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White
Russian emigrant prisoners whom he had ordered deported to the Soviet Union, Paasikivi had to dismiss Leino when he refused to resign at once. After the 1948 parliamentary elections, when the communists dropped from the largest to the third largest party, Paasikivi refused to let them into the government; and the communists remained in opposition until 1966.
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Paasikivi sought to understand why Moscow had ordered the invasion of
Finland in 1939. He concluded that interwar Finnish portrayals of the Soviet Union were "heedlessly Russophobic", and that the Soviet attack was legitimate, strategic, and even "defensive" rather than ideological or expansionist.
911:
began, Paasikivi took up writing his memoirs. By 1943 he had concluded that
Germany was going to lose the war and that Finland was in great danger as well. However, his initial opposition to the pro-German politics of 1940â1941 was too well known, and his first initiatives for peace negotiations were
830:
retained his aversion to parliamentarism; and (after pressure from
Paasikivi's National Coalition Party) had declined to appoint a cabinet with Social Democrats as Ministers. This didn't improve Paasikivi's reputation among the Swedish Social Democrats dominating the government, who were sufficiently
968:
Paasikivi's political flexibility had its limits; this was shown at the time of the communists' alleged coup attempt or coup plans in spring 1948. He ordered some units of the army and navy to
Helsinki to defend the capital against a possible communist attack. Any attempted takeover failed before it
959:
Paasikivi had thus come a long way from his earlier classical conservatism. He now was willing to co-operate regularly with the Social
Democrats and when necessary, even with the Communists, as long as they acted democratically. As president, he only once accepted his party, the Conservatives, into
972:
Most modern
Finnish historians deny that most communists wanted a violent coup, especially not without Soviet support. Later in the spring when the Finnish parliament passed a no-confidence motion against Communist Interior Minister Leino because of controversy over Leino's treatment of some mostly
1116:
Paasikivi did not actively seek re-election from his second term ending 1 March 1956, when he was age 85. However, Paasikivi was willing to serve as president for about two more years if a great majority of politicians asked him to do so. He appeared as a dark horse presidential candidate on the
1120:
After his unsuccessful last-minute presidential candidacy, Paasikivi felt betrayed by those politicians who asked him to participate in the election. He even denied giving his consent to the presidential candidacy in a public statement. He died in
December, having not yet finished his memoirs.
1772:
See, for example, "The
Diaries of J.K. Paasikivi", edited and published in Finland around 1985â1986; Sakari Virkkunen, "The Finnish Presidents II"; "The Republic's Presidents 1940â1956" / Tasavallan presidentit 1940â1956, published in Finland in 1993â1994; Tuomo Polvinen, "J.K. Paasikivi: The
525:
market. After returning home, Hellsten was officially entered in
Tampere's church books. Hellsten's mother died when he was four, and his father died in debt when Hellsten was 14. Hellsten's half-sister Karolina died soon after. Upon his father's death, Hellsten's aunt, Kaisa Hagman, assumed
602:
On 1 June 1897 Paasikivi married Swedish-born Anna Matilda Forsman (1869â1931). Together they had four children, Annikki (1898â1950), Wellamo (1900â1966), Juhani (1901â1942), and Varma (1903â1941). Upon earning his doctorate in law in 1901, Paasikivi took on an associate professorship of
813:
In Stockholm Paasikivi strove for Swedish defence guarantees, alternatively a defensive alliance or a defensive union between Finland and Sweden. Since the Civil War, relations between the Swedes and Finns had been frosty. The revolutionary turmoil at the end of World War I had led to
1117:
second ballot of the electoral college on 15 February 1956, but was eliminated as the least popular candidate. His last-minute candidacy was based on a misunderstood message from some conservatives which made him believe that enough Agrarians and Social Democrats would support him.
899:. In Moscow he was necessarily isolated from the most secret thoughts in Helsinki; and when he found out that these thoughts ran in the direction of revanche, of retaking, with Germany's aid, territory lost in the Winter War, he resigned. Paasikivi retired for the second time.
629:, opposing radical and potentially counter-productive steps which could be perceived as aggressive by the Russians. Paasikivi served as a Finnish Party member of Parliament 1907â1909 and 1910â1913. He served as a member of the Senate 1908â1909, as head of the finance division.
960:
the government; and even that government lasted only about six months and was considered more a caretaker or civil-servant government than a regular parliamentary government. Paasikivi even appointed a communist, People's Democrat Mauno Pekkala, as prime minister in 1946.
846:
Sweden's support for Finland was considerable, but short of one critical feature: Sweden neither declared war on the Soviet Union nor sent regular troops to Finland's defense. This made many Finns, including Paasikivi himself, judge his mission in Stockholm a failure.
