Ivorian nationality law

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model. Under its provisions after independence, nationality would be derived by having a parent who had Ivorian nationality. It specifically excluded children born in the territory to two foreign parents from automatically obtaining Ivorian status, but included any child of unknown parentage discovered to be living in Ivory Coast. Taking into account the large numbers of migrants who resided in the country because of the labor policies of France, children born in Ivory Coast could naturalize by declaration to obtain Ivorian nationality. To acquire nationality by declaration, a residency of five years was required. Persons born between 19 December 1940 and 19 December 1961 could make a declaration before reaching age twenty-one, as could persons born after 19 December 1961, who had lived in the territory for the required five years. In addition, any foreigner, who was present in the territory at independence and habitually lived in Ivory Coast, could opt within one year to acquire nationality through a special process. Foreign women who were married to Ivorians acquired Ivorian nationality, but foreign men could not derive nationality from their wives. On 7 October 1964, an amendment to the Nationality Code (Loi N°. 61415), provided for acquisition of nationality by adoptees and foster children raised by Ivorians. In the case of the latter, the child could acquire nationality by declaration prior to reaching majority, after five years of being a ward in the child welfare service.

536:. The Constitution of 1946 granted French citizenship to all subjects of France's territories without having to renounce their personal status as natives. In 1945, a new Code of French Nationality was passed, which conferred once again automatic French nationality on foreign wives of French men, but allowed mothers who were French nationals to pass their nationality to children born outside of France. It expressly applied to Algeria, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion and was extended to the Overseas Territories in 1953, but in the case of the latter had distinctions for the rights of those who were naturalized. In 1951 the Jacquinot Decree strengthened the provisions in French West and Equatorial Africa of the Mandel decree removing women who were twenty-one years old, or divorced, from control by a father or guardian and establishing specific rules for the payment and determining the amount of a bride price. 602:

the one-year window under the 1961 statute, basically reinstating the prior provisions for one year. It also provided that foreign husbands of Ivorian wives could opt for Ivorian nationality after having been married for two years. The provisions for acquiring nationality through marriage were further modified by Presidential Decree N°. 2005-03/PR of 15 July 2005, which specified nationality could be obtained if during the marriage ceremony the foreign spouse consented to a change in nationality and declared that they wanted to acquire Ivorian status. Presidential Decree N°. 2005-09/PR of 29 August 2005, specified that in an effort to prevent fraudulent marriage, nationality would be lost if the marriage ended in divorce prior to ten years of matrimony. The simplified nationality plan was ineffectual, allowing only 175 people to acquire Ivorian status out of nearly 2,000 applicants.

497:

France to native-born French women married to foreigners to acquire their nationality from their mothers. When it was implemented it included Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion but was extended to the remaining French possessions for French citizens only in 1928. Under Article 26 of the 1928 decree was the stipulation that it did not apply to natives of the French possessions except Algeria, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Réunion. Between 1933 and 1947, the territory of Upper Volta was divided up and incorporated into the colonies of French Sudan, the Ivory Coast, and Niger. This was done to facilitate construction of a railway and ports in Ivory Coast, as well as provide labor for

606:

non-discretionary statement. Those who for whom it applied were declarants who were born to foreign parents in Ivory Coast and were not twenty-one on 20 December 1961; those who had permanently lived in the territory prior to independence and their children; and those born in the territory between 20 December 1961 and 25 January 1973. Two areas retain gender discrimination; Article 45 provides that when a woman naturalizes and has legitimate or legitimized child(ren), nationality can only be derived from the mother, if she is a widow and Article 56 denaturalizes the wife and child of an Ivorian national upon his being deprived of nationality. In 2013, Ivory Coast acceded to the

401:, French territories were to be governed by specific laws until the constitution was extended there. This provision laid the groundwork for nationality legislation based upon whether the native inhabitants were able to be assimilated by adopting European standards. From 1848, those persons who settled in the colonies and were from France were considered nationals who had full rights and were subject to French law. However, those born in the new territories were considered to be nationals without citizenship. Nationals in the older colonies of the 493:

obtained a university degree, having rendered service to the nation, having attained the rank of an officer or received a medal from the French army, who had married a Frenchwoman and established a one-year residency; or who had resided for more than ten years in a colony other than their country of origin. A 1918 decree written for French West Africa was aimed at decorated veterans of the war and their families, providing they had not previously been denied their rights nor participated in actions against French rule.

270:. By the eighteenth century, five major African kingdoms emerged in the region, that controlled the interlocked lagoons upon which commerce depended. Under the typical arrangement, paramount chiefs of the kingdom served as arbiters in disputes, distributed resources, and administered broad control of a region. Villages within the kingdom, made up of kin networks, were administered by headmen, who expanded their control and influence by prudent allocations of goods and services in exchange for loyalty. The 28: 441:. Under its terms, women who would become stateless by the rule to acquire their spouse's nationality were allowed to retain their French nationality upon marriage. The Nationality Law was modified in 1897 when it was extended to the remainder of the French colonies. Clarification in the 1897 decree included that bestowing nationality by birth in French territory only applied to children born in France, restoring descent requirements for the colonies. Under the 5281: 3872: 422:

children were barred from inheritance and nationality could only be transmitted through a father. Non-citizen nationals were governed by traditional laws concerning marriage and inheritance which placed the well-being of the community above individual rights. These laws prevented a wife from being treated as a slave, required her husband to support her, and entitled her kin to a

571:. This meant that orphans, foundlings and children born to foreign parents in Ivory Coast could no longer obtain Ivorian nationality. These changes were in reaction to not only an attempt to limit nationality to those who were assimilated to Ivorian culture, but also as a result of a large influx of orphaned refugees who came to Ivory Coast during the 3864: 326:. To engage in trade, Europeans had to negotiate with the chiefs who had control of the lagoons, as the navigational difficulties did not allow them to force their control upon the native populations. When the slave trade was abolished in the first half of the nineteenth century, commerce shifted to agricultural products, specifically 259:(also Assinie) in 1687, from which they traded guns for gold and ivory. They abandoned it in 1704, as the area known as the Quaqua Coast was typically outside of the normal trading networks of Europeans because of the difficulty of navigating the territory, as it had no harbors and strong coastal currents, making anchoring difficult. 575:. In 1995, after many years of lobbying for a correction of their situation, workers who had been brought from Upper Volta when its territory was incorporated into Ivory Coast in 1932 were extended collective naturalization under Decree N°. 95-809. Over 8,000 persons were admitted to Ivorian nationality under the decree. 528:, the program of forced labor escalated and Ivorians were required to double their requirement of volunteer labor, were conscripted into the army, and were mandated to provide a large portion of their agricultural products for the military. The policies led to widespread discontent and protests, which were organized by 598:, called for an end to state-sponsored discrimination against foreigners, suspension of the government's identity program, and updated naturalization processes for migrants and their descendants. It also specifically stated that gender discrimination in the acquisition of nationality by marriage should end. 465:

From 1908, France implemented laws that would generate income to support the colony by renting land to planters and developed state owned businesses to extract resources and build infrastructure. Initially they required Ivorian males to voluntarily labor on behalf of the state, but as there was still

605:

