Israeli citizenship law

278: 774: 850:, provided that the declarant is living overseas, already possesses another nationality, and has no military service obligations. Returnees living in Israel who obtained Israeli citizenship may voluntarily renounce that status if continuing to hold it would cause their loss of another country's nationality. Between 2003 and 2015, there were 8,308 people who renounced their Israeli citizenship. While some former citizens renounce their citizenship because of their intention to permanently settle overseas and not return to Israel, others do so as a condition of obtaining foreign nationality in their country of residence. 743:

reviewed a case in 1985 on whether Samaritan women could marry Jewish men (Jews in Israel are only permitted to marry other Jews) and concluded that Samaritans were required to first convert to Judaism, the Ministry of Interior revoked Samaritan entitlement to the right of return using the rabbinical ruling as justification. The Supreme Court ruled on the matter in 1994, restoring the original policy and further extending Samaritan eligibility for citizenship to members of the group who reside in the West Bank. The total population of this community is about 700 people who live exclusively in either

724:, Jews who converted to Christianity for ease of integration with Ethiopian society but largely remained associated with the Ethiopian Jewish community. A ministerial decision in 1992 ruled this community ineligible for right of return, but some migrants were allowed to immigrate to Israel for family reunification. Subsequent government decisions have allowed more Falash Mura to migrate, though they are required to convert to Judaism before receiving citizenship. About 33,000 members of this community entered Israel from 1993 to 2013. 330:

elsewhere on 6 August 1924 had a right to choose Palestinian citizenship, but this required an application within two years of the treaty's enforcement and approval by the Mandatory government. This right of option was later extended until 24 July 1945. A 1931 amendment automatically extended Palestinian citizenship to Turkish nationals who had been living in Palestine on 6 August 1924 but became resident abroad before 1 August 1925, unless they voluntarily acquired another nationality before 23 July 1931.

472:

a looser interpretation of the residential requirements; individuals who had permission to temporarily leave Israel during or shortly after the conflict qualified for citizenship, despite their gap in residence. The Knesset amended the Citizenship Law in 1980 to fully resolve statelessness for this group of residents; all Arab residents who had been living in Israel before 1948 were granted citizenship regardless of their eligibility under the 1952 residence requirements, along with their children.

5742: 5346: 854:

three years of that person having become an Israeli citizen. For persons who fraudulently acquired citizenship more than three years earlier, the Minister must request the Administrative Court to revoke citizenship. Revocation on the basis of disloyalty has only occurred on three occasions since 1948; twice in 2002 and once in 2017. Israeli citizenship may also be revoked from citizens who illegally travel to countries officially declared as enemy states (

33: 765:

under the Law of Return may apply for a grant of citizenship, subject to discretionary approval by the government. Adopted children are automatically granted citizenship, regardless of their religious status. Individuals born in Israel who are between the ages of 18 and 21 and have never held any nationality are entitled to citizenship, provided they have been continuously resident for the five years immediately preceding their application.

6465: 468:

the British mandate before 1948, had registered as Israeli residents since February 1949 and remained registered, and had not left the country before claiming citizenship. These requirements were intended to systemically exclude Arabs from participation in the new state. About 90 percent of the Arab population that remained in Israel were barred from citizenship under the residence requirements and held no nationality.

5754: 611:, when it ruled that children of non-practicing Jews would be considered Jews. Unlike Rufeisen, the children took no action that could be considered dissociating. However, this ruling created a separation between the Jewish religion and the legal interpretation of membership in the Jewish people that required legislative clarification. 647:

to Israel itself. The US began enforcing an entry quota of 50,000 people in 1990 while Germany restricted admission in 1991 only to Jews who could prove German ancestry. The number of Soviet Jews emigrating to Israel increased sharply from just 2,250 in 1988 to over 200,000 in 1990 and remained at high levels following the

394:

without a replacement status, there was one case in which a judge ruled that all residents of Palestine at the time of Israel's establishment were automatically Israeli nationals. The Supreme Court settled this issue in 1952, ruling that Palestinian citizens of the British mandate had not automatically become Israeli.

515:. Arab residents of East Jerusalem did not automatically become Israeli citizens but were given permanent resident status. Although they may apply for naturalization, few have done so due to the Hebrew language requirement and resistance to acknowledging Israeli control of Jerusalem. After passage of the 1980 837:

to migrate to Israel without forcing them to lose their previous national statuses. By contrast, naturalization candidates are required to renounce their original nationalities to obtain citizenship. Persons opting to naturalize are typically individuals who migrate to Israel for employment or family

796:

automatically becomes an Israeli citizen. In this context, a Jew means a person born to a Jewish mother, or someone who has converted to Judaism and does not adhere to another religion. This right to citizenship extends to any children or grandchildren of a Jew, as well as the spouse of a Jew, or the

471:

Palestinians who managed to return to their homes in Israel after the war did not satisfy the conditions for citizenship under the 1952 law. This class of residents continued living in Israel but held no citizenship or residence status. A 1960 Supreme Court ruling partially addressed this by allowing

329:

confirmed the transition from Ottoman/Turkish to Palestinian citizenship in local legislation; all Ottoman/Turkish subjects who were ordinarily resident in Palestine on 1 August 1925 became Palestinian citizens on that date. Turkish nationals originating from Mandate territory but habitually resident

888:

spouses of Jews have been eligible for this since 2014. Otherwise, they are granted temporary residence permits gradually replaced by less restrictive conditions of stay over a period of 4.5 years until they become eligible for citizenship. Until 1996, non-Jewish spouses without right of return were

614:

The Law of Return was amended in 1970 to provide a more detailed explanation of who qualifies: a Jew means any person born to a Jewish mother, or someone who has converted to Judaism and is not an adherent of another religion. The amendment extended the right of return to Israel to include children,

571:

Although the Law of Return gave every Jew the right to immigrate to Israel, the original text and all other legislation up to that point lacked a clear definition for who was considered a Jew. Government and religious authorities continually disagreed over the meaning of the word and its application

646:

Most emigrating Soviet Jews initially departed for the United States, with some making their way to Germany. However, these countries soon imposed restrictions on Jews who could immigrate from the Soviet Union at the request of the Israeli government, which intended to redirect the flow of migrants

467:

Jewish residents at the time of Israel's establishment were granted Israeli citizenship based on return, but non-Jewish Palestinians were subject to strict residency requirements for claiming that status. They could only acquire citizenship based on their residence in 1952 if they were nationals of

908:

effectively discouraged further marriages between Israeli citizens and Palestinians by adding cumbersome administrative barriers that made legal cohabitation prohibitively difficult for affected couples. About 12,700 Palestinians married to Israeli citizens are prevented from obtaining citizenship

764:

Individuals born in Israel receive citizenship at birth if at least one parent is an Israeli citizen. Children born overseas are citizens by descent if either parent is a citizen, limited to the first generation born abroad. Those born abroad in the second generation who are not otherwise eligible

393:

to Mandatory Palestine, Israeli courts during this time offered conflicting opinions on the continuing validity of Palestinian citizenship legislation enacted during the British mandate. While almost all courts held that Palestinian citizenship had ceased to exist at the end of the mandate in 1948

742:

declared Samaritans eligible for Israeli citizenship under the Law of Return, reasoning that their Hebrew heritage qualified them for recognition as Jews. Although the decision was implemented as official policy, no legislation was ever enacted on the issue. Consequently, when the Chief Rabbinate

340:

at birth also automatically acquired citizenship. Foreigners could obtain Palestinian citizenship through naturalization after residing in the territory for at least two of the three years preceding an application, fulfilling a language requirement (in English, Hebrew, or Arabic), affirming their

853:

Citizenship may be involuntarily removed from individuals who fraudulently acquired it or from those who willfully perform an act that constitutes a breach of loyalty to the state. The Minister of Interior may revoke citizenship from a person who obtained status based on false information within

226:

and nationality is not always clear in the English language and differs by country. Generally, nationality refers a person's legal belonging to a state and is the common term used in international treaties when referring to members of a state; citizenship refers to the set of rights and duties a

459:

Arabs were displaced during the war, with only 170,000 remaining in Israel after its establishment. Despite international support for the return of displaced Palestinians after conclusion of the war, the Israeli government was unwilling to allow what it regarded as a hostile population into its

301:

in 1922. Similarly, local residents ostensibly continued their status as Ottoman subjects, although British authorities began issuing provisional certificates of Palestinian nationality shortly after the start of occupation. The terms of the mandate allowed Britain to exclude its application on

916:

on the basis that the legislation was discriminatory by disproportionally affecting Israeli citizens who were ethnically Arab. However, in its 2006 ruling upholding the legislation, the Supreme Court held that the admittance of noncitizen spouses was not a constitutional right held by Israeli

460:

borders and barred them from returning. The administration justified this prohibition as a defensive measure against continued Arab incursions into Israeli territory as well as to official rhetoric from neighboring Arab states that expressed their desire to eliminate Israel, which views a

712:

differing from those of other Jews. Their status as Jews was disputed until the Chief Rabbinate confirmed its recognition of this group as Jews in 1973 and declared its support for their immigration to Israel. Following Ethiopia's communist revolution and the subsequent outbreak of

945:. This type of citizenship is a substantive status and gives its holders all the rights and privileges that other Israeli citizens have. About 130 Righteous Gentiles resettled in Israel; they are entitled to permanent residency and a special pension from the state. 813:

was previously an official language and has a special recognized status, there is no similar knowledge stipulation for it as part of the naturalization process. All of these requirements may be partially or completely waived for a candidate if they: served in the

622:

The Citizenship Law was amended in 1971 to allow any Jew who formally expresses their desire to migrate to Israel to immediately become an Israeli citizen, without any requirement to enter Israeli territory. This change was made to facilitate emigration of

607:, was ruled to have no longer met the criterion of being a Jew on his religious conversion. Converting to any other faith is considered to be a deliberate act of dissociation from the Jewish people. The Supreme Court elaborated on this in the 1969 case 797:

spouse of a child or grandchild of a Jew. A Jew who voluntarily converts to another religion forfeits their right to claim citizenship under this provision. At the end of 2020, 21 percent of the total Jewish population in Israel was born overseas.

804:

as Israeli citizens after residing in Israel for at least three of the previous five years while holding permanent residency. Candidates must be physically present in the country at the time of application, be able to demonstrate knowledge of the

1577: 925:(consequently making Palestinians enemy subjects). The law was upheld again by the Supreme Court in 2012 and continued to be effective until its expiration in July 2021, before reimplementation under new legislation in March 2022. 909:

under these restrictions. Affected persons are only allowed to remain in Israel on temporary permits, which would lapse on the death of their spouses or if they were to fail to receive regular reapproval by the Israeli government.

166:

and become an Israeli citizen. Individuals born within the country receive citizenship at birth if at least one parent is a citizen. Non-Jewish foreigners may naturalize after living there for at least three years while holding

818:

or suffered the loss of a child during their military service period, are a minor child of a naturalized parent or Israeli resident, or made extraordinary contributions to Israel. Successful applicants are required to swear an

384:

For the first four years after its establishment, Israel had no citizenship law and technically had no citizens. International law typically assumes the continued operation of laws of a predecessor state in the event of a

475:

Conversely, Palestinians who had fled to neighboring countries were not granted citizenship there and remained stateless except those who resettled in Jordan. After Israel took control of the West Bank following the 1967

409:. The Citizenship Law details the requirements for Israeli citizenship, dependent on an individual's religious affiliation, and explicitly repeals all prior British-enacted legislation concerning Palestinian nationality. 684:

and is the authoritative institution for religious matters within Israel, which has led to disputes over whether converts into non-Orthodox movements of Judaism should be recognized as Jews. Foreigners who convert to

519:, the Supreme Court has considered the territory as having been annexed by Israel. About 19,000 residents, representing five percent of the East Jerusalem Palestinian population, held Israeli citizenship in 2022. 671:

The definition of a Jew in the 1970 Law of Return amendment does not explain the meaning of "conversion" and has been interpreted to allow for adherents of any Jewish movement to qualify for right of return. The

5727: 2426: 1517: 615:

grandchildren, and a spouse of a Jew, as well as spouses of their children and grandchildren. This entitlement was given despite the fact that not all applicable persons would be considered Jews under

364:

by British authorities. Protected persons could not travel to the UK without first requesting permission, but were afforded the same consular protection as British subjects when travelling outside the

1114: 5448: 708:

prior to their contact with the outside world in the 19th century. Over the course of their prolonged separation, this population developed a number of religious practices heavily influenced by

2495: 1567: 889:

immediately granted permanent residency upon entry into Israel. Marriages must be valid under Israeli law for the partner of a citizen to be eligible under the 4.5-year naturalization process.

1919: 1763: 2989: 1622: 480:, Jordan maintained its sovereignty claim over the area until 1988, when it renounced this claim and unilaterally severed all links to the region. Palestinians living in the West Bank lost 2349: 2687: 1009: 2576: 2621: 495:. However, the terms of these accords did not result in the creation of a definitive Palestinian state, nor has any legislation regulating Palestinian citizenship been enacted by the 2723: 893:

or same-sex partners are subject to a longer 7.5-year gradual process that grants permanent residency, after which they may apply for naturalization under the standard procedure.

499:. Palestinians may be considered stateless by other countries as their status is not tied to a sovereign state, although recognition of their statelessness varies by government. 1952: 4696: 4601: 921:

into its borders. The court further ruled that Israel held a right to forbid Palestinian residents from entering the state on the basis that a state of war existed with the

2253: 1883: 293:

in 1516. Accordingly, Ottoman nationality law applied to the area. Palestine was governed by the Ottomans for four centuries until British occupation in 1917 during the

2115: 336:

children of a Palestinian father automatically held Palestinian citizenship. Any person born outside these conditions who held no other nationality and was otherwise

4611: 4429: 2654: 2045: 659:

departed for Israel between 1989 and 2002. Most of this wave of migrants were nonpracticing and secular Jews; a significant portion were not considered Jewish under

234:

is not linked to a person's origin from a particular territory but is more broadly defined. Although the term may be used in other countries to indicate a person's

4736: 2756: 2418: 4726: 3750: 2203: 590:, the Jewish religion has a central role in Israeli politics because the main purpose of the country's establishment was to create an independent Jewish state. 3649: 3110: 1506: 1081: 738:, a religion closely related to Judaism, and hold an exceptional right of return without the agreement of the Chief Rabbinate. In 1949, the Foreign Minister 3381: 1104: 3877:

Tolts, Mark (2020). "A Half Century of Jewish Emigration from the Former Soviet Union". In Denisenko, Mikhail; Strozza, Salvatore; Light, Matthew (eds.).

2319: 693:

within the country have been entitled to citizenship under the Law of Return since 2021. Both the Chief Rabbinate and Supreme Court consider followers of

202:

Arab residents of the former mandate and their descendants who remained living in Israel were granted Israeli citizenship in 1980, those resident in the

175:. Naturalizing non-Jews are additionally required to renounce their previous nationalities, while Jewish immigrants are not subject to this requirement. 2856:

Davis, Uri (1995). "Jinsiyya Versus Muwatana: The Question of Citizenship and the State in the Middle East: The Cases of Israel, Jordan and Palestine".

