementations (before the HD64180/Z180) with a 16 MB-paged MMU address space; they added many orthogonalizations and addressing modes to the Z80 instruction set. Minicomputer features — such as user and system modes, multiprocessor support, on chip MMU, on chip instruction

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The Z80 was officially described as supporting 16-bit (64 KB) memory addressing, and 8-bit (256 ports) I/O-addressing. All I/O instructions actually assert the entire 16-bit address bus. OUT (C),reg and IN reg,(C) places the contents of the entire 16-bit BC register on the address bus;

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The index registers, IX and IY, were intended as flexible 16-bit pointers, enhancing the ability to manipulate memory, stack frames and data structures. Officially, they were treated as 16-bit only. In reality they were implemented as a pair of 8-bit registers, in the same fashion as the HL register,

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instructions that can load the DE, BC, and SP register pairs from memory, and load memory from these three register pairs—unlike the 8080. As on the 8080, load instructions do not affect the flags (except for the special-purpose I and R register loads). A result of a regular encoding (common with the

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The duplicate register file is often referred to as the "alternate register set" (by some, the "primed" register file since the apostrophe character is used to denote them in assembler source code and the Zilog documentation). This emphasizes that only one set is addressable at any time. However, the

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The 8080-compatible registers AF, BC, DE, HL are duplicated as a separate register file in the Z80, where the processor can quickly (four t-states, the least possible execution time for any Z80 instruction) switch from one bank to the other; a feature useful for speeding up responses to single-level,

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However, others claim that its popularity was due to the duplicated registers that allowed fast context switches or more efficient processing of things like floating-point math compared to 8-bit CPUs with fewer registers. (The Z80 can keep several such numbers internally, using HL'HL, DE'DE and BC'BC

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After considering many names for the new company, and finding them so unmemorable they could not recall them even a day later, Faggin and Ungermann were kicking around ideas based on "integrated logic" when Ungermann said "how about Zilog?" Faggin immediately agreed, stating they could say it was the

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Through this period, Shima developed a legendary reputation for being able to convert logic concepts into physical design in realtime; while discussing a proposed feature, he would often interrupt and state how much room that would take on the chip and veto its addition if it was too large. The first

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which make use of both the HL and IX or IY registers in the same instruction; in this case the DD prefix is only applied to the (IX+d) portion of the instruction. The halves of the XY registers could also hold operands for 8-bit arithmetic, logical and compare instructions, sparing the regular 8-bit

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All load and store instructions use the same mnemonic name, LD, for LOAD (a return to the simplistic Datapoint 2200 vocabulary); other common instructions, such as ADD and INC, use the same mnemonic regardless of addressing mode or operand size. This is possible because the operands themselves carry

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Illustration of four syntaxes, using samples of equivalent, or (for 8086) very similar, load and store instructions. The Z80 syntax uses parentheses around an expression to indicate that the value should be used as a memory address (as mentioned below), while the 8086 syntax uses brackets instead of

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that do not need refresh.) It may also have been its minimalistic two-level interrupt system, or conversely, its general multi-level daisy-chain interrupt system useful in servicing multiple Z80 IO chips. These features allowed systems to be built with less support hardware and simpler circuit board

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The successful launch allowed Faggin and Ungermann to approach Exxon looking for funding to build their own fab. The company agreed, and Zilog built a production line very rapidly. This allowed them to capture about 60 to 70% of the total market for Z80 sales. With their own line running, Mostek was

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license, allowing them to sell the design directly. Faggin thought this would mean they could never compete even if they set up their own lines, and the agreement fell through. He then turned to Mostek, who agreed to a term of exclusivity while Zilog got their lines set up, and were eventually given

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Mivo 100, first released in 1999, was a stand-alone portable email device, with a Z80-based microcontroller. Texas Instruments produced a line of pocket organizers (ending in 2000) using Toshiba processors built around a Z80 core; the first of these was the TI PS-6200 and after a lengthy production

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that copies a block of data bytes of a given size from one location to another. Important: the example code does not handle the case where the destination block overlaps the source; a serious limitation, but one that is irrelevant for some applications—such as, especially, when the source is in ROM

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ow registers. The binary opcodes (machine language) were identical, but preceded by a new opcode prefix. Zilog published the opcodes and related mnemonics for the intended functions, but did not document the fact that every opcode that allowed manipulation of the H and L registers was equally valid

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was based on a very simple (but systematic) syntax inherited from the Datapoint 2200 design. This original syntax was later transformed into a new, somewhat more traditional, assembly language form for this same original 8008 chip. At about the same time, the new assembly language was also extended

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what were previously the alternate (primed) registers are now the main registers, and vice versa. The only way for the programmer to tell which set(s) are in context (while "playing computer" while scrutinizing the assembler source text, or worse, poring over code with a debugger) is to trace where

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instruction exchanges the three general purpose register pairs HL, DE and BC with their alternates HL', DE' and BC'. Thus the accumulator A can interact independently with any of the general purpose 8-bit registers in the alternate (or primed) register file, or, if HL' contains a pointer to memory,

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which builds each M-cycle out of 3, 4, 5 or 6 T-states depending on context. This avoids cumbersome asynchronous logic and makes the control signals behave consistently at a wide range of clock frequencies. It also means that a higher frequency crystal must be used than without this subdivision of

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developed the binary compatible KL5C8400 which is approximately 1.2-1.3 times as clock cycle efficient as the original Z80 and can be clocked at up to 33 MHz. Kawasaki also produces the KL5C80A1x family, which has peripherals as well as a small RAM on chip; it is approximately as clock cycle

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devices, usually the I/O space was used to address one of the many Zilog peripheral chips compatible with the Z80. During the timing for an I/O read or an I/O write operation, a single wait cycle is automatically inserted by the Z80. Zilog I/O chips supported the Z80's new mode 2 interrupts which

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Memory was generally slow compared to the state machine sub-cycles (clock cycles) used in contemporary microprocessors. The shortest machine cycle that could safely be used in embedded designs has therefore often been limited by memory access times, not by the maximum CPU frequency (especially so

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to point to the next). Thus, for simple or linear accesses of data, use of IX and IY tend to be slower and occupy more memory. Still, they may be useful in cases where the "main" registers are all occupied, by removing the need to save/restore registers. Their officially undocumented 8-bit halves

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Zilog introduced a number of peripheral parts for the Z80, which all support the Z80's interrupt handling system and I/O address space. These include the counter/timer channel (CTC), the SIO (serial input/output), the DMA (direct memory access), the PIO (parallel input/output) and the DART (dual

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The 2200 design allowed 8-bit registers H and L (High and Low) to be paired into a 16-bit address register HL. In the 8080, this pairing was added to the BC and DE pairs as well, while HL was generalized to allow use as a 16-bit accumulator, not just an address register. The 8080 also introduced

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tracting zero, then the Z80 will always reset the P/V flag to zero (since adding or subtracting zero never causes an overflow or underflow) instead of assigning P to correctly indicate the parity of the byte (as the 8080—or 8085—would), and the program may fail. Nothing in the Intel programming

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An approximate block diagram of the Z80: There is no dedicated adder for offsets or separate incrementer for R, and no need for more than a single 16-bit temporary register WZ (although the incrementer latches are also used as a 16-bit temporary register, in other contexts). It is the PC and IR

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The Z80 was officially launched in July 1976. One of the first customers was a buyer who, unknown to Zilog, worked for NEC. At the time, the Japanese electronics companies were well known for taking US chip designs and producing them without a license. The Zilog team had worried about this, and

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contains a Z80, with its own 8 KB of RAM, which runs in parallel with the MC68000 main CPU, has direct access to the system's sound chips and I/O (controller) ports, and has a switched data path to the main memory bus of the 68000 (providing access to the 64 KB main RAM, the software

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The content of the refresh register R is sent out on the lower half of the address bus along with a refresh control signal while the CPU is decoding and executing the fetched instruction. During refresh the contents of the Interrupt register I are sent out on the upper half of the address bus.

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Different sizes and variants of additions, shifts, and rotates have somewhat differing effects on flags because most of the flag-changing properties of the 8080 were copied. However, the parity flag bit P of the 8080 (bit 2) is called P/V (parity/overflow) in the Z80 as it serves the

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cycle). The Z80 could use memory with the same range of access times as the 8080 (or the 8086) at the same clock frequency. This long M1-signal (relative to the clock) also meant that the Z80 could employ about 4–5 times the internal frequency of a 6800, 6502 or similar using the same type of

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operate similarly, except that B, not BC, is used as the byte counter. The Z80 can input and output any register to an I/O port using register C to designate the port. (The 8080 only performs I/O through the accumulator A, using a direct port address specified in the instruction; a

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available, with a total of $ 10 million for the entire industry being spent in all of 1975 (equivalent to $ 57 million in 2023). Someone from Exxon contacted the still-unnamed company, and arranged a meeting that eventually led to them providing an initial $ 500,000 funding in June 1975

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microprocessor instead, initially known as the Super 80, with the main feature being its use of a +5 V bus instead of the more common −5, +5 and 12 V used by designs like the 8080. The new design was intended to be compatible with the 8080, but add many of the nice features of the

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reached a peak and Intel laid off a number of employees. All of this led to Faggin becoming restless, and he invited Ungermann out for drinks and asked if he would be interested in starting their own company. Ungermann immediately agreed, and as he had less to do at Intel, left in August or

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this further by making all 16-bit register pairs, including IX and IY, more general purpose, as well as allowing 16-bit copying directly to and from memory for all of these pairs. The 16-bit IX and IY registers in the Z80 are primarily intended as base address-registers, where a particular

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are not detected by the Z80 and have various effects, some of which are useful. However, as they are not part of the formal definition of the instruction set, different implementations of the Z80 are not guaranteed (or especially likely) to work the same way for every undocumented opcode.

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given the go-ahead to start sales of their own versions, the MK3880, which provided a second-source for customers which Intel lacked. At the time, a second-source was considered extremely important as a start-up like Zilog might go out of business and leave potential customers stranded.

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to discuss fabrication on their lines, and when Faggin began to understand the costs involved it became clear that a low-cost product like this would not be able to compete with a design from a company with its own production lines, like Intel. They then began considering a more complex

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will load that value into the H register. Preceding this two-byte instruction with the IX register's opcode prefix, DD, would instead result in the most significant 8 bits of the IX register being loaded with that same value. A notable exception to this would be instructions similar to

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acknowledge cycle; this index is simply the low byte part of the pointer to the tabulated indirect address pointing to the service routine. The pointer identifies a particular peripheral chip or peripheral function or event, where the chips are normally connected in a so-called

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epeat) use HL to point to the source address, DE to the destination address, and BC as a byte counter. Bytes are copied from source to destination, the pointers are incremented or decremented, and the byte counter is decremented until BC reaches zero. Non-repeating versions

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No explicit multiply instructions are available in the original Z80, though registers A and HL can be multiplied by powers of two with ADD A,A and ADD HL,HL instructions (similarly IX and IY also). Shift instructions can also multiply or divide by powers of two.

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ordinary parentheses for this purpose. Both Z80 and 8086 use the + sign to indicate that a constant is added to a base register to form an address. Note that the 8086 is not a complete superset of the Z80. BX is the only 8086 register pair that can be used as a pointer.

4805:, clock their Z80 CPUs at 6 MHz or higher. (A few models with TI-8x names use other CPUs, such as the M68000, but the vast majority are Z80-based. On those, it is possible to run assembled or compiled user programs in the form of Z80 machine-language code.) The 1657:(load) instructions. The Sign (bit 7) and Zero (bit 6) flags are set according to the data loaded from the Refresh or Interrupt source registers. For both instructions, the Parity/Overflow flag (bit 2) is set according to the current state of the IFF2 flip-flop. 3142:

ero) takes a signed 8-bit displacement as an immediate operand. The B register is decremented, and if the result is nonzero, then program execution jumps relative to PC; the flags remain unaltered. To perform an equivalent loop on an 8080 requires separate

4246:(PEA), and variable-address 16/24-bit loads), but instructions are instead executed between 2 and 11 times as clock cycle efficiently as on the original Z80, with a mean value around 3-5 times. It is currently specified for clock frequencies up to 50 MHz. 5073:) instructions, which load the program counter with a new instruction address, do not themselves access memory. Absolute and relative forms of the jump reflect this by omitting the round brackets from their operands. Register based jump instructions such as " 2904:

for a large portion of instructions. Only quite superficial similarities (such as the word MOV, or the letter X, for extended register) exist between the 8080 and 8086 assembly languages, although 8080 programs can be translated to 8086 assembly language by

1726:, while registers and combinations of registers became very inconsistently denoted; either by abbreviated operands (MVI D, LXI H and so on), within the instruction mnemonic itself (LDA, LHLD and so on), or both at the same time (LDAX B, STAX D and so on). 8059: 684:

people. CEO Federico Faggin was actually heavily involved in the chip layout work, together with two dedicated layout people. According to Faggin, he worked 80 hours a week in order to meet the tight schedule given by the financial investors.

3193:, which at the end of every Forth word (atomic subroutines comprising the language) must jump unconditionally back to their thread interpreter routines. Typically this jump instruction appears many hundreds of times in an application, and using 3228:

was launched in 2001 that those instructions finally became approximately as cycle-efficient as it is technically possible to make them, i.e. given the Z80 encodings combined with the capability to do an 8-bit read or write every clock cycle.

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which has bus protocol and timings better adapted to Z80 peripheral chips. Z180 has been maintained and further developed under Zilog's name, the newest versions being based on the fully static S180/L180 core with very low power draw and EMI

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Like the 8080, 8085 and 8086 processors, but unlike processors such as the Motorola 6800 and MOS Technology 6502, the Z80 and 8080 has a separate control line and address space for I/O instructions. While some Z80-based computers such as the

4965:, it had no explicit 16-bit subtraction, and no overflow flag. The Z80 complemented this with the ADC HL,rr and SBC HL,rr instructions, which sets the new overflow flag accordingly. (The 8080-compatible ADD HL,rr does not.) 4370:

and data cache, and so on — were seen rather as more complexity than as functionality and support for the (usually electronics-oriented) embedded systems designer; it also made it very hard to predict instruction execution times.

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had both set up the depletion-mode production lines that could be used to produce the design. Having talked to Synertek previously, Faggin approached them first. However, the president of Synertek demanded that the company be given a

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Use of the Z80 in lighter, battery-operated devices became more widespread with the availability of CMOS versions of the processor. It also inspired the development of other CMOS based processors, such as the LH5801 from Sharp. The

4073:). The first marking was used in pre-production series, while the second had to be used for a larger production. Though, due to the collapse of Soviet microelectronics in the late 1980s, there are many more T34BM1s than КР1858ВМ1s. 2876:

Parentheses are consistently used to indicate "memory contents at" (constant address or variable pointer dereferencing) with the exception of one jump instruction JP (HL). JP (XY) is merely a variation of JP (HL) loading the new PC

2975:) do not affect it. Also, bit 1 of the flags register (a spare bit on the 8080) is used as a flag N that indicates whether the last arithmetic instruction executed was a subtraction or addition. The Z80 version of the 1641:

for priority resolution. Like the refresh register, this register has also sometimes been used creatively; in interrupt modes 0 and 1 (or in a system not using interrupts) it can be used as simply another 8-bit data register.

