461:. Isa also faced opposition from Ahmad ibn Tahir ibn Ghannam, another distant relative from the Banu Rabi'ah, and from his Al Fadl kinsman Zamil ibn Ali ibn Haditha. The latter coveted the post, viewing himself as the rightful heir to the office that had been held by his father. In his conflict with Isa, Zamil was defeated, imprisoned, then released after a reconciliation between the chieftains of the Banu Rabi'ah in 1264. Ahmad ibn Tahir, whose demand of a share in Isa's
481:. Baybars' actions backfired when Isa made it apparent that he would defect to the Ilkhanids; the Bedouin tribes' defection to the Ilkhanids was a constant possibility and gave Isa considerable leverage with Baybars. News of this turn of events prompted Baybars to secretly rush to Syria from Egypt on 15 September 1270 and secure Isa's commitment to the Mamluks. He arrived in
551:
major assault against the
Ilkhanid left ending in a rout. Afterward, the Mamluk divisions destroyed the Ilkhanid center and forced the latter's retreat, resulting in a decisive Mamluk victory. Isa was praised in Mamluk histories of the battle for securing the Mamluk victory. In reward for his performance, he was made the lord of
485:
on 4 October and summoned Isa. During the meeting, Baybars asked Isa whether rumors of his planned defection were true and Isa answered in the affirmative. Afterward, Baybars honored him and agreed to free the hostages, restore Isa's grant, and distribute to the
Bedouin tribes large amounts of wheat.
448:
Isa's assignment to the post was opposed by some of his kinsmen from the start. The strongest opposition came from Ahmad ibn Hajji of the Al Mira, relatives of the Al Fadl through their shared ancestor Rabi'ah ibn Hazim, whose descendants were collectively known as the Banu Rabi'ah. Ahmad ibn Hajji
550:
among other Syrian tribes. During the course of the battle, the Mamluk right held firm against the
Ilkhanid right's assault and then the Mamluk divisions (excluding Isa's right flank) led a joint counterattack against the Ilkhanid right. It was during this counterattack that Isa's forces mounted a
526:, who was joined by Isa. The Ilkhanids and their Armenian and Georgian allies took advantage of the intra-Mamluk strife and an invitation by Sunqur to invade Syria, and sacked Aleppo. Isa reprimanded Sunqur for inciting the Muslims' enemies to attack and urged him not to betray
535:. He was replaced by his relative Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr as punishment by Qalawun for supporting Sunqur's revolt. Muhammad's appointment was likely in name only, and in any case, Isa reconciled with Qalawun by 1280, when the sultan received him in Cairo.
486:
As a result, Isa swore an oath of loyalty to
Baybars and afterward participated in every Mamluk campaign against the Ilkhanids. The first of these campaigns occurred soon after Isa's meeting with Baybars, when he led raids against the Ilkhanids in
501:
in western Iraq on orders from
Baybars, possibly to divert Ilkhanid forces from an expedition against Syria. The Mongols at Anbar retreated without resistance as Isa advanced. Months later, in March 1274, Isa's forces confronted a group of
382:
appointed Isa as a reward for assisting him during his 1250s exile in Syria (in this version, Ali was stripped of the title as punishment for denying
Baybars refuge). In any case, it is known that Baybars issued a diploma confirming Isa as
476:
In 1268/69, Baybars took hostage some of the
Bedouin chieftains' sons as leverage to ensure that their fathers did not defect to the Ilkhanids. That same year, he halved Isa's annual grant of 130,000 silver
530:
in his late age. Isa persuaded Sunqur not to join the
Ilkhanids and the latter escaped Qalawun's advancing army. Isa also sought to evade Qalawun's troops and barricaded himself in the desert fortress of
465:
was denied by
Baybars, desisted from further opposition when he was given a smaller emirate elsewhere in Syria. In early 1265, Isa was dispatched by Baybars to lead a raid against Ilkhanid-held
984:
445:
in a Mongol ambush in
October 1261. The next year, Isa was present in Cairo to bear witness that al-Mustansir's successor and kinsman, al-Hakim, was indeed a member of the Abbasid line.
378:
in the latter half of 1260, though the sources indicate that Isa and his Bedouin horsemen refrained from actually participating in the battle. In another version, Qutuz's successor
567:, who inherited his emirate, and became the lord of the ancient oasis town of Palmyra. For the next quarter century, Muhanna and another of Isa's sons, Fadl, held the office of
506:
Bedouin in Anbar, though there was no conclusive victory after a daylong battle. Isa commanded a contingent of Baybars' army in the 1277 campaign against the Mongols at the
668:
348:(r. 1200–1218), beginning a tradition of Al Fadl tribesmen being appointed to the office. Isa's father Muhanna and grandfather Mani (d. 1232) both served the post.
