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2430:. This offers several advantages. Computer programmers no longer need to worry about where their data is physically stored or whether the user's computer will have enough memory. The operating system will place actively used data in RAM, which is much faster than hard disks. When the amount of RAM is not sufficient to run all the current programs, it can result in a situation where the computer spends more time moving data from RAM to disk and back than it does accomplishing tasks; this is known as
22:
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2049:, and that storing a charge or no charge on the MOS capacitor could represent the 1 and 0 of a bit, while the MOS transistor could control writing the charge to the capacitor. This led to his development of a single-transistor DRAM memory cell. In 1967, Dennard filed a patent for a single-transistor DRAM memory cell based on MOS technology. This led to the first commercial DRAM IC chip, the
2302:. The term is used to describe a memory that has some limited non-volatile duration after power is removed, but then data is ultimately lost. A typical goal when using a semi-volatile memory is to provide the high performance and durability associated with volatile memories while providing some benefits of non-volatile memory.
2309:
cell has increased volatility but otherwise continues to work. Data locations which are written frequently can thus be directed to use worn circuits. As long as the location is updated within some known retention time, the data stays valid. After a period of time without update, the value is copied
2452:
Without protected memory, it is possible that a bug in one program will alter the memory used by another program. This will cause that other program to run off of corrupted memory with unpredictable results. If the operating system's memory is corrupted, the entire computer system may crash and need
2317:
can be made non-volatile by building large cells, but doing so raises the cost per bit and power requirements and reduces the write speed. Using small cells improves cost, power, and speed, but leads to semi-volatile behavior. In some applications, the increased volatility can be managed to provide
2448:
Protected memory is a system where each program is given an area of memory to use and is prevented from going outside that range. If the operating system detects that a program has tried to alter memory that does not belong to it, the program is terminated (or otherwise restricted or redirected).
2390:
occurs when a program writes data to the end of its allocated space and then continues to write data beyond this to memory that has been allocated for other purposes. This may result in erratic program behavior, including memory access errors, incorrect results, a crash, or a breach of system
1838:. The Williams tube was able to store more information than the Selectron tube (the Selectron was limited to 256 bits, while the Williams tube could store thousands) and was less expensive. The Williams tube was nevertheless frustratingly sensitive to environmental disturbances.
2201:. Dynamic RAM is more complicated for interfacing and control, needing regular refresh cycles to prevent losing its contents, but uses only one transistor and one capacitor per bit, allowing it to reach much higher densities and much cheaper per-bit costs.
2015:(DRAM). Bipolar SRAM was invented by Robert Norman at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1963, followed by the development of MOS SRAM by John Schmidt at Fairchild in 1964. SRAM became an alternative to magnetic-core memory, but requires six transistors for each
2375:
occurs when a program requests memory from the operating system and never returns the memory when it is done with it. A program with this bug will gradually require more and more memory until the program fails as the operating system runs
2449:
This way, only the offending program crashes, and other programs are not affected by the misbehavior (whether accidental or intentional). Use of protected memory greatly enhances both the reliability and security of a computer system.
2457:. At times programs intentionally alter the memory used by other programs. This is done by viruses and malware to take over computers. It may also be used benignly by desirable programs which are intended to modify other programs,
2318:
many benefits of a non-volatile memory, for example by removing power but forcing a wake-up before data is lost; or by caching read-only data and discarding the cached data if the power-off time exceeds the non-volatile threshold.
1577:
capacity for caching so long as it is not needed by running software. If needed, contents of the computer memory can be transferred to storage; a common way of doing this is through a memory management technique called
3177:
The i1103 was manufactured on a 6-mask silicon-gate P-MOS process with 8 μm minimum features. The resulting product had a 2,400 µm, 2 memory cell size, a die size just under 10 mm², and sold for around $
2037:
in 1965. While it offered improved performance, bipolar DRAM could not compete with the lower price of the then dominant magnetic-core memory. MOS technology is the basis for modern DRAM. In 1966,
1919:
in 1965. While semiconductor memory offered improved performance over magnetic-core memory, it remained larger and more expensive and did not displace magnetic-core memory until the late 1960s.
3231:
The first commercial synchronous DRAM, the
Samsung 16-Mbit KM48SL2000, employs a single-bank architecture that lets system designers easily transition from asynchronous to synchronous systems.
3576:
Windows Server
Enterprise supports clustering with up to eight-node clusters and very large memory (VLM) configurations of up to 32 GB on 32-bit systems and 2 TB on 64-bit systems.
2333:, where an external signal copies data from the volatile memory to the non-volatile memory, but if power is removed before the copy occurs, the data is lost. Another example is
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results when a program tries to access memory that it does not have permission to access. Generally, a program doing so will be terminated by the operating system.
1565:
which is slower but less expensive per bit and higher in capacity. Besides storing opened programs and data being actively processed, computer memory serves as a
2341:
to power the memory device in case of external power loss. If power is off for an extended period of time, the battery may run out, resulting in data loss.
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to a less-worn circuit with longer retention. Writing first to the worn area allows a high write rate while avoiding wear on the not-worn circuits.
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store data but normally are not considered as memory, since they only store one word and do not include an addressing mechanism.
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2418:. It allows multiple types of memory to be used. For example, some data can be stored in RAM while other data is stored on a
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Business
Intelligence: Second European Summer School, eBISS 2012, Brussels, Belgium, July 15-21, 2012, Tutorial Lectures
2164:
Various memory modules containing different types of DRAM (from top to bottom): DDR SDRAM, SDRAM, EDO DRAM, and FPM DRAM
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3511:
3305:
2907:. 1965 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers. Vol. VIII. pp. 82–83.
2735:
1256:
208:
253:
3170:
2903:
Wood, J.; Ball, R. (February 1965). "The use of insulated-gate field-effect transistors in digital storage systems".