Loi N°. 2013-654 amending the nationality law on 13 September 2013 provided for spouses to equally acquire nationality through marriage. It also re-established temporary procedures to acquire nationality by declaration. It allowed until 24 January 2016, the acquisition of nationality by a simple and

55:

Loi N°. 61415 du 14 Décembre 1961 portant Code de la nationalité ivoirienne (modifiée par la loi No. 64-381 du 7 octobre 1964, la loi No. 72-852 du 21 Décembre 1972, la loi No. 2004-662 du 17 décembre 2004, les décisions No. 2005-03/PR du 15 juillet 2005 et No. 2005-09/ PR du 29 aout 2005, et la Loi

601:

On 17 December 2004, the Nationality Code was amended (Loi N°. 2004–662) to comply with the treaty. It provided a simplified process for naturalization to those who were residing in the country prior to independence or had long-established residency but who had been unable to obtain nationality in

543:

issued on 23 June 1956, which granted internal self-governance to French territories and expanded their Territorial Assemblies. These changes led to an increase in political activity and a press for the dissolution of the Federation of French West Africa. Houphouët-Boigny led the groups of African

475:

in the territory, they were able to read and write French; they were of good character and assimilated to French culture, or they engaged in a public or private French enterprise for a minimum or ten years; and they had sufficient means of self-support. The language requirement could be waived for

362:, sending them to explore and negotiate treaties with the local inhabitants. Each secured agreements with the major kingdoms of the region and when they met in 1889, declared the southern Quaqua Coast a French protectorate. Later expeditions expanded the boundaries of the protectorate and in 1893, 144:

Naturalization can be granted to persons who have resided in the territory for a sufficient period of time to confirm they understand the customs and traditions of Ivory Coast. General provisions are that applicants have good character and conduct; are in good physical and mental health; and have

496:

In 1927, France passed a new Nationality Law, which under Article 8, removed the requirement for married women to automatically derive the nationality of a husband and provided that her nationality could only be changed if she consented to change her nationality. It also allowed children born in

562:

The Ivory Coast gained its independence on 7 August 1960. At independence, those who had French nationality and were natives of Ivory Coast as of 1946 were conferred the Ivorian nationality. On 14 December 1961, the first Ivorian Nationality Code (Loi N°. 61415) was adopted, based on the French

548:

coalition. With the passage of the 1958 French Constitution, nationality provisions were standardized for France, Overseas Departments, and Overseas Territories. Article 86 excluded the possibility for independence of the colonies, but allowed them to become autonomous republics. Ivory Coast's

492:

on 25 March 1915 that allowed subjects or protected persons who were non-citizen nationals and had established domicile in a French territory to acquire full citizenship, including the naturalization of their wives and minor children, by having received the cross of the Legion of Honor, having

480:

or were in the French civil service. Upon application, subjects were required to acknowledge that they gave up their personal status under customary law and were to be governed by French laws. The decree noted that married women and minor children acquired the status of their husband or father

174:

their nationality pending approval by the state. Ivorians of origin may lose their nationality for voluntarily acquiring another nationality or participating in actions, like voting or serving in public office, that indicates they are the national of another country. Naturalized persons may be

421:

was extended to all of the French citizens in the colonies. Under the Civil Code, women were legally incapacitated and paternal authority was established over their children. Upon marriage, a woman married to a French man automatically acquired the same nationality as her spouse. Illegitimate

413:

and parts of India and Senegal were granted political rights, but those in new colonies were confirmed by a decree on 14 July 1865 to be subjects and not citizens, unless they renounced their allegiance to native custom and possessed sufficient understanding of the obligations of citizenship.

179:

in Ivory for disloyalty to the state; committing crimes against the state or state security; ordinary crimes; or for fraud, misrepresentation, or concealment in a naturalization petition. Persons who previously had nationality and wish to repatriate if they voluntarily lost their status must

553:

and in 1959, it adopted its first constitution. The French Constitution was amended in 1960 to allow states to maintain membership in the Community even if they were independent republics. Ivory Coast rejected the proposal and opted for independence without remaining in the French union.

426:, to compensate them for the loss of her fertility to their kinship group and secure the legality of the union. Having paid the price for the marriage contract, she and her offspring belonged to the kinship network of her husband and could be inherited if her husband died. 346:, for which they received a trade monopoly in exchange for annual tributes. In 1867, the French had secured a similar arrangement for the village of Baoree (also Bacorees or Bahourie), but they had still been unable secure the whole of the Baule Kingdom in 1885. 3865:"Loi n° 64-381 du 7 octobre 1964 , relative aux dispositions diverses applicables aux matières régies par les lois sur le nom, l'état civil, le mariage, le divorce et la séparation de corps, la paternité et la filiation, l'adoption, les successions, les don" 501:

and coffee plantations. In 1938, the legal incapacity of married women was finally invalidated for French citizens. In 1939, France determined that marriage and inheritance were too significant to continue being dealt with in native courts. That year, the

449:

in 1904, nationals in the new colonies followed customary law. The French West African Federation had been founded that year with the existing five colonies, of Dahomey, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Senegal, and French Sudan, and was later expanded to include

112:, i.e. by birth in Ivory Coast or abroad to parents with Ivorian nationality. It can be granted to persons with an affiliation to the country, or to a permanent resident who has lived in the country for a given period of time through naturalization. 104:. Nationality describes the relationship of an individual to the state under international law, whereas citizenship is the domestic relationship of an individual within the nation. Ivorian nationality is typically obtained under the principle of 96:, as amended; the Ivorian Nationality Code, and its revisions; and various international agreements to which the country is a signatory. These laws determine who is, or is eligible to be, a national of Ivory Coast. The legal means to acquire 566:

On 21 December 1972 the Nationality Code was amended (Loi N°. 72-852) to eliminate the provisions for Ivorian nationality to be acquired through birth in the territory, though only 36 people had acquired nationality under the provision of

532:, who would later become Ivory Coast's first president. At the end of the war, a statute issued on 7 March 1944 granted French citizenship to those who had performed services to the nation, such as serving as civil servants or receiving 3867:[Law N° 64-381 of October 7, 1964, Relating to Various Provisions Applicable to Matters Governed by the Laws on Name, Civil Status, Marriage, Divorce and Legal Separation, Paternity and Filiation, Adoption, Inheritance, Gifts]. 582:, the 2000 Constitution, restricted that persons wishing to stand for president were barred from having dual nationality and were required not only to have Ivorian origin, but also parents who had Ivorian nationality of origin. The 3729: 590:. Following the coup, social tension, human rights violations, and political posturing split the populace along ethnic and religious lines. Violence erupted and in 2002, a failed coup d'état and identity politics led to 3057: 470:

was issued specifically addressing the status of French West Africans. Under its terms, African subjects could acquire French citizenship if at the age of majority and having proved three years of established

517:. Under its terms child marriage was discouraged. It established the minimum age at marriage as fourteen for women and sixteen for men, invalidated marriages wherein spouses did not consent, and nullified 145:

adequate means to be self-sufficient. Applicants must typically have resided in the country for five years. Besides foreigners meeting the criteria, other persons who may be naturalized include:

251:

with whom the Portuguese had long wanted to establish trade. Ignoring the Portuguese claim, France established a settlement in West Africa on the island of N'Dar, which they called

4631: 4536: 2863: 2133: 3038: 2614: 3692: 4546: 4364: 4671: 3168: 2946: 4661: 3475: 3148: 299: 614:

of 1961, creating a legal obligation to grant Ivorian nationality to foundlings discovered in its territory or children who would otherwise be stateless.