5636: 3188:

Kassim, Anis F. (2000). "The Palestinians: From Hyphenated to Integrated Citizenship". In Butenschøn, Nils A.; Davis, Uri; Hassassian, Manuel (eds.).

2485: 152:

details the conditions by which a person holds citizenship of Israel. The two primary pieces of legislation governing these requirements are the 1950

5511: 1905: 534:. About 4,300 of the 21,000 Druze living in the area held Israeli citizenship in 2022. Prior to Syrian independence, this territory was part of the 4065: 1753: 2982: 1612: 530:

residents were granted permanent resident status. Although eligible for naturalization as Israeli citizens, the Golan Druze have largely retained

5646: 2341: 5384: 4371: 2677: 198:

created a set of complex citizenship circumstances for the non-Jewish inhabitants of the region that continue to be unresolved. While pre-1948

3486: 1001: 348:

over Palestinian territory, domestic law in the United Kingdom treated the mandate as foreign territory. Palestinian citizens were treated as

50: 2566: 2611: 5960: 5115: 538:

assigned to France. The extension of Israeli law and effective annexation of both East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights are regarded by the

3172: 5831: 5111: 2709: 572:

to that law, with some organizations considering the Jewish religion and nationality to be the same concept. One of these bodies was the

432: 2923: 2380: 238:, the meaning in Israeli law is particularly expansive by including any person practicing Judaism and their descendants. Members of the 6096: 4416: 3975: 277: 5566: 5521: 5453: 3097: 5631: 3581: 5408: 4425: 2886: 1942: 879: 401:

and 1952 Citizenship Law. The Law of Return grants every Jew the right to migrate to and settle in Israel, reinforcing the central

369: 191: 5792: 5581: 5536: 5506: 5433: 624: 431:, Israel controlled the majority of former Mandatory Palestine, including much of the land assigned for an Arab state under the 6402: 6123: 5706: 5556: 5531: 5516: 5476: 4957: 4401: 4303: 4230: 959: 5571: 3614: 1873: 6212: 5882: 5758: 5681: 5676: 5641: 5611: 5526: 5491: 5481: 5119: 3898: 3721: 3690: 3352: 3201: 2971: 2819: 2796: 905: 422: 68: 2103: 5691: 5671: 5626: 5616: 5561: 5551: 5486: 2243: 2111: 913: 595: 297:. The area nominally remained an Ottoman territory following the conclusion of the war until the United Kingdom obtained a 3948: 2644: 2035: 6030: 5865: 5821: 5701: 5696: 5686: 5656: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5546: 5541: 5496: 4270: 3548: 3403: 2199: 373: 5606: 2746: 6382: 5666: 5661: 5651: 5621: 5576: 5501: 5471: 5428: 5377: 4987: 4656: 4343: 3442: 326: 268: 133: 5601: 5163: 5082: 4753: 3307: 2788: 2188: 1513: 535: 697:

as Christians and specifically bar them from right of return, unless they otherwise have sufficient Jewish descent.

6485: 6428: 6187: 5877: 5805: 3882: 3733: 3279:

Khalil, Asem (2007). Palestinian Nationality and Citizenship: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives (Report).

2877:

Dietz, Barbara; Lebok, Uwe; Polian, Pavel (2002). "The Jewish Emigration from the Former Soviet Union to Germany".

5418: 1071: 5443: 5210: 5092: 4851: 4205: 4045: 3632: 3364: 3091: 648: 543: 539: 496: 322: 6091: 5889: 4240: 4220: 4120: 3968: 3770:

Shapira, Assaf (2017). "Israel's Citizenship Policy towards Family Immigrants: Developments and Implications".

3377: 2311: 922: 492: 884:

Non-Jewish spouses have right of return if they immigrate to Israel at the same time as their Jewish spouses;

6135: 5746: 5438: 5413: 5370: 5107: 4671: 4556: 4421: 4235: 4080: 3645: 3610: 3280: 3013: 2940: 652: 577: 4977: 106: 6314: 6059: 5328: 4681: 4641: 4406: 4040: 3246: 3004: 361: 116: 96: 3438:"The Implications of the Acquisition of a New Nationality for the Right of Return of Palestinian Refugees" 6172: 6020: 5894: 5785: 5198: 5153: 5072: 5067: 5047: 4992: 4982: 4947: 4676: 4596: 4531: 4328: 4215: 4165: 4035: 3908:

Weil, Shalva (1997). "Religion, Blood and the Equality of Rights: The Case of Ethiopian Jews in Israel".

938: 847: 809:, have the intention of permanently settling in Israel, and renounce any foreign nationalities. Although 461: 3031:

Herzog, Ben (2017). "The construction of Israeli Citizenship Law: Intertwining political philosophies".

6455: 6226: 6177: 5722: 5148: 5125: 5062: 5042: 5002: 4886: 4861: 4856: 4686: 4661: 4566: 4501: 4491: 4481: 4471: 4411: 4396: 4391: 4366: 4348: 4280: 4210: 4180: 4070: 3812: 3451: 2829:

Carmi, Na'ama (2007). "The Nationality and Entry into Israel Case before the Supreme Court of Israel".

6387: 6297: 6140: 5872: 5017: 4901: 4876: 4831: 4826: 4776: 4701: 4651: 4626: 4621: 4591: 4546: 4536: 4496: 4466: 4456: 4446: 4361: 4338: 4313: 4250: 4170: 4095: 4060: 4030: 4025: 4020: 3961: 3193: 3139: 673: 481: 428: 195: 6008: 5965: 5928: 5349: 5102: 4972: 4962: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4891: 4801: 4781: 4766: 4616: 4586: 4541: 4526: 4486: 4476: 4451: 4381: 4376: 4323: 4318: 4308: 4260: 4255: 4245: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4175: 4155: 4150: 4140: 4110: 4100: 4090: 4085: 4075: 4055: 4015: 4005: 3470: 2919: 586:(Jewish religious law); a Jew was defined as anyone born to a Jewish mother. While Israel is not a 573: 349: 341:

intention to permanently reside in Mandate territory, and satisfying a good character requirement.

187: 904:

are prohibited from obtaining citizenship and residency until reaching the relevant age. The 2003

6372: 6197: 6086: 6073: 5938: 5899: 5077: 5057: 5022: 5012: 5007: 4997: 4967: 4911: 4906: 4866: 4846: 4841: 4806: 4786: 4771: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4631: 4606: 4571: 4551: 4461: 4386: 4275: 4265: 4200: 4135: 4125: 4115: 4105: 4050: 4010: 3511: 3482: 3412: 3106: 2963: 2811: 717:, the Israeli government resettled 45,000 people, nearly the entire Ethiopian Jewish population. 418: 333: 243: 6347: 6270: 6243: 6118: 5778: 5315: 5097: 5087: 5052: 4952: 4896: 4881: 4816: 4811: 4796: 4691: 4666: 4636: 4561: 4521: 4353: 4225: 4160: 4145: 4130: 3244:

Kattan, Victor (2019). "U.S. Recognition of Golan Heights Annexation: Testament to Our Times".

3156: 897: 531: 307: 6397: 6342: 6275: 6162: 6113: 5158: 4916: 4871: 4836: 4821: 4791: 4646: 4576: 4333: 3746: 3577: 3236: 2907: 2372: 954: 815: 580:

until 1970. Accordingly, the Law of Return during this period was strictly interpreted under

298: 183: 628: 6367: 6265: 6081: 6042: 5826: 5393: 5279: 5252: 5143: 4706: 3844:

Tolts, Mark (2003). "Mass Aliyah and Jewish emigration from Russia: Dynamics and factors".