2542:"DDR5 Era To Officially Begin In 2021, With DRAM Market Currently Transitioning Between Generations, Says TrendForce"
2367:
Improper management of memory is a common cause of bugs and security vulnerabilities, including the following types:
2263:
2215:
Non-volatile memory can retain the stored information even when not powered. Examples of non-volatile memory include
1938:
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The term semi-volatile is also used to describe semi-volatile behavior constructed from other memory types, such as
2045:
was working on MOS memory. While examining the characteristics of MOS technology, he found it was possible to build
2000:
in the early 1970s. MOS memory overtook magnetic core memory as the dominant memory technology in the early 1970s.
1784:
In the early 1940s, memory technology often permitted a capacity of a few bytes. The first electronic programmable
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in 1956, while working for the Arma
Division of the American Bosch Arma Corporation. In 1967, Dawon Kahng and
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2012:
1796:, could perform simple calculations involving 20 numbers of ten decimal digits stored in the vacuum tubes.
1640:
707:
602:
503:
3332:
Tarui, Y.; Hayashi, Y.; Nagai, K. (1972). "Electrically reprogrammable nonvolatile semiconductor memory".
3892:
3834:
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Masuoka, F.; Momodomi, M.; Iwata, Y.; Shirota, R. (1987). "1987 International
Electron Devices Meeting".
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2008:
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have complex systems to properly manage memory. Failure to do so can lead to bugs or slow performance.
2174:
Volatile memory is computer memory that requires power to maintain the stored information. Most modern
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security. They are thus the basis of many software vulnerabilities and can be maliciously exploited.
1674:, for example, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 or 128 bits. Each word can be accessed by a binary address of
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Other volatile memory technologies that have attempted to compete or replace SRAM and DRAM include
1953:
was cheaper and consumed less power than magnetic core memory. In 1965, J. Wood and R. Ball of the
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126:
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to read and write bits. Delay-line memory was limited to a capacity of up to a few thousand bits.
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SRAM retains its contents as long as the power is connected and may use a simpler interface, but
2116:(electrically erasable PROM) was developed by Yasuo Tarui, Yutaka Hayashi and Kiyoko Naga at the
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1946:
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54:
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of data. Commercial use of SRAM began in 1965, when IBM introduced their SP95 SRAM chip for the
1865:
computer in 1953. Magnetic-core memory was the dominant form of memory until the development of
28:
module. As of 2021, over 90 percent of computer memory used in PCs and servers was of this type.
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2411:
1981:
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in the form of sound waves propagating through the mercury, with the quartz crystals acting as
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capable of storing multiple bits per cell. The memory cells are grouped into words of fixed
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1830:, originated in 1946, both using electron beams in glass tubes as means of storage. Using
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Proper management of memory is vital for a computer system to operate properly. Modern
1904:
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allowed for memory recall after power loss. It was developed by
Frederick W. Viehe and
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2801:"1953: Transistors make fast memories | The Storage Engine | Computer History Museum"
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1974:
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1965 IEEE International Solid-State
Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers
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2827:
Semiconductors and the
Information Revolution: Magic Crystals that made IT Happen
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1985:
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Developments in technology and economies of scale have made possible so-called
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2020:
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For example, some non-volatile memory types experience wear when written. A
1915:. The first bipolar semiconductor memory IC chip was the SP95 introduced by
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3954:
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1966:
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to improve both reading and writing performance. Operating systems borrow
21:
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4013:
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2101:
1989:
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in the early 1940s. Through the construction of a glass tube filled with
1793:
1671:
1538:
1477:
1429:
863:
398:
338:
243:
4248:
1933:
The invention of the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (
1522:
stores information, such as data and programs, for immediate use in the
5057:
4749:
4590:
4413:
4346:
3914:
3844:
3839:
3829:
2419:
2244:
2179:
2133:
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1993:
1928:
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and plugged at each end with a quartz crystal, delay lines could store
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1072:
898:
652:
418:
413:
288:
153:
79:
25:
2128:
in the early 1980s. Masuoka and colleagues presented the invention of
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4786:
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is managed by the operating system typically with assistance from a
5047:
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4995:
4823:
4462:
4408:
4130:
3781:
3716:
2877:"1970: MOS Dynamic RAM Competes with Magnetic Core Memory on Price"
2458:
2423:
2279:
2186:(DRAM). DRAM dominates for desktop system memory. SRAM is used for
1970:
1799:
The next significant advance in computer memory came with acoustic
1752:
1523:
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1331:
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1221:
1206:
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945:
918:
893:
751:
637:
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273:
168:
163:
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4927:
4922:
4644:
4605:
4595:
4498:
4457:
4434:
4403:
3964:
3902:
3856:
3626:"Method and apparatus for managing a spin-transfer torque memory"
3430:
3425:
3273:
3194:
2314:
2125:
2100:
could be used for the cell of a reprogrammable ROM, which led to
2026:
1850:
1702:
1286:
1276:
1271:
1231:
1133:
1128:
1108:
913:
888:
878:
669:
2714:"1960 - Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated"
2599:
Programmer's
Handbook for Manchester Electronic Computer Mark II
1834:, Fred Williams invented the Williams tube, which was the first
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4818:
4679:
4600:
4398:
4388:
4078:
3851:
2322:
2160:
2113:
1934:
1866:
1632:
1281:
1241:
1123:
1012:
810:
353:
1945:
storage elements. MOS memory was developed by John
Schmidt at
1709:
5025:
4999:
4937:
4932:
4893:
4706:
4379:
4341:
3488:
2516:
2512:
2267:
2109:
2105:
1789:
1762:
1714:
1628:
1216:
1153:
1148:
1143:
805:
762:
756:
642:
622:
607:
4537:
Princeton Application Repository for Shared-Memory Computers
2953:
Critchlow, D. L. (2007). "Recollections on MOSFET Scaling".
16:
Computer component that stores information for immediate use
4889:
4795:
4571:
4155:
4049:
3461:
3451:
2254:
Non-volatile memory technologies under development include
2136:
in 1987. Toshiba commercialized NAND flash memory in 1987.
