65:
in southern Syria in 636, his forces were defeated. He supposedly converted to Islam, before breaking ties with the faith in protest to indignities he consequently suffered related to
Islamic egalitarian principles. Afterward, he left Syria permanently, taking refuge with his tribesmen in Byzantine
220:
crossing to
Cilicia, they were attacked by Maisara bin Masruq who had been dispatched by Abu Ubadayah. While some sources claims that the refugees were massacred, a complete annihilation is unlikely as the force of Maisara bin Masruq was much smaller and it is known that several Arabs later served
273:, Christianity, and kingship" in Arab history, and the transition to the new Islamic era. The historian Greg Fisher assesses Jabala as "a semi-mythical figure" used in the literature to "test the purity of the new faith, celebrate the greatness of the empire that the
70:. Historians are divided on the historicity of Jabala due the lack of contemporary source material, with some arguing his personality was essentially a literary device of later Islamic writers.
189:, have an altercation with a lowly pilgrim whose nose he ultimately breaks, threaten to leave Islam, and finally make a nightly escape which ends with his relocation to Byzantine territory.
612:
597:
173:
The
Islamic literature abounds with stories of Jabala's conversion to Islam sometime after Yarmouk, then leaving Islam and taking refuge under Emperor
265:
in 614. In the view of historian Julia Bray, Jabala's references in the
Islamic literature represents "the archetype" of the bygone era "of
222:
262:
528:
82:-era (post-750 CE) literature. However, a seal dated to the late 6th or early 7th century inscribed with the words 'Gabala,
592:
495:
478:
393:
241:
in general, so as to prevent such nomadic exodus from the conquered lands to
Byzantium; such exodus contravened caliph
86:' next to etches of Christian crosses has led to speculative identification with Jabala ibn al-Ayham by the historian
568:
464:
440:
417:
607:
602:
233:
mentions the descendants of these tribesmen in that region during the 10th century. According to the historian
237:, the purported flight of so many Arab tribesmen was a motivating factor for the Muslims to conquer Raqqa and
177:. There are different versions of the stories, but they generally have Jabala arrive to the Muslim capital at
257:
Shahid considers the existence of Jabala as possible "evidence" for the
Byzantines' revival of the Ghassanid
245:'s policy of subjugating all nomadic Arab tribes under the Caliphate's rule. The Byzantine emperor
112:
51:
428:
556:
383:
78:
There are no contemporary sources about Jabala, with the narratives of his life derived from
587:
62:
8:
135:
150:, in Yarmouk, Jabala led 12,000 men of the Ghassanids and the other Christian tribes of
564:
524:
505:
460:
436:
413:
389:
238:
131:
208:(Byzantine Callinicum) with 30,000 of his or allied Christian Arab tribesmen (incl.
279:
supplanted, and serve all kinds of other useful literary and rhetorical purposes".
134:
in 636, during which the Muslim Arabs routed the
Byzantines and went on to conquer
108:
47:
518:
454:
407:
116:
58:
23:
490:
486:
403:
43:
103:
In the stories of Jabala in the
Islamic literature, he is figured as the last
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Rome, Persia, and Arabia: Shaping the Middle East from Pompey to
Muhammad
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35:
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79:
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155:
205:
151:
557:"Abbasid Myth and the Human Act: Ibn 'Abd Rabbih and Others"
242:
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Byzantium. The survivors thereafter taking abode in the
321:
115:. He is cited in such a capacity during the siege of
360:
299:
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293:
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274:
266:
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Jabala's flight to
Byzantium supposedly occurred in
16:
Last ruler of the Ghassanid state in the 7th century
192:
98:
563:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 1–50.
561:On Fiction and Adab in Medieval Arabic Literature
288:
579:
138:from them. According to the Abbasid-era authors
216:) and their families. While they were close to
61:in northern Arabia and the decisive battle of
249:is said to have been a descendant of Jabala.
523:. Pen and Sword Military. pp. 284–285.
381:
354:
263:Sasanian Persian invasion of Byzantine Syria
613:People of the Muslim conquest of the Levant
496:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
598:Converts to Oriental Orthodoxy from Islam
459:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
456:Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests
412:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
382:Cooper, Eric; Decker, Michael J. (2012).