735:
was in power during the existence of the prison camps following the Civil War in Finland, where 12,000 prisoners died in total. Starvation was seen as a principal cause of mortality in the camps which housed men and women who had fought on the side of the Reds.
806:, and France's and the United Kingdom's apparent lack of interest in supporting Finland, Sweden was the only notable power left that could possibly provide Finland any support at all. Since around the time of the failed Lapua coup, Paasikivi and
657:
Paasikivi began to doubt the Finnish Party's obedient line. In 1914, after resigning his position at the Treasury, and also standing down as a member of Parliament, Paasikivi left public life and office. He became Chief General Manager of the
947:
Paasikivi had to comply with many Soviet demands, including the war crimes trial. His main effort was to prove that Finland would present no threat to the Soviet Union, and that both countries would gain from confident peaceful relations.
1009:
helped his relations with the Soviet leaders; he did not have to use interpreters all the time, as his successor Kekkonen did. Having studied in Russia as a young man, Paasikivi also knew classic Russian literature and Russian culture.
1076:
I am particularly pleased to be sending you this advance greeting because, as a young man, I was myself an enthusiastic gymnast and athlete. And I have retained throughout my life a deep interest in athletics and sports of all kinds.
1041:
Paasikivi stood for re-election in the presidential election of 1950, and he won 171 out of the 300 electoral college votes. The priorities of his second term were centred largely on domestic politics, in contrast to his first term.
1793:
See, for example, Pekka HyvĂ€rinen, "Finland's Man: Urho Kekkonen's Life" / Suomen mies: Urho Kekkosen elĂ€mĂ€, published in Finland in 2000; Tuomo Polvinen, "J.K. Paasikivi: The Statesman's Work of Life", final volume â years
720:, a German Prince, as king, intending to ensure German support for Finland against Bolshevist Russia. However, as Germany lost the World War, the monarchy had to be scrapped for a republic more in the taste of the victorious
679:, Paasikivi was appointed to the committee that began formulating new legislation for a modernized Grand Duchy. Initially he supported increased autonomy within the Russian state, in opposition to the Social Democrats in the
1065:
It gives me great pleasure to address a message of greeting to the young people of the world as they prepare for the fifteenth Olympic Games which are, once again, to be celebrated in a spirit worthy of the ideals of
944:
Consequently, he ensured that negative references to the Soviet Union were expunged from school textbooks and that books containing "hostile" representations of the Soviet Union were removed from public libraries.
798:(1879â1960) in 1934 and resigned from politics. However, he was persuaded to accept the position of Envoy to Sweden, at the time regarded as Finland's most important foreign embassy post. The threats from
615:, a position he retained until 1914. For practically all of his adult life, Paasikivi moved in the inner circles of Finland's politics. He supported greater autonomy and an independent Cabinet (
1057:. On the eve of the Summer Olympics, it was only appropriate for the cultured statesman to hold a speech in a world language, English. However, English was not Paasikiviâs strong language, as
1061:
had long been the predominant language of diplomacy. Still, Paasikivi wanted to extend his greetings to foreign guests arriving in Helsinki. The President's speech was as follows:
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travelling merchant August Hellsten and his wife, Karolina Wilhelmina, née Selin. Hellsten's parents lived in Tampere, but the son was born on their business trip to the
3016:
989:
aside, Finland had to adapt to superpower politics and sign treaties with the Soviet Union to avoid a worse fate. Thus he managed to stabilize Finland's position. This "
883:âs cabinet as a minister without portfolioâin practice in the role of a distinguished political advisor. He ended up in the cabinet's leading triumvirate together with
598:
Family of J. K. Paasikivi in 1906. From left to right: Paasikivi's first wife Anna (née Forsman), their children Juhani, Annikki, Vellamo, Varma, and Paasikivi himself.
762:, liberal former president of Finland; and Paasikivi like many other supporters, turned away from the radical right. In 1934 he became chairman of the conservative
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Paasikivi, who had a strong background in banking, has featured on various Finnish banknotes. He is one of three Finnish presidents whose portrait has appeared on
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The young Paasikivi was an enthusiastic athlete and gymnast. His father had recognized his son's academic talent and enrolled him at a top elementary school in
1880:
2996:
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457:(1918 and 1944â1946). He also held several other positions of trust, and was an influential figure in Finnish economics and politics for over fifty years.
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940:, was included in the cabinet. Paasikivi's policies were those of a intended to be "realistic" radically different from those of the previous 25 years.
1535:
1687:
Jaakko Paavolainen. Suomen kansallinen murhenÀytelmÀ: Punainen ja valkoinen terrori ja vankileirit v.1918. Kustannusosakeyhtiö Tammi, Helsinki, 1974.