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Zilog included several "traps" in the layout of the chip to try to delay this copying. According to Faggin, an NEC engineer later told him it had cost them several months of work, before they were able to get their μPD780 to

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registers for other use. The undocumented ability to increment and decrement the upper half of an index register made it easy to expand the range of the normal indexed instructions, without having to resort to the documented

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With funding being discussed, and a design to be built, Shima joined in February 1975. Shima immediately set about producing a high-level design, adding several concepts of his own. In particular, he used his experience on

1601:, increments each time the CPU fetches an opcode (or an opcode prefix, which internally executes like a 1-byte instruction) and has no simple relationship with program execution. This has sometimes been used to generate 6327:

If an opcode works with the registers HL, H or L then if that opcode is preceded by #DD (or #FD) it works on IX, IXH or IXL (or IY, IYH, IYL), with some exceptions. The exceptions are instructions like LD H,IXH and LD

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versions were developed with specified upper frequency limits ranging from 4 MHz up to 20 MHz for the version sold today. The CMOS versions allowed low-power standby with internal state retained, having no

3860:, the Z80 combines two full clock cycles into a memory access period (the M1-signal). In the Z80 this signal lasts for a relatively larger part of the typical instruction execution time than in a design such as the 3545:(M-cycles), each of which can take between three and six clock periods (T-states). Each M-cycle corresponds roughly to one memory access or internal operation. Many instructions actually end during the M1 of the 4301:

microcontrollers are based on the Z80. They share the same basic BC,DE,HL,IX,IY register structure, and largely the same instructions, but are not binary compatible, while the previous TLCS 90 is Z80-compatible.

3853:, since a high resolution clock allows more precise control of memory timings and so memory can be active in parallel with the CPU to a greater extent, allowing more efficient use of available memory bandwidth. 800:

A non-maskable interrupt (NMI), which can be used to respond to power-down situations or other high-priority events (and allowing a minimalistic Z80 system to easily implement a two-level interrupt scheme in

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September, followed by Faggin, whose last day at Intel was Halloween 1974. When Shima heard, he asked to come to the new company as well, but having no actual product design or money, they told him to wait.

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On April 15, 2024, Zilog announced the discontinuation of the Z80 processor, with orders being accepted until June 14, 2024. The announcement included 13 variants of the Z80 processor, many of which being

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and so forth. In the second half of the 1990s however, manufacturers of these phones switched to 8051 compatible MCUs to reduce power consumption, and prevent compact wall power adapters from overheating.

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8-bit accumulator A with its flag register F is bifurcated from the "general purpose" register pairs HL, DE and BC. This is accomplished with two separate instructions used to swap their accessibilities:

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Zilog was later producing a low-power Z80 suitable for the growing laptop computer market of the early 1980s. Intel produced a CMOS 8085 (80C85) used in battery-powered portable computers, such as the

7677: 4566:, which were equipped with a Z80 as their main processor, and some (but not all) other TRS-80 models which used the Z80 as either the main or a secondary processor. Other notable machines were the 4430: 4123: 5823:

The designers picked an architecture compatible with the Z80, giving Z80 users a completely software compatible upgrade path. The 64180 processor runs every Z80 instruction exactly as a Z80 does

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saves a byte and two T-states for each occurrence. This naturally makes the index register unavailable for any other use, or else the need to constantly reload it would negate its efficiency.

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Toshiba made a CMOS-version, the TMPZ84C00, which is believed (but not verified) to be the same design also used by Zilog for its own CMOS Z84C00. There were also Z8400, Z80-chips made by

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cartridge, and the whole video chip); in addition to providing backward compatibility with Master System games, the Z80 is often used to control and play back audio in Genesis software.

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This variable HL pointer was actually the only way to access memory (for data) in the Datapoint 2200, and hence also in the Intel 8008. No direct addresses could be used to access data.

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The Z80 uses 252 out of the available 256 codes as single byte opcodes ("root instruction" most of which are inherited from the 8080); the four remaining codes are used extensively as

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developed the 84-pin Z84013 / Z84C13 and the 100 pin Z84015 / Z84C15 series of "intelligent peripheral controllers", basically ordinary NMOS and CMOS Z80 cores with Z80 peripherals,

453: 926:), Olivetti, and NEC. In following years, however, CMOS versions of the Z80 (from both Zilog and Japanese manufacturers) would dominate this market as well, in products such as the 5581: = 2, for indirect vector method, the interrupting device must then place a byte. The Z80 then uses this byte where one of 128 interrupt vectors can be selected by the byte. 5102:

ing it with zero; all of these are single-instruction operations of the same speed and size, on both the 8080 and the Z80. If the programmer happened to choose to test parity by

535:. A reorganization placed many of the formerly independent sections under the direction of Les Vadasz, further diluting the microprocessor's place in the company. That year, the 4308:

series microcontrollers are based on the Z80. They share the same basic BC,DE,HL register structure, and has similar, but differently named instructions; not binary compatible.

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series. Sharp developed the LH0080A and LH0080B to operate at frequencies of 4 MHz and 6 MHz, respectively. Sharp also developed LH0083 compatible with Z80 DMA.

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instructions. (All 8080 jumps and calls, conditional or not, are three-byte instructions.) A two-byte instruction specialized for program looping is also new to the Z80:

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Multiple home computers were introduced that used the Z80 as the main processor or as a plug-in option to allow access to software written for the Z80. Notable are the

7632: 965:, via the well known 4 MHz (Z80A), up to 6 MHz (Z80B) and 8 MHz (Z80H). The NMOS version has been produced as a 10 MHz part since the late 1980s. 4051: 2869:

Because Intel claimed a copyright on their assembly mnemonics, a new assembly syntax had to be developed for the Z80. This time a more systematic approach was used:

5350: 5011:) in the Z80 can be used to allow memory chips the same amount of access time for instruction fetches as for data access, i.e almost 2 full T-states out of the 4T 879:

remained loyal to the 8085 for embedded applications, owing to their familiarity with it and to its on-chip serial interface and interrupt architecture. Likewise,

4596:, a simple and inexpensive training system for the Z80 microprocessor. Currently, it is still manufactured and sold by Flite Electronics International Limited in 7337: 6941:

and CPU. Their CPU code, KC80 is compatible with Zilog's Z80 at binary level. KC80 executes instructions about four times faster than Z80 at the same clock rate

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instruction (decimal adjust accumulator for BCD arithmetic) checks the N flag and behaves accordingly, so a (hypothetical) subtraction followed later by

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The Z80 continued to be used in embedded systems for decades after its introduction, with ongoing advancements. The latest addition to the Z80 family is the

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was also copied by several Japanese, Eastern European and Soviet manufacturers. This won the Z80 acceptance in the world market since large companies like

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This common, but merely optional and not limiting, usage leads to the frequent but incorrect description of the Z80 in the Genesis as a "sound processor".

1004:

registers that are placed in a separate group, with a detachable bus segment, to allow updates of these registers in parallel with the main register bank.

7777: 8148: 5840: 4281:. The NSC800 is fully compatible with the Z-80 instruction set. The NSC800 uses a multiplexed bus like the 8085 but has a different pinout than the Z80. 1605:

numbers in games, and also in software protection schemes. It has also been employed as a "hardware" counter in some designs; an example of this is the

1093:

instructions which jump to a destination address if the alternate registers are in context (thus officially recognizing this programming complication).

8106: 5007:

As this refresh does not need to transfer any data, just output sequential row-addresses, it occupies less than 1.5 T-states. The dedicated M1-signal (

3043:

move a single byte and bump the pointers and byte counter, which if it becomes zero resets the P/V flag. Corresponding memory-to-I/O instructions

1024:

immediate 16-bit data for BC, DE, HL, and SP loads. Furthermore, direct 16-bit copying between HL and memory was now possible, using a direct address.

5731: 3006:

New block transfer instructions can move up to 64 kilobytes from memory to memory or between memory and I/O peripheral ports. Block instructions

8169: 8127: 5959: 527:

In early 1974, Intel viewed their microprocessors not so much as products to be sold on their own but as a way to sell more of their main products,

416:, which is offered alongside successor chips. Zilog announced the discontinuation of the Z80 in April 2024 after nearly five decades of production. 7217: 3154:

The index register (IX/IY, often abbreviated XY) instructions can be useful for accessing data organised in fixed heterogenous structures (such as

7287:

The idea of a generic operating system is still in its infancy. In many ways it begins with CP/M and the mishmash of early 8080 and Z80 computers.

7166:

Rabbit Semiconductor's Rabbit 3000 microprocessor, which is a much improved and enhanced derivative of ZiLOG, Inc.'s venerable Z80 microprocessor.

6229:

The 8-bit microprocessors that preceded the 80x86 family (such as the Intel 8080, the Zilog Z80, and the Motorola) did not include multiplication.

448:

size is 3545×3350 μm. The blue squares around the outside are the pads that connect to the external pins. This chip was manufactured in 1990.

9310: 6033: 2918: 4679:

processors and the MS-DOS operating system, light-weight Z80-based systems with a longer battery life were still being introduced, such as the

4500:

operating system, a combination that dominated the market at the time. Four well-known examples of Z80 business computers running CP/M are the

3989:, respectively. The LH0080 was used in various home computers and personal computers made by Sharp and other Japanese manufacturers, including 1687:

to accommodate the additional addressing modes in the more advanced Intel 8080 chip (the 8008 and 8080 shared a language subset without being

7110: 6072: 6791: 6759: 6727: 6695: 6657: 6591: 3326:

instruction will move each byte in only 21 T-states. Note that the assembled code is binary-compatible with the Intel 8080 and 8085 CPUs.

6841:

The 64180 is a Hitachi-supplied Z80 core with numerous on-chip "extras". Zilog's version is the Z180, which is essentially the same part.

789:, primarily intended for Zilog's line of counter/timers, DMA and communications controllers, as well as a fixed vector interrupt system, 7282: 5473: 8527: 5659: 4358:

computers; it was software-, but not hardware-compatible with the Z80 (signal timing, pinout and function of pins differ from the Z80).

7124: 7085: 5782: 4581:

and a Z80 CPU, to support either 8-bit CP/M-80 applications running on the Z80, or a custom MS-DOS that was not fully compatible with

346:

like the 8080, the Z80's combination of compatibility, affordability, and superior performance propelled it to widespread adoption in

7018: 6555: 7962: 4990:

home computers. They were also used in a similar fashion in some earlier but lesser known Z80-based computers, such as the Swedish

390: 6892: 5492: 4496:

During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Z80 was used in a great number of fairly anonymous business-oriented machines with the

6530: 6401: 4222:

with an 8/16/24-bit word length and a linear 16 MB address space was introduced in 2001. It exists in versions with on-chip

825:. Although they were not intended as extra registers for general code, they were nevertheless used that way in some applications. 676:

compiler for 8080 (as well as its generated code), would run unmodified on the new Z80 CPU. Masatoshi Shima designed most of the

7613: 7196:

The Rabbit parts are based closely on the Zilog Z180 architecture, although they are not binary compatible with the Zilog parts.

5029:

Unlike the original nMOS version, which used dynamic latches and could not be stopped for more than a few thousand clock cycles.

858:

A special reset that zeroes only the program counter, so that a single Z80 CPU could be used in a development system such as an

1012:. The Z80 was designed as an extension of the Intel 8080, created by the same engineers, which in turn was an extension of the 6171:

It has a language of 252 root instructions and with the reserved 4 bytes as prefixes, accesses an additional 308 instructions.

5632: 4935:

This was a fairly common feature of minicomputer designs of the era, and found its way into a number of early microprocessors.

7893: 7736: 7573: 7388: 7244: 7189: 7159: 6449: 6291: 6222: 6124: 6084: 5911: 5879: 5602: 5554: 5439: 4743:, industrial products, and electronic musical instruments. For example, Z80 was used in the groundbreaking music synthesizer 1008:

The programming model and register set of the Z80 are fairly conventional, ultimately based on the register structure of the

700: 7747: 7628: 4185:

address space. It was later second sourced by Zilog, initially as the Z64180, and then in the form of the slightly modified

4023:. The LH5080, LH5081, and LH5082, which are CMOS versions of the Z80, PIO, and CTC respectively, are manufactured by Sharp. 3083:

compare operation between the byte at (HL) and the accumulator A. Register pair DE is not used. The repeating versions

7478: 7060: 6871:

Both Toshiba and Zilog sell the 84013 and 84015, which are Z80 cores with conventional Z80 peripherals integrated on-board.

3301:

instruction, the carry flag takes the results of a spurious compare between the accumulator (A) and the last output of the

2983:

will yield a different result on an old 8080 than on the Z80. However, this would likely be erroneous code on the 8080, as

1638: 604:. Ungerman began the development of a series of related controllers and peripheral chips that would complement the design. 9251: 7509: 7030: 9325: 8000: 3872:

during the home computer era). However, this relation has slowly changed during the last decades, particularly regarding

9246: 7540: 5343: 625:"last word in integrated logic". When they met the next day and both immediately recalled it, the company had its name. 331:, it offered a compelling alternative due to its better integration and increased performance. The Z80 boasted fourteen 8014: 7995: 7976: 7957: 7938: 7919: 7874: 7855: 7836: 7418: 7330: 4810: 4706:

produced a line of small laptop computers called 'Lasers' based on a Z80. The last two were the Laser PC5 and PC6. The

7440: 6953: 5164: 4150: 852:, which would otherwise require external circuitry, unless SRAM, more expensive and less dense (but faster), was used. 8929: 7712: 6348: 6262: 5693: 4962: 3337:

1000 1000 F5 1001 7E 1002 12 1003 23 1004 13 1005 0B 1006 78 1007 B1 1008 C2 01 10 100B F1 100C C9 100D

1476:

As on the 8080, 8-bit registers are typically paired to provide 16-bit versions. The 8080 compatible registers are:

875:, in the processor market and became one of the most popular and widely used 8-bit CPUs. Some organizations such as 576:

heard of them and published a story on the newly formed company. This attracted the attention of Exxon Enterprises,

7308: 4263:

The Chinese Actions Semiconductor's audio processor family of chips (ATJ2085 and others) contains a Z80-compatible

3247:

for the 8 bit portions of the IX and IY registers. For example, the opcode 26h followed by an immediate byte value

3208:

design could initially afford more "chip area", permitting a slightly more efficient implementation (using a wider

638: 7654: 5577: = 0, for vectored method, the interrupting device has the opportunity to place the op-code for one byte. If 3175: 633:

The first samples were returned from Mostek on March 9, 1976. By the end of the month, they had also completed an

9233: 9149: 8259: 7943: 6623: 6183: 516:

was the principal logic and transistor-level designer of the 4004 and the 8080 under Faggin's supervision, while

370: 6983: 365:, a key figure behind the creation of the Intel 8080. After leaving Intel in 1974, Faggin co-founded Zilog with 9330: 9315: 9263: 9143: 8520: 5993: 1722:(referenced by HL), was lifted out from within the instruction mnemonic to become a syntactically freestanding 9200: 8019: 7563: 7354: 6858: 6828: 6166: 5836: 5818: 5110:

ing with zero, then the Z80 will execute the program correctly, but if the programmer chose to test parity by

9284: 8144: 6439: 5869: 4567: 4181:, a microcoded and partially dynamic Z80 in CMOS, with on-chip peripherals and a simple MMU, giving a 1 9241: 7860: 4797:, which features a Z80 clocked at 2 MHz. Most higher-line calculators in the series, starting with the 8628: 8550: 8102: 6369: 5727: 4267:

together with a 24-bit dedicated DSP processor. These chips are used in many MP3 and media player products.