2831: 2345: 2315: 942: 826: 686: 386: 1568:"Just 5 Percent of E. Jerusalem Palestinians Have Received Israeli Citizenship Since 1967" 8: 6287: 6260: 6207: 6054: 6047: 6015: 5933: 5911: 5860: 5269: 5188: 4731: 3853: 3779: 3565: 3255: 3040: 2616: 2571: 2422: 1617: 1076: 890: 714: 709: 566: 318: 272: 179: 168: 5362: 1507:"Palestinians and the search for protection as refugees and stateless persons in Europe" 6362: 6324: 6309: 6192: 5991: 5977: 5168: 3929: 3865: 3832: 3824: 3791: 3705: 3523: 3424: 3336: 3319: 3267: 3143: 3077: 3052: 2865: 2844: 2714: 2649: 2490: 2248: 2040: 1947: 1910: 1878: 1758: 901: 820: 656: 314: 302:

certain parts of the region; this exclusion was exercised on the territory east of the

286: 511:

in 1967 during the Six-Day War, incorporating it into the municipal administration of

6421: 6334: 6202: 6167: 6150: 6003: 5923: 5813: 5310: 5262: 3894: 3869: 3836: 3795: 3717: 3686: 3502:

Perez, Nahshon (February 2011). "Israel's Law of Return: A Qualified Justification".

3348: 3232: 3197: 3056: 2967: 2898: 2815: 2792: 885: 705: 694: 3879:

Migration from the Newly Independent States: 25 Years After the Collapse of the USSR

3012:

Harpaz, Yossi; Herzog, Ben (June 2018). Report on Citizenship Law: Israel (Report).

397:

Israeli citizenship policy is centered on two early pieces of legislation: the 1950

6490: 6352: 6304: 6182: 5193: 3921: 3917: 3886: 3857: 3816: 3783: 3709: 3678: 3674: 3598: 3515: 3455: 3416: 3340: 3311: 3284: 3259: 3224: 3220: 3168: 3044: 3017: 2944: 2890: 1915: 1613:"As ties to Syria fade, Golan Druze increasingly turning to Israel for citizenship" 677: 3787: 3048: 2342:"Give up (renounce) Israeli citizenship in order to keep your foreign citizenship" 6437: 6392: 6377: 6357: 6319: 6292: 6238: 5274: 3984: 3890: 3713: 3700:

Sela, Avraham (2019). "The West Bank Under Jordan". In Kumaraswamy, P. R. (ed.).

3471:"Families Divided: An Analysis of Israel's Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law" 834: 806: 704:, lived as an isolated community away from mainstream Judaism since at least the 600: 390: 353: 294: 172: 464:

to any part of its territory as an existential threat to the nation's security.

5955: 5948: 5305: 5205: 3073: 2840: 801: 781: 690: 512: 508: 406: 365: 290: 159: 3925: 3861: 3820: 3803:

Tekiner, Roselle (1991). "Race and the Issue of National Identity in Israel".

3460: 3437: 2106:[Procedure for granting citizenship to a minor under Article 9(a)(2)] 6479: 6469: 6442: 6130: 5836: 5335: 5284: 5216: 4758: 3536: 3263: 3228: 2567:"Knesset extends law banning Palestinian family unification for another year" 1109: 896:

Male spouses under 35 and female spouses under 25 ordinarily resident in the

838:

reasons, or are permanent residents of East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights.

793: 748: 739: 555: 523: 516: 398: 337: 211: 153: 2939:

Frost, Lillian (February 2022). Report on Citizenship Law: Jordan (Report).

2894: 1218: 5970: 5231: 3599:"Israel's Law of Return: Analysis of Its Evolution and Present Application" 1874:"Israeli Court Says Converts to Non-Orthodox Judaism Can Claim Citizenship" 1196: 1194: 1192: 735: 636: 488: 303: 251: 235: 3682: 3344: 2189:

Jews, By Continent of Origin, Continent of Birth and Period of Immigration

833:

who becomes Israeli by right of return. This is to encourage the overseas

6037: 5289: 5247: 3211:

Kattan, Victor (2005). "The Nationality of Denationalized Palestinians".

3190:

Citizenship and the State in the Middle East: Approaches and Applications

2751: 2612:"With ban on Palestinian family unification expiring, what happens next?" 918: 912:

These restrictions were challenged as unconstitutional for violating the

721: 701: 666: 632: 604: 477: 456: 357: 345: 223: 199: 3933: 3527: 3519: 3271: 3157:"Immigration Policy of Israel: The Unique Perspective of a Jewish State" 3147: 3081: 2869: 2848: 2419:"Israel: Amendment Authorizing Revocation of Israeli Nationality Passed" 2036:"The World's Last Samaritans, Straddling the Israeli-Palestinian Divide" 1271: 1269: 1189: 846:

Israeli citizenship can be voluntarily relinquished by a declaration of

593:

This absence of legal clarity was tested in the 1962 Supreme Court case

5841: 3762: 3661: 3393: 3323: 3122: 731: 727: 444: 207: 3828: 3428: 3022: 2949: 900:(administrative division for the West Bank under Israeli law) outside 3289: 2645:"Israel's New Government Fails to Extend Contentious Citizenship Law" 2312:"Give up (renounce) Israeli citizenship – for Israelis living abroad" 1906:"Israeli Court Rules Jews for Jesus Cannot Automatically Be Citizens" 1266: 934: 640: 587: 436: 203: 3401:

Margalith, Haim (1953). "Enactment of a Nationality Law in Israel".

3315: 2486:"Non-Jewish partners in gay marriage are now entitled to make aliya" 6253: 6106: 5943: 5257: 5223: 3953: 3420: 917:

citizens and that Israel was entitled to limit the entrance of any

484:

while those residing in the rest of Jordan maintained that status.

32: 5770: 3734:"Whose Republic: Citizenship and Membership in the Israeli Polity" 2908:"Russian Jewish Immigration and its Effect on the State of Israel" 2785:

Politics and Sociolinguistic Reflexes: Palestinian Border Villages

6282: 6025: 5848: 3130:

Kaplan, Steven; Rosen, Chaim (1994). "Ethiopian Jews in Israel".

2719: 2682: 1754:"The Russian Jews Wonder Whether Israel Is Really Ready for Them" 1572: 1358: 1005: 859: 582: 402: 40: 6248: 6101: 5853: 5801: 3064:

Herzog, Ben (2010). "The Revocation of Citizenship in Israel".

810: 785: 440: 163: 126: 3671:

The Comfort of Kin: Samaritan Community, Kinship, and Marriage

1778: 1855: 1853: 1649: 1592: 1105:"Israel's hugely controversial "nation-state" law, explained" 870:) or if they obtain nationality from one of those countries. 855: 759: 744: 527: 452: 448: 3365:"The Controversy of a Palestinian Right of Return to Israel" 2747:"'Righteous' Moved to Israel After Saving Jews in Holocaust" 2400: 2398: 2292: 2157: 2003: 1991: 1348: 1346: 1344: 773: 663:, but qualified for immigration based on the Law of Return. 2465: 2376: 2133: 1838: 1721: 1697: 1673: 1424: 1329: 867: 863: 2710:"Raoul Wallenberg Is Granted Honorary Israeli Citizenship" 2676:

Chacar, Henriette (10 March 2022). Oatis, Jonathan (ed.).