879:
did not intend to change his policies, Paasikivi supported compliance with some of the demands. When the war broke out, Paasikivi was asked to enter
818:
in Sweden, increased Swedish democracy, and a dominant role for the Swedish Social Democrats. In Finland, however, the result had been a disastrous
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1201:
347:
578:. During his schooling, Paasikivi supported himself by working variously as a teacher, lecturer, court bailiff, and lawyer in private practice in
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This happy cooperation between young people of all countries will serve the great call of concord and peace among the nations of the world.
1049:
As a lover of sports, and a former athlete and gymnast, Paasikivi had the great pleasure, during his second term of office, of opening the
1947:
Browning, Christopher; Lehti, Marko (2011). "Geographic Centrality and Marginality: East, West, and North in Finnish Symbolic Geography".
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By the end of Paasikivi's six-year second term, Finland had rid itself of the most urgent political problems resulting from the war. The
1080:
I am convinced that the Finnish people, loving sport as they do, will spare no effort to make the 1952 Olympic Games a complete success.
3026:
1221:
758:, which requested radical measures against the political Left. But eventually the Lapua movement radicalized further, even assaulting
468:), founded in 1958 under the leadership of Jan-Magnus Jansson, sought to nurture Paasikivi's political legacy, especially during the
802:
regimes that had seized power in Germany and the Soviet Union made Finland increasingly isolated. With the gradual weakening of the
625:
intentions to make Russian the only official language everywhere in the Russian Empire. He belonged, however, to the more complying
2359:
1773:
Statesman's Work of Life" / J.K. Paasikivi: Valtiomiehen elÀmÀntyö, published in several volumes in Finland in the 1990s and 2000s.
985:
in the foreground, trying to ensure a stable peace and wider freedom of action for Finland. Paasikivi concluded that, all the fine
3006:
3001:
951:
When Mannerheim resigned, Parliament selected Paasikivi to succeed him as President of the Republic. Paasikivi was then age 75.
770:, and successfully rehabilitated the party after its suspicious closeness to the Lapua movement and the failed coup d'Ă©tat, the
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1962:
570:, a course of studies that proved useful in later life. The following winter, Paasikivi changed his major to law, earning a
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J.K. Paasikivi leaving for Moscow for a first round of negotiations on 9 October 1939. Seeing him off are Prime Minister
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and appointed Social Democrats to the cabinet. But the suspicions between Finland and Sweden were too strong: During the
2926:
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2009:
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Immediately after the war, Mannerheim appointed Paasikivi prime minister. For the first time in Finland a Communist,
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suspicious due to his association with Finland's Monarchist orientation in 1918, and the failed Lapua coup in 1932.
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17:
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1986:
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554:. Paasikivi exhibited an early appetite for reading, and was the best pupil in his class. He entered the
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had belonged to a close circle of conservative Finns discussing how Sweden's support could be obtained.
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582:. It was also during his university studies, around 1894, that Paasikivi first became involved in the
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2016:
J. K. Paasikivi, President of Finland, gave a speech in the 1952 Helsinki Summer Olympics. â YouTube
1821:
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472:, by promoting 'fact-based foreign policy thinking' in Finland and making Finland's policy of
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1200:), Paasikivi appears as a character with Urho Kekkonen. In the series Paasikivi is played by
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Juho Kusti Paasikivi in 375 humanists â 1 May 2015. Faculty of Arts, University of Helsinki.
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8:
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875:, Paasikivi became the Finnish representative in the negotiations in Moscow. Seeing that
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664:(KOP) bank, retaining that position until 1934. Paasikivi also served as a member of the
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48:
31:
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had even started, and the communists were defeated in the next parliamentary elections.
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government. As prime minister from May until November 1918, he strove for a continued
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1958:
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Things actually improved, partly due to Paasikivi's efforts, partly due to President
826:. At the same time that Paasikivi arrived in Stockholm, it became known that Finnish
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891:(chairman of the Social Democrats). Paasikivi also led the negotiations for an
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had ended, and in January 1956 the Soviet Union removed its troops from the
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1996:
Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary
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Paasikivi left this post to become Director-in-Chief of Treasury of the
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Finnish president Paasikivi sends his Olympic greetings in English
928:
President Paasikivi (right), his wife Alli Paasikivi (middle) and
1957:. Nationalisms Across the Globe. Vol. 8. Bern: Peter Laing.
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met with little support from either Field Marshal Mannerheim or
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after the Second World War; for example, the Paasikivi Society (
1952:
The East-West Doctrine: Symbolic Geography and its Consequences
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Administrative Law at Helsinki University from 1902 to 1903.
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1762:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Werner Söderström Publishing.