1958:
1211:
498:
148:
4700:
4135:
3959:
3062:"1966: Semiconductor RAMs Serve High-speed Storage Needs"
2991:
2774:"1966: Semiconductor RAMs Serve High-speed Storage Needs"
2415:
2016:
1997:
1916:
1861:
in the early 1950s, before being commercialized with the
1777:
1678:
bits, making it possible to store 2 words in the memory.
1666:
organization includes both one bit per memory cell and a
1659:
1620:
1574:
1532:
1251:
1138:
908:
2223:, most types of magnetic computer storage devices (e.g.
1961:(complementary MOS) memory cells, in addition to MOSFET
3587:
3274:
Marie-Aude Aufaure; Esteban Zimányi (17 January 2013).
2871:
2869:
2867:
1690:
Historical lowest retail price of computer memory and
3623:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2494:, memory combining both large capacity and high speed
1603:. There are two main kinds of semiconductor memory:
3298:
2864:
1988:at Fairchild in 1968 enabled the production of MOS
3267:
2755:
3331:
3209:
2927:"1968: Silicon Gate Technology Developed for ICs"
1561:Main memory operates at a high speed compared to
5071:
1949:in 1964. In addition to higher performance, MOS
2461:, for example, to insert breakpoints or hooks.
3680:, Alexandria, Virginia.: Time Life Books, 1988
2706:
4264:
4233:History of computing hardware (1960s–present)
3714:
3700:
3512:"1971: Reusable semiconductor ROM introduced"
3306:"1971: Reusable semiconductor ROM introduced"
3242:
3044:"Toshiba "Toscal" BC-1411 Desktop Calculator"
2736:"1953: Whirlwind computer debuts core memory"
2239:, and early computer storage methods such as
1500:
3649:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3609:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3454:Electron Devices Meeting, 1987 International
2955:IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter
2565:
1654:Most semiconductor memory is organized into
4352:Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation
3107:"Intel: 35 Years of Innovation (1968–2003)"
4358:Transaction Processing Performance Council
4271:
4257:
3707:
3693:
3229:(15–21). Hayden Publishing Company. 1993.
3148:
2681:Integrated Circuit Engineering Corporation
2641:Integrated Circuit Engineering Corporation
1957:proposed digital storage systems that use
1899:in 1961. In the same year, the concept of
1507:
1493:
4278:
3236:
3099:
3014:"Spec Sheet for Toshiba "TOSCAL" BC-1411"
2978:
2976:
2952:
2566:Hemmendinger, David (February 15, 2016).
1587:Modern computer memory is implemented as
1550:Archaic synonyms for main memory include
2902:
2159:
2150:
2055:Synchronous dynamic random-access memory
1841:Efforts began in the late 1940s to find
1822:Two alternatives to the delay line, the
1743:
1723:
1708:
1696:
1685:
20:
3374:
3006:
2293:
1705:, an early punch multiplying calculator
5072:
3667:
3546:
2973:
2426:), functioning as an extension of the
2329:and a non-volatile memory on the same
2204:
2120:in 1972. Flash memory was invented by
4717:Data center infrastructure efficiency
4310:Data center infrastructure efficiency
4252:
3688:
3553:. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 1520.
3542:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3163:Springer Science & Business Media
3154:
3136:
3134:
2823:
2199:commonly uses six transistors per bit
1701:Electromechanical memory used in the
1048:Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus
4238:List of pioneers in computer science
3334:IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
3158:History of Semiconductor Engineering
2561:
2559:
2539:
2043:IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center
1643:(DRAM) used for primary storage and
4842:Physics Abstraction Layer API Bench
3484:"1987: Toshiba Launches NAND Flash"
3426:"Toshiba: Inventor of Flash Memory"
3294:from the original on 27 April 2018.
3263:from the original on 27 April 2018.
2437:
1853:in the late 1940s, and improved by
1713:Detail of the back of a section of
1530:is often synonymous with the terms
13:
4627:HPC Challenge Random Memory Access
4426:(Computational Intensive Workload)
3661:
3531:
3476:
3375:Fulford, Benjamin (24 June 2002).
3131:
3036:
2540:Read, Jennifer (5 November 2020).
2155:
209:Data validation and reconciliation
14:
5101:
3590:"Semi-volatile NAND flash memory"
3387:from the original on 3 March 2008
3243:Han-Way Huang (5 December 2008).
3142:The DRAM memory of Robert Dennard
2620:"Documentation for /proc/sys/vm/"
2556:
2406:Virtual memory is a system where
2395:
2264:Spin-transfer torque magnetic RAM
1887:. Semiconductor memory made from
1883:circuit in the early 1960s using
259:Distributed file system for cloud
4655:(Commercial Processing Workload)
3249:. Cengage Learning. p. 22.
3246:Embedded System Design with C805
3024:from the original on 3 July 2017
107:Areal density (computer storage)
4884:Transaction Processing over XML
3617:
3581:
3567:from the original on 2013-01-27
3504:
3445:
3418:
3399:
3368:
3325:
3183:
3072:
3054:
2946:
2919:
2896:
2848:
2817:
2793:
2694:from the original on 2019-10-16
2654:from the original on 2003-07-25
2505:
2414:, which is part of many modern
2260:programmable metallization cell
2092:of Bell Labs proposed that the
2068:is also often used to refer to
2057:(SDRAM) later debuted with the
2003:The two main types of volatile
1937:) enabled the practical use of
1554:(for magnetic core memory) and
926:Programmable metallization cell
3550:Windows Server 2008 Inside Out
2728:
2666:
2626:
2612:
2587:
2533:
2298:A third category of memory is
2272:resistive random-access memory
2190:. SRAM is also found in small
1591:, where data is stored within
489:Persistence (computer science)
1:
4732:Server Efficiency Rating Tool
4228:History of computing hardware
3678:Memory and Storage Technology
3670:Memory and Storage Technology
3588:Montierth, Briggs, Keithley.