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2441: 1790: 1685: 1637: 1475: 1448: 1305: 1293: 1281: 1129: 1072:"Supreme Court rejects 'Israeli' nationality status" 1048: 1036: 317:

established the basis for separate nationalities in

242:

form the core part of Israel's citizenry, while the

3566:"Soviet Immigration To The West Bank: Is It Legal?" 2546: 2268: 1814: 1709: 1463: 1382: 1254: 1024: 3910:International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 3732: 3631: 3475:Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights 3363: 3090: 2957: 1364: 1275: 1165: 933:In recognition of aid provided to Jews during the 491:in the 1990s, Palestinians have been eligible for 2104:"נוהל טיפול בהענקת אזרחות לקטין לפי סעיף 9(א)(2)" 841: 777:A welcoming for new immigrants from North America 222:The distinction between the meaning of the terms 6477: 3881:. Societies and Political Orders in Transition. 3537:"Genesis of Citizenship in Palestine and Israel" 2876: 2033: 1784: 941:. These individuals may additionally be granted 560: 526:was incorporated into Israel proper in 1981 and 412: 5786: 5378: 3969: 5116:Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 3805:International Journal of Middle East Studies 3011: 2404: 2298: 2175: 2163: 2139: 1859: 1727: 1598: 1541: 1430: 1352: 1335: 1323: 178:The territory of modern Israel was formerly 3129: 2958:Goodwin-Gill, Guy S.; McAdam, Jane (2007). 2564: 2009: 1997: 433:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine 372:on 14 May 1948, the same date on which the 5793: 5779: 5385: 5371: 3976: 3962: 2981:Government of Mandatory Palestine (1946). 2805: 1655: 1553: 1069: 760:Entitlement by birth, descent, or adoption 389:. However, despite Israel's status as the 31: 5423: 3668: 3459: 3400: 3288: 3098:The British Yearbook of International Law 3021: 2948: 2090: 2078: 2066: 2021: 1943:"Will Israel ever accept Messianic Jews?" 988: 405:tenet of the return of all Jews to their 3596: 3534: 2887:International Organization for Migration 2642: 2609: 1871: 1844: 1703: 1679: 1248: 1212: 1183: 1159: 1147: 1135: 880:Recognition of same-sex unions in Israel 772: 768: 720:Migrating with the Beta Israel were the 299:League of Nations mandate for the region 276: 3802: 3769: 3730: 3597:Richmond, Nancy C. (1 September 1993). 3563: 2912:Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 2528: 2516: 2370: 2286: 1808: 1739: 1442: 1057: 1042: 928: 379: 323:territories ceded by the Ottoman Empire 184:League of Nations mandate for Palestine 6478: 3652:from the original on 30 September 2021 3617:from the original on 27 September 2020 3551:from the original on 30 September 2021 3468: 3361: 3278: 3243: 3210: 3187: 3154: 3063: 3030: 2905: 2744: 2675: 2552: 2483: 2471: 2459: 2447: 2429:from the original on 30 September 2021 2416: 2230: 2151: 1832: 1643: 1565: 1493: 1481: 1418: 1376: 1311: 1102: 960:Visa requirements for Israeli citizens 502: 5774: 5366: 3957: 3876: 3843: 3629: 3501: 3435: 3330: 3088: 2938: 2855: 2828: 2782: 2597: 2540: 2274: 2256:from the original on 24 December 2018 2121:from the original on 12 November 2022 1940: 1820: 1796: 1751: 1715: 1691: 1667: 1523:from the original on 11 November 2023 1457: 1406: 1391: 1299: 1287: 1236: 1171: 1084:from the original on 13 February 2020 1030: 906:Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law 423:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 263:National status under British mandate 171:and demonstrating proficiency in the 5753: 3983: 3907: 3699: 3489:from the original on 24 January 2021 3384:from the original on 29 January 2024 3300:The Journal of Educational Sociology 3297: 3113:from the original on 23 October 2021 2565:Keller-Lynn, Carrie (6 March 2023). 2498:from the original on 24 October 2021 2322:from the original on 1 November 2020 2209:from the original on 28 October 2021 2112:Population and Immigration Authority 2048:from the original on 22 October 2023 1985: 1973: 1886:from the original on 18 October 2021 1610: 1580:from the original on 11 January 2023 1469: 1260: 1117:from the original on 27 January 2022 914:Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty 603:, a Polish Jew who had converted to 596:Rufeisen v. Minister of the Interior 5800: 3753:from the original on 2 October 2021 3603:Penn State International Law Review 3584:from the original on 1 October 2021 3404:American Journal of Comparative Law 3213:Nordic Journal of International Law 3175:from the original on 2 October 2021 3092:"Who are British Protected Persons" 2926:from the original on 5 October 2021 2808:The International Law of Occupation 2624:from the original on 4 October 2021 2352:from the original on 5 October 2021 2196:Statistical Abstract of Israel 2020 1955:from the original on 2 October 2021 1766:from the original on 1 October 2021 755:Acquisition and loss of citizenship 550:Qualification under right of return 368:. This arrangement continued until 13: 5961:National parks and nature reserves 3949:Ministry of Aliyah and Immigration 3739:Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 3443:Asian Journal of International Law 2775: 2690:from the original on 11 March 2022 2657:from the original on 6 August 2021 1941:Zieve, Tamara (16 December 2017). 1872:Kingsley, Patrick (1 March 2021). 1070:Goldenberg, Tia (4 October 2013). 609:Shalit v. Minister of the Interior 370:termination of the British mandate 327:Palestinian Citizenship Order 1925 269:History of Palestinian nationality 180:administered by the British Empire 134:Palestinian Citizenship Order 1925 14: 6502: 3942: 3308:American Sociological Association 2789:John Benjamins Publishing Company 2745:Jeffay, Nathan (6 October 2011). 2484:Sharon, Jeremy (12 August 2014). 2383:from the original on 7 April 2019 1922:from the original on 19 July 2021 1514:European Network on Statelessness 1012:from the original on 3 March 2022 873: 536:Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon 447:fell under the administration of 254:of the Jewish people since 2018. 6463: 5752: 5741: 5740: 5345: 5344: 4066:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2995:from the original on 13 May 2021 2960:The Refugee in International Law 2759:from the original on 21 May 2022 2738: 2726:from the original on 7 July 2022 2702: 2669: 2643:Kershner, Isabel (6 July 2021). 2579:from the original on 6 June 2023 2371:Eichner, Itamar (23 June 2016). 1625:from the original on 5 July 2023 937:, non-Jews may be recognized as 643:were relaxed in the late 1980s. 5211:Birth aboard aircraft and ships 2636: 2610:Boxerman, Aaron (6 July 2021). 2603: 2558: 2477: 2410: 2364: 2334: 2304: 2236: 2181: 2096: 2027: 1934: 1898: 1865: 1745: 1611:Amun, Fadi (3 September 2022). 1604: 1559: 1499: 1103:Berger, Miriam (31 July 2018). 730:are descendants of the ancient 649:dissolution of the Soviet Union 546:as illegal acts of aggression. 544:United Nations General Assembly 540:United Nations Security Council 497:Palestinian Legislative Council 493:Palestinian Authority passports 374:State of Israel was established 5048:Federated States of Micronesia 4412:St. Vincent and the Grenadines 3378:James E. Rogers College of Law 2864:(1/2). Pluto Journals: 19–50. 2417:Levush, Ruth (23 March 2017). 