3190: 2906: 937:

Perhaps a key to the initial success of the Z80 was the built-in DRAM refresh, at least in markets such as

209: 7898: 6322: 5936: 4824:

landline phones called "AON" featured the Z80; these phones expanded the feature set of the landline with

2896:

Apart from naming differences, and despite a certain discrepancy in basic register structure, the Z80 and

2885:

These principles made it straightforward to find names and forms for all new Z80 instructions, as well as

8881: 8165: 8123: 7988:

Practical Microcomputer Programming – The Z80 – including Source for Resident Assembler and Debug Monitor

7822: 7209: 5963: 4223: 3873: 2886: 946: 253: 7179: 4944:

Zilog manufactured the Z80 as well as most of their other products for many years until they sold their

3876:; cacheless, single-cycle designs such as the eZ80 have therefore become much more meaningful recently. 3118:) using a signed 8-bit displacement. Only the zero and carry flags can be tested for these new two-byte 961:

design, the specified upper clock-frequency limit increased successively from the introductory 2.5

8947: 7879: 4695: 4277:

NSC800 announced in 1980 is used in many TeleSecurity Timmann (TST) electronic cipher machines and the

1028: 705:

more flexible 16-bit data movement (load, or LD) instructions, crucially including the stack pointer SP

17: 9155: 6040: 5678:

Complete Digital Design: A Comprehensive Guide to Digital Electronics and Computer System Architecture

680:

as well as the gate and transistor levels of the Z80 CPU, assisted by a small number of engineers and

9060: 8673: 8555: 8513: 5464:. Vol. 4, no. 47. Palo Alto, CA: Popular Computing Inc. November 29, 1982. pp. 58–60. 4983: 4249: 3155: 3099:) the matching byte. If no match is found the Z flag is reset. There are non-repeating versions 1688: 1629: 1057: 767: 681: 662: 4239: 5685: 4079: 3147:

and conditional jump (to a two-byte absolute address) instructions (totalling four bytes), and the

2963:) as well as for 8-bit arithmetic operations, while the 16-bit operations inherited from the 8080 ( 819: 445: 9256: 7841: 7726: 7102: 1036:

and complemented the fairly simple 16-bit arithmetics of the 8080 with dedicated instructions for

895:

products. However, other computers were made integrating the Z80 with other CPUs: the Radio Shack

9289: 9165: 9018: 8588: 8048: 4235: 1609:, which lets it keep track of character positions on the TV screen by triggering an interrupt at 1484: 838:

Single-phase 5-volt clock (the 8080 needed a high-amplitude (9 to 12 volts) non-overlapping

715: 536: 474: 155: 4134: 9160: 9137: 8412: 7081: 6076: 6066: 5500: 4479: 4274: 580:'s high-tech investment arm. At the time, in the midst of the recession, there was very little 500:

manufacturing technology. He also developed the basic design methodology used for memories and

138: 3091:

only terminate if BC goes to zero or a match is found. HL is left pointing to the byte after (

369:. The Z80 was released in July 1976. With the revenue from the Z80, the company built its own 9131: 9125: 8984: 8573: 7264: 5749: 5505: 5455: 4907:

CMOS variants went up to 20 MHz and binary compatible derivatives went up to 50 MHz

4878: 4457: 4231: 3889:

asynchronous receiver–transmitter). As the product line developed, low-power, high-speed and

3209: 1666: 1073:

some byte there (DE' and BC' can also transfer 8-bit data between memory and accumulator A).

822: 634: 5764: 5714:

In the 8-bit world, the two most popular microcomputers are the Z80 and 6502 computer chips.

5655: 4270:

The T80 (VHDL) and TV80 (Verilog) synthesizable soft cores are available from OpenCores.org.

9206: 8772: 8608: 8593: 7131: 7074: 5561:

interrupt processing commences according to the interrupt method stipulated by the IM

4898:

Only in CMOS, National made no NMOS version, according to Oral History with Federico Faggin

4847: 4597: 4320: 3849:

machine cycles (approximately 2–3 times higher). It does not imply tighter requirements on

1555: 1488: 1048: 721: 247: 6566: 954:

as 32-bits registers, avoiding having to access them from slower RAM during computation.)

896: 8: 8787: 8728: 8454: 8252: 4945: 4740: 4739:

cores, where it remains in widespread use today. Applications of the Z80 include uses in

4238:. In contrast with the Z800 and Z280, there are only a few added instructions (primarily 4066: 3865: 3171: 912: 880: 859: 441: 324: 6280: 4298: 611:

Faggin had already started looking for a production partner. By this time, Synertek and

424: 9035: 7748:"Oral History Panel on the Development and Promotion of the Zilog Z8000 Microprocessor" 7746:

Faggin, Federico; Peuto, Bernard; Shima, Masatoshi; Ungermann, Ralph (April 27, 2007).

7233: 7149: 6884: 6517: 6388: 5900: 5428: 4663:

which could run the CP/M operating system just like the desktop machines followed with

3978: 3850: 597: 521: 355: 332: 8077: 8009:; 1st Ed; Lance Leventhal and Winthrop Saville; Osborne/McGraw-Hill; 512 pages; 1983; 7981: 7924: 6456:

ADD A, n Add accumulator with immediate data n. MEMORY Timing: 2 M cycles; 7 T states.

4415: 8598: 8565: 8195: 8010: 7991: 7972: 7953: 7934: 7915: 7889: 7870: 7851: 7832: 7732: 7708: 7605: 7587: 7579: 7569: 7274: 7240: 7185: 7155: 6666: 6445: 6344: 6287: 6258: 6218: 6120: 6080: 5907: 5875: 5774: 5689: 5598: 5550: 5465: 5435: 4806: 4790: 4707: 4664: 4607: 4540: 4348: 4205: 4108: 4094: 3940: 1683: 1628:

instruction). It supplies the high byte of the base address for a 128-entry table of

677: 461: 402: 118: 4443: 4429: 9181: 9080: 9050: 8911: 8851: 8847: 8834: 8382: 8372: 7769: 7380: 7022: 5622: 4619: 4593: 4574: 4559: 4122: 4020: 1610: 923: 782: 669: 409:

started to manufacture the device (or their own Z80-compatible clones or designs).

336: 224: 4011:) and the BU18400 series of Z80-clones (including DMA, PIO, CTC, DART and SIO) in 835:

Single 5-volt power supply (the 8080 needed −5 V, +5 V, and +12 V).

9279: 9212: 9088: 8924: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8688: 8637: 8583: 8536: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8429: 8425: 8347: 7670:"After 48 years, Zilog is killing the classic standalone Z80 microprocessor chip" 7606:"Gordon Reid's Vintage Synths – the Sequential Circuits Prophet 5 and Prophet 10" 6938: 6116: 5488: 4736: 4732: 4644: 4555: 4529: 4421: 4386: 4328: 4264: 4243: 4178: 3982: 975: 942: 855:

Non-multiplexed buses (the 8080 had state signals multiplexed onto the data bus).

839: 693: 658: 581: 544: 517: 513: 489: 428:

A May 1976 advertisement for the Z80 outlines its major advantages over the 8080.

366: 362: 343: 316: 197: 88: 84: 9098: 7470: 7052: 3076:

self-modifying code technique is required to use a variable 8080 port address.)

1487:(A) and flag bits (F) carry, zero, minus, parity/overflow, half-carry (used for 202: 9006: 8743: 8721: 8658: 8444: 8245: 8222: 8103:"Reverse-engineering the Z-80: the silicon for two interesting gates explained" 7501: 7006: 4563: 4525: 4201: 4197: 3269: 1009: 900: 849: 761: 557: 501: 437: 8434: 5773:. Vol. 4, no. 41. Palo Alto, CA: Popular Computing, Inc. p. 1. 4727:. The Z80 is to the right of the chip with the hand-written white label on it. 4100: 3986: 2995:

8080) is that each of the 8-bit registers can be loaded from themselves (e.g.

9304: 8716: 8696: 7828: 7722: 7532: 7410: 7278: 5778: 5681: 5609:

The register architecture of the Z80 is more innovative than that of the 8085

5469: 4987: 4770: 4692: 4684: 4680: 4652: 4648: 4636: 4400: 3974: 3861: 3845: 3542: 1665:

Although the Z80 is generally considered an eight-bit CPU, it has a four-bit

1516: 1450: 1033: 986:

are currently specified for up to 33 MHz and 50 MHz, respectively.

931: 927: 908: 811: 754: 617: 553: 543:

The newly formed and unnamed company initially began designing a single-chip

497: 382: 351: 8200: 7591: 708:

more flexible addressing modes for input/output to external peripheral ports

699:

a more logical, comprehensible and readable system of assembler instruction

9320: 9093: 9070: 9045: 9011: 8964: 8957: 8932: 8896: 8822: 8765: 8755: 8668: 8439: 8337: 8227: 8205: 7806: 7798: 7791: 7785: 7448: 6961: 5155: 4778: 4762:

A good number of early-1980s arcade video games, including the arcade game

4656: 4501: 4489: 4382: 4378: 4294: 4227: 4114: 4058: 4035: 4027: 3857: 3268:

There are several other undocumented instructions as well. Undocumented or

3174:, which was regular practice on nearly all early 8-bit processors with non- 2873:

All registers and register pairs are explicitly denoted by their full names

1602: 888: 829: 745: 733: 593: 8232: 7867:

Z80 Users Manual – Pin Definitions, Control Signals, Peripherals, and More

5086:

For example, on the 8080, a programmer might test the parity of a byte by

4488:

The Z80A was used as the CPU in a number of gaming consoles, such as this

962: 381:, which had helped them with initial production, as well as to a European 8974: 8919: 8901: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8817: 8792: 8449: 8332: 8030: 7026: 4975: 4748: 4603:

In 1984 Toshiba introduced the Toshiba MSX HX-10 in Japan and Australia.

4570: 4543: 4520:

Attache. Some systems used multi-tasking operating system software (like

4513: 4374: 4324: 3953: 3949: 3322:. The sample code will move one byte every 46 T-states. Substituting the 3162: 1446: 1438: 904: 892: 386: 110: 7130:. Integrated Circuit Engineering Corporation. p. 16. Archived from 711:

single-bit addressing of all registers and memory, including bit testing

8979: 8842: 8812: 8760: 8738: 8733: 8645: 8578: 8420: 8360: 8316: 8311: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8082: 7848:

Z80 Microprocessor – Architecture, Interfacing, Programming, and Design

7300: 6298:

Undocumented Z80 codes allow 8 bit operations with IX and IY registers.

5077:" include round brackets in an apparent deviation from this convention. 5039: 4851: 4833: 4814: 4688: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4578: 4484: 4449: 4435: 4366: 4362: 4332: 4278: 4219: 4186: 4070: 4012: 3225: 3213: 2901: 2897: 1458: 1017: 1013: 983: 979: 958: 884: 872: 741: 528: 509: 505: 493: 413: 347: 328: 300: 295: 290: 277: 158: 6631: 4850:

variants of the chip. Zilog will continue to manufacture the upgraded

4699: 4390: 4038:'s and VEB Mikroelektronik Mühlhausen's computer systems (such as the 3293:

instructions are supposed to leave the carry (C) flag unmodified. The

9192: 9065: 8991: 8876: 8871: 8782: 8603: 8092: 7728:

Build Your Own Z80 Computer – Design Guidelines and Application Notes

7269: 6975: 5769: 5546: 5460: 4863: 4825: 4774: 4744: 4675:. While the laptop market in subsequent years moved to more powerful 4615: 4589: 4505: 4253:

efficient as the eZ80 and can be clocked at up to 10 MHz (2006).

4230:, as well as with integrated peripherals. One variant has an on-chip 4208:

as well as Toshiba. These products are today second sourced by Zilog.

3936: 3297:

instruction operates correctly; however, during the execution of the

3159: 1633: 1430: 1425: 815: 775: 601: 561: 482: 432: 335:

compared to the 8080's seven, along with additional instructions for

8678: 5278: 5276: 5251: 5249: 5247: 1691:; however, the 8008 was binary compatible with the Datapoint 2200). 1632:

addresses which are selected via an index sent to the CPU during an

8802: 8505: 8464: 8355: 8087: 7646: 6854: 6824: 6314: 6158: 5928: 5814: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5217: 5215: 5202: 5200: 4829: 4554:

series, including the original model (later retronymed "Model I"),

4355: 4182: 4047: 4008: 4004: 3997: 891:, despite having previous experience with its pioneering Z80-based 876: 548: 486: 452: 374: 323:

that played an important role in the evolution of early computing.

130: 106: 8166:"The Z-80's 16-bit increment/decrement circuit reverse engineered" 7265:"After CP/M, object oriented operating systems may lead the field" 6937:

Kawasaki's KL5C80A12, KL5C80A16 and KL5C8400 are high speed 8-bit

6113:

The 80386 Book: Assembly Language Programmer's Guide for the 80386

5801:

In addition to supporting the entire Z80 instruction set, the Z180

5380: 5324: 5288: 5187: 5185: 1624:, is used for the Z80 specific mode 2 interrupts (selected by the 1076:

This can become confusing for programmers because after executing

9023: 8942: 8390: 8210: 8190: 7933:; 1st Ed; Lance Leventhal; Osborne/McGraw-Hill; 642 pages; 1979; 7251:

and CP/M continued to dominate the 8-bit world of microcomputers.

5392: 5312: 5300: 5273: 5261: 5244: 4995: 4979: 4949: 4763: 4756: 4193: 4174: 4043: 3313:

The following Z80 assembly source code is for a subroutine named

919: 406: 398: 134: 122: 7950:

8080/Z80 Assembly Language – Techniques for Improved Programming

7888:; 3rd Ed; Rodnay Zaks and Austin Lesea; Sybex; 466 pages; 1979; 7583: 6365: 5227: 5212: 5197: 4711:

run of some dozen models culminated in their PocketMate series.

3944:

simplified interrupt handling for large numbers of peripherals.