630:

The entirety of what is now Ivory Coast was not secured by France until 1918 and the boundaries were not officially established on the north until 1947.

3763: 2995: 2691: 2651: 583: 2745: 4000: 100:, formal legal membership in a nation, differ from the domestic relationship of rights and obligations between a national and the nation, known as 191:

is typically not allowed in Ivory Coast except in the instance of automatic bestowal of nationality for married women or for naturalized persons.

3338: 3139: 587: 503: 307: 2375: 4306: 5050: 611: 2270: 5046: 3225: 2295: 2741: 4351: 3910: 149:

Children legally adopted by an Ivorian parent, at the time of completion of a legal adoption automatically derive Ivorian nationality;

135:

Children born abroad to at least one parent with Ivorian nationality, after completion of an administrative registration process; or

4360: 3523: 3072:[The Indigenous Status Regime Revisited: Genesis and Contradictions of the Repressive Principles in the French Empire]. 4892: 4336: 4238: 4165: 466:

a labor shortages, the administration began importing laborers from other French colonies, like Upper Volta. On 25 May 1912, a

5054: 3512: 3487: 3202: 3074: 3051: 2970: 2935: 2807: 2730: 2701: 2594: 2583: 2425: 2399: 2137: 282:

moved into the area in the sixteenth century and extended their rule by controlling trade networks within villages of the

4205: 3131: 2721:]. Collection Mémoire d'Eglises (in French). Vol. 1. 1852–1865: L'obsession des colonies portugaises . Paris: 4922: 4591: 4278: 262:

Political upheaval in the Quaqua Coast in the seventeenth century resulted from waves of migrants hoping to escape the

5098: 5017: 4688: 3461: 3322: 2834: 2498: 2364: 2232: 481:

however, this was only the case if the marriage had been conducted under French law, rather than customary practice.

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and Ivory Coast. The discovery led to the decision to build a fortress and trading station, São Jorge da Mina (now

5145: 5027: 4786: 4140: 3980: 3213: 4175: 4155: 4055: 3903: 3808: 3635: 3070:"Retour sur le régime de l'indigénat: Genèse et contradictions des principes répressifs dans l'empire français" 2490: 220:) in 1481 on the Ghanaian coast. Portugal's exclusive rights to the west coast of Africa were confirmed by the 2421:"Intermarriage, Independent Nationality, and the Individual Rights of French Women: The Law of 10 August 1927" 579: 5042: 4606: 4491: 4356: 4170: 4015: 2610: 2266: 4912: 5263: 4616: 4576: 4341: 3975: 3700: 3528: 2177: 339: 2747:

A Collection of Nationality Laws of Various Countries as Contained in Constitutions, Statutes and Treaties

5312: 5133: 5088: 5007: 5002: 4982: 4927: 4917: 4882: 4611: 4531: 4466: 4263: 4150: 4100: 3970: 3504: 2509: 529: 398: 267: 171: 93: 5083: 5060: 4997: 4977: 4937: 4821: 4796: 4791: 4621: 4596: 4501: 4436: 4426: 4416: 4406: 4346: 4331: 4326: 4301: 4283: 4215: 4145: 4115: 4005: 3817: 3644: 3574: 3347: 3308: 3194: 2155: 2149: 595: 429:

The French Nationality Law of 1889 codified previous statutory laws, changing the French standard from

158:

Persons who have rendered important service to the nation may naturalize after a two-year residency; or

594:. A commission was formed and met in Paris to draft a negotiated peace. The 2003 treaty, known as the 4952: 4836: 4811: 4766: 4761: 4711: 4636: 4586: 4561: 4556: 4526: 4481: 4471: 4431: 4401: 4391: 4381: 4296: 4273: 4248: 4185: 4105: 4030: 3995: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3896: 2356: 378: 68: 35: 3216:[The Application of the Civil Code to Guadeloupe in the Context of the Napoleonic Reaction] 5307: 5284: 5037: 4907: 4897: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4826: 4736: 4716: 4701: 4551: 4521: 4476: 4461: 4421: 4411: 4386: 4316: 4311: 4258: 4253: 4243: 4195: 4190: 4180: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4110: 4090: 4085: 4075: 4045: 4035: 4025: 4020: 4010: 3990: 3950: 3940: 514: 2911: 2712: 355: 5012: 4992: 4957: 4947: 4942: 4932: 4902: 4846: 4841: 4801: 4781: 4776: 4741: 4721: 4706: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4566: 4541: 4516: 4506: 4486: 4396: 4321: 4210: 4200: 4135: 4070: 4050: 4040: 3985: 3945: 3533: 3451: 2962: 2927: 2799: 2751: 2383: 591: 239:. The Portuguese traded throughout the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries with various groups of 5250: 5032: 5022: 4987: 4887: 4831: 4816: 4751: 4746: 4731: 4626: 4601: 4571: 4496: 4456: 4288: 4160: 4095: 4080: 4065: 3565: 2981: 2633: 2251: 369:

In 1895, the French established the administration system that would govern its possessions in

354:

of the two areas in 1878 and instructed to expand commerce in the area. In 1887, Verdier hired

3749: 3498: 2818: 2569: 5093: 4851: 4806: 4771: 4756: 4726: 4581: 4511: 4268: 3804:"Wangara, Akan and Portuguese in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries:1. The Matter of Bitu" 3403: 3188: 2950: 2919: 2637: 2482: 2391: 2348: 2222: 373:

for the next sixty years. A Governor-General was installed and a headquarters was founded in

205: 120:

Nationality can be acquired in Ivory Coast at birth or later in life through naturalization.

2772: 5214: 5187: 5078: 4641: 2954: 2915: 359: 263: 252: 188: 3214:"L'application du Code civil à la Guadeloupe dans le contexte dela réaction napoléonienne" 2722: 2349:"The Signares of Saint-Louis and Gorée: Women Entrepreneurs in Eighteenth-Century Senegal" 508: 8: 5204: 5123: 4666: 3709: 2778: 2559: 451: 315: 3561:"'Evolution Revolution' and the Journey from African Colonial Subject to French Citizen" 161:

Persons who have performed exceptional service to the nation without a residency period.