1785:Dietz, Lebok & Polian 2002 1365:Goodwin-Gill & McAdam 2007 1276:Goodwin-Gill & McAdam 2007 1096: 1063: 994: 923:Palestinian National Authority 842:Relinquishment and deprivation 700:Ethiopian Jews, also known as 655:. About 940,000 Jews from the 360:in the UK but could be issued 217: 162:has the unrestricted right to 1: 3788:10.1080/13531042.2018.1545676 3646:Southern Methodist University 3611:Pennsylvania State University 3333:Citizenship in a Global World 3281:European University Institute 3132:The American Jewish Year Book 3049:10.1080/13531042.2017.1317668 3014:European University Institute 2941:European University Institute 1225:Survey of Palestine, Volume 1 1201:Survey of Palestine, Volume 1 965: 829:is explicitly allowed for an 792:(Jewish immigrant) under the 653:1998 Russian financial crisis 639:remained at low levels until 561:Apostate and irreligious Jews 427:Following its victory in the 362:Mandatory Palestine passports 5878:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 5329:British Overseas Territories 3891:10.1007/978-3-030-36075-7_15 3846:East European Jewish Affairs 3714:10.1007/978-981-13-9166-8_17 3331:Kondo, Atsushi, ed. (2001). 3247:Journal of Palestine Studies 3005:Berman Jewish Policy Archive 2200:Central Bureau of Statistics 1752:Stern, Sol (16 April 1972). 970: 631:, especially after the 1967 627:, who were routinely denied 7: 6213:Water supply and sanitation 5199:Renunciation of citizenship 3535:Qafisheh, Mutaz M. (2010). 3469:Nikfar, Bethany M. (2005). 1566:Hasson, Nir (29 May 2022). 948: 939:Righteous Among the Nations 487:Following agreement on the 462:Palestinian right of return 413:Status of Palestinian Arabs 227:person has in that nation. 10: 6507: 5890:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 3813:Cambridge University Press 3772:Journal of Israeli History 3669:Schreiber, Monica (2014). 3452:Cambridge University Press 3155:Kaplan, Yehiel S. (2015). 3033:Journal of Israeli History 877: 625:Jews from the Soviet Union 564: 553: 416: 266: 257: 192:dissolution of the mandate 156:and 1952 Citizenship Law. 21:Citizenship Law, 5712-1952 6415: 6333: 6234: 6225: 6158: 6149: 6072: 5999: 5990: 5919: 5910: 5812: 5736: 5715: 5462: 5401: 5324: 5298: 5240: 5181: 5134: 5035: 4925: 4752: 4745: 4514: 4439: 4296: 4289: 3998: 3991: 3926:10.1163/15718119620907256 3862:10.1080/13501670308578002 3821:10.1017/S0020743800034541 3461:10.1017/S2044251314000241 3194:Syracuse University Press 3140:American Jewish Committee 3089:Jones, J. Mervyn (1945). 2806:Benvenisti, Eyal (2012). 827:Dual/multiple citizenship 356:, meaning that they were 350:British protected persons 188:British protected persons 186:and local residents were 139: 132: 125: 115: 105: 95: 90: 82: 74: 64: 56: 46: 39: 30: 23: 20: 4046:Central African Republic 3731:Shachar, Ayelet (1999). 3638:Southwestern Law Journal 3264:10.1525/jps.2019.48.3.79 3229:10.1163/1571810054301004 2920:Indiana University Press 2906:Emmons, Shelese (1997). 2783:Amara, Muhammad (1999). 2405:Harpaz & Herzog 2018 2299:Harpaz & Herzog 2018 2176:Harpaz & Herzog 2018 2164:Harpaz & Herzog 2018 2140:Harpaz & Herzog 2018 1860:Harpaz & Herzog 2018 1728:Harpaz & Herzog 2018 1599:Harpaz & Herzog 2018 1542:Harpaz & Herzog 2018 1431:Harpaz & Herzog 2018 1353:Harpaz & Herzog 2018 1336:Harpaz & Herzog 2018 1324:Harpaz & Herzog 2018 823:to the State of Israel. 574:National Religious Party 230:In the Israeli context, 24:חוק האזרחות, התשי"ב-1952 6486:Israeli nationality law 6198:Tel Aviv Stock Exchange 5144:Commonwealth of Nations 3512:Oxford University Press 3483:Northwestern University 3413:Oxford University Press 3107:Oxford University Press 2964:Oxford University Press 2895:10.1111/1468-2435.00189 2879:International Migration 2812:Oxford University Press 2010:Kaplan & Rosen 1994 1998:Kaplan & Rosen 1994 1002:"Citizenship Law, 1952" 651:in 1991 and subsequent 455:estimated that 720,000 419:Arab citizens of Israel 244:Supreme Court of Israel 210:are largely considered 150:Israeli citizenship law 6188:Science and technology 6092:Intelligence Community 4958:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3630:Savir, Yehuda (1963). 3564:Quigley, John (1991). 3362:Kramer, Tanya (2001). 2858:Arab Studies Quarterly 898:Judea and Samaria Area 778: 308:Emirate of Transjordan 282: 6114:Israel Defense Forces 5873:Arab–Israeli conflict 5637:Roquebrune-Cap-Martin 5341:Partially recognized. 4206:São Tomé and Príncipe 3747:Georgetown University 3683:10.1163/9789004274259 3578:University of Georgia 3436:Masri, Mazen (2015). 3345:10.1057/9780333993880 2600:, pp. 26, 33–35. 2474:, pp. 1090–1091. 955:Visa policy of Israel 816:Israel Defense Forces 776: 769:Voluntary acquisition 635:. Migration from the 482:Jordanian nationality 429:1948 Arab–Israeli War 289:was conquered by the 280: 6403:World Heritage Sites 6060:System of government 5827:Second Temple period 5728:Revolutionary France 5394:Honorary citizenship 5280:Second-class citizen 5253:Multiple citizenship 4722:United Arab Emirates 4356:(Kingdom of Denmark) 3885:. pp. 323–344. 3854:Taylor & Francis 3780:Taylor & Francis 3708:. pp. 277–294. 3256:Taylor & Francis 3196:. pp. 201–224. 3066:Israel Studies Forum 3041:Taylor & Francis 2832:Israel Studies Forum 2346:Government of Israel 2316:Government of Israel 1918:. 27 December 1989. 943:honorary citizenship 929:Honorary citizenship 786:immigrates to Israel 578:Ministry of Interior 407:traditional homeland 387:succession of states 380:Post-1948 transition 5270:Permanent residency 5189:Loss of citizenship 5164:Caribbean Community 4417:Trinidad and Tobago 4402:St. Kitts and Nevis 4304:Antigua and Barbuda 2983:Survey of Palestine 2722:. 17 January 1986. 2617:The Times of Israel 2572:The Times of Israel 2423:Library of Congress 2289:, pp. 127–128. 2114:. 1 December 2019. 1988:, pp. 400–401. 1976:, pp. 397–399. 1847:, pp. 110–112. 1811:, pp. 389–391. 1742:, pp. 388–389. 1706:, pp. 106–109. 1682:, pp. 101–103. 1670:, pp. 123–124. 1658:, pp. 203–205. 1618:The Times of Israel 1445:, pp. 250–251. 1421:, pp. 984–985. 1278:, pp. 459–460. 1239:, pp. 127–128. 1227:, pp. 206–207. 1077:The Times of Israel 902:Israeli settlements 710:Coptic Christianity 657:former Soviet Union 567:Apostasy in Judaism 503:Annexed territories 319:Mandatory Palestine 287:region of Palestine 273:Mandatory Palestine 248:Israeli nationality 196:subsequent conflict 169:permanent residency 164:immigrate to Israel 91:Legislative history 6315:Standard of living 5647:Schleswig-Holstein 4344:Dominican Republic 3706:Palgrave Macmillan 3337:Palgrave Macmillan 2715:The New York Times 2650:The New York Times 2543:, pp. 27, 32. 2491:The Jerusalem Post 2249:The New York Times 2202:. 31 August 2021. 2041:The New York Times 1948:The Jerusalem Post 1911:The New York Times 1879:The New York Times 1759:The New York Times 821:oath of allegiance 779: 680:interpretation of 676:operates under an 532:Syrian nationality 344:Despite Britain's 315:Treaty of Lausanne 283: 246:has ruled that an 240:Jewish nationality 57:Territorial extent 6451: 6450: 6411: 6410: 6221: 6220: 6141:West Bank barrier 6068: 6067: 6021:Foreign relations 5986: 5985: 5768: 5767: 5360: 5359: 5334:Open border with 5177: 5176: 5031: 5030: 4510: 4509: 4430:US Virgin Islands 4357: 4081:Equatorial Guinea 3900:978-3-030-36074-0 3723:978-981-13-9166-8 3692:978-90-04-27425-9 3520:10.1093/mj/kjq032 3354:978-0-333-80266-3 3203:978-0-81-562829-3 2973:978-0-19-928130-5 2821:978-0-19-958889-3 2798:978-9-02-724128-3 2462:, pp. 62–63. 2233:, pp. 61–62. 2081:, pp. 57–62. 2012:, pp. 66–68. 2000:, pp. 62–66. 1601:, pp. 11–12. 1496:, pp. 40–41. 1409:, pp. 26–27. 1251:, pp. 7, 16. 706:Early Middle Ages 695:Messianic Judaism 641:exit restrictions 310:was established. 