3285:

instruction does not conform to the Z80 documentation. Both the

567: 9040: 9028: 8650: 8613: 8367: 7990:; 1st Ed; Walter Weller; Northern Technology; 501 pages; 1978; 7952:; 1st Ed; Alan Miller; John Wiley & Sons; 332 pages; 1981; 7273:. Vol. 4, no. 18. InfoWorld Media Group. p. 20. 5627: 5182: 4991: 4868: 4821: 4660: 4623: 4611: 4582: 4551: 4517: 4509: 4085: 612: 378: 102: 8145:"Down to the silicon: how the Z80's registers are implemented" 5837:"Down to the silicon: how the Z80's registers are implemented" 5573: = 1, for direct method, the PC is loaded with 0038H. If 4535: 4256:

The NEC μPD9002 was a hybrid CPU compatible with both Z80 and

3973:

Mostek, which produced the first Z80 for Zilog, offered it as

3541:

Each instruction is executed in steps that are usually termed

3158:) or at fixed offsets relative a variable base address (as in 1714:, intermixed with other symbolic letters. The mnemonic letter 9001: 8969: 8952: 8937: 8663: 8268: 7007:"NSC800 — a low-power high-performance microprocessor family" 6526: 6397: 6187: 6162: 6132: 4873: 4809:, introduced in 2004, is still in production as of 2023. The 4802: 4798: 4794: 4752: 4703: 4640: 4327:/3000/4000 microprocessors/microcontrollers are based on the 4204:, and wait state generator on the same chip. Manufactured by 1043: 577: 478: 320: 74: 7181:

Embedded systems design using the Rabbit 3000 microprocessor

6019:. Santa Clara, CA: Intel Corporation. 1978. pp. 11–17. 4714: 4335:

architecture, although they are not fully binary compatible.

1509:: 16-bit accumulator/address register or two 8-bit registers 39: 9186: 9055: 8996: 8891: 8797: 8777: 8459: 7629:"Prophet 600: A Classic Synthesizer Gets Processor Upgrade" 6140: 6136: 6096: 6092: 4724: 4521: 4497: 4407: 4351: 4141: 4039: 4031: 4016: 3990: 3957: 3890: 3238:

which is accessible either as 16 bits or separately as the

3221: 3217: 3205: 1606: 1542:: 16-bit index or base register for 8-bit immediate offsets 1536:: 16-bit index or base register for 8-bit immediate offsets 1491:), and an Add/Subtract flag (usually called N) also for BCD 1020:

implementation of the TTL-based CPU of the Datapoint 2200.

999: 966: 938: 846: 814:, which could be quickly switched, to speed up response to 673: 666: 457: 126: 44:

A Z80 manufactured in June 1976 according to the date stamp

3985:

developed second sources for the NMOS Z80, the LH0080 and

3212:, among other things); similar things can be said for the 8886: 8750: 8618: 5765:"Zilog's speedy Z80 soups up 8-bit to 16-bit performance" 5519: 4305: 4257: 4042:-series) and also in many self-made computer systems. In 3993: 3384:; (LDIR does not fully save AF. H, P/V, and N are reset.) 3110:

Unlike the 8080, the Z80 can jump to a relative address (

922:-designed laptop from April 1983, also sold by Tandy (as 757:

with better support for signed 8- and 16-bit arithmetics.

590: 532: 394: 259: 114: 8237: 7103:"MCS-85, Zilog Z80 and National NSC800 Expansion Boards" 4785:

Z80 CPUs were also used in the trailblazing and popular

4731:

The Zilog Z80 has long been a popular microprocessor in

4528:'s Micronix) to share the one processor between several 3981:) was a second-source, too, with their Z8400. Sharp and 8228:

Grant's 9-chip Z80 computer, supports CP/M 2.2 or BASIC

8072: 7568:(5 ed.). Oxford, Angleterre: Newnes. p. 204. 7125:"Section 6 MOS MPU, MCU, and Peripherals Market Trends" 7075:"NSC800 High-Performance Low-Power CMOS Microprocessor" 5728:"Z80, the 8-bit Number Cruncher: Z80 32-bit (long) add" 5493:"Z-80 chip set heralds third microprocessor generation" 4719: 4389:, where the decryption keys are stored in its internal 1589:

Four bits of interrupt status and interrupt mode status

871:

The Z80 took over from the 8080 and its offspring, the

8046:; Shirley & Nanos; Nanos Systems; 16 pages; 1981. 7850:; 1st Ed; Ramesh Gaonkar; Macmillan; 674 pages; 1988; 5456:"History of the 8-bit: travelling far in a short time" 5404: 5368: 5060:

Load memory immediate not available on Datapoint 2200.

4817:

processor and is also still in production as of 2024.

3348:; Copy a block of memory from one location to another. 3189:. This is often seen in stack-oriented languages like 714:

shifts/rotates on memory and registers other than the

7361:. Popular Mechanics, April 1991, page 120. April 1991 6497: 6485: 6473: 6461: 6419: 6234: 5676:

Balch, Mark (June 18, 2003). "Digital Fundamentals".

1702:, was replaced by various abbreviations of the words 1503:: 16-bit data/address register or two 8-bit registers 1497:: 16-bit data/address register or two 8-bit registers 994: 7971:; 1st Ed; Kathe Spracklen; Hayden; 180 pages; 1979; 7745: 5597:. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. p. 111. 5486: 5398: 5386: 5330: 5318: 5306: 5294: 5282: 5267: 5255: 5238: 5221: 5206: 5191: 4622:, which became the dominant 8-bit home computers in 4385:, use an encrypted "Kabuki" Z80 CPU manufactured by 3844:

The Z80 machine cycles are sequenced by an internal

1653:

affect the Z80 flags register, unlike all the other

1068:

exchanges only register pair AF with AF', while the

727:

rotate instructions for BCD number strings in memory

720:

improved and more accurate (than the previous 8080)