5103: 3837: 3664: 3610: 3594: 3423: 3367: 3287: 3103: 2891: 2850: 2549: 2454: 2320: 2194: 1883: 572: 540: 459: 446: 438: 402: 370: 5245: 5197: 3845: 3829: 3783: 3775: 3721: 3713: 3672: 3656: 3614: 3602: 3586: 3556: 3541: 3508: 3483: 3457: 3431: 3415: 3375: 3359: 3318: 3295: 3279: 3237: 3198: 3160: 3152: 3111: 3095: 3047: 3015: 3007: 2966: 2931: 2895: 2883: 2875: 2859: 2830: 2803: 2782: 2755: 2726: 2697: 2671: 2663: 2579: 2553: 2541: 2533: 2494: 2462: 2446: 2395: 2360: 2328: 2312: 2238: 2228: 2202: 2186: 2159: 518: 351: 287: 236: 3262:

Verfassung und Recht in Übersee / Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America

5128: 3821: 3767: 3648: 3578: 3537: 3407: 3351: 3269: 3229: 3087: 2999: 2867: 2655: 2525: 2438: 2416: 2387: 2304: 550: 303: 255:, in 1659. From that base, they expanded, establishing a settlement and mission at 224: 176: 155:

Minor children may automatically naturalize when their parent acquires nationality;

1135: 1072: 311: 5209: 3919: 3274: 3257: 2606: 2262: 477: 455: 418: 286:

in the north central part of the Quaqua. In 1710, the Dyula captured the city of

244: 228: 88: 549:

decision in the referendum regarding the constitution was to remain part of the

209: 132:

Children born in Ivory Coast to at least one parent with Ivorian nationality; or

5240: 5140: 3314: 3091: 3083: 2483:"4. Strangers as Colonial Intermediaries: The Dahomeyans in Francophone Africa" 2442: 2434: 2185:(1). Translated by Tomlinson, Helen. Toulouse, France: Éditions Belin: 95–117. 2126: 607: 472: 347: 3849: 3825: 3676: 3652: 3606: 3582: 3435: 3355: 3299: 3115: 2545: 2529: 2332: 2308: 2303:(4). London: British Institute of International and Comparative Law: 596–605. 2242: 2206: 27: 5301: 5270: 5219: 5151: 4693: 3833: 3787: 3779: 3717: 3660: 3590: 3419: 3396:"Citizenship and Nationality: The Case of (Post-) Colonial France and Europe" 3379: 3363: 3283: 3241: 3164: 3156: 3099: 3034: 3019: 3011: 2982:"Warriors and Traders: The Political Organization of a West African Chiefdom" 2887: 2879: 2871: 2823:

The End of Empire?: The Transformation of the USSR in Comparative Perspective

2759: 2675: 2667: 2537: 2466: 2450: 2316: 2190: 406: 386: 283: 256: 240: 232: 217: 109: 3725: 445:(Code of Indigenous Status) promulgated for Algeria in 1881 and extended to 5166: 2826: 2786: 525: 394: 343: 279: 247:

who brought goods from interior regions. The Wangara were aligned with the

3771: 3500:

Empire's Children: Race, Filiation, and Citizenship in the French Colonies

3003: 2771:

Foreign Area Studies Division, Special Operations Research Office (1962).

2659: 2163: 442: 5224: 5182: 3471: 2924:

Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience

2696:(2nd ed.). Irvington-on-Hudson, New York: Transnational Publishers. 545: 485: 423: 417:

Also in 1848, slavery was abolished throughout the French Empire and the

295: 291: 248: 101: 97: 85: 3598: 3560: 3427: 3395: 3291: 3107: 3069: 2510:"Gender and Republican Citizenship in the French West Indies, 1848–1945" 2458: 2420: 2198: 2172: 319: 2825:. The International Politics of Russia. Vol. 9. Armonk, New York: 2763: 498: 221: 46: 3841: 3803: 3668: 3630: 3371: 3333: 3233: 2324: 2290: 410: 3411: 2575: 2521: 948: 946: 944: 942: 940: 938: 936: 3476:"Nationality and Citizenship in a Changing European and World Order" 2845: 544:

leaders who wanted independence from France and worked to develop a

323: 5192: 5158: 3888: 2173:"Algerian Women in France: What Kind of Citizenship? (1930s–1960s)" 327: 199: 105: 2742:"French Colonies (Other than Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Reunion)" 2638:"Colonialism and the Legal Status of Women in Francophonic Africa" 1572: 933: 330:, and the French decided to try to reestablish trade in the area. 2714:

Le Père Duparquet, missionnaire ou explorateur: lettres et écrits

2127:

Statelessness and Nationality in Côte d'Ivoire: A Study for UNHCR

1608: 1476: 1318: 390: 382: 271: 322:

before expanding northward to the center of the Quaqua Coast at

3190:

The Portuguese in West Africa, 1415–1670: A Documentary History

2719:

Father Duparquet: Missionary or Explorer?: Letters and Writings

275: 2227:(1906 reprint ed.). London: Frank Cass and Company Ltd. 1674: 1560: 1306: 586:

ruled in 2008, that the provision violated Article 13 of the

533: 476:

those who had received military medals or recognition of the

374: 213: 2151:

West Africa: The French Speaking Nations Yesterday and Today

1727: 1198: 2864:

International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies

2134:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

2056: 2054: 1150: 970: 3268:(2). Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH: 139–153. 2017: 2015: 1930: 1928: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1662: 1500: 1111: 1009: 997: 648: 212:

discovered the gold trade which was active in what is now

2039: 1903: 1901: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1652: 1650: 1464: 1372: 1350: 1348: 1222: 1186: 1033: 987: 985: 274:

was founded in the northeastern region, near present-day

3046:(3rd ed.). Cape Town, South Africa: African Minds. 2224:

The Gambia Colony and Protectorate: An Official Handbook

2078: 2051: 2027: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1913: 1715: 1596: 1548: 1536: 1408: 1384: 1210: 958: 858: 846: 798: 3764:Éditions l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales 3503:. Translated by Goldhammer, Arthur. Chicago, Illinois: 2595:"Rapport sur le droit de la nationalité: Côte d'Ivoire" 2012: 1957: 1955: 1925: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1698: 1625: 1623: 1488: 1442: 1440: 1396: 1335: 1333: 1099: 1050: 1048: 885: 875: 873: 342:

negotiated treaties for land concessions at Issiny and

3693:"The Political Economy of the Abron Kingdom of Gyaman" 3149:

American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

2819:"5. Decolonization: Britain, France, and the Cold War" 2571:

West Africa before the Colonial Era: A History to 1850

2353:

Women in Africa: Studies in Social and Economic Change

1898: 1854: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1792: 1780: 1768: 1647: 1360: 1345: 1246: 1123: 1087: 982: 682: 680: 678: 539:

The legal framework of Ivory Coast was changed by the

3577:

for the American Society for Legal History: 267–307.

2996:Éditions École des hautes études en sciences sociales 2102: 2090: 2066: 1991: 1979: 1967: 1940: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1512: 1452: 1294: 1270: 1234: 1174: 1162: 1060: 752: 750: 748: 746: 733: 731: 665: 663: 3482:. Turku, Finland: Turku Law School. pp. 30–60. 2846:"The Exception and the Rule: On French Colonial Law" 2740:

Flournoy, Richard W. Jr.; Hudson, Manley O. (1929).