385:Life and Society in Byzantine Cappadocia
111:'s Christian Arab contingent during the
516:
330:
126:, where he commands the Ghassanids and
580:
473:
426:
402:
366:
315:
303:
50:against Arab Muslim forces during the
520:Military History of Late Rome 602–641
449:
429:"Arab Statesmen in the Sixth Century"
342:
261:following its destruction during the
551:
504:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 354.
435:. Abingdon and New York: Routledge.
181:with his entourage, set off for the
46:tribal contingents on behalf of the
517:Syvänne, Ilkka (29 December 2022).
130:tribes against the Muslims, at the
27:
13:
545:
107:king and a military leader of the
14:
624:
42:in the 7th century. He commanded
193:Retreat into Byzantine territory
559:. In Kennedy, Philip F. (ed.).
375:
99:Fight against the Arab invasion
1:
282:
252:
204:and he made the trek through
198:
120:
345:, pp. 171–172, 248–249.
7:
593:7th-century Ghassanid kings
409:The Early Islamic Conquests
275:
267:
10:
629:
73:
30:) was the last ruler, or
388:. Springer. p. 42.
355:Cooper & Decker 2012
113:Muslim conquest of Syria
52:Muslim conquest of Syria
185:pilgrimage with Caliph
93:
608:Legendary Arab people
603:Generals of Heraclius
479:"Djabala b. al-Ayham"
427:Fisher, Greg (2020).
318:, pp. 132, 364.
225:region of Byzantine
158:, and groups of the
162:tribe, such as the
20:Jabala ibn al-Ayham
57:In the battles of
530:978-1-3990-7568-8
239:Upper Mesopotamia
229:. The geographer
132:Battle of Yarmouk
620:
574:
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451:Kaegi, Walter E.
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109:Byzantine Empire
48:Byzantine Empire
29:
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578:
577:
571:
548:
546:Further reading
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467:
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404:Donner, Fred M.
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117:Dumat al-Jandal
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59:Dumat al-Jandal
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395:978-1137029645
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369:, p. 354.
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335:
333:, p. 285.
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194:
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100:
97:
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44:Arab Christian
28:جبلة بن الأيهم
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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357:, p. 42.
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54:in the 630s.
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
25:
21:
560:
534:. Retrieved
519:
501:
494:
455:
432:
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384:
376:Bibliography
362:
350:
338:
331:Syvänne 2022
311:
256:
247:Nikephoros I
235:Walter Kaegi
196:
172:
148:al-Baladhuri
102:
88:Irfan Shahid
77:
56:
19:
18:
588:640s deaths
553:Bray, Julia
491:Schacht, J.
487:Pellat, Ch.
367:Shahid 1965
316:Donner 1981
304:Fisher 2020
259:phylarchate
231:al-Istakhri
38:dynasty in
582:Categories
536:1 February
500:Volume II:
475:Shahid, I.
343:Kaegi 1995
283:References
253:Assessment
214:Iyad Arabs
202: 639
124: 630
510:495469475
483:Lewis, B.
276:muhajirun
269:jahiliyya
210:Tanukhids
175:Heraclius
144:al-Waqidi
140:Ibn Ishaq
105:Ghassanid
84:patrikios
36:Ghassanid
34:, of the
555:(2005).
493:(eds.).
477:(1965).
453:(1995).
406:(1981).
227:Anatolia
223:Khersana
128:Tanukhid
68:Anatolia
32:phylarch
218:Baghras
164:Balqayn
80:Abbasid
74:Sources
567:
527:
508:
489:&
463:
439:
416:
392:
179:Medina
160:Quda'a
156:Judham
146:, and
63:Yarmuk
24:Arabic
481:. In
206:Raqqa
152:Lakhm
136:Syria
40:Syria
565:ISBN
538:2024
525:ISBN
506:OCLC
461:ISBN
437:ISBN
414:ISBN
390:ISBN
243:Umar
212:and
187:Umar
183:Hajj
168:Bali
166:and
94:Life
502:C–G
119:in
584::
498:.
485:;
431:.
323:^
290:^
199:c.
170:.
154:,
142:,
121:c.
90:.
26::
573:.
540:.
512:.
469:.
445:.
422:.
398:.
306:.
22:(
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