6366:"Z80 Undocumented Features (in software behaviour)" 4659:series of personal organizers also were Z80 based. 3557:Examples of typical instructions (R=read, W=write) 3181:The index registers have a parallel instruction to 354:during the late 1970s and early 1980s, fueling the 7232: 6279: 5899: 5427: 4629: 974:frequency limit. The fully compatible derivatives 832:, clock generation and interface to memory and I/O 665:with the 8080 so that most 8080 code, notably the 572:While still being set up, the industry newsletter 4961:Although the 8080 had 16-bit addition and 16-bit 3963: 2987:was defined for addition only on that processor. 793:, for simple systems with minimal hardware (with 688:The Z80 offered many improvements over the 8080: 9302: 7869:; 1st Ed; Joseph Carr; Reston; 338 pages; 1980; 7053:"TST-4043: Data encryptor with HF-modem and FEC" 4215:, introduced 1994, is used in telecom equipment. 4057:Also, several clones of Z80 were created in the 4054:, used in home computers like TIM-S, HC, COBRA. 3224:. However, it was not until the fully pipelined 1677: 8233:link3000 6-chip Z80 computer, supports CP/M 2.2 8124:"The Z-80 has a 4-bit ALU. Here's how it works" 7914:; 3rd Ed; Rodnay Zaks; Sybex; 630 pages; 1980; 7561: 6215:Software Solutions for Engineers And Scientists 5960:"The Z-80 has a 4-bit ALU. Here's how it works" 5536: 5534: 4647:was released in 1981, followed by the improved 4046:another unlicensed clone could be found, named 4034:, was manufactured. It was used extensively in 4030:, an unlicensed clone of the Z80, known as the 3079:The last group of block instructions perform a 2912: 1564:: alternate (or shadow) accumulator and flags ( 1529:The new registers introduced with the Z80 are: 941:and other office and home computers. (Most Z80 8410: 6021:All mnemonics copyright Intel Corporation 1977 3378:; DE - First byte after destination data block 818:such as fast asynchronous event handlers or a 8521: 8253: 6359: 6357: 6212: 6153: 6151: 6115:. Microsoft Programming Series (1 ed.). 6034:"Z80 Relocating Macro Assembler User's Guide" 5983: 5981: 5893: 5891: 5671: 5669: 5421: 5419: 4516:. Less well-known was the expensive high-end 568:Exxon investment, detailed development begins 7707:(1st ed.). London: Chapman & Hall. 6976:"Overview :: T80 cpu :: OpenCores" 6058: 5710:The Seybold report on professional computing 5702: 5531: 5149: 5147: 5145: 4974:Notably to simultaneously handle the 32-bit 4393:, to avoid piracy and illegal bootleg games. 3996:computers, and a number of computers in the 3232: 585:(equivalent to $ 2.8 million in 2023). 8057:; James Lewis; Micro Logic; 2 pages; 1981. 7177: 6308: 6306: 6104: 5042:family also inherited this register design. 4813:, introduced in 2015, uses the Z80-derived 4747:, as well as in the first MIDI synthesizer 652: 8528: 8514: 8260: 8246: 7969:Z80 and 8080 Assembly Language Programming 7808:Z80 Peripheral User Manual (NMOS and CMOS) 7647:"Making a demo for an old phone — AONDEMO" 7331:"Sharp PC-1500 Technical Reference Manual" 6354: 6148: 5978: 5888: 5666: 5416: 5344:"Z80® DMA Direct Memory Access Controller" 38: 8055:Z80 Microprocessor Instant Reference Card 8044:Reference Card for the Z80 Microprocessor 7825:– Design Guidelines and Application Notes 7019:Institution of Engineering and Technology 6935:. Cahners Asia Limited. 1997. p. 5. 6882: 6277: 6213:Sanchez, Julio; Canton, Maria P. (2008). 6015:"8080A/ 8-Bit N-Channel Microprocessor". 5142: 4715:Embedded systems and consumer electronics 3893:versions of these chips were introduced. 3883: 3856:One central example of this is that, for 3375:; HL - First byte after source data block 1669:, so calculations are done in two steps. 373:. Zilog licensed the Z80 to the US-based 8163: 8142: 8121: 8100: 7702: 7113:from the original on September 30, 2023. 6644:Most MZ's use the 8bit CPU LH0080 / Z80 6556:"Z80 Family CPU Peripherals User Manual" 6372:from the original on December 25, 2023. 6325:from the original on December 23, 2023. 6303: 6169:from the original on December 20, 2023. 5987: 5821:from the original on December 20, 2023. 5410: 5374: 4718: 4546:which uses a Z80 clocked at 3.5 MHz 4534: 4483: 4234:(MAC), and available software include a 3536: 3363:; DE - Address of destination data block 3351:; This routine is the equivalent of LDIR 1672: 1548:: interrupt vector base register, 8 bits 1042: 998: 866: 451: 431: 423: 8211:Z80 emulation library written in ANSI C 7721: 7667: 7151:Embedded Ethernet and Internet Complete 7147: 7091:from the original on November 19, 2023. 6852: 6822: 6503: 6491: 6479: 6467: 6425: 6341:The Amstrad Notepad Advanced User Guide 6282:The free software catalog and directory 6240: 6064: 5812: 5762: 5734:from the original on November 26, 2023. 5662:from the original on November 26, 2023. 5525: 5504:. Vol. 49, no. 17. New York: 4218:Zilog's fully pipelined Z80 compatible 14: 9311:Computer-related introductions in 1976 9303: 8201:Z80 Bus Emulator for education purpose 8130:from the original on September 9, 2013 8109:from the original on November 28, 2023 7657:from the original on November 5, 2023. 7635:from the original on November 5, 2023. 7616:from the original on November 5, 2023. 7343:from the original on November 5, 2023. 7311:from the original on December 27, 2023 7285:from the original on January 6, 2024. 7262: 7220:from the original on November 5, 2023. 7063:from the original on November 5, 2023. 6536:from the original on December 26, 2023 6407:from the original on December 26, 2023 6255:Computer Architecture and Organization 6110: 5939:from the original on December 23, 2023 5843:from the original on November 5, 2023. 5725: 5653: 5592: 5515:from the original on January 31, 2023. 5491:; Ungermann, Ralph (August 19, 1976). 893:Heathkit H89 and Zenith Z-89 8509: 8241: 8172:from the original on January 15, 2024 8028:; Sean Young; v0.91; 52 pages; 2005. 7886:Microprocessor Interfacing Techniques 7626: 7543:from the original on November 5, 2023 7512:from the original on November 5, 2023 7421:from the original on November 5, 2023 7391:from the original on November 5, 2023 7230: 7033:from the original on October 16, 2021 6804:from the original on January 28, 2024 6772:from the original on January 28, 2024 6740:from the original on January 20, 2024 6708:from the original on January 20, 2024 6363: 6252: 6194:from the original on November 5, 2023 5897: 5785:from the original on January 5, 2024. 5675: 5476:from the original on January 5, 2024. 5425: 5356:from the original on February 5, 2024 5153: 5015:cycle (as well as out of the 3T data 730:16-bit subtraction and 8-bit negation 8535: 8151:from the original on October 6, 2014 7481:from the original on January 6, 2024 7207: 7004: 6885:"EDN Access — 08.01.96 Z80 turns 20" 6792:"Sharp 1986 Semiconductor Data Book" 6760:"Sharp 1986 Semiconductor Data Book" 6728:"Sharp 1986 Semiconductor Data Book" 6696:"Sharp 1986 Semiconductor Data Book" 6676:from the original on January 1, 2024 6604:from the original on January 1, 2024 6592:"Sharp 1986 Semiconductor Data Book" 6437: 6217:. Taylor & Francis. p. 65. 5957: 5867: 5569: = 0, 1, or 2, instruction. If 5540: 4963:increment and decrement instructions 4916:Backwards compatible with Intel 8080 4787:TI-8x series of graphing calculators 4588:In 1981, Multitech (later to become 4473: 4354:was a fast 16-bit processor used in 4069:(parallelling the Soviet 8080-clone 1660: 748:(I/O), and byte search instructions. 7530: 7499: 7447:. Perfect Solutions. Archived from 7298: 7208:Cruz, Eduardo (November 23, 2014). 6895:from the original on August 7, 2023 5874:(3rd ed.). SYBEX. p. 62. 5834: 5635:from the original on April 27, 2024 3360:; HL - Address of source data block 2937:Bit manipulation (set, reset, test) 1582:: alternate (or shadow) registers ( 738:program counter (PC) relative jumps 24: 7758: 7705:Foundations of computer technology 7533:"Texas Instruments PocketMate 100" 7178:Hyder, Kamal; Perrin, Bob (2004). 6986:from the original on April 1, 2024 6960:. October 19, 2005. Archived from 6883:Granville, Fran (August 1, 1996). 6529:. 2016. p. 3. UM008011-0816. 6400:. 2016. p. 7. UM008011-0816. 5763:Markoff, John (October 18, 1982). 5620: 5399:Faggin, Shima & Ungermann 2007 5387:Faggin, Shima & Ungermann 2007 5331:Faggin, Shima & Ungermann 2007 5319:Faggin, Shima & Ungermann 2007 5307:Faggin, Shima & Ungermann 2007 5295:Faggin, Shima & Ungermann 2007 5283:Faggin, Shima & Ungermann 2007 5268:Faggin, Shima & Ungermann 2007 5256:Faggin, Shima & Ungermann 2007 5239:Faggin, Shima & Ungermann 2007 5222:Faggin, Shima & Ungermann 2007 5207:Faggin, Shima & Ungermann 2007 5192:Faggin, Shima & Ungermann 2007 5170:from the original on June 19, 2009 4840: 4585:applications running on the 8088. 4297:900 series of high volume, mostly 1566:toggled in and out with EX AF,AF' 995:Programming model and register set 887:in its first MS-DOS computer, the 628: 596:to add the concept of two sets of 339:, making it a more powerful chip. 25: 9342: 9150:High voltage parallel programming 8066: 8007:Z80 Assembly Language Subroutines 7931:Z80 Assembly Language Programming 7680:from the original on May 12, 2024 7239:. Chapman and Hall. p. 223. 7154:. Lakeview research. p. 93. 6624:"Overview of the SHARP MZ-series" 6286:. Crown Publishers. p. 133. 6135:translator program could convert 6111:Nelson, Ross P. (January 1989) . 6068:8086/8088/80286 assembly language 6017:Intel Component Data Catalog 1978 5926: 5543:The circuits and filters handbook 5430:The second information revolution 4691:also found its way into an early 4577:, both of which featured both an 3968: 600:so they could quickly respond to 504:at Intel and led the work on the 8101:Shirriff, Ken (September 2013). 7668:Edwards, Benj (April 22, 2024). 7661: 7639: 7620: 7598: 7555: 7524: 7493: 7463: 7433: 7403: 7373: 7347: 7323: 7292: 7263:Dvorak, John C. (May 10, 1982). 7256: 6861:from the original on May 1, 2009 6831:from the original on May 1, 2009 6099:at the assembly-language level. 6095:is software-compatible with the 5927:Rison, Mark. Young, Sean (ed.). 5656:"Z80, the 8-bit Number Cruncher" 5122: 4456: 4442: 4428: 4414: 4399: 4212: 4167:Compatible with the original Z80 4149: 4133: 4121: 4107: 4093: 4078: 3922: 3910: 3898: 3549:instruction which is known as a 1554:: DRAM refresh counter, 8 bits ( 883:paired the 8085 with the 16-bit 797:being the 8080-compatible mode). 492:had been working on fundamental 468: 436:Photo of the original Zilog Z80 9234:List of common microcontrollers 9144:High-voltage serial programming 7831:; Byte Books; 332 pages; 1981; 7800:Z80 User Manual (NMOS and CMOS) 7224: 7201: 7171: 7141: 7117: 7095: 7067: 7045: 6998: 6968: 6946: 6925: 6907: 6876: 6846: 6816: 6784: 6752: 6720: 6688: 6649: 6616: 6584: 6548: 6509: 6431: 6380: 6333: 6315:"Z80 Undocumented Instructions" 6312: 6271: 6246: 6206: 6176: 6026: 6008: 5951: 5920: 5861: 5847: 5828: 5806: 5789: 5756: 5738: 5719: 5647: 5614: 5595:Introduction to Microprocessors 5586: 5480: 5448: 5336: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5080: 5063: 5054: 5045: 5032: 5023: 5001: 4968: 4955: 4938: 4929: 4820:In the late 1980s, a series of 4630:Portable and handheld computers 4468: 3308: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3198: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3166: 3148: 3144: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 547:called the 2001. They met with 184:Architecture and classification 9264:List of Wi-Fi microcontrollers 7627:Fabio, Adam (March 19, 2014). 7565:Practical electronics handbook 5906:. Oxford: Newnes. p. 21. 5726:Adrian, Andre (June 4, 2011). 5712:. Seybold Publications. 1983. 5654:Adrian, Andre (June 4, 2011). 4919: 4910: 4901: 4892: 4161: 3964:Second sources and derivatives 3366:; BC - Number of bytes to copy 1694:In this process, the mnemonic 361:The Z80 was the brainchild of 342:Initially intended for use in 13: 1: 9285:Programmable logic controller 9126:In-circuit serial programming 7787:Z80 Datasheet (NMOS and CMOS) 6915:"EZ80 ACCLAIM Product Family" 6565:. ZiLOG. 2001. Archived from 6516:"Special-Purpose Registers". 6278:Froehlich, Robert A. (1984). 6039:. p. B–2. Archived from 5799:. Hayden. 1988. p. 142. 5135: 5094:tracting zero from it, or by 4793:, beginning in 1990 with the 4655:in 1991. Later models of the 3204:The 10-year-newer microcoded 2864: 1678:Datapoint 2200 and Intel 8008 781:A more automatic and general 764:with instructions for direct 621:the second source agreement. 8551:Single-board microcontroller 8093:List of Z80 compatible chips 7731:(1st ed.). Byte Books. 6659:1986 Semiconductor Data Book 6364:Young, Sean (October 1998). 5857:. 1001001. 1977. p. 22. 5680:. Professional Engineering. 5434:. Harvard University Press. 4885: 3977:as MK3880. SGS-Thomson (now 2913:Instruction set and encoding 1258:Alternate (shadow) registers 1096: 7: 9138:Program and Debug Interface 8223:Grant's 7-chip Z80 computer 8073:Z80 unofficial support page 8026:Undocumented Z80 Documented 7823:Build Your Own Z80 Computer 7502:"Texas Instruments PS-6200" 7305:Steve's Old Computer Museum 7210:"Capcom Kabuki CPU – Intro" 4857: 4769:The Z80 was used in Sega's 1613:(by connecting INT to A6). 1584:toggled in and out with EXX 1016:. The 8008 was basically a 828:Less hardware required for 783:vectorized interrupt system 319:microprocessor designed by 192:Embedded, desktop, handheld 10: 9347: 9326:Sharp Corporation products 8122:— (September 2013). 7703:Anderson, A. John (1994). 7537:Datamath Calculator Museum 7506:Datamath Calculator Museum 6656:"LH0080/LH0080A/LH0080B". 6519:Z80 Family CPU User Manual 6390:Z80 Family CPU User Manual 5990:"8080/Z80 Instruction Set" 5157:Z80 Family CPU User Manual 4854:version of the processor. 4696:personal digital assistant 4477: 4211:The 32-bit Z80 compatible 3941:memory mapped input/output 3330: 3151:alters the flag register. 1525:: program counter, 16 bits 1414: 1404: 1397: 1364: 1354: 1344: 1334: 1327: 1256: 1197: 419: 163:2.5 MHz to 8 MHz 9272: 9226: 9174: 9118: 9111: 9079: 8910: 8833: 8687: 8636: 8627: 8564: 8556:Special function register 8543: 8477: 8403: 8381: 8346: 8325: 8282: 8275: 8267: 8164:— (November 2013). 7811:; Zilog; 330 pages; 2001. 7803:; Zilog; 332 pages; 2016. 7790:; Zilog; 36 pages; 2002. 7782:; Zilog; 131 pages; 1978. 7471:"Mailstation Development" 7445:Perfect Solutions dot com 6853:Ganssle, Jack G. (1992). 6823:Ganssle, Jack G. (1992). 6184:"Z80-CPU Instruction Set" 5813:Ganssle, Jack G. (1992). 5426:Brock, Gerald W. (2003). 4952:" company they are today. 4702:in 1993. Hong Kong-based 4687:in 1992. The Z80-derived 4667:in 1984, and in 1985 the 4061:, notable ones being the 3801: 3751: 3708: 3669: 3631: 3600: 3233:Undocumented instructions 2999:). This is effectively a 2928:Block transfer and search 2842: 2823: 2816: 2809: 2794: 2775: 2768: 2761: 2746: 2727: 2717: 2710: 2695: 2676: 2666: 2659: 2641: 2625: 2609: 2602: 2584: 2568: 2552: 2545: 2524: 2499: 2492: 2485: 2470: 2445: 2438: 2431: 2416: 2391: 2384: 2377: 2362: 2343: 2333: 2326: 2311: 2292: 2282: 2275: 2254: 2235: 2219: 2209: 2191: 2175: 2159: 2149: 2134: 2115: 2099: 2092: 2077: 2058: 2042: 2035: 2026: 2007: 1997: 1990: 1975: 1956: 1940: 1933: 1918: 1899: 1883: 1876: 1867: 1848: 1838: 1831: 1813: 1797: 1781: 1774: 1618:interrupt vector register 1421: 1387: 1384: 1374: 1371: 1314: 1311: 1298: 1295: 1282: 1279: 1266: 1263: 1246: 1243: 1233: 1230: 1220: 1217: 1207: 1204: 1058:floating-point arithmetic 989: 283: 273: 268: 239: 223: 218: 208: 196: 188: 183: 175: 167: 153: 148: 94: 80: 70: 62: 54: 49: 37: 8196:Yet Another Z80 Emulator 8186:Simulators / Emulators: 8143:— (October 2014). 8078:Z80 technical literature 7774:; Zilog; 10 pages; 1978. 7562:Ian R. Sinclair (2000). 7005:Rada, Col (March 1981). 6933:Electronic Business Asia 6139:assembler programs into 6065:Scanlon, Leo J. (1988). 5988:Durda IV, Frank (2012). 5686:McGraw-Hill Professional 3342: 3332: 1060:or home computer games. 913:MOS Technology 8502 653:Comparison with the 8080 520:was in charge of custom 9290:List of microprocessors 9187:Joint Test Action Group 6917:. Zilog. Archived from 6253:HAYES, JOHN P. (1978). 5902:Embedded systems design 4156:Soviet T34BM1 Z80 clone 3276: 1264:Accumulator' (A') 512:and several other ICs. 475:Fairchild Semiconductor 219:Physical specifications 8191:Z80 software emulators 7764:Datasheets and manuals 7411:"Laser PC5 from VTech" 7235:Computer work stations 7231:Holtz, Herman (1985). 7184:. Newnes. p. 32. 7082:National Semiconductor 6444:. Sybex. p. 200. 6159:"Z80 CPU Introduction" 5541:Chen, Wai-Kai (2002). 