147: 146: 6498: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6459: 6431: 6424: 6383:National symbols 6232: 6231: 6178:Diamond industry 6156: 6155: 5997: 5996: 5917: 5916: 5795: 5788: 5781: 5772: 5771: 5756: 5755: 5744: 5743: 5396:around the world 5387: 5380: 5373: 5364: 5363: 5348: 5347: 5194:Denaturalization 5083:Papua New Guinea 5068:Marshall Islands 4750: 4749: 4355: 4294: 4293: 3996: 3995: 3985:Nationality laws 3978: 3971: 3964: 3955: 3954: 3937: 3904: 3873: 3840: 3799: 3766: 3760: 3758: 3736: 3727: 3696: 3665: 3659: 3657: 3635: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3531: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3465: 3463: 3432: 3397: 3391: 3389: 3367: 3358: 3327: 3294: 3292: 3275: 3240: 3207: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3169:Touro Law Center 3161:Touro Law Review 3151: 3126: 3120: 3118: 3094: 3085: 3060: 3027: 3025: 3008: 3002: 3000: 2994: 2987: 2977: 2962:(3rd ed.). 2954: 2952: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2902: 2873: 2852: 2825: 2810:(2nd ed.). 2802: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2393: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2308: 2302: 2301:, pp. 9–10. 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2252:. 18 July 2018. 2240: 2234: 2228: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2208: 2193: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2166:, pp. 2, 4. 2161: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2120: 2109: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1916:Associated Press 1902: 1896: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1824: 1818: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1776: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1749: 1743: 1737: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1707: 1701: 1695: 1689: 1683: 1677: 1671: 1665: 1659: 1653: 1647: 1641: 1635: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1608: 1602: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1563: 1557: 1551: 1545: 1539: 1533: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1522: 1511: 1503: 1497: 1491: 1485: 1479: 1473: 1467: 1461: 1455: 1446: 1440: 1434: 1428: 1422: 1416: 1410: 1404: 1395: 1389: 1380: 1374: 1368: 1362: 1356: 1350: 1339: 1333: 1327: 1321: 1315: 1309: 1303: 1297: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1273: 1264: 1258: 1252: 1246: 1240: 1234: 1228: 1222: 1216: 1210: 1204: 1198: 1187: 1181: 1175: 1169: 1163: 1157: 1151: 1145: 1139: 1133: 1127: 1126: 1124: 1122: 1100: 1094: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1067: 1061: 1055: 1046: 1040: 1034: 1028: 1022: 1021: 1019: 1017: 998: 992: 986: 576:, which led the 507:Israel captured 354:British subjects 111:25–26 March 1952 101:20 November 1951 35: 25: 18: 17: 6506: 6505: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6476: 6475: 6474: 6464: 6462: 6454: 6452: 6447: 6434: 6427: 6420: 6407: 6388:Public holidays 6329: 6217: 6145: 6064: 5982: 5906: 5861:British mandate 5808: 5799: 5769: 5764: 5732: 5711: 5464: 5458: 5397: 5391: 5361: 5356: 5320: 5294: 5275:Right of return 5236: 5173: 5136: 5130: 5093:Solomon Islands 5027: 4993:Northern Cyprus 4988:North Macedonia 4921: 4756: 4741: 4506: 4435: 4285: 3987: 3982: 3945: 3940: 3901: 3756: 3754: 3724: 3693: 3655: 3653: 3620: 3618: 3587: 3585: 3554: 3552: 3492: 3490: 3387: 3385: 3355: 3316:10.2307/2263817 3204: 3178: 3176: 3116: 3114: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2974: 2929: 2927: 2822: 2799: 2778: 2776:General sources 2773: 2772: 2762: 2760: 2743: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2693: 2691: 2674: 2670: 2660: 2658: 2641: 2637: 2627: 2625: 2608: 2604: 2596: 2592: 2582: 2580: 2563: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2539: 2535: 2527: 2523: 2515: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2458: 2454: 2446: 2442: 2432: 2430: 2415: 2411: 2403: 2396: 2386: 2384: 2369: 2365: 2355: 2353: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2325: 2323: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2297: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2259: 2257: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2229: 2222: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2191: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2174: 2170: 2162: 2158: 2150: 2146: 2142:, pp. 5–6. 2138: 2134: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2107: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2089: 2085: 2077: 2073: 2065: 2061: 2051: 2049: 2032: 2028: 2024:, pp. 1–2. 2020: 2016: 2008: 2004: 1996: 1992: 1984: 1980: 1972: 1968: 1958: 1956: 1939: 1935: 1925: 1923: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1889: 1887: 1870: 1866: 1858: 1851: 1843: 1839: 1831: 1827: 1819: 1815: 1807: 1803: 1795: 1791: 1783: 1779: 1769: 1767: 1750: 1746: 1738: 1734: 1730:, pp. 3–4. 1726: 1722: 1714: 1710: 1702: 1698: 1690: 1686: 1678: 1674: 1666: 1662: 1656:Benvenisti 2012 1654: 1650: 1642: 1638: 1628: 1626: 1609: 1605: 1597: 1593: 1583: 1581: 1564: 1560: 1554:Benvenisti 2012 1552: 1548: 1540: 1536: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1509: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1492: 1488: 1480: 1476: 1468: 1464: 1456: 1449: 1441: 1437: 1433:, pp. 4–5. 1429: 1425: 1417: 1413: 1405: 1398: 1390: 1383: 1375: 1371: 1363: 1359: 1351: 1342: 1338:, pp. 1–2. 1334: 1330: 1322: 1318: 1310: 1306: 1298: 1294: 1286: 1282: 1274: 1267: 1259: 1255: 1247: 1243: 1235: 1231: 1223: 1219: 1211: 1207: 1199: 1190: 1182: 1178: 1170: 1166: 1158: 1154: 1150:, pp. 5–6. 1146: 1142: 1134: 1130: 1120: 1118: 1101: 1097: 1087: 1085: 1068: 1064: 1056: 1049: 1041: 1037: 1033:, pp. 2–3. 1029: 1025: 1015: 1013: 1000: 999: 995: 987: 978: 973: 968: 951: 931: 882: 876: 844: 835:Jewish diaspora 807:Hebrew language 800:Foreigners may 771: 762: 757: 674:Chief Rabbinate 669: 601:Oswald Rufeisen 569: 563: 558: 552: 522:Similarly, the 505: 439:was annexed by 425: 415: 391:successor state 382: 295:First World War 275: 265: 260: 220: 173:Hebrew language 65:Enacted by 22: 12: 11: 5: 6504: 6494: 6493: 6488: 6473: 6472: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6445: 6440: 6433: 6432: 6425: 6417: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6339: 6337: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6295: 6285: 6280: 6279: 6278: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6257: 6256: 6251: 6241: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6159: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6127: 6126: 6121: 6111: 6110: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6089: 6084: 6078: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6012: 6011: 6009:Prime Minister 6000: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5974: 5973: 5963: 5958: 5956:Land of Israel 5953: 5952: 5951: 5949:Sea of Galilee 5946: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5892: 5887: 5886: 5885: 5880: 5870: 5869: 5868: 5858: 5857: 5856: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5818: 5816: 5810: 5809: 5798: 5797: 5790: 5783: 5775: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5762: 5750: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5730: 5725: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5468: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5405: 5403: 5399: 5398: 5390: 5389: 5382: 5375: 5367: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5354: 5342: 5339: 5332: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5255: 5250: 5244: 5242: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5228: 5227: 5220: 5213: 5206:Naturalization 5203: 5202: 5201: 5196: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5159:Nordic Council 5156: 5151: 5149:European Union 5146: 5140: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5128: 5123: 5112:American Samoa 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5039: 5037: 