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The Power of Freedom. Central and Eastern Europe after 1945
919:
2010:
Paasikivi's greeting message for the 1952 Summer Olympics
1972:
Polvinen, Tuomo; HeikkilÀ, Hannu; Immonen, Hannu (1989).
1726:. Centre for European Studies. p. 41. Archived from
1112:
Juho Kusti Paasikivi's funeral parade on 14 December 1956
586:, assuming leadership roles in its student organization.
697:, Paasikivi championed full independenceâin the form of
445:, member of parliament (1907â1909, 1910â1914), envoy to
1971:
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1663:
1651:
1639:
1627:
1615:
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Suomi kylmÀssÀ sodassa: Paasikivi-seura Kekkosen tukena
751:
in the Parliament. Tentatively he supported the semi-
505:
of the Kulma-SeppÀlÀ house in the Huljala village of
1848:"Vapaudenristin suurristi tasavallan presidentille"
1145:-denominated banknotes of Finland. The others were
3017:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Cross of Liberty
2932:People from HĂ€me Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
1022:J.K. Paasikivi and chairman of the Supreme Soviet
895:and peace, and continued his mission in Moscow as
479:
976:
30:"Paasikivi" redirects here. For the surname, see
2987:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1911â1913)
2982:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1910â1911)
2977:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1908â1909)
2972:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1907â1908)
2908:
1753:
838:being elected. As president, Kallio approved of
902:
460:Paasikivi is remembered as a main architect of
3022:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon
2374:
2038:Newspaper clippings about Juho Kusti Paasikivi
1000:
2768:
2360:
2199:
1974:J. K. Paasikivi : valtiomiehen elÀmÀntyö
1946:
1749:
1747:
1704:
1244:
1103:
1013:
632:
2997:People of the Finnish Civil War (White side)
1754:Seppo Zetterberg; et al., eds. (2003).
993:" was adhered to for decades, and was named
589:
425:(27 November 1870 â 14 December 1956) was a
1903:(in Finnish). 28 November 1950. p. 9.
728:resigned, and he returned to the KOP bank.
606:
437:until its dissolution in 1918 and then the
2992:Ambassadors of Finland to the Soviet Union
2775:
2761:
2367:
2353:
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2192:
1819:
1804:"Shadow Lines": The Election (2019) â IMDb
1744:
963:
708:Paasikivi stood firmly on the side of the
47:
2213:
1822:"Ritarikuntien suurristejÀ myönnetty 366"
1815:
1813:
1811:
1124:
686:who in vain strove for more far-reaching
526:responsibility for his raising. Hellsten
1993:
1854:(in Finnish). 16 March 1951. p. 5.
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157:17 November 1944 â 9 March 1946
1980:
1402: : Grand Cross with Collar of the
1350: : Grand Cross with Collar of the
1272: : Grand Cross with Collar of the
1037:and J. K. Paasikivi in Kultaranta, 1955
920:From prime minister to president (1946)
558:in 1890, graduating in May 1892 with a
244:27 May 1918 â 27 November 1918
202:27 May 1918 â 27 November 1918
14:
2909:
1820:Anttikoski, Riitta (6 December 1997).
1808:
1183:In the 2019 Finnish television series
1153:, Paasikivi's successor as president.
1149:, the first president of Finland, and
1046:'s death made Paasikivi's job easier.
954:
534:in 1885. His surname literally means "
492:
27:President of Finland from 1946 to 1956
2756:
2348:
2187:
1929:
1676:Polvinen, HeikkilÀ & Immonen 1989
1664:Polvinen, HeikkilÀ & Immonen 1989
1652:Polvinen, HeikkilÀ & Immonen 1989
1640:Polvinen, HeikkilÀ & Immonen 1989
1628:Polvinen, HeikkilÀ & Immonen 1989
1616:Polvinen, HeikkilÀ & Immonen 1989
1178:
777:
621:) for Finland, and resisted Russia's
429:politician who served as the seventh
77:11 March 1946 â 1 March 1956
2952:National Coalition Party politicians
1760:A Small Giant of the Finnish History
1716:
1215:Coat of Arms of Juho Kusti Paasikivi
574:degree and eventually, in 1902, his
433:from 1946 to 1956. Representing the
1897:"Onnitteluja ja juhlintaa Linnassa"
1255:
1163:Juho Kusti Paasikivi's first senate
24:
2739:
1005:Paasikivi's ability to speak some
850:
25:
3038:
3027:20th-century presidents in Europe
2003:
1756:Suomen historian pikkujÀttilÀinen
1088:refugees had been resettled, the
981:As President, Paasikivi kept the
232:Chairman of the Senate of Finland
2384:
2333:
2072:The oldest current head of state
1931:[ËjuhoËkustiËpÉËsiËkiÊi]
1828:(in Finnish). pp. E 16â17.