1243:
441:
in Cairo. Isa accompanied al-Mustansir on his Mamluk-sponsored campaign to reclaim Iraq from the Mongols. However, al-Mustansir was killed en route to
571:
with minor interruptions. Isa's branch of the Al Fadl dynasty, sometimes referred to as "Al Isa", served the office through much of the 14th century.
473:
from an Ilkhanid siege; al-Birah's defenders withstood the siege and the Ilkhanids retreated in haste with the arrival of Mamluk forces in February.
1093:
Hiyari, Mustafa A. (1975). "The Origins and Development of the Amīrate of the Arabs during the Seventh/Thirteenth and Eighth/Fourteenth Centuries".
366:
was Muhanna's uncle Ali ibn Haditha. The circumstances of Isa's replacement of Ali are also unclear. In some versions, Isa was appointed by Sultan
264:. Isa was reinstalled by 1280, and in the following year, played a decisive role as a commander in the Mamluk victory over the Ilkhanate at the
425:
Isa's relations with Baybars were generally on good terms, though there were occasional exceptions. Following the Mongol destruction of the
1133:
From Slave to Sultan: The Career of Al-Manṣūr Qalāwūn and the Consolidation of Mamluk Rule in Egypt and Syria (678–689 A.H./1279-1290 A.D.)
129:
Sharaf ad-Din ʿIsa ibn Muhanna ibn Maniʿ ibn Haditha ibn Fadl ibn Rabiʿah ibn Hazim ibn ʿAli ibn Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah at-Taʾi
667:
Tekindaǧ, Şehabeddin (1973). "ʿĪsā b. Muhannā". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; Van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.).
409:. Baybars also entrusted the Al Fadl and the other Bedouin tribes of the Syrian desert and steppe with guarding the Syrian frontier with
433:), was the first to reach Syria under Isa's protection. However, the second surviving prince, Abu al-Qasim (known by the regnal name
310:
was "Sharaf ad-Din al-Tayyi", denoting his Tayyid roots. By the early 13th century, the Al Fadl dominated the desert region between
1268:
457:. Their conflict dissipated as the Mamluks gave the Al Mira virtual independence in the southern desert, while maintaining Isa as
1054:
260:. However, Isa dissuaded Sunqur from joining the Ilkhanids' army, and was dismissed from his post when Qalawun's forces
606:
297:
1181:
1160:
1141:
1083:
778:
522:, acted as strongman. Qalawun usurped the throne in 1279 and soon after faced a rebellion by his viceroy in Syria,
518:
Baybars died in July 1277 and was succeeded by his sons who ruled in name only while Baybars' closest subordinate,
221:
tribes of Syria and obliged him to provide auxiliary troops in times of war and guard the desert frontier from the
1263:
1007:
631:
453:) of the southern Syrian Desert, and Ahmad ibn Hajji led the struggle against Isa for the official post of
1258:
989:(in Arabic). Vol. 19. هيئة الموسوعة العربية. p. 788. Archived from the original on 2016-08-02
362:
was stripped from him. It is known for certain that prior to the Mamluk conquest of Syria in 1260, the
510:. He visited Egypt later that year with Ahmad ibn Hajji, and the two were well received by Baybars.
210:
627:
630:, but Baybars reestablished the caliphate in Cairo by installing al-Mustansir, a member of the
1044:
1253:
1171:
1131:
1073:
768:
539:
265:
1238:
261:
8:
594:
371:
331:
319:
1191:
Tritton, A. S. (1948). "The Tribes of Syria in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries".
449:
and his tribe were considered by the historians of their day as the kings of the Arabs (
1216:
1208:
1118:
1110:
1001:
507:
770:
Islamic Law and the State: The Constitutional Jurisprudence of Shihāb Al-Dīn Al-Qarāfī
598:
469:
as a diversion for a Mamluk expedition aimed at relieving their Anatolian fortress of
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1177:
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1137:
1122:
1079:
1060:
1050:
774:
543:
426:
253:
104:
1200:
1102:
523:
358:
It is not evident in medieval Muslim sources when Muhanna died or when the post of
257:
242:
213:
after their conquest of Syria in 1260. Isa's father served the same post under the
1151:
Northrup, Linda S. (1998). "The Bahri Mamluk sultanate". In Petry, Carl F. (ed.).