3112:. Intel. 2003. Archived from
2526:
2344:
2082:Programmable read-only memory
1996:memory was commercialized by
1922:
1836:random-access computer memory
1735:
1357:Electronic quantum holography
4096:Network interface controller
2013:dynamic random-access memory
1641:dynamic random-access memory
708:Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM)
504:Non-RAID drive architectures
7:
4623:BSS Random Access benchmark
3893:Refreshable braille display
3835:Refreshable braille display
3668:Miller, Stephen W. (1977),
3624:Keppel, Naeimi, Nasrullah.
3547:Stanek, William R. (2009).
2857:Solid State Design - Vol. 6
2609:. University of Manchester.
2464:
2118:Electrotechnical Laboratory
2009:static random-access memory
1969:, switched cross-coupling,
1645:static random-access memory
1599:and other components on an
10:
5106:
2967:10.1109/N-SSC.2007.4785536
2913:10.1109/ISSCC.1965.1157606
2674:"MOS Memory Market Trends"
2441:
2399:
2348:
2208:
2178:volatile memory is either
2167:
1926:
1907:(IC) chip was proposed by
1681:
1297:Holographic Versatile Disc
1196:Compact Disc Digital Audio
1068:Magnetic-tape data storage
687:Content-addressable memory
4976:Adjusted Peak Performance
4968:
4946:
4903:
4869:
4850:
4832:
4809:
4785:
4767:
4748:
4741:
4689:
4666:
4635:
4614:
4580:
4559:
4550:
4507:
4488:
4471:
4433:
4374:
4367:
4329:
4287:
4220:
4164:
4123:
4114:
3992:
3928:
3871:
3800:
3735:
3726:
3354:10.1109/JSSC.1972.1052895
3280:. Springer. p. 136.
3018:Old Calculator Web Museum
2596:and R.A. Brooker (1952).
2337:, which uses an external
2194:requiring little memory.
2112:(erasable PROM) in 1971.
2061:KM48SL2000 chip in 1992.
1955:Royal Radar Establishment
1939:metal–oxide–semiconductor
494:Persistent data structure
389:Digital rights management
4674:Hierarchical INTegration
4667:Computer system (entire)
4490:Graphics processing unit
4473:Digital signal processor
3672:, Montvale.: AFIPS Press
3470:10.1109/IEDM.1987.191485
3191:"KM48SL2000-7 Datasheet"
2498:
2313:As a second example, an
2029:introduced bipolar DRAM
1369:DNA digital data storage
1352:Holographic data storage
841:Solid-state hybrid drive
127:Network-attached storage
4905:Web server benchmarking
4801:AIM Multiuser Benchmark
4532:HPC Challenge Benchmark
4527:NAS Parallel Benchmarks
4315:Giga-updates per second
4002:Central processing unit
3517:Computer History Museum
3311:Computer History Museum
3085:Encyclopedia Britannica
3066:Computer History Museum
2932:Computer History Museum
2882:Computer History Museum
2824:Orton, John W. (2009).
2805:www.computerhistory.org
2779:Computer History Museum
2741:Computer History Museum
2722:Computer History Museum
2685:Smithsonian Institution
2645:Smithsonian Institution
2634:"The MOS Memory Market"
2573:Encyclopedia Britannica
2362:
2084:(PROM) was invented by
2033:for its Toscal BC-1411
1984:(MOS IC) technology by
1947:Fairchild Semiconductor
1913:Fairchild Semiconductor
1897:United States Air Force
1647:(SRAM) used mainly for
1364:5D optical data storage
1181:3D optical data storage
904:Universal Flash Storage
309:Replication (computing)
254:Distributed file system
144:Single-instance storage
122:Direct-attached storage
102:Continuous availability
4653:IBM iSeries benchmarks
4424:IBM iSeries benchmarks
2860:. Horizon House. 1965.
2412:memory management unit
2165:
1982:MOS integrated circuit
1781:
1741:
1731:used as memory in the
1721:
1706:
1694:
1237:Nintendo optical discs
454:Storage virtualization
324:Information repository
264:Distributed data store
29:
4871:Database transactions
4568:BreakingPoint Systems
4517:DEISA Benchmark Suite
4321:CPU power dissipation
2163:
2151:Volatility categories
2076:(ROM) through modern
2035:electronic calculator
1977:. The development of
1941:(MOS) transistors as
1909:applications engineer
1891:was first shipped by
1879:was implemented as a
1792:, using thousands of
1747:
1727:
1712:
1700:
1689:
740:Mellon optical memory
728:Williams–Kilburn tube
444:Locality of reference
249:Clustered file system
75:Memory access pattern
40:computer data storage
24:
4305:Performance per watt
4300:Proprietary software
3464:. pp. 552–555.
3165:. pp. 362–363.
3145:history-computer.com
2294:Semi-volatile memory
2098:semiconductor device
2005:random-access memory
1951:semiconductor memory
1877:semiconductor memory
1870:semiconductor memory
1847:Magnetic-core memory
1767:magnetic-core memory
1635:memory. Examples of
1589:semiconductor memory
1436:Magnetic-core memory
1083:Digital Data Storage
1043:Quadruplex videotape
484:In-memory processing
374:Information transfer
269:Distributed database
132:Storage area network
112:Block (data storage)
5090:Digital electronics
5032:Phoronix Test Suite
4376:Floating-point unit
3346:1972IJSSC...7..369T
3217:"Electronic Design"
2486:Processor registers
2481:Memory organization
2211:Non-volatile memory
2205:Non-volatile memory
2070:non-volatile memory
2021:System/360 Model 95
1885:bipolar transistors
1843:non-volatile memory
1813:bits of information
1613:non-volatile memory
1033:Phonograph cylinder
971:Electrochemical RAM
823:Solid-state storage
439:Memory segmentation
137:Block-level storage
5038:Performance Rating
4759:Browser speed test
4690:Energy consumption
4509:Parallel computing
3415: Fujio Masuoka
3155:Lojek, Bo (2007).