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Haywards Heath, West Sussex: 1889: 513:was enacted in French West Africa as well as 115: 5051:Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 3258:"Traditional Law Under French Colonial Rule" 2821:. In Dawisha, Karen; Parrott, Bruce (eds.). 2652:École des hautes études en sciences sociales 612:Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness 588:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 333: 2843: 2774:U.S. Army Area Handbook for the Ivory Coast 2296:International and Comparative Law Quarterly 1378: 1204: 3911: 3897: 2415: 1602: 1554: 1542: 26: 3750:"The Precolonial Baule: A Reconstruction" 3628: 3273: 2710: 2592: 2480: 2351:. In Hafkin, Nancy; Bay, Edna G. 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Oxford, Oxfordshire: 2909: 2844:Grandmaison, Olivier Le Cour (2006). 2620:from the original on 2 September 2021 2276:from the original on 12 November 2020 2170: 2045: 1961: 1817: 1745: 1721: 1641: 1629: 1530: 1470: 1446: 1431: 1402: 1390: 1339: 1288: 1264: 1216: 1054: 952: 915: 903: 852: 840: 828: 816: 804: 792: 780: 768: 756: 737: 722: 710: 686: 654: 318:and first settling in the south near 3918: 3521: 3394:Reestman, Jan Herman (Autumn 1999). 3212:Niort, Jean-François (August 2007). 1590: 298:kingdoms located in the south east, 139: 3226:Société d'histoire de la Guadeloupe 3130:Mugnier, Clifford J. (March 2012). 2816: 2252:"Report on Citizenship Law: France" 2250:Bertossi, Christophe (April 2010). 1762: 183: 108:, i.e. by birth in Ivory Coast, or 13: 3869:Les Éditions Juridiques Alexandrie 3063:from the original on 26 June 2021. 2796:Fransman's British Nationality Law 152:The spouse of an Ivorian national; 56:No.2013-654 du 13 septembre 2013) 14: 5324: 3332:Plender, Richard (October 1974). 3174:from the original on 19 July 2021 2143:from the original on 5 July 2021. 5280: 5279: 4001:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3816:(3). Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: 3346:(4). Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: 3334:"The New French Nationality Law" 2289:Bousquet, G. H. (October 1953). 558:Post-independence (1960–present) 358:and the French government hired 5146:Birth aboard aircraft and ships 3068:Merle, Isabelle (Summer 2002). 2508:Cottias, Myriam (August 2005). 2221:Archer, Francis Bisset (1967). 2132:(Report). Geneva, Switzerland: 2125:Adjami, Mirna (December 2016). 2117: 624: 521:without approval of the woman. 231:, which was reconfirmed in the 4983:Federated States of Micronesia 4347:St. Vincent and the Grenadines 3809:The Journal of African History 3636:The Journal of African History 3542:10.1093/obo/9780199846733-0174 3480:Law Under Exogenous Influences 3310:Ghana: Coping with Uncertainty 2491:University of California Press 2487:Strangers in African Societies 2347:Brooks, George E. Jr. (1976). 204:In 1471, Portuguese explorers 1: 3193:. Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: 3147:(3). Falls Church, Virginia: 2611:European University Institute 2380:Oxford Research Encyclopedias 2267:European University Institute 637: 5264:British Overseas Territories 3748:Weiskel, Timothy C. (1978). 3524:"Burkina Faso (Upper Volta)" 3522:Şaul, Mahir (29 June 2015). 3275:10.5771/0506-7286-1974-2-139 2817:Fry, Michael Graham (1997). 2178:Clio. Women, Gender, History 642: 306:, had been established. The 7: 5134:Renunciation of citizenship 3755:Cahiers d'Études Africaines 3505:University of Chicago Press 2987:Cahiers d'Études Africaines 2643:Cahiers d'Études Africaines 2433:(3–4). New York, New York: 399:French Constitution of 1848 397:. Under Article 109 of the 123: 94:Constitution of Ivory Coast 10: 5329: 3818:Cambridge University Press 3645:Cambridge University Press 3629:Staniland, Martin (1973). 3575:Cambridge University Press 3497:Saada, Emmanuelle (2012). 3478:. 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Oxford, Oxfordshire: 2928:Oxford University Press 2800:Bloomsbury Professional 2752:Oxford University Press 2634:Dobkin de Rios, Marlène 2563:(subscription required) 2514:Slavery & Abolition 2384:Oxford University Press 2382:. Oxford, Oxfordshire: 2376:"The History of Guinea" 340:Édouard Bouët-Willaumez 272:Abron Kingdom of Gyaman 4893:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3566:Law and History Review 3187:Newitt, Malyn (2010). 2959:Encyclopedia of Africa 2951:Gates Jr., Henry Louis 2920:Gates Jr., Henry Louis 2750:. New York, New York: 2558: – via 2154:. New York, New York: 657:, pp. 32–34, 137. 530:Félix Houphouët-Boigny 170:Ivorian nationals can 5276:Partially recognized. 4141:São Tomé and Príncipe 3772:10.3406/cea.1978.2367 3529:Oxford Bibliographies 3404:Cork University Press 3313:. Boulder, Colorado: 3256:Opoku, Kwame (1974). 3004:10.3406/cea.1988.1657 2955:Appiah, Kwame Anthony 2916:Appiah, Kwame Anthony 2690:Donner, Ruth (1994). 2660:10.3406/cea.1968.3134 1895:, p. Chapitre 4. 488:France passed a law, 484:Following the end of 356:Marcel Treich-Laplène 5215:Second-class citizen 5188:Multiple citizenship 4657:United Arab Emirates 4291:(Kingdom of Denmark) 3802:Wilks, Ivor (1982). 3402:(24). Togher, Cork: 2829:. pp. 121–152. 2777:. Washington, D.C.: 2754:. pp. 257–268. 2560:Taylor & Francis 2419:(Summer–Fall 1999). 1581:, pp. 257, 268. 1509:, pp. 268, 282. 1473:, pp. 143, 144. 1159:, pp. 524, 554. 979:, pp. 503, 506. 360:Louis-Gustave Binger 92:is regulated by the 5205:Permanent residency 5124:Loss of citizenship 5099:Caribbean Community 4352:Trinidad and Tobago 4337:St. Kitts and Nevis 4239:Antigua and Barbuda 3710:University of Ghana 3708:(1). Legon, Ghana: 3450:Ronen, Dov (1975). 2779:American University 2048:, pp. 66, 134. 1736:, pp. 495–496. 1724:, pp. 107–108. 1681:Dobkin de Rios 1968 1671:, pp. 717–718. 1617:, pp. 395–396. 1615:Dobkin de Rios 1968 1485:, pp. 270–271. 1393:, pp. 103–104. 1327:, pp. 392–393. 1325:Dobkin de Rios 1968 1313:Dobkin de Rios 1968 1231:, pp. 268–269. 1219:, pp. 100–101. 1120:, pp. 505–506. 1042:, pp. 355–356. 1018:, pp. 543–544. 1006:, pp. 545–546. 855:, pp. 335–336. 807:, pp. 74, 109. 578:As a result of the 443:Code de l'indigénat 316:Ashanti Confederacy 166:Loss of nationality 78:Current legislation 5313:Law of Ivory Coast 4279:Dominican Republic 3557:Semley, Lorelle D. 2994:(111–112). Paris: 2493:. pp. 67–84. 2359:. pp. 19–44. 1417:, pp. 2, 161. 1405:, pp. 91, 93. 867:, pp. 84, 90. 