5033: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5023:United Kingdom 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4929: 4927: 4926:Rest of Europe 4923: 4922: 4920: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4792:Czech Republic 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4763: 4761: 4754:European Union 4747: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4518: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4433: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4300: 4298: 4291: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4271:Western Sahara 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4061:Congo Republic 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4002: 4000: 3993: 3989: 3988: 3981: 3980: 3973: 3966: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3944: 3943:External links 3941: 3939: 3938: 3905: 3899: 3874: 3841: 3800: 3767: 3728: 3722: 3697: 3691: 3666: 3627: 3594: 3561: 3532: 3504:Modern Judaism 3499: 3466: 3433: 3421:10.2307/837997 3398: 3359: 3353: 3328: 3295: 3276: 3241: 3208: 3202: 3185: 3152: 3127: 3086: 3074:Berghahn Books 3061: 3028: 3009: 2978: 2972: 2955: 2936: 2903: 2874: 2853: 2841:Berghahn Books 2826: 2820: 2803: 2797: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2737: 2701: 2668: 2635: 2602: 2590: 2557: 2545: 2533: 2531:, p. 132. 2521: 2519:, p. 131. 2509: 2476: 2464: 2452: 2440: 2409: 2394: 2363: 2333: 2303: 2291: 2279: 2267: 2235: 2220: 2180: 2168: 2156: 2154:, p. 206. 2144: 2132: 2095: 2091:Schreiber 2014 2083: 2079:Schreiber 2014 2071: 2067:Schreiber 2014 2059: 2026: 2022:Schreiber 2014 2014: 2002: 1990: 1978: 1966: 1933: 1897: 1864: 1849: 1837: 1835:, p. 344. 1825: 1813: 1801: 1799:, p. 323. 1789: 1777: 1744: 1732: 1720: 1708: 1696: 1694:, p. 128. 1684: 1672: 1660: 1648: 1636: 1603: 1591: 1558: 1556:, p. 205. 1546: 1534: 1498: 1486: 1474: 1472:, p. 292. 1462: 1460:, p. 375. 1447: 1435: 1423: 1411: 1396: 1381: 1379:, p. 984. 1369: 1367:, p. 460. 1357: 1340: 1328: 1316: 1304: 1302:, p. 372. 1292: 1290:, p. 362. 1280: 1265: 1263:, p. 369. 1253: 1241: 1229: 1217: 1205: 1203:, p. 206. 1188: 1176: 1164: 1152: 1140: 1128: 1095: 1062: 1047: 1035: 1023: 993: 989:Margalith 1953 975: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 963: 962: 957: 950: 947: 930: 927: 875: 874:Spousal rights 872: 843: 840: 770: 767: 761: 758: 756: 753: 691:Reform Judaism 668: 665: 562: 559: 554:Main article: 551: 548: 513:West Jerusalem 509:East Jerusalem 504: 501: 414: 411: 381: 378: 366:British Empire 352:, rather than 321:and all other 291:Ottoman Empire 264: 261: 259: 256: 219: 216: 145: 144: 137: 136: 130: 129: 123: 122: 119: 113: 112: 109: 107:Second reading 103: 102: 99: 93: 92: 88: 87: 84: 80: 79: 76: 72: 71: 66: 62: 61: 58: 54: 53: 48: 44: 43: 37: 36: 28: 27: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6503: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6471: 6461: 6460: 6457: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6430: 6426: 6423: 6419: 6418: 6414: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6332: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6224: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6115: 6112: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6087:Civil defense 6085: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6036: 6032: 6029: 6028: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5979: 5976: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5909: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5884: 5883:Peace process 5881: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5874: 5871: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5862: 5859: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5850: 5847: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5838: 5837:Ottoman Syria 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5796: 5791: 5789: 5784: 5782: 5777: 5776: 5773: 5761: 5760: 5751: 5749: 5748: 5739: 5738: 5735: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5454:United States 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5395: 5388: 5383: 5381: 5376: 5374: 5369: 5368: 5365: 5353: 5352: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5336:Schengen Area 5333: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5323: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5285:Statelessness 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5233: 5230: 5226: 5225: 5221: 5219: 5218: 5217:Ius sanguinis 5214: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5204: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5170: 5169:African Union 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137:organizations 5135:International 5133: 5127: 5124: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5108:United States 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4924: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4852:Liechtenstein 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4759:Schengen Area 4755: 4751: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4422:United States 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4121:Guinea-Bissau 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3979: 3974: 3972: 3967: 3965: 3960: 3959: 3956: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3628: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3405: 3399: 3395: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3360: 3356: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3248: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3205: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3174: 3171:: 1089–1135. 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3006: 2991: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2833: 2827: 2823: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2780: 2758: 2754: 2753: 2748: 2741: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2716: 2711: 2705: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2679: 2672: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2646: 2639: 2623: 2619: 2618: 2613: 2606: 2599: 2594: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2568: 2561: 2554: 2549: 2542: 2537: 2530: 2525: 2518: 2513: 2497: 2493: 2492: 2487: 2480: 2473: 2468: 2461: 2456: 2450:, p. 57. 2449: 2444: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2413: 2406: 2401: 2399: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2367: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2337: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2307: 2300: 2295: 2288: 2283: 2277:, p. 90. 2276: 2271: 2255: 2251: 2250: 2245: 2239: 2232: 2227: 2225: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2184: 2177: 2172: 2165: 2160: 2153: 2148: 2141: 2136: 2117: 2113: 2110:(in Hebrew). 2105: 2099: 2092: 2087: 2080: 2075: 2069:, p. 62. 2068: 2063: 2047: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2030: 2023: 2018: 2011: 2006: 1999: 1994: 1987: 1982: 1975: 1970: 1954: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1937: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1912: 1907: 1901: 1885: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1868: 1862:, p. 16. 1861: 1856: 1854: 1846: 1845:Richmond 1993 1841: 1834: 1829: 1823:, p. 71. 1822: 1817: 1810: 1805: 1798: 1793: 1787:, p. 29. 1786: 1781: 1765: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1748: 1741: 1736: 1729: 1724: 1718:, p. 61. 1717: 1712: 1705: 1704:Richmond 1993 1700: 1693: 1688: 1681: 1680:Richmond 1993 1676: 1669: 1664: 1657: 1652: 1646:, p. 83. 1645: 1640: 1624: 1620: 1619: 1614: 1607: 1600: 1595: 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