3119:on 4 November 2021
2718:The Silicon Engine
2605:2014-01-02 at the
2381:segmentation fault
2335:battery-backed RAM
2166:
2132:in 1984, and then
1975:delay-line storage
1905:integrated circuit
1782:
1742:
1722:
1707:
1695:
1601:integrated circuit
1567:mass storage cache
1442:Plated-wire memory
1407:Paper data storage
1053:Magnetic recording
479:In-memory database
464:Memory-mapped file
409:Volume boot record
404:Master boot record
394:Volume (computing)
369:Data communication
294:Data deduplication
30:
5067:
5066:
4969:Platform specific
4964:
4963:
4697:Average CPU power
4662:
4661:
4546:
4545:
4246:
4245:
4216:
4215:
4146:Analog audio jack
3867:
3866:
3560:978-0-7356-3806-8
3287:978-3-642-36318-4
3256:978-1-111-81079-5
3222:Electronic Design
2841:978-0-08-096390-7
2568:"Computer memory"
2444:Memory protection
2357:operating systems
2351:Memory management
2325:, which combines
2256:ferroelectric RAM
2147:(VLM) computers.
2143:very large memory
2053:in October 1970.
2039:Robert H. Dennard
1893:Texas Instruments
1832:cathode-ray tubes
1805:J. Presper Eckert
1801:delay-line memory
1658:each storing one
1517:
1516:
1114:8 mm video format
1038:Phonograph record
857:Flash Core Module
835:Solid-state drive
734:Delay-line memory
693:Computational RAM
596:Scratchpad memory
434:Disk partitioning
159:Unstructured data
85:Secondary storage
5097:
5010:embedded systems
4746:
4745:
4711:embedded systems
4557:
4556:
4372:
4371:
4337:BAPCo consortium
4273:
4266:
4259:
4250:
4249:
4121:
4120:
3772:Optical trackpad
3737:Pointing devices
3733:
3732:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3673:
3655:
3654:
3648:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3608:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3544:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3492:. April 11, 2012
3480:
3474:
3473:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3152:
3146:
3138:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3118:
3111:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3080:"Robert Dennard"
3076:
3070:
3069:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3046:. Archived from
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2980:
2971:
2970:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2873:
2862:
2861:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2770:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2693:
2678:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2653:
2638:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2610:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2563:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2537:
2520:
2509:
2492:Universal memory
2476:Memory hierarchy
2438:Protected memory
2288:millipede memory
2276:racetrack memory
2225:hard disk drives
2217:read-only memory
2192:embedded systems
2145:
2144:
2074:read-only memory
1889:discrete devices
1786:digital computer
1776:
1772:
1761:
1758:card on top of 8
1751:
1740:
1737:
1668:multi-level cell
1509:
1502:
1495:
1454:Thin-film memory
1448:Core rope memory
1374:Universal memory
1337:Millipede memory
1327:Racetrack memory
1292:Ultra HD Blu-ray
1104:Linear Tape-Open
1058:Magnetic storage
1026:Analog recording
469:Software entropy
429:Disk aggregation
189:Data degradation
174:Data compression
70:Memory hierarchy
60:Memory coherence
32:
31:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5080:Computer memory
5070:
5069:
5068:
5063:
4960:
4948:X Window System
4942:
4899:
4865:
4846:
4828:
4811:Virtual machine
4805:
4781:
4777:Cycles per byte
4763:
4737:
4685:
4658:
4631:
4616:Computer memory
4610:
4576:
4542:
4522:Livermore loops
4503:
4484:
4467:
4429:
4363:
4325:
4283:
4277:
4247:
4242:
4212:
4160:
4110:
3988:
3982:USB flash drive
3931:
3924:
3863:
3796:
3750:Game controller
3745:Graphics tablet
3722:
3713:
3676:
3664:
3662:Further reading
3659:
3658:
3642:
3641:
3634:
3632:
3622:
3618:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3592:
3586:
3582:
3570:
3568:
3561:
3545:
3532:
3522:
3520:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3495:
3493:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3450:
3446:
3436:
3434:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3388:
3373:
3369:
3330:
3326:
3316:
3314:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3288:
3272:
3268:
3257:
3241:
3237:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3200:
3198:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3173:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3090:
3088:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3027:
3025:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2995:
2994:. 9 August 2017
2982:
2981:
2974:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2935:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2875:
2874:
2865:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2834:. p. 104.
2822:
2818:
2809:
2807:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2784:
2782:
2772:
2771:
2756:
2746:
2744:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2607:Wayback Machine
2592:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2564:
2557:
2547:
2545:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2471:Memory geometry
2467:
2446:
2440:
2428:cache hierarchy
2408:physical memory
2404:
2398:
2388:buffer overflow
2365:
2353:
2347:
2296:
2213:
2207:
2172:
2170:Volatile memory
2158:
2156:Volatile memory
2153:
2142:
2141:
1986:Federico Faggin
1931:
1925:
1859:Jan A. Rajchman
1803:, developed by
1774:
1770:
1759:
1749:
1738:
1684:
1637:volatile memory
1597:MOS transistors
1546:primary storage
1520:Computer memory
1513:
1484:
1483:
1402:
1394:
1393:
1347:Patterned media
1317:
1309:
1308:
1176:
1166:
1165:
1161:Hard disk drive
1028:
1018:
1017:
998:
987:
986:
941:
931:
930:
852:IBM FlashSystem
847:USB flash drive
786:
769:
768:
723:
715:
714:
703:Dual-ported RAM
581:
564:
563:
524:Cloud computing
384:Copy protection
304:Data redundancy
234:Shared resource
204:Data validation
179:Data corruption
154:Structured data
65:Cache coherence
50:
36:Computer memory
17:
12:
11:
5:
5103:
5093:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5055:
5041:
5035:
5029:
5019:
5013:
5003:
4993:
4983:
4980:Nuclear weapon
4972:
4970:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4952:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4909:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4887:
4881:
4879:TATP Benchmark
4875:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4861:Tak (function)
4857:
4855:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4838:
4836:
4834:Physics engine
4830:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4815:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4792:
4790:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4773:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4755:
4753:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4729:
4719:
4714:
4704:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4677:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4641:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4620:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4587:
4585:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4565:
4563:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4513:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4495:
4493:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4476:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4444:
4442:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4355:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4284:
4276:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4253:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4127:
4125:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4106:Expansion card
4103:
4098:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4043:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4016:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4007:Microprocessor
3998:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3947:
3942:
3936:
3934:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3895:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3877:
3875:
3873:Output devices
3869:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3815:
3810:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3777:Pointing stick
3774:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3741:
3739:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3712:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3674:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3630:Google Patents
3616:
3580:
3559:
3530:
3503:
3475:
3444:
3417:
3398:
3367:
3340:(5): 369–375.