573:Nigerian Civil War 541:Loi-cadre Defferre 447:French West Africa 439:French West Indies 371:French West Africa 235:issued in 1493 by 5295: 5294: 5269:Open border with 5112: 5111: 4966: 4965: 4445: 4444: 4365:US Virgin Islands 4292: 4016:Equatorial Guinea 3514:978-0-226-73307-4 3489:978-951-29-0284-2 3234:10.7202/1040648ar 3204:978-1-139-49129-7 3053:978-1-928331-08-7 2972:978-0-19-533770-9 2937:978-0-19-522327-9 2860:SAGE Publications 2809:978-1-84592-095-1 2732:978-2-8111-0826-7 2723:Éditions Karthala 2703:978-0-941320-77-1 2585:978-0-582-31853-3 2417:Camiscioli, Elisa 2401:978-0-19-027773-4 1207:, pp. 38–39. 1195:, pp. 18–19. 894:, pp. 10–11. 519:levirate marriage 379:Colony of Senegal 352:resident minister 237:Pope Alexander VI 140:By naturalization 82: 81: 5320: 5283: 5282: 5129:Denaturalization 5018:Papua New Guinea 5003:Marshall Islands 4685: 4684: 4290: 4229: 4228: 3931: 3930: 3920:Nationality laws 3913: 3906: 3899: 3890: 3889: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3734: 3697: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3518: 3493: 3467: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3412:10.2307/29735938 3400:The Irish Review 3390: 3388: 3386: 3328: 3303: 3277: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3219: 3208: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3173: 3136: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3064: 3062: 3045: 3030: 3028: 3026: 2976: 2941: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2840: 2813: 2790: 2767: 2736: 2707: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2619: 2600: 2589: 2564: 2557: 2504: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2370: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2275: 2256: 2246: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2167: 2144: 2142: 2131: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2049: 2043: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2010: 2004: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1923: 1917: 1911: 1905: 1896: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1852: 1846: 1833: 1827: 1821: 1815: 1802: 1796: 1790: 1784: 1778: 1772: 1766: 1760: 1749: 1743: 1737: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1707: 1696: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1666: 1660: 1654: 1645: 1639: 1633: 1627: 1618: 1612: 1606: 1600: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1558: 1552: 1546: 1540: 1534: 1528: 1522: 1516: 1510: 1504: 1498: 1492: 1486: 1480: 1474: 1468: 1462: 1456: 1450: 1444: 1435: 1429: 1418: 1412: 1406: 1400: 1394: 1388: 1382: 1379:Grandmaison 2006 1376: 1370: 1364: 1358: 1352: 1343: 1337: 1328: 1322: 1316: 1310: 1304: 1298: 1292: 1286: 1280: 1274: 1268: 1262: 1256: 1250: 1244: 1238: 1232: 1226: 1220: 1214: 1208: 1205:Grandmaison 2006 1202: 1196: 1190: 1184: 1178: 1172: 1166: 1160: 1154: 1148: 1143:US Army Handbook 1139: 1133: 1127: 1121: 1115: 1109: 1103: 1097: 1091: 1085: 1080:US Army Handbook 1076: 1070: 1064: 1058: 1052: 1043: 1037: 1031: 1025: 1019: 1013: 1007: 1001: 995: 989: 980: 974: 968: 962: 956: 950: 931: 925: 919: 913: 907: 901: 895: 889: 883: 877: 868: 862: 856: 850: 844: 838: 832: 826: 820: 814: 808: 802: 796: 790: 784: 778: 772: 766: 760: 754: 741: 735: 726: 720: 714: 708: 702: 696: 690: 684: 673: 667: 658: 652: 631: 628: 551:French Community 512: 468:Décret N°. 27892 225:Romanus Pontifex 206:João de Santarém 189:Dual nationality 184:Dual nationality 30: 18: 17: 5328: 5327: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5317: 5308:Nationality law 5298: 5297: 5296: 5291: 5255: 5229: 5210:Right of return 5171: 5108: 5071: 5065: 5028:Solomon Islands 4962: 4928:Northern Cyprus 4923:North Macedonia 4856: 4691: 4676: 4441: 4370: 4220: 3922: 3917: 3887: 3878: 3876: 3854: 3852: 3792: 3790: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3695: 3681: 3679: 3619: 3617: 3546: 3544: 3515: 3490: 3464: 3440: 3438: 3384: 3382: 3325: 3246: 3244: 3217: 3205: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3134: 3120: 3118: 3060: 3054: 3043: 3024: 3022: 2973: 2947:"Côte d'Ivoire" 2938: 2930:. p. 479. 2900: 2898: 2837: 2810: 2733: 2704: 2680: 2678: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2607:Badia Fiesolana 2598: 2586: 2562: 2520:(2). Abingdon: 2501: 2471: 2469: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2367: 2337: 2335: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2263:Badia Fiesolana 2254: 2235: 2211: 2209: 2140: 2129: 2120: 2115: 2107: 2103: 2095: 2091: 2083: 2079: 2071: 2067: 2059: 2052: 2044: 2040: 2032: 2028: 2020: 2013: 2005: 1992: 1984: 1980: 1972: 1968: 1960: 1953: 1945: 1941: 1933: 1926: 1922:, pp. 7–8. 1918: 1914: 1906: 1899: 1888: 1884: 1876: 1872: 1864: 1855: 1847: 1836: 1828: 1824: 1816: 1805: 1797: 1793: 1785: 1781: 1773: 1769: 1761: 1752: 1744: 1740: 1732: 1728: 1720: 1716: 1708: 1699: 1691: 1687: 1679: 1675: 1667: 1663: 1655: 1648: 1640: 1636: 1628: 1621: 1613: 1609: 1603:Camiscioli 1999 1601: 1597: 1589: 1585: 1577: 1573: 1565: 1561: 1555:Camiscioli 1999 1553: 1549: 1543:Camiscioli 1999 1541: 1537: 1529: 1525: 1517: 1513: 1505: 1501: 1493: 1489: 1481: 1477: 1469: 1465: 1457: 1453: 1445: 1438: 1430: 1421: 1413: 1409: 1401: 1397: 1389: 1385: 1377: 1373: 1365: 1361: 1353: 1346: 1338: 1331: 1323: 1319: 1311: 1307: 1299: 1295: 1287: 1283: 1275: 1271: 1263: 1259: 1251: 1247: 1239: 1235: 1227: 1223: 1215: 1211: 1203: 1199: 1191: 1187: 1179: 1175: 1167: 1163: 1155: 1151: 1140: 1136: 1128: 1124: 1116: 1112: 1104: 1100: 1092: 1088: 1077: 1073: 1065: 1061: 1053: 1046: 1038: 1034: 1026: 1022: 1014: 1010: 1002: 998: 990: 983: 975: 971: 963: 959: 951: 934: 926: 922: 914: 910: 902: 898: 890: 886: 878: 871: 863: 859: 851: 847: 839: 835: 827: 823: 815: 811: 803: 799: 791: 787: 779: 775: 767: 763: 755: 744: 736: 729: 721: 717: 709: 705: 697: 693: 689:, pp. 6–7. 