1570:. Valtioneuvosto. Archived from
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916:, who now had become President.
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1976:. Vol. 1: 1870â1918. WSOY.
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480:Early life and political career
3007:World War II political leaders
3002:Finnish people of World War II
1998:. Greenwood. pp. 347â352.
1987:University of California Press
1920:
1872:Icelandic Presidency Website (
1645:
1633:
1621:
1590:
1578:
1560:
1548:
1133:Paasikivi on a former Finnish
550:following brief attendance at
13:
1:
3012:University of Helsinki alumni
1994:Wilsford, David, ed. (1995).
1542:
1327:Order of the Cross of Liberty
380:Imperial Alexander University
2075:18 April 1951 - 1 March 1956
2053:in The Presidents of Finland
1329:with Swords (9 October 1950)
1310:Order of the Lion of Finland
983:foreign relations of Finland
903:Prime minister and president
794:Widowed in 1931, he married
541:
382:(now University of Helsinki)
7:
2159:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
2042:20th Century Press Archives
1557:â Eduskunta.fi (in Finnish)
1521:PaasikiviâKekkonen doctrine
1514:
1370:Royal Order of the Seraphim
1325: : Grand Cross of the
1308: : Grand Cross of the
1290: : Grand Cross of the
1156:
1001:Knowledge of Russian helped
10:
3043:
2962:Prime ministers of Finland
2376:Prime ministers of Finland
1950:In Alexander Maxwell, ed.,
1333:
1207:
1104:Last minute 1956 candidacy
1014:1950 presidential election
739:Paasikivi, as a political
718:Frederick Charles of Hesse
633:Independence and Civil War
441:, he previously served as
29:
2942:Finnish Party politicians
2791:
2737:
2391:
2382:
2331:
2221:
2172:
2163:
2155:
2145:
2139:Prime Minister of Finland
2136:
2128:
2118:
2112:Prime Minister of Finland
2109:
2101:
2096:
1705:Browning & Lehti 2011
1238:
1228:
1219:
1214:
907:In summer 1941, when the
743:, was a firm opponent of
590:First marriage and family
455:Prime Minister of Finland
416:
404:
386:
373:
365:
343:
327:
317:
300:
269:
264:
260:
248:
237:
230:
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195:
183:
171:
161:
150:
145:Prime Minister of Finland
143:
131:
119:
81:
70:
62:
58:
46:
39:
2785:National Coalition Party
1981:Rintala, Marvin (1969).
1876:), Order of the Falcon,
1531:J. K. Paasikivi memorial
867:and Mrs. Alli Paasikivi.
863:, speaker of Parliament
764:National Coalition Party
666:City Council of Helsinki
647:Finnish monarchy project
607:Introduction to politics
462:Finland's foreign policy
439:National Coalition Party
337:National Coalition Party
2927:People from HĂ€meenkoski
1526:PaasikiviâKekkonen Road
1387:Order of the Polar Star
1292:Order of the White Rose
1274:Order of the White Rose
964:Dealing with communists
822:and a total defeat for
714:constitutional monarchy
699:constitutional monarchy
509:(today HĂ€meenkoski) in
476:internationally known.
2744:
1927:Finnish pronunciation:
1695:p 254-256 (in English)
1420: : Knight of the
1368: : Knight of the
1249:("For the Fatherland")
1245:
1138:
1125:Paasikivi on banknotes
1113:
1082:
1038:
1027:
933:
868:
791:
661:Kansallis-Osake-Pankki
650:
613:Grand Duchy of Finland
599:
556:University of Helsinki
489:
488:J.K. Paasikivi in 1893
291:Grand Duchy of Finland
2957:Presidents of Finland
2743:
2215:Presidents of Finland
2105:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
2063:President of Portugal
1473:Order of St Stanislas
1422:Order of the Elephant
1173:Paasikivi III Cabinet
1147:Kaarlo Juho StÄhlberg
1132:
1111:
1063:
1033:
1021:
927:
887:and Foreign Minister
858:
785:
690:; but after the 1917
641:Paasikivi (left) and
640:
597:
538:" in both languages.
499:Johan Gustaf Hellsten
487:
274:Johan Gustaf Hellsten
255:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
213:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
96:Karl-August Fagerholm
2826:Juho Kusti Paasikivi
2166:President of Finland
2022:Juho Kusti Paasikivi
1878:Juho Kusti Paasikivi
1538:, his great-grandson
1234:Juho Kusti Paasikivi
1168:Paasikivi II Cabinet
1051:1952 Summer Olympics
977:"Paasikivi doctrine"
828:President Svinhufvud
706:Civil War in Finland
532:Juho Kusti Paasikivi
431:president of Finland
423:Juho Kusti Paasikivi
348:Anna Matilda Forsman
65:President of Finland
41:Juho Kusti Paasikivi
2266:C. G. E. Mannerheim
2018:(Audio and Visual )
2012:(Audio and Visual )
1587:, pp. 347â352.