3324:
3297:
3286:
3266:
3255:
3235:
3208:
3182:
3171:
3147:
3130:
3098:
3071:
3053:
3050:on 2007-05-20.
3035:
3005:
2972:
2945:
2918:
2895:
2863:
2847:
2840:
2832:Academic Press
2816:
2792:
2754:
2727:
2705:
2665:
2625:
2611:
2586:
2555:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2466:
2463:
2442:Main article:
2439:
2436:
2402:Virtual memory
2400:Main article:
2397:
2396:Virtual memory
2394:
2393:
2392:
2384:
2377:
2364:
2361:
2349:Main article:
2346:
2343:
2295:
2292:
2209:Main article:
2206:
2203:
2168:Main article:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2086:Wen Tsing Chow
1927:Main article:
1924:
1921:
1911:Bob Norman at
1872:in the 1960s.
1828:Selectron tube
1683:
1680:
1611:. Examples of
1581:virtual memory
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1466:Twistor memory
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1384:Quantum memory
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1318:
1316:In development
1315:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1227:Super Video CD
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1188:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1164:
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1080:
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1023:
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1005:
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988:
985:
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979:
974:
968:
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953:
948:
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932:
929:
928:
923:
922:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
884:MultiMediaCard
881:
876:
871:
861:
860:
859:
854:
849:
844:
838:
832:
820:
815:
814:
813:
808:
798:
793:
787:
782:
781:
778:
777:
771:
770:
767:
766:
760:
754:
749:
746:Selectron tube
743:
737:
731:
724:
721:
720:
717:
716:
713:
712:
711:
710:
700:
695:
690:
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655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
600:
599:
598:
593:
586:Hardware cache
582:
577:
576:
573:
572:
566:
565:
562:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
539:Edge computing
536:
531:
526:
521:
519:Grid computing
516:
514:Bank switching
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
459:Virtual memory
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
424:Disk mirroring
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
379:Temporary file
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
329:Knowledge base
326:
321:
319:Storage record
316:
314:Memory refresh
311:
306:
301:
299:Data structure
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
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211:
206:
201:
196:
194:Data integrity
191:
186:
184:Data cleansing
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
140:
139:
134:
124:
119:
117:Object storage
114:
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104:
99:
98:
97:
87:
82:
77:
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67:
62:
57:
51:
48:
47:
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15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5102:
5091:
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5075:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5024:(Windows and
5023:
5020:
5017:
5016:iCOMP (index)
5014:
5011:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4974:
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4949:
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4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4913:Apache JMeter
4911:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4876:
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4720:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4682:(CPU, memory)
4681:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4665:
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4648:
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4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
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4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4330:Organizations
4328:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4295:Free software
4293:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4274:
4269:
4267:
4262:
4260:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4239:
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4225:
4223:
4219:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4178:Parallel port
4176:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4107:
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4102:
4099:
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4037:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3994:Computer case
3991:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3920:Graphics card
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3887:
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3853:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3818:Graphics card
3816:
3814:
3813:Image scanner
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
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3773:
3770:
3766:
3763:
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3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3728:Input devices
3725:
3721:
3718:
3710:
3705:
3703:
3698:
3696:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3679:
3675:
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3513:
3507:
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3490:
3485:
3479:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3421:
3408:
3402:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3377:"Unsung hero"
3371:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3239:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3197:. August 1992
3196:
3192:
3186:
3179:
3174:
3172:9783540342588
3168:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3151:
3144:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3115:
3108:
3102:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3009:
2993:
2989:
2985:
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2956:
2949:
2934:
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2914:
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2872:
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2859:
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2595:
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2518:
2514:
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2370:
2369:
2368:
2360:
2358:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2300:semi-volatile
2291:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2249:punched cards
2246:
2242:
2241:magnetic drum
2238:
2237:optical discs
2234:
2233:magnetic tape
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2176:semiconductor
2171:
2162:
2148:
2146:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2122:Fujio Masuoka
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2094:floating gate
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1963:power devices
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1903:memory on an
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1855:Jay Forrester
1852:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1824:Williams tube
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1754:
1746:
1734:
1730:
1729:Williams tube
1726:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1699:
1693:
1688:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
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1634:
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1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
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1553:
1549:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1534:
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1521:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1472:Bubble memory
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
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1404:
1398:
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1387:
1385:
1382:
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1367:
1365:
1362:
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1338:
1335:
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1325:
1323:
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1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
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1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
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1255:
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1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
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1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
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1184:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1170:
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1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
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1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1099:Cassette tape
1097:
1095:
1094:Videocassette
1092:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1063:Magnetic tape
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
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983:
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830:
827:
826:
824:
821:
819:
818:ROM cartridge
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812:
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802:
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583:
580:
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574:
571:
568:
567:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
544:Dew computing
542:
540:
537:
535:
534:Fog computing
532:
530:
529:Cloud storage
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
509:Memory paging
507:
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344:File deletion
342:
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334:Computer file
332:
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214:Data recovery
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199:Data security
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37:
34:
33:
27:
23:
19:
5052:Motorola 68k
4769:Cryptography
4637:Input/output
4615:
4084:Power MOSFET
4067:Power supply
4036:Data storage
4018:
3972:Flash memory
3950:Optical disc
3932:data storage
3677:
3669:
3633:. Retrieved
3629:
3619:
3593:. Retrieved
3583:
3575:
3569:. Retrieved
3549:
3521:. Retrieved
3515:
3506:
3494:. Retrieved
3487:
3478:
3453:
3447:
3435:. Retrieved
3429:
3420:
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3389:. Retrieved
3380:
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3327:
3315:. Retrieved
3309:
3300:
3276:
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3220:
3211:
3199:. Retrieved
3185:
3176:
3157:
3150:
3141:
3121:. Retrieved
3114:the original
3101:
3089:. Retrieved
3083:
3074:
3065:
3056:
3048:the original
3038:
3026:. Retrieved
3017:
3008:
2998:20 September
2996:. Retrieved
2987:
2961:(1): 19–22.