685: 676: 668: 661: 653: 649: 645: 640: 635: 634: 629: 625: 620: 560: 506: 478:Legion of Honor 336: 294:. By 1740, two 243:people and the 229:Pope Nicholas V 202: 197: 186: 168: 142: 126: 118: 89:nationality law 65:Enacted by 60: 57: 51: 50: 12: 11: 5: 5326: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5277: 5274: 5267: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5190: 5185: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5163: 5162: 5155: 5148: 5141:Naturalization 5138: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5120: 5118: 5114: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5094:Nordic Council 5091: 5086: 5084:European Union 5081: 5075: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5047:American Samoa 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4960: 4958:United Kingdom 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4864: 4862: 4861:Rest of Europe 4858: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4727:Czech Republic 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4698: 4696: 4689:European Union 4682: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4368: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4235: 4233: 4226: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4206:Western Sahara 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3996:Congo Republic 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3937: 3935: 3928: 3924: 3923: 3916: 3915: 3908: 3901: 3893: 3886: 3885: 3861: 3799: 3745: 3688: 3626: 3553: 3519: 3513: 3494: 3488: 3468: 3462: 3447: 3391: 3329: 3323: 3315:Westview Press 3304: 3253: 3209: 3203: 3184: 3127: 3084:Berghahn Books 3065: 3052: 3035:Manby, Bronwen 3031: 2977: 2971: 2942: 2936: 2907: 2841: 2835: 2814: 2808: 2791: 2768: 2737: 2731: 2708: 2702: 2687: 2630: 2590: 2584: 2565: 2505: 2499: 2478: 2435:Berghahn Books 2413: 2400: 2371: 2365: 2344: 2286: 2247: 2233: 2218: 2168: 2145: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2113: 2101: 2089: 2085:Diaha-Yao 2021 2077: 2065: 2061:Diaha-Yao 2021 2050: 2038: 2034:Diaha-Yao 2021 2026: 2022:Diaha-Yao 2021 2011: 1990: 1978: 1966: 1951: 1939: 1935:Diaha-Yao 2021 1924: 1920:Diaha-Yao 2021 1912: 1908:Diaha-Yao 2021 1897: 1882: 1870: 1866:Diaha-Yao 2021 1853: 1834: 1822: 1820:, p. 134. 1803: 1799:Diaha-Yao 2021 1791: 1787:Diaha-Yao 2021 1779: 1777:, p. 192. 1767: 1765:, p. 147. 1750: 1748:, p. 109. 1738: 1734:Staniland 1973 1726: 1714: 1710:Challenor 1979 1697: 1685: 1683:, p. 396. 1673: 1661: 1659:, p. 713. 1646: 1644:, p. 151. 1634: 1632:, p. 101. 1619: 1607: 1595: 1583: 1571: 1569:, p. 257. 1559: 1547: 1535: 1533:, p. 143. 1523: 1521:, p. 284. 1511: 1499: 1497:, p. 602. 1487: 1475: 1463: 1461:, p. 269. 1451: 1449:, p. 142. 1436: 1419: 1407: 1395: 1383: 1371: 1369:, p. 717. 1359: 1357:, p. 711. 1344: 1342:, p. 101. 1329: 1317: 1315:, p. 392. 1305: 1293: 1281: 1279:, p. 207. 1269: 1257: 1255:, p. 236. 1245: 1243:, p. 125. 1233: 1221: 1209: 1197: 1185: 1183:, p. 161. 1173: 1171:, p. 126. 1161: 1149: 1134: 1132:, p. 515. 1122: 1110: 1108:, p. 229. 1098: 1096:, p. 508. 1086: 1071: 1069:, p. 356. 1059: 1057:, p. 479. 1044: 1032: 1020: 1008: 996: 994:, p. 505. 981: 969: 967:, p. 505. 965:Duparquet 2012 957: 932: 920: 918:, p. 338. 908: 906:, p. 337. 896: 884: 869: 857: 845: 833: 831:, p. 113. 821: 819:, p. 109. 809: 797: 795:, p. 112. 785: 773: 761: 742: 727: 715: 703: 691: 674: 659: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 633: 632: 622: 621: 619: 616: 608:United Nations 559: 556: 490:"Décret N°. 24 350:was named the 348:Arthur Verdier 335: 332: 201: 198: 196: 193: 185: 182: 167: 164: 163: 162: 159: 156: 153: 150: 141: 138: 137: 136: 133: 125: 122: 117: 114: 80: 79: 72: 71: 66: 62: 61: 59: 58: 54: 44: 43: 42: 39: 38: 32: 31: 23: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5325: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5288: 5287: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5271:Schengen Area 5268: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5258: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5220:Statelessness 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5154: 5153: 5152:Ius sanguinis 5149: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5105: 5104:African Union 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5072:organizations 5070:International 5068: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5043:United States 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4969: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4787:Liechtenstein 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4694:Schengen Area 4690: 4686: 4683: 4679: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4373: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4357:United States 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4056:Guinea-Bissau 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3914: 3909: 3907: 3902: 3900: 3895: 3894: 3891: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3762:(72). Paris: 3761: 3757: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3702: 3694: 3689: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3643:(3). London: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3501: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3463:0-8014-0927-6 3459: 3455: 3454: 3448: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3324:0-86531-369-5 3320: 3316: 3312: 3311: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3185: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3133: 3128: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3078:(in French). 3077: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3042: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2858:(4). London: 2857: 2853: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2836:1-56324-368-7 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2775: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2715: 2709: 2705: 2699: 2695: 2694: 2688: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2650:(31). Paris: 2649: 2645: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2605:(in French). 2604: 2603:cadmus.eui.eu 2596: 2591: 2587: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2572: 2566: 2561: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2500:0-520-03458-9 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2427: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2403: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2366:0-8047-0906-8 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2259:cadmus.eui.eu 2253: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2234:9780714611396 2230: 2226: 2225: 2219: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2152: 2146: 2139: 2135: 2128: 2123: 2122: 2111:, p. 48. 2110: 2105: 2099:, p. 26. 2098: 2093: 2087:, p. 14. 2086: 2081: 2075:, p. 23. 2074: 2069: 2063:, p. 11. 2062: 2057: 2055: 2047: 2042: 2036:, p. 10. 2035: 2030: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2009:, p. 19. 2008: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1988:, p. 12. 1987: 1982: 1976:, p. 11. 1975: 1970: 1964:, p. 35. 1963: 1958: 1956: 1949:, p. 10. 