4728: 4626:until the late 1980s. 4547: 4493: 4480:list of home computers 4275:National Semiconductor 4244:Push Effective Address 4240:load Effective Address 4232:media access controler 3939:used "Motorola-style" 3884:Compatible peripherals 2931:Arithmetic and logical 1052: 1005: 934:and Tandy's own WP-2. 907:with an 8088, and the 465: 449: 429: 139:National Semiconductor 9331:8-bit microprocessors 9316:Zilog microprocessors 9132:In-system programming 7148:Axelson, Jan (2003). 7109:. February 15, 2015. 7059:. February 27, 2018. 7011:Electronics and Power 6921:on December 20, 2008. 6669:. 1986. p. 210. 6438:Zaks, Rodnay (1989). 6343:, Robin Nixon, 1993, 5898:Heath, Steve (2003). 5868:Zaks, Rodnay (1982). 4881:, Z80 training system 4879:Micro-Professor MPF-I 4832:based on the caller, 4755:used the Z80A in its 4722: 4700:Amstrad PenPad PDA600 4538: 4487: 4391:battery-backed memory 4299:one-time programmable 3551:fetch/execute overlap 3537:Instruction execution 2940:Jump, call and return 2900:syntax are virtually 2889:of old ones, such as 1682:The first Intel 8008 1673:Z80 assembly language 1205:Accumulator (A) 1046: 1002: 924:TRS-80 Model 100 867:Success in the market 810:A complete duplicate 455: 435: 427: 9201:In-circuit debugging 7779:Z80 Data Book (NMOS) 7771:Z80 Datasheet (NMOS) 7653:. January 29, 2020. 7027:10.1049/ep.1981.0107 6964:on December 8, 2005. 6797:. pp. 307–311. 6765:. pp. 302–306. 6733:. pp. 296–301. 6701:. pp. 255–269. 6190:. 1976. p. 19. 5996:on February 11, 2016 5966:on September 9, 2013 5929:"Z80 Flag Affection" 5163:. Zilog. p. 5. 4946:manufacturing plants 4811:TI-84 Plus CE series 4766:, contain Z80 CPUs. 4759:video game console. 4741:consumer electronics 4598:Southampton, England 4321:Rabbit Semiconductor 3458:;Bump source pointer 2990:The Z80 has six new 1734:Datapoint 2200 1102:Zilog Z80 registers 897:TRS-80 Model 16 657:Faggin designed the 210:Instruction set 198:Technology node 27:8-bit microprocessor 9257:Renesas Electronics 9207:In-circuit emulator 8083:Z80 test collection 7912:Programming the Z80 7385:Old Computer Museum 7355:"Poor Man's Laptop" 6441:Programming the Z80 6319:Home of the Z80 CPU 6143:assembler programs 5935:. Thomas Scherrer. 5871:Programming the Z80 5752:. 1983. p. 15. 5623:"Z80 Special Reset" 5090:ing zero to it, by 4986:format used in the 3851:memory access times 3558: 3172:self-modifying code 2907:translator programs 2881:enough information. 1192:(bit position) 1103: 1051:chip package pinout 1047:The Z80's original 1040:16-bit arithmetics. 881:Zenith Data Systems 860:in-circuit emulator 598:processor registers 537:1973–1975 recession 442:depletion-load nMOS 325:Software-compatible 95:Common manufacturer 50:General information 34: 5682:New York, New York 5528:, pp. 31, 32. 5508:. pp. 89–93. 5487:Faggin, Federico; 4729: 4548: 4494: 4463:Toshiba TMPZ84C015 4340:No longer produced 3979:STMicroelectronics 3556: 3467:;Bump dest pointer 3410:;Save AF like LDIR 3372:; Return registers 2887:orthogonalizations 1101: 1053: 1006: 932:Cambridge Z88 909:Commodore 128 639:development system 522:integrated circuit 466: 450: 430: 356:personal computing 32: 9298: 9297: 9222: 9221: 9107: 9106: 8788:PIC10/12/16/17/18 8503: 8502: 8473: 8472: 8399: 8398: 8383:Operating systems 8062: 8051: 8033: 8022: 8003: 7984: 7965: 7946: 7927: 7901: 7894:978-0-89588-029-1 7882: 7863: 7844: 7738:978-0-07-010962-9 7575:978-0-7506-4585-0 7299:Stengel, Steven. 7246:978-0-412-00491-9 7191:978-0-7506-7872-8 7161:978-1-931448-00-0 7137:on June 14, 2011. 6667:Sharp Corporation 6634:on March 27, 2008 6563:EEWORLD Datasheet 6451:978-0-89588-069-7 6313:Bot, Jacco J. T. 6293:978-0-517-55448-7 6224:978-1-4200-4302-0 6126:978-1-55615-138-5 6086:978-0-13-246919-7 5913:978-0-7506-5546-0 5881:978-0-89588-069-7 5797:Electronic design 5746:Popular Computing 5604:978-0-07-460222-5 5556:978-0-8493-0912-0 5441:978-0-674-01178-6 5009:machine cycle one 4807:TI-84 Plus series 4791:Texas Instruments 4708:Cidco MailStation 4665:Epson PX-8 Geneva 4592:) introduced the 4474:Desktop computers 4349:ASCII Corporation 4313:Partly compatible 4140:East Germany RFT 3842: 3841: 3534: 3533: 3491:;Test BC for zero 3431:;Load source byte 3357:; Entry registers 3178:execution units. 2946:Basic CPU control 2925:Load and exchange 2856: 2855: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1689:binary compatible 1684:assembly language 1661:Microarchitecture 1645:The instructions 1474: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1375:Interrupt vector 1267:Flags' (F') 957:For the original 678:microarchitecture 663:binary compatible 462:quad flat package 309: 308: 203:4 μm process 16:(Redirected from 9338: 9238:By manufacturer 9182:Nexus (standard) 9116: 9115: 8634: 8633: 8537:Microcontrollers 8530: 8523: 8516: 8507: 8506: 8445:Toshiba TLCS-870 8408: 8407: 8280: 8279: 8262: 8255: 8248: 8239: 8238: 8206:Visual Z80 Remix 8181: 8179: 8177: 8160: 8158: 8156: 8139: 8137: 8135: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8058: 8047: 8029: 8018: 7999: 7980: 7961: 7942: 7923: 7897: 7878: 7859: 7840: 7754: 7752: 7742: 7718: 7690: 7689: 7687: 7685: 7665: 7659: 7658: 7643: 7637: 7636: 7624: 7618: 7617: 7610:gordonreid.co.uk 7602: 7596: 7595: 7559: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7548: 7531:Woerner, Joerg. 7528: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7517: 7500:Woerner, Joerg. 7497: 7491: 7490: 7488: 7486: 7467: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7426: 7407: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7396: 7377: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7351: 7345: 7344: 7342: 7335: 7327: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7301:"Otrona Attache" 7296: 7290: 7289: 7260: 7254: 7253: 7238: 7228: 7222: 7221: 7205: 7199: 7198: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7145: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7129: 7121: 7115: 7114: 7099: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7079: 7071: 7065: 7064: 7049: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7002: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6972: 6966: 6965: 6954:"Hardware specs" 6950: 6944: 6943: 6929: 6923: 6922: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6880: 6874: 6873: 6868: 6866: 6855:"The Z80 Lives!" 6850: 6844: 6843: 6838: 6836: 6825:"The Z80 Lives!" 6820: 6814: 6813: 6811: 6809: 6803: 6796: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6771: 6764: 6756: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6739: 6732: 6724: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6707: 6700: 6692: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6675: 6664: 6653: 6647: 6646: 6641: 6639: 6630:. Archived from 6620: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6603: 6596: 6588: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6571: 6560: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6535: 6524: 6513: 6507: 6501: 6495: 6489: 6483: 6477: 6471: 6465: 6459: 6458: 6435: 6429: 6423: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6406: 6395: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6361: 6352: 6351:, pages 219–223. 6337: 6331: 6330: 6310: 6301: 6300: 6285: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6250: 6244: 6238: 6232: 6231: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6155: 6146: 6145: 6108: 6102: 6101: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6046:on July 20, 2011 6045: 6038: 6030: 6024: 6023: 6012: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5992:. Archived from 5985: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5962:. Archived from 5955: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5905: 5895: 5886: 5885: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5832: 5826: 5825: 5815:"The Z80 Lives!" 5810: 5804: 5803: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5706: 5700: 5699: 5673: 5664: 5663: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5549:. p. 1943. 5538: 5529: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5497: 5489:Shima, Masatoshi 5484: 5478: 5477: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5433: 5423: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5355: 5348: 5340: 5334: 5328: 5322: 5316: 5310: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5280: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5242: 5236: 5225: 5219: 5210: 5204: 5195: 5189: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5169: 5162: 5151: 5129: 5126: 5120: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5084: 5078: 5076: 5072: 5067: 5061: 5058: 5052: 5049: 5043: 5036: 5030: 5027: 5021: 5005: 4999: 4972: 4966: 4959: 4953: 4948:and become the " 4942: 4936: 4933: 4927: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4908: 4905: 4899: 4896: 4733:embedded systems 4683:in 1988 and the 4651:in 1986 and the 4594:Microprofessor I 4575:Seequa Chameleon 4530:concurrent users 4512:series, and the 4460: 4446: 4432: 4418: 4403: 4153: 4137: 4125: 4111: 4097: 4082: 4052:Microelectronica 4050:and produced by 4021:ROHM Electronics 3926: 3914: 3902: 3820: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3773: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3724: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3682: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3644: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3607: 3606: 3603: 3559: 3555: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3515:;Repeat the loop 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3394:;Origin at 1000h 3392: 3389: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3336: 3329: 3328: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3200: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3168: 3150: 3146: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3013: 3009: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2934:Rotate and shift 2892: 2852: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2804: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2756: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2705: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2654: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2597: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2480: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2435: 2434: 2426: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2321: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2270: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2204: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2152: 2144: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2096: 2095: 2087: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2030: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2004: 2003: 2000: 1994: 1993: 1985: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1972: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1928: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1915: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1871: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1835: 1834: 1826: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747:Intel 8088 1745:Intel 8086/ 1739:Intel 8085 1729: 1728: 1717: 1697: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1627: 1623: 1600: 1595:refresh register 1581: 1577: 1573: 1563: 1553: 1547: 1541: 1535: 1524: 1514: 1508: 1502: 1496: 1482: 1405:Program Counter 1388:Refresh counter 1322: 1306: 1290: 1274: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1071: 1067: 943:embedded systems 670:operating system 460:Z80 in a 44-pin 344:embedded systems 337:bit manipulation 42: 35: 31: 21: 9346: 9345: 9341: 9340: 9339: 9337: 9336: 9335: 9301: 9300: 9299: 9294: 9280:Embedded system 9268: 9218: 9213:In-target probe 9170: 9103: 9075: 8906: 8829: 8683: 8623: 8560: 8539: 8534: 8504: 8499: 8495:Masatoshi Shima 8490:Ralph Ungermann 8485:Federico Faggin 8469: 8426:Hitachi HD64180 8395: 8377: 8348:Microcontroller 8342: 8321: 8271: 8266: 8184: 8175: 8173: 8154: 8152: 8133: 8131: 8112: 8110: 8088:Z80 Cheat Sheet 8069: 8038:Reference cards 7761: 7759:Further reading 7750: 7739: 7715: 7694: 7693: 7683: 7681: 7666: 7662: 7645: 7644: 7640: 7625: 7621: 7604: 7603: 7599: 7576: 7560: 7556: 7546: 7544: 7529: 7525: 7515: 7513: 7498: 7494: 7484: 7482: 7469: 7468: 7464: 7454: 7452: 7451:on May 21, 2018 7439: 7438: 7434: 7424: 7422: 7409: 7408: 7404: 7394: 7392: 7379: 7378: 7374: 7364: 7362: 7353: 7352: 7348: 7340: 7333: 7329: 7328: 7324: 7314: 7312: 7297: 7293: 7261: 7257: 7247: 7229: 7225: 7206: 7202: 7192: 7176: 7172: 7162: 7146: 7142: 7134: 7127: 7123: 7122: 7118: 7101: 7100: 7096: 7088: 7077: 7073: 7072: 7068: 7051: 7050: 7046: 7036: 7034: 7003: 6999: 6989: 6987: 6974: 6973: 6969: 6952: 6951: 6947: 6931: 6930: 6926: 6913: 6912: 6908: 6898: 6896: 6881: 6877: 6864: 6862: 6851: 6847: 6834: 6832: 6821: 6817: 6807: 6805: 6801: 6794: 6790: 6789: 6785: 6775: 6773: 6769: 6762: 6758: 6757: 6753: 6743: 6741: 6737: 6730: 6726: 6725: 6721: 6711: 6709: 6705: 6698: 6694: 6693: 6689: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6662: 6655: 6654: 6650: 6637: 6635: 6622: 6621: 6617: 6607: 6605: 6601: 6597:. p. 218. 6594: 6590: 6589: 6585: 6575: 6573: 6569: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6549: 6539: 6537: 6533: 6522: 6515: 6514: 6510: 6502: 6498: 6490: 6486: 6478: 6474: 6466: 6462: 6452: 6436: 6432: 6424: 6420: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6393: 6386: 6385: 6381: 6362: 6355: 6338: 6334: 6311: 6304: 6294: 6276: 6272: 6265: 6257:. p. 423. 6251: 6247: 6239: 6235: 6225: 6211: 6207: 6197: 6195: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6157: 6156: 6149: 6127: 6117:Microsoft Press 6109: 6105: 6087: 6063: 6059: 6049: 6047: 6043: 6036: 6032: 6031: 6027: 6014: 6013: 6009: 5999: 5997: 5986: 5979: 5969: 5967: 5958:Shirriff, Ken. 5956: 5952: 5942: 5940: 5925: 5921: 5914: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5866: 5862: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5833: 5829: 5811: 5807: 5795: 5794: 5790: 5761: 5757: 5744: 5743: 5739: 5724: 5720: 5708: 5707: 5703: 5696: 5688:. p. 122. 5674: 5667: 5652: 5648: 5638: 5636: 5619: 5615: 5605: 5593:Mathur (1989). 