2958:
2954:
2948:
2936:. Retrieved
2930:
2921:
2904:
2898:
2886:. Retrieved
2880:
2856:
2850:
2826:
2819:
2808:. Retrieved
2804:
2795:
2783:. Retrieved
2777:
2745:. Retrieved
2739:
2730:
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2708:
2696:. Retrieved
2680:
2668:
2656:. Retrieved
2640:
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2589:
2577:. Retrieved
2571:
2546:. Retrieved
2535:
2507:
2451:
2447:
2405:
2366:
2354:
2320:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2253:
2229:floppy disks
2221:flash memory
2214:
2196:
2173:
2140:
2138:
2078:flash memory
2065:
2063:
2031:memory cells
2025:
2002:
1990:memory chips
1979:silicon-gate
1967:power supply
1932:
1874:
1840:
1821:
1798:
1794:vacuum tubes
1783:
1733:IAS computer
1719:vacuum tubes
1675:
1664:Flash memory
1656:memory cells
1653:
1617:flash memory
1609:non-volatile
1593:memory cells
1586:
1579:
1571:write buffer
1563:mass storage
1560:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1531:
1527:
1519:
1518:
1419:Punched tape
1413:Punched card
1379:Time crystal
1247:Hyper CD-ROM
1186:Optical disc
1078:Tape library
1013:FeFET memory
994:Early-stage
874:CompactFlash
869:Memory Stick
829:Flash memory
791:Diode matrix
775:Non-volatile
559:Kryder's law
549:Amdahl's law
474:Software rot
449:Logical disk
349:File copying
284:Data storage
239:File sharing
224:Data cluster
35:
18:
4982:simulation)
4918:Curl-loader
4854:performance
4584:and storage
4582:Filesystems
4552:Peripherals
4453:Fhourstones
4279:Processing
4183:Serial port
4174:(IEEE 1394)
4151:DisplayPort
4141:Thunderbolt
4014:Motherboard
3977:Memory card
3945:Floppy disk
3787:Touchscreen
2594:A.M. Turing
2422:(e.g. in a
2373:memory leak
2184:dynamic RAM
2102:Dov Frohman
2011:(SRAM) and
1943:memory cell
1901:solid-state
1863:Whirlwind I
1817:transducers
1739: 1951
1672:word length
1595:built from
1539:main memory
1526:. The term
1478:Floppy disk
1430:Drum memory
864:Memory card
831:is used in:
765:(2002–2010)
730:(1946–1947)
554:Moore's law
399:Boot sector
339:Object file
244:File system
55:Memory cell
5074:Categories
5058:WorldBench
4750:JavaScript
4414:SuperPrime
4347:Futuremark
4281:benchmarks
3930:Removable
3915:Sound card
3845:Sound chip
3840:Sound card
3830:Microphone
3720:components
3571:2012-08-20
3407:US 4531203
2810:2019-11-14
2698:16 October
2658:16 October
2579:16 October
2548:2 November
2527:References
2420:hard drive
2345:Management
2245:paper tape
2182:(SRAM) or
2180:static RAM
2134:NAND flash
2108:inventing
2072:including
2051:Intel 1103
2047:capacitors
2007:(RAM) are
1929:MOS memory
1923:MOS memory
1875:The first
1717:, showing
1662:(0 or 1).
1401:Historical
1073:Tape drive
899:SmartMedia
722:Historical
419:Disk image
414:Disk array
289:Data store
90:MOS memory
80:Memory map
26:DDR4 SDRAM
5060:(Windows)
5022:Novabench
4852:Recursion
4787:Multiuser
4728:software)
4722:SPECpower
4448:Dhrystone
4419:Whetstone
4368:Processor
4193:PS/2 port
4188:Game port
4101:Fax modem
3940:Disk pack
3792:Trackball
3755:Light pen
3362:0018-9200
2938:10 August
2459:debuggers
2432:thrashing
2284:3D XPoint
2188:CPU cache
2130:NOR flash
2096:of a MOS
2090:Simon Sze
2064:The term
1881:flip-flop
1773:core is 1
1756:microSDHC
1649:CPU cache
1460:Disk pack
1425:Plugboard
1262:DVD-Video
1191:LaserDisc
1089:Videotape
960:3D XPoint
951:Memristor
591:CPU cache
359:Core dump
279:Data bank
229:Directory
5048:SysSpeed
5006:Coremark
4996:BogoMips
4824:SPECvirt
4742:Software
4649:Ioblazer
4591:Bonnie++
4539:(PARSEC)
4463:CoreMark
4409:Super PI
4317:(memory)
4288:Concepts
4172:FireWire
4165:Obsolete
4131:Ethernet
3910:Speakers
3808:Keyboard
3782:Touchpad
3717:computer
3645:cite web
3605:cite web
3565:Archived
3391:18 March
3385:Archived
3292:Archived
3261:Archived
3022:Archived
2747:2 August
2689:Archived
2687:. 1998.
2649:Archived
2647:. 1997.