1948: 1943: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1921: 1916: 1909: 1904: 1902: 1894: 1892: 1891:Loi N° 64-381 1886: 1880:, p. 17. 1879: 1874: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1850: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1832:, p. 15. 1831: 1826: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1800: 1795: 1788: 1783: 1776: 1771: 1764: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1747: 1742: 1735: 1730: 1723: 1718: 1712:, p. 76. 1711: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1694: 1689: 1682: 1677: 1670: 1665: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1643: 1638: 1631: 1626: 1624: 1616: 1611: 1605:, p. 56. 1604: 1599: 1592: 1587: 1580: 1575: 1568: 1563: 1557:, p. 57. 1556: 1551: 1545:, p. 53. 1544: 1539: 1532: 1527: 1520: 1515: 1508: 1503: 1496: 1495:Bousquet 1953 1491: 1484: 1479: 1472: 1467: 1460: 1455: 1448: 1443: 1441: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1416: 1411: 1404: 1399: 1392: 1387: 1381:, p. 42. 1380: 1375: 1368: 1363: 1356: 1351: 1349: 1341: 1336: 1334: 1326: 1321: 1314: 1309: 1302: 1301:Bertossi 2010 1297: 1291:, p. 32. 1290: 1285: 1278: 1273: 1267:, p. 31. 1266: 1261: 1254: 1249: 1242: 1237: 1230: 1225: 1218: 1213: 1206: 1201: 1194: 1193:Reestman 1999 1189: 1182: 1177: 1170: 1165: 1158: 1153: 1147:, p. 12. 1146: 1144: 1138: 1131: 1126: 1119: 1114: 1107: 1106:Davidson 2014 1102: 1095: 1090: 1084:, p. 10. 1083: 1081: 1075: 1068: 1063: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1041: 1036: 1029: 1024: 1017: 1012: 1005: 1000: 993: 988: 986: 978: 973: 966: 961: 954: 949: 947: 945: 943: 941: 939: 937: 930:, p. 22. 929: 924: 917: 912: 905: 900: 893: 888: 882:, p. 13. 881: 876: 874: 866: 861: 854: 849: 843:, p. 78. 842: 837: 830: 825: 818: 813: 806: 801: 794: 789: 783:, p. 66. 782: 777: 771:, p. 57. 770: 765: 759:, p. 88. 758: 753: 751: 749: 747: 740:, p. 54. 739: 734: 732: 725:, p. 48. 724: 719: 713:, p. 34. 712: 707: 700: 699:Fransman 2011 695: 688: 683: 681: 679: 671: 666: 664: 656: 651: 647: 627: 623: 615: 613: 609: 603: 599: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 576: 574: 570: 564: 555: 552: 547: 542: 537: 535: 531: 527: 522: 520: 516: 510: 505: 504:Mandel Decree 500: 494: 491: 487: 482: 479: 474: 469: 463: 461: 457: 453: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 431:jus sanguinis 427: 425: 420: 415: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 387:French Guinea 384: 380: 376: 372: 367: 365: 364:Côte d'Ivoire 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 331: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 308:Baule Kingdom 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 284:Senufo people 281: 278:in 1690. The 277: 273: 269: 265: 260: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 241:Akan-speaking 238: 234: 233:Inter caetera 230: 226: 223: 219: 218:Elmina Castle 215: 211: 207: 192: 190: 181: 178: 177:denaturalized 173: 160: 157: 154: 151: 148: 147: 146: 134: 131: 130: 129: 121: 113: 111: 110:jus sanguinis 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 90: 87: 77: 73: 70: 67: 63: 53: 52: 49: 48: 40: 37: 33: 29: 24: 19: 16: 5285: 5251:Soviet Union 5246:Ancient Rome 5241:Nazi Germany 5167:Repatriation 5157: 5150: 5117:By procedure 4652:Turkmenistan 4607:Saudi Arabia 4171:South Africa 4156:Sierra Leone 4060: 3961:Burkina Faso 3927:By continent 3879:18 September 3877:. Retrieved 3868: 3855:15 September 3853:. Retrieved 3813: 3807: 3793:17 September 3791:. Retrieved 3759: 3753: 3739:17 September 3737:. Retrieved 3705: 3699: 3680:. Retrieved 3640: 3634: 3618:. Retrieved 3570: 3564: 3559:(May 2014). 3545:. Retrieved 3527: 3499: 3479: 3472:Rosas, Allan 3452: 3439:. Retrieved 3399: 3383:. Retrieved 3343: 3337: 3309: 3265: 3261: 3245:. 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Retrieved 2182: 2176: 2150: 2118:Bibliography 2104: 2092: 2080: 2068: 2041: 2029: 2024:, p. 9. 1981: 1969: 1942: 1937:, p. 8. 1915: 1910:, p. 7. 1890: 1885: 1873: 1868:, p. 5. 1851:, p. 3. 1825: 1801:, p. 4. 1794: 1789:, p. 1. 1782: 1775:Mugnier 2012 1770: 1741: 1729: 1717: 1688: 1676: 1669:Plender 1974 1664: 1657:Plender 1974 1637: 1610: 1598: 1586: 1574: 1562: 1550: 1538: 1526: 1514: 1502: 1490: 1478: 1466: 1454: 1410: 1398: 1386: 1374: 1367:Plender 1974 1362: 1355:Plender 1974 1320: 1308: 1303:, p. 3. 1296: 1284: 1272: 1260: 1253:Cottias 2005 1248: 1236: 1224: 1212: 1200: 1188: 1176: 1164: 1157:Weiskel 1978 1152: 1142: 1137: 1130:Weiskel 1978 1125: 1118:Weiskel 1978 1113: 1101: 1094:Weiskel 1978 1089: 1079: 1074: 1062: 1035: 1030:, p. 1. 1023: 1016:Weiskel 1978 1011: 1004:Weiskel 1978 999: 992:Weiskel 1978 977:Weiskel 1978 972: 960: 923: 911: 899: 887: 860: 848: 836: 824: 812: 800: 788: 776: 764: 718: 706: 701:, p. 4. 694: 672:, p. 7. 650: 626: 604: 600: 577: 568: 565: 561: 538: 534:recognitions 526:World War II 523: 495: 489: 483: 467: 464: 434: 430: 428: 416: 395:French Sudan 368: 344:Grand-Bassam 337: 280:Dyula people 261: 210:Pêro Escobar 203: 187: 169: 143: 127: 119: 84: 83: 75: 45: 15: 5225:Travel visa 5183:Citizenship 5008:New Zealand 4852:Switzerland 4807:Netherlands 4617:South Korea 4597:Philippines 4577:North Korea 4457:Afghanistan 4361:Puerto Rico 4284:El Salvador 4176:South Sudan 4061:Ivory Coast 3820:: 333–349. 3766:: 503–560. 3647:: 491–504. 3350:: 709–747. 3151:: 192–194. 2998:: 355–373. 2654:: 390–405. 2524:: 233–245. 2109:Adjami 2016 2097:Adjami 2016 2073:Adjami 2016 2007:Adjami 2016 1986:Adjami 2016 1974:Adjami 2016 1947:Adjami 2016 1878:Adjami 2016 1849:Adjami 2016 1830:Adjami 2016 1693:Camara 2020 1519:Semley 2014 1507:Semley 2014 1459:Semley 2014 1415:Adloff 1964 1277:Donner 1994 1241:Adloff 1964 1229:Semley 2014 1181:Adloff 1964 1169:Adloff 1964 1067:Launay 1988 1040:Launay 1988 1028:Terray 1980 928:Brooks 1976 892:Archer 1967 880:Pellow 1986 865:Newitt 2010 670:Adjami 2016 546:pan-African 507: [ 486:World War I 460:Upper Volta 424:bride price 292:Kong Empire 264:slave trade 253:Saint-Louis 249:Mali Empire 102:citizenship 98:nationality 5302:Categories 4938:San Marino 4918:Montenegro 4883:Azerbaijan 4797:Luxembourg 4662:Uzbekistan 4632:Tajikistan 4537:Kyrgyzstan 4532:Kazakhstan 4492:East Timor 4467:Bangladesh 4289:Greenland 4264:Costa Rica 4166:Somaliland 4151:Seychelles 4116:Mozambique 4101:Mauritania 4086:Madagascar 4041:The Gambia 3976:Cape Verde 3850:5548905304 3677:5548851855 3607:7781124851 3436:5557043058 3300:7831297523 3116:5792451223 2764:HeinOnline 2574:. 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