5591: 5587: 5557: 5539: 5532: 5524: 5520: 5512: 5495: 5485: 5481: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5442: 5424: 5417: 5411:Anderson (1994) 5409: 5405: 5397: 5393: 5385: 5381: 5375:Anderson (1994) 5373: 5369: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5346: 5342: 5341: 5337: 5329: 5325: 5317: 5313: 5305: 5301: 5293: 5289: 5281: 5274: 5266: 5262: 5254: 5245: 5237: 5228: 5220: 5213: 5205: 5198: 5190: 5183: 5173: 5171: 5167: 5160: 5152: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5085: 5081: 5074: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5059: 5055: 5050: 5046: 5037: 5033: 5028: 5024: 5006: 5002: 4973: 4969: 4960: 4956: 4943: 4939: 4934: 4930: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4860: 4843: 4841:Discontinuation 4737:microcontroller 4717: 4645:pocket computer 4632: 4618:introduced the 4610:introduced the 4504:, the portable 4482: 4476: 4471: 4464: 4461: 4452: 4447: 4438: 4433: 4424: 4422:Hitachi HD64180 4419: 4410: 4404: 4387:VLSI Technology 4164: 4157: 4154: 4145: 4138: 4129: 4126: 4117: 4112: 4103: 4098: 4089: 4083: 3971: 3966: 3930: 3927: 3918: 3915: 3906: 3903: 3886: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3604: 3601: 3539: 3530: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3311: 3279: 3270:illegal opcodes 3235: 2919:opcode prefixes 2915: 2890: 2867: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2817: 2810: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2769: 2762: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2721: 2718: 2711: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2670: 2667: 2660: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2603: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2546: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2493: 2486: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2439: 2432: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2385: 2378: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2337: 2334: 2327: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2286: 2283: 2276: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2213: 2210: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2153: 2150: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2093: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2036: 2027: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2001: 1998: 1991: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1934: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1877: 1868: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1842: 1839: 1832: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1775: 1753:before ca. 1973 1746: 1742:Zilog Z80 1738: 1737:Intel 8080 1733: 1732:Intel 8008 1715: 1695: 1680: 1675: 1663: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1630:service routine 1625: 1621: 1598: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1561: 1558:does not count) 1551: 1545: 1539: 1533: 1522: 1512: 1506: 1500: 1494: 1480: 1416:Status register 1399:Program counter 1366:Other registers 1329:Index registers 1320: 1304: 1288: 1272: 1208:Flags (F) 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1099: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1069: 1065: 997: 992: 885:Intel 8088 877:British Telecom 869: 840:two-phase clock 762:index registers 734:program looping 694:instruction set 659:instruction set 655: 631: 629:Into production 582:venture capital 574:Electronic News 570: 558:index registers 545:microcontroller 518:Ralph Ungermann 514:Masatoshi Shima 502:microprocessors 490:Federico Faggin 477:, and later at 471: 422: 367:Ralph Ungermann 363:Federico Faggin 305: 264: 235: 144: 89:Masatoshi Shima 85:Federico Faggin 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9344: 9334: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9296: 9295: 9293: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9276: 9274: 9270: 9269: 9267: 9266: 9261: 9260: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9236: 9230: 9228: 9224: 9223: 9220: 9219: 9217: 9216: 9210: 9204: 9198: 9197: 9196: 9184: 9178: 9176: 9172: 9171: 9169: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9147: 9141: 9135: 9129: 9122: 9120: 9113: 9109: 9108: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9085: 9083: 9077: 9076: 9074: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9032: 9031: 9021: 9016: 9015: 9014: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8988: 8987: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8961: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8927: 8922: 8916: 8914: 8908: 8907: 8905: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8845: 8839: 8837: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8827: 8826: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8769: 8768: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8747: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8726: 8725: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8693: 8691: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8653: 8648: 8642: 8640: 8631: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8570: 8568: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8558: 8553: 8547: 8545: 8541: 8540: 8533: 8532: 8525: 8518: 8510: 8501: 8500: 8498: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8481: 8479: 8475: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8423: 8417: 8415: 8405: 8401: 8400: 8397: 8396: 8394: 8393: 8387: 8385: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8364: 8363: 8352: 8350: 8344: 8343: 8341: 8340: 8335: 8329: 8327: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8308: 8307: 8297: 8292: 8286: 8284: 8277: 8273: 8272: 8265: 8264: 8257: 8250: 8242: 8236: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8219: 8218: 8214: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8183: 8182: 8161: 8140: 8119: 8097: 8096: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8068: 8067:External links 8065: 8064: 8063: 8052: 8040: 8039: 8035: 8034: 8023: 8015:978-0931988912 8004: 7996:978-0930594053 7985: 7977:978-0810451674 7966: 7958:978-0471081241 7947: 7939:978-0931988219 7928: 7920:978-0895880949 7908: 7907: 7906:Software books 7903: 7902: 7883: 7875:978-0835995177 7864: 7856:978-0675205405 7845: 7837:978-0070109629 7818: 7817: 7816:Hardware books 7813: 7812: 7804: 7796: 7783: 7775: 7766: 7765: 7760: 7757: 7756: 7755: 7743: 7737: 7723:Ciarcia, Steve 7719: 7713: 7692: 7691: 7660: 7638: 7619: 7597: 7574: 7554: 7523: 7492: 7462: 7432: 7402: 7372: 7346: 7322: 7291: 7255: 7245: 7223: 7200: 7190: 7170: 7160: 7140: 7116: 7094: 7066: 7044: 6997: 6967: 6945: 6924: 6906: 6875: 6845: 6815: 6783: 6751: 6719: 6687: 6648: 6615: 6583: 6572:on May 2, 2014 6547: 6508: 6504:Ciarcia (1981) 6496: 6492:Ciarcia (1981) 6484: 6480:Ciarcia (1981) 6472: 6468:Ciarcia (1981) 6460: 6450: 6430: 6426:Ciarcia (1981) 6418: 6379: 6353: 6332: 6302: 6292: 6270: 6263: 6245: 6241:Ciarcia (1981) 6233: 6223: 6205: 6175: 6147: 6125: 6103: 6085: 6057: 6025: 6007: 5977: 5950: 5919: 5912: 5887: 5880: 5860: 5846: 5835:Shiriff, Ken. 5827: 5805: 5788: 5755: 5737: 5718: 5701: 5694: 5665: 5646: 5621:Brewer, Tony. 5613: 5603: 5585: 5555: 5530: 5526:Ciarcia (1981) 5518: 5479: 5447: 5440: 5415: 5403: 5391: 5379: 5367: 5335: 5323: 5311: 5299: 5287: 5272: 5260: 5243: 5226: 5211: 5196: 5181: 5154:Zilog (2005). 5140: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5121: 5079: 5062: 5053: 5044: 5031: 5022: 5000: 4984:floating-point 4982:in the 40-bit 4967: 4954: 4937: 4928: 4918: 4909: 4900: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4883: 4882: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4859: 4856: 4842: 4839: 4777:consoles. The 4716: 4713: 4643:-programmable 4631: 4628: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4465: 4462: 4455: 4453: 4448: 4441: 4439: 4434: 4427: 4425: 4420: 4413: 4411: 4405: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4371: 4359: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4337: 4336: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4302: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4286:Non-compatible 4283: 4282: 4271: 4268: 4261: 4254: 4247: 4216: 4209: 4202:power on reset 4198:watchdog timer 4191: 4177:developed the 4171: 4170: 4168: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4158: 4155: 4148: 4146: 4139: 4132: 4130: 4128:Toshiba Z84C00 4127: 4120: 4118: 4113: 4106: 4104: 4099: 4092: 4090: 4084: 4077: 4065:, also called 3970: 3969:Second sources 3967: 3965: 3962: 3932: 3931: 3928: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3897: 3885: 3882: 3840: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3749: 3746: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3706: 3703: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3667: 3664: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3629: 3626: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3543:machine cycles 3538: 3535: 3532: 3531: 3343: 3340: 3333: 3310: 3307: 3278: 3275: 3234: 3231: 2948: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2914: 2911: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2866: 2863: 2854: 2853: 2840: 2821: 2814: 2806: 2805: 2792: 2773: 2766: 2758: 2757: 2744: 2725: 2715: 2707: 2706: 2693: 2674: 2664: 2656: 2655: 2639: 2623: 2607: 2599: 2598: 2582: 2566: 2550: 2542: 2541: 2522: 2497: 2490: 2482: 2481: 2468: 2443: 2436: 2428: 2427: 2414: 2389: 2382: 2374: 2373: 2360: 2341: 2331: 2323: 2322: 2309: 2290: 2280: 2272: 2271: 2252: 2233: 2217: 2206: 2205: 2189: 2173: 2157: 2146: 2145: 2132: 2113: 2097: 2089: 2088: 2075: 2056: 2040: 2032: 2031: 2024: 2005: 1995: 1987: 1986: 1973: 1954: 1938: 1930: 1929: 1916: 1897: 1881: 1873: 1872: 1865: 1846: 1836: 1828: 1827: 1811: 1795: 1779: 1771: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1743: 1740: 1735: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1662: 1659: 1591: 1590: 1587: 1569: 1559: 1549: 1543: 1537: 1527: 1526: 1520: 1510: 1504: 1498: 1492: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1461: 1456: 1453: 1444: 1441: 1436: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1418: 1412: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1355:Stack Pointer 1352: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1331: 1325: 1324: 1316: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1292: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1276: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1260: 1254: 1253: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1222: 1219: 1215: 1214: 1209: 1206: 1202: 1201: 1199:Main registers 1195: 1194: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1098: 1095: 1029:orthogonalized 1010:Datapoint 2200 996: 993: 991: 988: 901:Motorola 68000 868: 865: 864: 863: 856: 853: 843: 836: 833: 826: 808: 807: 806: 798: 772: 760:New IX and IY 758: 751: 750: 749: 739: 736: 731: 728: 725: 718: 712: 709: 706: 703: 654: 651: 630: 627: 569: 566: 470: 467: 438:microprocessor 421: 418: 371:chip factories 352:home computers 307: 306: 304: 303: 298: 293: 287: 285: 281: 280: 275: 271: 270: 266: 265: 263: 262: 256: 250: 243: 241: 237: 236: 234: 233: 229: 227: 221: 220: 216: 215: 212: 206: 205: 200: 194: 193: 190: 186: 185: 181: 180: 177: 173: 172: 169: 165: 164: 161: 151: 150: 146: 145: 143: 142: 98: 96: 92: 91: 82: 78: 77: 72: 68: 67: 64: 60: 59: 56: 52: 51: 47: 46: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9343: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9308: 9306: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9277: 9275: 9271: 9265: 9262: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9247:NXP/Freescale 9245: 9243: 9240: 9239: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9231: 9229: 9225: 9214: 9211: 9208: 9205: 9202: 9199: 9194: 9191: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9179: 9177: 9173: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9151: 9148: 9145: 9142: 9139: 9136: 9133: 9130: 9127: 9124: 9123: 9121: 9117: 9114: 9110: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9086: 9084: 9082: 9078: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9030: 9027: 9026: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9013: 9010: 9009: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8986: 8983: 8982: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8935: 8934: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8917: 8915: 8913: 8909: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8836: 8832: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8810: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8767: 8764: 8763: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8731: 8730: 8727: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8699: 8698: 8695: 8694: 8692: 8690: 8686: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8639: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8626: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8567: 8566:Architectures 8563: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8548: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8531: 8526: 8524: 8519: 8517: 8512: 8511: 8508: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8482: 8480: 8476: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8418: 8416: 8414: 8409: 8406: 8402: 8392: 8389: 8388: 8386: 8384: 8380: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8362: 8359: 8358: 8357: 8354: 8353: 8351: 8349: 8345: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8330: 8328: 8324: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8306: 8303: 8302: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8287: 8285: 8281: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8263: 8258: 8256: 8251: 8249: 8244: 8243: 8240: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8220: 8216: 8215: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8188: 8187: 8171: 8167: 8162: 8150: 8146: 8141: 8129: 8125: 8120: 8108: 8104: 8099: 8098: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8061: 8056: 8053: 8050: 8045: 8042: 8041: 8037: 8036: 8032: 8027: 8024: 8021: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8005: 8002: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7986: 7983: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7967: 7964: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7948: 7945: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7929: 7926: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7910: 7909: 7905: 7904: 7900: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7884: 7881: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7865: 7862: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7846: 7843: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7829:Steve Ciarcia 7826: 7824: 7820: 7819: 7815: 7814: 7810: 7809: 7805: 7802: 7801: 7797: 7795: 7794: 7789: 7788: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7776: 7773: 7772: 7768: 7767: 7763: 7762: 7749: 7744: 7740: 7734: 7730: 7729: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7714:0-412-59810-8 7710: 7706: 7701: 7700: 7699: 7698: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7664: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7642: 7634: 7630: 7623: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7601: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7571: 7567: 7566: 7558: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7527: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7496: 7480: 7476: 7475:Fybertech.net 7472: 7466: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7436: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7406: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7376: 7360: 7356: 7350: 7339: 7332: 7326: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7295: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7271: 7266: 7259: 7252: 7248: 7242: 7237: 7236: 7227: 7219: 7215: 7214:Arcade Hacker 7211: 7204: 7197: 7193: 7187: 7183: 7182: 7174: 7167: 7163: 7157: 7153: 7152: 7144: 7133: 7126: 7120: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7098: 7087: 7084:. June 1992. 7083: 7076: 7070: 7062: 7058: 7057:Crypto Museum 7054: 7048: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7001: 6985: 6981: 6980:opencores.org 6977: 6971: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6949: 6942: 6940: 6934: 6928: 6920: 6916: 6910: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6879: 6872: 6860: 6856: 6849: 6842: 6830: 6826: 6819: 6800: 6793: 6787: 6768: 6761: 6755: 6736: 6729: 6723: 6704: 6697: 6691: 6672: 6668: 6661: 6660: 6652: 6645: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6619: 6600: 6593: 6587: 6568: 6564: 6557: 6551: 6532: 6528: 6521: 6520: 6512: 6506:, p. 58. 6505: 6500: 6494:, p. 36. 6493: 6488: 6482:, p. 77. 6481: 6476: 6470:, p. 63. 6469: 6464: 6457: 6453: 6447: 6443: 6442: 6434: 6428:, p. 65. 6427: 6422: 6403: 6399: 6392: 6391: 6383: 6376: 6371: 6367: 6360: 6358: 6350: 6349:1-85058-515-6 6346: 6342: 6336: 6329: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6309: 6307: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6284: 6283: 6274: 6266: 6264:0-07-027363-4 6260: 6256: 6249: 6243:, p. 86. 6242: 6237: 6230: 6226: 6220: 6216: 6209: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6179: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6154: 6152: 6144: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6119:. p. 2. 6118: 6114: 6107: 6100: 6098: 6094: 6088: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6069: 6061: 6042: 6035: 6029: 6022: 6018: 6011: 5995: 5991: 5984: 5982: 5965: 5961: 5954: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5923: 5915: 5909: 5904: 5903: 5894: 5892: 5883: 5877: 5873: 5872: 5864: 5856: 5850: 5842: 5838: 5831: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5809: 5802: 5798: 5792: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5771: 5766: 5759: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5733: 5729: 5722: 5715: 5711: 5705: 5697: 5695:0-07-140927-0 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5672: 5670: 5661: 5657: 5650: 5634: 5630: 5629: 5624: 5617: 5610: 5606: 5600: 5596: 5589: 5582: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5537: 5535: 5527: 5522: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5502: 5494: 5490: 5483: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5451: 5443: 5437: 5432: 5431: 5422: 5420: 5413:, p. 57. 5412: 5407: 5400: 5395: 5389:, p. 13. 5388: 5383: 5377:, p. 51. 5376: 5371: 5352: 5345: 5339: 5333:, p. 17. 5332: 5327: 5320: 5315: 5308: 5303: 5297:, p. 19. 