1568:"Ministerikortisto"
1352:Order of the Falcon
1246:"IsÀnmaan puolesta"
1098:Porkkala naval base
955:Political evolution
930:C. G. E. Mannerheim
796:Allina (Alli) Valve
766:, as a champion of
747:in the cabinet, or
673:February Revolution
497:Paasikivi was born
493:Birth and childhood
360:Allina (Alli) Valve
322:Hietaniemi Cemetery
166:C. G. E. Mannerheim
126:C. G. E. Mannerheim
32:Paasikivi (surname)
2745:
2234:Lauri Kr. Relander
2097:Political offices
1883:2014-01-14 at the
1602:2022-02-08 at the
1406:(27 November 1950)
1179:In popular culture
1139:
1137:banknote from 1980
1114:
1068:Baron de Coubertin
1039:
1028:
1024:Kliment Voroshilov
991:Paasikivi doctrine
934:
869:
792:
778:Envoy in Stockholm
772:MÀntsÀlÀ Rebellion
695:October Revolution
651:
600:
490:
2937:Finnish Lutherans
2904:
2903:
2871:Pertti Salolainen
2750:
2749:
2591:V. J. Sukselainen
2571:V. J. Sukselainen
2342:
2341:
2182:
2181:
2173:Succeeded by
2146:Succeeded by
2119:Succeeded by
2092:
2091:
2080:Succeeded by
2076:
1964:978-3-034-30198-5
1901:Helsingin Sanomat
1852:Helsingin Sanomat
1826:Helsingin Sanomat
1717:Laar, M. (2009).
1678:, pp. 34â45.
1666:, pp. 33â41.
1456:Order of St. Anna
1404:Order of St. Olav
1253:
1252:
804:League of Nations
584:Fennoman movement
560:Bachelor's degree
511:PÀijÀnne Tavastia
453:(1940â1941), and
420:
419:
53:Paasikivi in 1945
16:(Redirected from
3034:
2967:Finnish senators
2806:Antti Tulenheimo
2783:Chairmen of the
2777:
2770:
2763:
2754:
2753:
2481:P. E. Svinhufvud
2396:P. E. Svinhufvud
2388:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2346:
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2310:
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2298:Martti Ahtisaari
2294:
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2278:
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2262:
2254:
2246:
2242:P. E. Svinhufvud
2238:
2230:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2185:
2184:
2156:Preceded by
2129:Preceded by
2102:Preceded by
2094:
2093:
2074:
2060:Preceded by
2057:
2056:
1999:
1990:
1985:. Berkeley, CA:
1977:
1968:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1913:
1912:
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1613:
1607:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1536:Joakim Paasikivi
1509:Legion of Honour
1503:
1501:
1500:
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1484:
1483:
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1464:
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1256:National Honours
1248:
1224:
1212:
1211:
1194:
909:Continuation War
745:Social Democrats
682:coalition-Senate
643:P. E. Svinhufvud
564:Russian language
515:Southern Finland
449:(1936â1939) and
412:
356:
307:
304:14 December 1956
284:27 November 1870
283:
281:
265:Personal details
251:
242:
221:
209:
200:
186:
174:
155:
134:
122:
84:
75:
51:
37:
36:
21:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3031:
2947:Finnish bankers
2907:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2891:Alexander Stubb
2851:Jussi Saukkonen
2836:Edwin Linkomies
2821:Paavo Virkkunen
2787:
2781:
2751:
2746:
2735:
2691:A. JÀÀtteenmÀki
2531:J. K. Paasikivi
2401:J. K. Paasikivi
2389:
2378:
2373:
2343:
2338:
2329:
2324:
2322:Alexander Stubb
2316:
2308:
2300:
2292:
2284:
2276:
2274:J. K. Paasikivi
2268:
2260:
2252:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2226:K. J. StÄhlberg
2217:
2212:
2178:
2169:
2161:
2151:
2142:
2134:
2124:
2115:
2107:
2084:
2081:
2073:
2064:
2061:
2051:J. K. Paasikivi
2006:
1965:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1885:Wayback Machine
1871:
1867:
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1604:Wayback Machine
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1555:J. K. Paasikivi
1553:
1549:
1545:
1517:
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1445:
1443:
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1357:
1354:(24 April 1954)
1341:
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1210:
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1159:
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1100:near Helsinki.