2603:Archived
2544:. EMSNow
2465:See also
2455:rebooted
2424:swapfile
2280:Nano-RAM
1971:switches
1965:for the
1605:volatile
1524:computer
1389:UltraRAM
1267:DVD card
1222:Video CD
1207:CD Video
977:Nano-RAM
946:Memistor
919:XQD card
894:SIM card
752:Dekatron
638:XDR DRAM
633:EDO DRAM
570:Volatile
364:Hex dump
274:Database
169:Metadata
164:Big data
5085:MOSFETs
5044:Sysinfo
5034:(Linux)
5018:(Intel)
4956:Xmark93
4928:OpenSTA
4923:httperf
4645:Iometer
4606:Diskspd
4596:HD Tach
4561:Network
4499:BRL-CAD
4458:SPECint
4435:Integer
4404:Prime95
4394:LINPACK
4221:Related
4124:Current
3965:Blu-ray
3903:Plotter
3898:Printer
3881:Monitor
3857:Softcam
3765:Optical
3523:19 June
3496:20 June
3437:20 June
3431:Toshiba
3342:Bibcode
3317:19 June
3201:19 June
3195:Samsung
3123:26 June
2888:29 July
2785:19 June
2339:battery
2315:STT-RAM
2126:Toshiba
2059:Samsung
2041:at the
2027:Toshiba
1895:to the
1851:An Wang
1809:mercury
1703:IBM 602
1692:storage
1682:History
1474:(~1970)
1468:(~1968)
1450:(1960s)
1287:Blu-ray
1277:MiniDVD
1272:DVD-RAM
1232:Mini CD
1174:Optical
1134:U-matic
1129:MicroMV
1109:Betamax
973:(ECRAM)
914:MicroP2
889:SD card
879:PC Card
670:1T-SRAM
628:QDRSRAM
219:Storage
49:General
5046:&
4986:AnTuTu
4886:(TPoX)
4819:VMmark
4789:system
4752:engine
4734:(SERT)
4680:NBench
4676:(HINT)
4601:IOzone
4399:LAPACK
4389:SPECfp
4354:(SPEC)
4079:MOSFET
4019:Memory
3886:Screen
3852:Webcam
3715:Basic
3635:20 May
3595:20 May
3557:
3460:1987.
3412:
3381:Forbes
3360:
3284:
3253:
3169:
3091:8 July
2988:IBM100
2984:"DRAM"
2838:
2453:to be
2323:nvSRAM
2286:, and
2114:EEPROM
2066:memory
1935:MOSFET
1788:, the
1775:
1771:
1760:
1750:
1633:EEPROM
1631:, and
1528:memory
1480:(1971)
1462:(1962)
1456:(1962)
1444:(1957)
1438:(1949)
1432:(1932)
1421:(1725)
1415:(1725)
1409:(1725)
1282:HD DVD
1242:CD-ROM
1198:(CDDA)
1124:MiniDV
843:(SSHD)
825:(SSS)
811:EEPROM
759:(2009)
748:(1952)
742:(1951)
736:(1947)
354:Backup
5040:(AMD)
5026:macOS
5000:Linux
4938:Tsung
4933:TPC-W
4894:NoSQL
4707:EEMBC
4492:(GPU)
4475:(DSP)
4380:FLOPS
4360:(TPC)
4342:EEMBC
4198:eSATA
4116:Ports
3801:Other
3760:Mouse
3489:eWeek
3117:(PDF)
3110:(PDF)
3028:8 May
2692:(PDF)
2677:(PDF)
2652:(PDF)
2637:(PDF)
2517:A-RAM
2513:Z-RAM
2499:Notes
2268:SONOS
2110:EPROM
2106:Intel
1790:ENIAC
1763:bytes
1715:ENIAC
1629:EPROM
1556:store
1342:ECRAM
1322:CBRAM
1257:DVD+R
1217:CD-RW
1154:D-VHS
1149:VHS-C
1144:S-VHS
1085:(DDS)
1008:ReRAM
1003:FeRAM
996:NVRAM
982:CBRAM
939:NVRAM
837:(SSD)
806:EPROM
763:Z-RAM
757:T-RAM
689:(CAM)
677:ReRAM
643:RDRAM
623:LPDDR
618:SGRAM
613:SDRAM
608:eDRAM
42:types
4890:YCSB
4796:SDET
4726:Java
4572:SUPS
4481:BTDi
4156:HDMI
4072:SMPS
4060:SSHD
4054:NVMe
4050:SATA
4029:BIOS
3651:link
3637:2018
3611:link
3597:2018
3555:ISBN
3525:2019
3498:2019
3462:IEEE
3458:IEDM
3439:2019
3393:2008
3358:ISSN
3319:2019
3282:ISBN
3251:ISBN
3203:2019
3167:ISBN
3125:2019
3093:2019
3030:2018
3000:2019
2940:2019
2890:2019
2836:ISBN
2787:2019
2749:2019
2700:2019
2660:2019
2581:2019
2550:2022
2515:and
2416:CPUs
2376:out.
2363:Bugs
2331:chip
2327:SRAM
2307:worn
2247:and
2231:and
1994:NMOS
1973:and
1959:CMOS
1857:and
1826:and
1639:are
1625:PROM
1619:and
1615:are
1607:and
1569:and
1552:core
1332:NRAM
1304:WORM
1212:CD-R
966:MRAM
801:PROM
796:MROM
698:VRAM
682:QRAM
665:SRAM
653:GDDR
603:DRAM
499:RAID
149:Data
38:and
4990:ARM
4701:x86
4439:ALU
4208:VGA
4203:DVI
4136:USB
4089:VRM
4046:SSD
4041:HDD
4024:RAM
3960:DVD
3823:GPU
3466:doi
3350:doi
3178:21.
2992:IBM
2963:doi
2909:doi
2235:),
2124:at
2104:of
2017:bit
1998:IBM
1917:IBM
1867:MOS
1778:bit
1765:of
1660:bit
1621:ROM
1575:RAM
1543:or
1533:RAM
1252:DVD
1139:VHS
956:PCM
909:SxS
784:ROM
658:HBM
648:DDR
579:RAM
5076::
4052:/
3955:CD
3647:}}
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2080:.
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1769:(1
1753:GB
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1119:DV
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