5296: 5291: 5284: 5279: 5277: 5269: 5264: 5257: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5240: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5223: 5218: 5216: 5208: 5203: 5201: 5193: 5188: 5186: 5166: 5159: 5158: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5141: 5125: 5083: 5066: 5057: 5048: 5041: 5035: 5026: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5004: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4971: 4964: 4958: 4951: 4947: 4941: 4932: 4922: 4913: 4904: 4895: 4891: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4838: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4783: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4771:Master System 4767: 4765: 4760: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4726: 4721: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4685:Amstrad NC100 4682: 4681:Cambridge Z88 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4653:Sharp PC-E220 4650: 4649:Sharp PC-1600 4646: 4642: 4638: 4637:Sharp PC-1500 4627: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4545: 4542: 4537: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4459: 4454: 4451: 4445: 4440: 4437: 4431: 4426: 4423: 4417: 4412: 4409: 4402: 4397: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4361:Zilog's NMOS 4360: 4357: 4353: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4262: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4165: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4131: 4124: 4119: 4116: 4110: 4105: 4102: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4081: 4076: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3975:second-source 3961: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3945: 3942: 3938: 3925: 3920: 3913: 3908: 3901: 3896: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3881: 3877: 3875: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3852: 3847: 3846:state machine 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3560: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3476:;Bump counter 3341: 3331: 3327: 3306: 3305:instruction. 3274: 3271: 3266: 3263:ADD/SBC XY,BC 3259:ADD/SBC XY,DE 3245: 3241: 3230: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3192: 3179: 3177: 3173: 3164: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3108: 3095:) or before ( 3077: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3004: 2988: 2952: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2910: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2888: 2879: 2875: 2872: 2871: 2870: 2862: 2861: 2841: 2822: 2815: 2808: 2807: 2793: 2774: 2767: 2760: 2759: 2745: 2726: 2716: 2709: 2708: 2694: 2675: 2665: 2658: 2657: 2640: 2624: 2608: 2601: 2600: 2583: 2567: 2551: 2544: 2543: 2523: 2498: 2491: 2484: 2483: 2469: 2444: 2437: 2430: 2429: 2415: 2390: 2383: 2376: 2375: 2361: 2342: 2332: 2325: 2324: 2310: 2291: 2281: 2274: 2273: 2253: 2234: 2218: 2208: 2207: 2190: 2174: 2158: 2148: 2147: 2133: 2114: 2098: 2091: 2090: 2076: 2057: 2041: 2034: 2033: 2025: 2006: 1996: 1989: 1988: 1974: 1955: 1939: 1932: 1931: 1917: 1898: 1882: 1875: 1874: 1866: 1847: 1837: 1830: 1829: 1812: 1796: 1780: 1773: 1772: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1750: 1744: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1692: 1690: 1685: 1670: 1668: 1658: 1643: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1619: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1596: 1588: 1585: 1570: 1567: 1560: 1557: 1550: 1544: 1538: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1521: 1518: 1517:stack pointer 1511: 1505: 1499: 1493: 1490: 1486: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1330: 1326: 1323: 1317: 1310: 1307: 1301: 1294: 1291: 1285: 1278: 1275: 1269: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1094: 1074: 1061: 1059: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1034:overflow flag 1030: 1025: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1001: 987: 985: 981: 977: 973: 968: 964: 960: 955: 951: 948: 944: 940: 935: 933: 929: 928:Amstrad NC100 925: 921: 916: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 861: 857: 854: 851: 848: 844: 841: 837: 834: 831: 827: 824: 821: 817: 813: 812:register file 809: 804: 799: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 779: 777: 773: 770: 769: 763: 759: 756: 755:overflow flag 752: 747: 743: 740: 737: 735: 732: 729: 726: 723: 719: 717: 713: 710: 707: 704: 702: 698: 697: 695: 691: 690: 689: 686: 683: 679: 675: 671: 668: 664: 660: 650: 646: 642: 640: 636: 626: 622: 619: 618:second source 614: 609: 605: 603: 599: 595: 594:minicomputers 592: 586: 583: 579: 575: 565: 563: 560:and improved 559: 555: 554:Motorola 6800 550: 546: 541: 538: 534: 530: 525: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 498:semiconductor 495: 491: 488: 484: 480: 476: 469:Early history 463: 459: 454: 447: 443: 439: 434: 426: 417: 415: 410: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 385:manufacturer 384: 383:second-source 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 359: 357: 353: 349: 345: 340: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 288: 286: 282: 279: 276: 272: 267: 261: 257: 255: 251: 249: 245: 244: 242: 238: 231: 230: 228: 226: 222: 217: 213: 211: 207: 204: 201: 199: 195: 191: 187: 182: 178: 176:Address width 174: 170: 166: 162: 160: 157: 152: 147: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 99: 97: 93: 90: 86: 83: 79: 76: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 48: 41: 36: 30: 19: 9094:ARM Cortex-R 8965:ARM Cortex-R 8807: 8440:Sharp LH0080 8430:Zilog Z64180 8326:Z8000 series 8289: 8185: 8176:November 26, 8174:. Retrieved 8153:. Retrieved 8134:November 16, 8132:. Retrieved 8113:November 26, 8111:. Retrieved 8054: 8043: 8025: 8006: 7987: 7968: 7949: 7930: 7911: 7885: 7866: 7847: 7821: 7807: 7799: 7792: 7786: 7778: 7770: 7753:(Interview). 7727: 7704: 7696: 7695: 7682:. Retrieved 7674:Ars Technica 7673: 7663: 7650: 7641: 7622: 7609: 7600: 7564: 7557: 7545:. Retrieved 7536: 7526: 7514:. Retrieved 7505: 7495: 7483:. Retrieved 7474: 7465: 7453:. Retrieved 7449:the original 7444: 7435: 7423:. Retrieved 7414: 7405: 7393:. Retrieved 7384: 7375: 7363:. Retrieved 7359:Google Books 7358: 7349: 7325: 7313:. Retrieved 7304: 7294: 7286: 7268: 7258: 7250: 7234: 7226: 7213: 7203: 7195: 7180: 7173: 7165: 7150: 7143: 7132:the original 7119: 7106: 7097: 7069: 7056: 7047: 7035:. Retrieved 7014: 7010: 7000: 6988:. Retrieved 6979: 6970: 6962:the original 6957: 6948: 6936: 6932: 6927: 6919:the original 6909: 6897:. Retrieved 6888: 6878: 6870: 6863:. Retrieved 6848: 6840: 6833:. Retrieved 6818: 6806:. Retrieved 6786: 6774:. Retrieved 6754: 6742:. Retrieved 6722: 6710:. Retrieved 6690: 6678:. Retrieved 6658: 6651: 6643: 6636:. Retrieved 6632:the original 6627: 6618: 6606:. Retrieved 6586: 6574:. Retrieved 6567:the original 6562: 6550: 6538:. Retrieved 6518: 6511: 6499: 6487: 6475: 6463: 6455: 6440: 6433: 6421: 6409:. Retrieved 6389: 6382: 6375:address bus. 6373: 6340: 6339:Robin Nixon 6335: 6326: 6318: 6297: 6281: 6273: 6254: 6248: 6236: 6228: 6214: 6208: 6196:. Retrieved 6178: 6170: 6130: 6112: 6106: 6090: 6067: 6060: 6048:. Retrieved 6041:the original 6028: 6020: 6016: 6010: 5998:. Retrieved 5994:the original 5970:November 16, 5968:. Retrieved 5964:the original 5953: 5941:. Retrieved 5932: 5922: 5901: 5870: 5863: 5854: 5849: 5830: 5822: 5808: 5800: 5796: 5791: 5768: 5758: 5745: 5740: 5721: 5713: 5709: 5704: 5677: 5649: 5637:. Retrieved 5626: 5616: 5608: 5594: 5588: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5560: 5542: 5521: 5499: 5482: 5459: 5450: 5429: 5406: 5401:, p. 9. 5394: 5382: 5370: 5358:. Retrieved 5338: 5326: 5321:, p. 7. 5314: 5309:, p. 6. 5302: 5290: 5285:, p. 5. 5270:, p. 8. 5263: 5258:, p. 4. 5241:, p. 3. 5224:, p. 2. 5209:, p. 1. 5172:. Retrieved 5156: 5124: 5082: 5065: 5056: 5047: 5038:The related 5034: 5025: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5003: 4996:ABC 800 4970: 4957: 4940: 4931: 4921: 4912: 4903: 4894: 4844: 4828:, different 4819: 4784: 4779:Sega Genesis 4768: 4761: 4730: 4693:pen-operated 4657:Sharp Wizard 4633: 4605: 4602: 4587: 4549: 4502:Heathkit H89 4495: 4490:ColecoVision 4469:Notable uses 4383:Buster Bros. 4375:arcade games 4295:Toshiba TLCS 4236:TCP/IP stack 4228:Flash memory 4115:Sharp LH0080 4059:Soviet Union 4056: 4028:East Germany 4025: 4002: 3972: 3946: 3933: 3929:SIO Z84C4008 3917:CTC Z84C3008 3905:PIO Z84C2008 3887: 3878: 3870: 3858:opcode fetch 3855: 3843: 3835:R(IY+d),inc 3571:instruction 3563: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3312: 3309:Example code 3280: 3267: 3243: 3239: 3236: 3203: 3197:rather than 3180: 3163:stack frames 3153: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3109: 3078: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3005: 2989: 2953: 2949: 2943:Input/output 2916: 2895: 2884: 2868: 2858: 2857: 1723: 1719: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1693: 1681: 1664: 1644: 1617: 1615: 1603:pseudorandom 1594: 1592: 1583: 1565: 1528: 1475: 1463: 1415: 1408: 1398: 1391: 1378: 1365: 1358: 1348: 1338: 1328: 1318: 1302: 1286: 1270: 1257: 1250: 1237: 1224: 1211: 1198: 1191: 1075: 1062: 1054: 1037: 1026: 1022: 1007: 971: 956: 952: 936: 917: 889:Zenith Z-100 870: 830:power supply 820:multitasking 802: 794: 790: 786: 765: 746:input/output 692:An enhanced 687: 672:and Intel's 656: 647: 643: 632: 623: 610: 606: 587: 573: 571: 556:, including 542: 526: 472: 411: 360: 358:revolution. 350:systems and 341: 312: 310: 141:, and others 63:Discontinued 29: 9119:Programming 8882:PIC24/dsPIC 8818:Rabbit 2000 8629:Word length 8450:Rabbit 2000 8435:NEC µPD780C 8413:compatibles 7441:"Laser PC6" 7381:"Laser PC4" 6808:January 28, 6776:January 28, 6744:January 20, 6712:January 13, 6628:SharpMZ.org 6073:Brady Books 5750:McGraw-Hill 5506:McGraw–Hill 5501:Electronics 4992:ABC 80 4749:Prophet 600 4571:Rainbow 100 4544:ZX Spectrum 4514:Epson QX-10 4325:Rabbit 2000 4162:Derivatives 4101:NEC μPD780C 4088:Z80: MK3880 3950:Amstrad CPC 3733:R(HL), set 3500:;If BC = 0, 3381:; BC - Zero 3345:; memcpy -- 3254:LD H,(IX+d) 3185:, which is 3114:instead of 1639:daisy chain 1611:wrap around 1485:accumulator 905:DEC Rainbow 803:mode 1 795:mode 0 791:mode 1 787:mode 2 716:accumulator 696:including: 274:Predecessor 225:Transistors 189:Application 149:Performance 81:Designed by 71:Marketed by 9305:Categories 9156:Bootloader 9112:Interfaces 8421:ASCII R800 8373:Encore! 32 8361:Z8 Encore! 8283:Z80 series 8155:October 5, 7827:; 1st Ed; 6680:January 1, 6608:January 1, 6540:January 5, 6411:January 5, 6387:"Timing". 6075:. p. 5360:January 8, 5136:References 4834:speed dial 4815:Zilog eZ80 4723:Z80-based 4677:Intel 8086 4673:Bondwell-2 4669:Epson PX-4 4579:Intel 8088 4573:, and the 4478:See also: 4450:Zilog Z280 4436:Zilog Z180 4377:, such as 4356:MSX TurboR 4279:Canon X-07 4213:Zilog Z380 4187:Zilog Z180 4071:KR580VM80A 3030:ecrement, 2902:isomorphic 2891:LD BC,1234 2865:New syntax 947:static RAM 823:dispatcher 816:interrupts 771:addressing 742:block copy 724:arithmetic 602:interrupts 562:interrupts 529:static RAM 510:Intel 8080 506:Intel 4004 494:transistor 440:design in 348:video game 329:Intel 8080 284:Successors 278:Intel 8080 168:Data width 159:clock rate 18:Zilog Z80A 9193:debugWIRE 9175:Debugging 9099:PowerPC64 9036:Propeller 8744:MELPS 740 8455:КР1858ВМ1 8060:(archive) 8049:(archive) 8031:(archive) 8020:(archive) 8001:(archive) 7982:(archive) 7963:(archive) 7944:(archive) 7925:(archive) 7899:(archive) 7880:(archive) 7861:(archive) 7842:(archive) 7485:April 18, 7455:April 11, 7425:April 11, 7415:larwe.com 7395:April 11, 7365:April 11, 7279:0199-6649 7270:InfoWorld 7107:CPU Shack 6958:S1mp3.org 6899:August 7, 6576:April 30, 5779:0199-6649 5770:InfoWorld 5639:April 27, 5547:CRC Press 5470:0199-6649 5461:InfoWorld 4976:mantissas 4926:function. 4886:Footnotes 4864:S-100 bus 4830:ringtones 4826:caller ID 4775:Game Gear 4745:Prophet-5 4616:Gradiente 4606:In 1985, 4560:Model III 4506:Osborne 1 4365:and CMOS 4260:families. 4067:КР1858ВМ1 3937:Osborne 1 3691:internal 3688:internal 3568:T-states 3564:M-cycles 3199:JP THREAD 3176:pipelined 3160:recursive 3130:ecrement 3026:ncrement/ 1634:interrupt 1519:, 16 bits 1097:Registers 1078:EX AF,AF' 1066:EX AF,AF' 950:layouts. 845:Built-in 776:interrupt 774:A better 701:mnemonics 635:assembler 483:physicist 333:registers 327:with the 313:Zilog Z80 66:June 2024 58:July 1976 33:Zilog Z80 9273:See also 9252:Infineon 9046:TLCS-900 9012:ColdFire 8933:Cortex-M 8897:TLCS-900 8823:TLCS-870 8465:MMN80CPU 8276:Products 8170:Archived 8149:Archived 8128:Archived 8107:Archived 7725:(1981). 7678:Archived 7655:Archived 7651:habr.com 7633:Archived 7614:Archived 7612:. 1999. 7592:42701044 7584:00502236 7547:June 18, 7541:Archived 7516:June 18, 7510:Archived 7479:Archived 7419:Archived 7389:Archived 7338:Archived 7315:March 5, 7309:Archived 7283:Archived 7218:Archived 7111:Archived 7086:Archived 7061:Archived 7031:Archived 6984:Archived 6893:Archived 6865:July 17, 6859:Archived 6835:July 17, 6829:Archived 6799:Archived 6767:Archived 6735:Archived 6703:Archived 6671:Archived 6638:July 28, 6599:Archived 6531:Archived 6402:Archived 6370:Archived 6323:Archived 6198:July 20, 6192:Archived 6167:Archived 6165:. 1995. 6000:July 22, 5943:June 14, 5937:Archived 5933:z80.info 5855:Kilobaud 5841:Archived 5819:Archived 5783:Archived 5732:Archived 5660:Archived 5633:Archived 5510:Archived 5474:Archived 5351:Archived 5174:July 18, 5165:Archived 4988:Sinclair 4980:operands 4858:See also 4556:Model II 4541:Sinclair 4373:Certain 4304:The NEC 4250:Kawasaki 4190:(noise). 4048:MMN80CPU 4036:Robotron 4019:made by 4005:GoldStar 3998:Sharp MZ 3838:W(IY+d) 3449:;save it 3249:(LD H,n) 3242:igh and 2877:address. 1758:ca. 1974 1483:: 8-bit 1345:Index Y 1335:Index X 1027:The Z80 778:system: 744:, block 549:Synertek 524:design. 487:engineer 444:. Total 375:Synertek 240:Packages 131:GoldStar 107:Synertek 55:Launched 9195:(Atmel) 9189:(JTAG) 9051:TriCore 9024:PowerPC 8920:Am29000 8793:ST6/ST7 8674:TMS1000 8669:TLCS-47 8404:Related 8391:Z80-RIO 7697:Sources 7684:May 23, 7037:June 1, 7021:: 222. 6990:July 1, 6186:(PDF). 6050:June 4, 5114:ing or 5106:ing or 5098:ing or 5075:JP (HL) 5020:memory. 4978:of two 4950:fabless 4764:Pac-Man 4757:PV-1000 4661:Laptops 4564:Model 4 4329:HD64180 4242:(LEA), 4194:Toshiba 4179:HD64180 4175:Hitachi 4044:Romania 3987:μPD780C 3826:opcode 3823:prefix 3788:W(IX+d) 3779:opcode 3776:prefix 3730:opcode 3727:prefix 3685:opcode 3647:opcode 3610:opcode 3195:JP (XY) 3187:JP (XY) 3183:JP (HL) 3156:records 3134:ump if 1724:operand 1422: 1385: 1372: 976:HD64180 920:Kyocera 911:with a 899:with a 850:refresh 637:-based 420:History 407:Hitachi 399:Toshiba 269:History 258:44-pin 252:44-pin 246:40-pin 179:16 bits 135:Hitachi 123:Toshiba 101:Zilog, 9152:(HVPP) 9146:(HVSP) 9128:(ICSP) 9081:64-bit 9071:Z80000 9066:Xtensa 9041:SuperH 9029:MPC5xx 8912:32-bit 8877:MSP430 8867:CR16/C 8848:68HC12 8843:65C816 8835:16-bit 8739:65C265 8734:65C134 8712:68HC11 8707:68HC08 8702:68HC05 8679:μCOM-4 8651:COP400 8646:Am2900 8614:RISC-V 8604:MPS430 8478:People 8368:Z80182 8338:Z80000 8217:Boards 8013: 7994: 7975: 7956: 7937: 7918: 7892: 7873: 7854: 7835: 7793:Errata 7735: 7711: 7590: 7582: 7572: 7277: 7243: 7188: 7158: 6448: 6347: 6328:L,IYH. 6290: 6261: 6221: 6123: 6083: 5910: 5878: 5777: 5692: 5628:GitHub 5601: 5553: 5468: 5438: 5069:Jump ( 4869:SymbOS 4822:Soviet 4698:, the 4689:Z8S180 4624:Brazil 4620:Expert 4612:Hotbit 4583:PC DOS 4562:, and 4552:TRS-80 4526:Morrow 4518:Otrona 4510:Kaypro 4508:, the 4406:ASCII 4086:Mostek 4063:T34BM1 3785:n,add 3736:W(HL) 3562:Total 3401:public 3398:memcpy 3315:memcpy 3220:, and 2997:LD A,A 1720:memory 1718:, for 1698:, for 1651:LD A,I 1647:LD A,R 1038:signed 990:Design 903:, the 768:offset 682:layout 661:to be 613:Mostek 508:, the 405:, and 391:design 389:. The 379:Mostek 315:is an 171:8 bits 103:Mostek 9242:Intel 9227:Lists 9215:(ITP) 9209:(ICE) 9203:(ICD) 9166:aWire 9140:(PDI) 9134:(ISP) 9019:PIC32 9007:68000 9002:MN103 8970:AVR32 8953:STM32 8938:EFM32 8902:Z8000 8857:80186 8766:XC800 8689:8-bit 8664:S1C6x 8659:PPS-4 8655:MARC4 8638:4-bit 8574:68000 8333:Z8000 8269:Zilog 7751:(PDF) 7341:(PDF) 7334:(PDF) 7135:(PDF) 7128:(PDF) 7089:(PDF) 7078:(PDF) 7017:(3). 6802:(PDF) 6795:(PDF) 6770:(PDF) 6763:(PDF) 6738:(PDF) 6731:(PDF) 6706:(PDF) 6699:(PDF) 6674:(PDF) 6663:(PDF) 6602:(PDF) 6595:(PDF) 6570:(PDF) 6559:(PDF) 6534:(PDF) 6527:Zilog 6523:(PDF) 6405:(PDF) 6398:Zilog 6394:(PDF) 6188:Zilog 6163:Zilog 6133:Intel 6044:(PDF) 6037:(PDF) 5513:(PDF) 5496:(PDF) 5354:(PDF) 5347:(PDF) 5168:(PDF) 5161:(PDF) 5013:fetch 4874:Z88DK 4848:DIP40 4803:TI-85 4799:TI-82 4795:TI-81 4789:from 4753:Casio 4704:VTech 4641:BASIC 4608:Sharp 4206:Sharp 4007:(now 3391:1000h 3335:1000 3191:Forth 1708:STORE 1466:lags 1321:' 1305:' 1289:' 1273:' 1049:DIP40 972:lower 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