1092:had been paid,
1090:war reparations
1016:
1003:
979:
966:
957:
922:
905:
853:
851:Envoy in Moscow
840:parliamentarism
816:Parliamentarism
780:
671:After the 1917
655:First World War
635:
609:
592:
544:
501:in 1870 at the
495:
482:
466:Paasikivi-seura
358:
350:
335:
328:Political party
309:
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285:
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106:Sakari Tuomioja
82:
76:
71:
54:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:J. K. Paasikivi
15:
12:
11:
5:
3040:
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3019:
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3009:
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2893:
2888:
2886:Jyrki Katainen
2883:
2878:
2876:Sauli Niinistö
2873:
2868:
2866:Ilkka Suominen
2863:
2858:
2856:Juha Rihtniemi
2853:
2848:
2843:
2841:K. F. Lehtonen
2838:
2833:
2831:Pekka Pennanen
2828:
2823:
2818:
2816:Kyösti Haataja
2813:
2808:
2803:
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2765:
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2648:
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2631:A. Karjalainen
2628:
2623:
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2613:
2608:
2603:
2601:A. Karjalainen
2598:
2593:
2588:
2586:K-A. Fagerholm
2583:
2578:
2576:R. von Fieandt
2573:
2568:
2566:K-A. Fagerholm
2563:
2558:
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2541:K-A. Fagerholm
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2349:
2340:
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2332:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2325:(2024âpresent)
2319:
2314:Sauli Niinistö
2311:
2303:
2295:
2290:Mauno Koivisto
2287:
2279:
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2099:
2098:
2090:
2089:
2083:King of Norway
2078:
2069:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2035:
2028:
2019:
2013:
2005:
2004:External links
2002:
2001:
2000:
1991:
1978:
1969:
1963:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
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1709:
1707:, p. 161.
1697:
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1589:
1577:
1574:on 2009-04-17.
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1523:
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1513:
1512:
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1452:Russian Empire
1441:
1439:Order of Lenin
1424:
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1202:Sulevi Peltola
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1158:
1155:
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997:in the 1970s.
995:Finlandization
978:
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932:(left) in 1946
921:
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901:
861:A. K. Cajander
852:
849:
788:Eero JĂ€rnefelt
779:
776:
756:Lapua movement
724:. Paasikivi's
634:
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605:
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572:Master of Laws
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2066:Ăscar Carmona
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1733:on 2013-11-11
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1585:Wilsford 1995
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1151:Urho Kekkonen
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1044:Joseph Stalin
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1035:Urho Kekkonen
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877:Joseph Stalin
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871:Prior to the
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865:VÀinö Hakkila
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627:Finnish Party
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576:Doctor of Law
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435:Finnish Party
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332:Finnish Party
330:
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318:Resting place
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190:Mauno Pekkala
188:
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138:Urho Kekkonen
136:
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118:
112:
111:Ralf Törngren
109:
107:
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101:Urho Kekkonen
99:
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92:
91:Mauno Pekkala
89:
88:
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50:
45:
38:
33:
19:
2896:Petteri Orpo
2825:
2801:E. N. SetÀlÀ
2701:M. Kiviniemi
2656:M. Miettunen
2596:M. Miettunen
2581:R. Kuuskoski
2530:
2516:E. Linkomies
2400:
2273:
2164:
2137:
2132:Urho Castrén
2122:Lauri Ingman
2110:
2082:
2071:
2062:
2030:
2026:Find a Grave
1995:
1982:
1973:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1941:Bibliography
1922:
1900:
1891:
1873:
1868:
1851:
1842:
1825:
1799:
1789:
1778:
1768:
1759:
1755:
1735:. Retrieved
1728:the original
1719:
1712:
1700:
1683:
1671:
1659:
1647:
1642:, p. 9.
1635:
1630:, p. 3.
1623:
1618:, p. 3.
1611:
1606:(in Finnish)
1592:
1580:
1572:the original
1562:
1550:
1435:Soviet Union
1197:
1186:Shadow Lines
1184:
1182:
1140:
1119:
1115:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1064:
1048:
1040:
1004:
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971:
967:
958:
950:
946:
942:
935:
906:
889:VÀinö Tanner
870:
833:
812:
800:totalitarian
793:
786:Portrait by
741:conservative
738:
732:
731:Paasikivi's
730:
725:
703:
680:
670:
659:
652:
645:discuss the
616:
610:
601:
545:
531:
530:his name to
498:
496:
465:
459:
422:
421:
306:(1956-12-14)
239:
225:Lauri Ingman
220:Succeeded by
197:
185:Succeeded by
178:Urho Castrén
152:
133:Succeeded by
72:
2922:1956 deaths
2917:1870 births
2881:Ville ItÀlÀ
2706:J. Katainen
2696:M. Vanhanen
2686:P. Lipponen
2666:M. Koivisto
2651:K. Liinamaa
2621:M. Koivisto
2606:R. R. Lehto
2561:U. Kekkonen
2556:R. Törngren
2551:S. Tuomioja
2546:U. Kekkonen
2521:A. Hackzell
2501:A. Cajander
2491:T. KivimÀki
2441:A. Cajander
2431:A. Cajander
2317:(2012â2024)
2309:(2000â2012)
2301:(1994â2000)
2293:(1982â1994)
2285:(1956â1982)
2277:(1946â1956)
2269:(1944â1946)
2261:(1940â1944)
2253:(1937â1940)
2245:(1931â1937)
2237:(1925â1931)
2229:(1919â1925)
1189: [
704:During the
668:1915â1918.
653:During the
548:HĂ€meenlinna
503:smoke sauna
351: [
339:(from 1918)
334:(1906â1918)
250:Preceded by
208:Preceded by
173:Preceded by
121:Preceded by
2911:Categories
2676:H. Holkeri
2536:M. Pekkala
2526:U. Castrén
2471:O. Mantere
2426:J. Vennola
2416:J. Vennola
2411:K. Castrén
2258:Risto Ryti
2170:1946â1956
2143:1944â1946
2086:Haakon VII
1983:Four Finns
1737:2012-04-05
1543:References
1492:Iron Cross
938:Yrjö Leino
914:Risto Ryti
885:Risto Ryti
881:Risto Ryti
873:Winter War
844:Winter War
808:Mannerheim
749:communists
568:literature
528:Finnicized
474:neutrality
387:Profession
375:Alma mater
280:1870-11-27
2716:J. SipilÀ
2641:R. Paasio
2616:R. Paasio
2496:K. Kallio
2486:J. Sunila
2476:K. Kallio
2466:J. Sunila
2461:V. Tanner
2456:K. Kallio
2446:L. Ingman
2436:K. Kallio
2406:L. Ingman
1909:0355-2047
1874:Icelandic
1860:0355-2047
1834:0355-2047
1794:1948â1956
1094:rationing
1026:in Moscow
893:armistice
824:Socialism
820:Civil War
768:democracy
760:StÄhlberg
692:Bolshevik
623:panslavic
542:Education
536:flagstone
519:Tamperean
447:Stockholm
405:Signature
395:professor
391:statesman
344:Spouse(s)
313:, Finland
240:In office
198:In office
162:President
153:In office
73:In office
2726:S. Marin
2721:A. Rinne
2711:A. Stubb
2671:K. Sorsa
2661:K. Sorsa
2646:K. Sorsa
2421:R. Erich
1881:Archived
1600:Archived
1515:See also
1507: :
1490: :
1471: :
1454: :
1437: :
1385: :
1157:Cabinets
1086:Karelian
1055:Helsinki
1053:held in
987:rhetoric
688:autonomy
649:in 1918.
507:Koski Hl
470:Cold War
399:attorney
366:Children
311:Helsinki
287:Koski Hl
2731:P. Orpo
2636:T. Aura
2626:T. Aura
2506:R. Ryti
2044:of the
2040:in the
1488:Prussia
1418:Denmark
1348:Iceland
1334:Foreign
1323:Finland
1306:Finland
1288:Finland
1270:Finland
1230:Armiger
1208:Honours
1135:10 mark
1007:Russian
790:in 1931
753:fascist
722:Entente
552:Hollola
443:senator
427:Finnish
357:(desc.)
2681:E. Aho
1961:
1907:
1858:
1832:
1691:
1505:France
1502:
1485:
1469:Poland
1466:
1449:
1432:
1415:
1400:Norway
1397:
1383:Sweden
1380:
1366:Sweden
1363:
1345:
1320:
1303:
1294:(1922)
1285:
1276:(1946)
1267:
1198:Nyrkki
1143:markka
1059:French
836:Kallio
733:Senate
726:Senate
677:Russia
618:Senate
451:Moscow
2116:1918
1758:[
1731:(PDF)
1724:(PDF)
1240:Motto
1193:]
897:Envoy
716:with
710:White
580:Lahti
523:Lahti
517:, to
355:]
1959:ISBN
1905:ISSN
1856:ISSN
1830:ISSN
1689:ISBN
566:and
301:Died
270:Born
63:7th
2046:ZBW
2024:at
675:in
562:in
513:in
2913::
1899:.
1850:.
1824:.
1810:^
1746:^
1204:.
1191:fi
1070:.
774:.
701:.
397:,
393:,
353:fi
293:,
289:,
2776:e
2769:t
2762:v
2368:e
2361:t
2354:v
2207:e
2200:t
2193:v
1989:.
1967:.
1911:.
1862:.
1836:.
1740:.
1196:(
684:,
369:4
282:)
278:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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