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201:
30:
564:
434:
341:
269:
214:
57:
626:
The last traditional Abbasid caliph was killed by the Mongols in 1258 when they
610:
546:
of the Mamluk army. Under his command were the horsemen of Al Fadl, Al Mira and
542:
between the Mamluks and the Ilkhanids in October 1281, Isa commanded the right
429:
of Baghdad in 1258, two Abbasid princes escaped; Abu al-'Abbas (later known as
272:, and throughout the 14th century, Isa's direct descendants held the office of
1204:
1106:
1046:
The Mongol Empire Between Myth and Reality: Studies in Anthropological History
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602:
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192:
498:
111:
1173:
State and Rural Society in Medieval Islam: Sultans, Muqtaʻs, and Fallahun
547:
430:
327:
1212:
1114:
593:
Sharaf ad-Dīn ʿIsa ibn Muhannā ibn Maniʿ ibn Ḥadītha ibn Ghudayya ibn
588:
410:
398:
315:
289:
238:
230:
222:
532:
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379:
345:
285:
246:
206:
188:
184:
143:
138:
65:
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478:
466:
438:
406:
234:
1153:
The Cambridge History of Egypt, Vol. 1: Islamic Egypt 640–1517
326:. Isa's great-grandfather, Haditha (grandson of the Al Fadl's
527:
367:
306:
161:
614:
482:
414:
389:
323:
311:
301:
256:, and joined the rebellion of the Mamluk viceroy of Syria,
237:. He participated in numerous campaigns against the Mongol
226:
218:
180:
177:
437:), was chosen by Baybars and inaugurated as the Abbasid
1075:
Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281
1193:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
1095:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
300:(d. 1013), himself a member of the ancient tribe of
910:
908:
217:. His assignment gave him command over the nomadic
16:
Emir of the Al Fadl Bedouin during the 13th century
563:Isa died in May 1284. He was succeeded by his son
252:In 1279/80, Isa defected from Baybars' successor,
199:during the 13th–15th centuries. He was appointed
1230:
982:
905:
792:
790:
513:
268:. After his death, Isa was succeeded by his son
833:
831:
829:
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863:
686:
684:
682:
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653:
651:
649:
1244:13th-century people from the Mamluk Sultanate
1071:
1049:. Iran Studies. Vol. 11. Leiden: Brill.
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859:
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497:In 1273, Isa led raids against Ilkhanid-held
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749:
747:
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743:
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700:
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696:
1078:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1014:
983:محمد عدنان قيطاز (1998). "مهنّا (أسرة)".
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893:
808:
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229:. As part of his emirate, he was granted
1150:
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710:
666:
340:(commander of the Bedouin tribes) under
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670:Encyclopedia of Islam, Second Edition
170:Sharaf ad-Din Isa ibn Muhanna at-Ta'i
1169:
976:
558:
370:as a reward for his support in the
13:
14:
1280:
914:Northrup 1998, ed. Petry, p. 274.
288:, were direct descendants of the
950:Amitai-Preiss 1995, pp. 191–192.
878:Amitai-Preiss 1995, pp. 112–113.
351:
1269:Arabs from the Mamluk Sultanate
1035:
1023:
967:
944:
935:
926:
917:
872:
620:
401:, which was separated from the
1155:. Cambridge University Press.
1072:Amitai-Preiss, Reuven (1995).
731:
704:Amitai-Preiss 1995, pp. 64–65.
581:
393:(fiefs) in 1260/61. Among his
276:with occasional interruption.
1:
773:. Leiden: Brill. p. 50.
640:
514:Career during Qalawun's reign
767:Jackson, Sherman A. (1996).
318:valley in the east and from
7:
964:Amitai-Preiss 1995, p. 197.
902:Amitai-Preiss 1995, p. 133.
279:
191:dynasty that dominated the
10:
1285:
890:Amitai-Preiss 1995, p. 68.
796:Tritton 1948, pp. 567–568.
737:Amitai-Preiss 1995, p. 66.
322:southward through central
183:(commander/prince) of the
1205:10.1017/s0041977x00083129
1107:10.1017/s0041977x00048060
1029:Hiyari 1975, pp. 517–518.
1006:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
837:Hiyari 1975, pp. 516–517.
690:Hiyari 1975, pp. 515–516.
657:Hiyari 1975, pp. 513–514.
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1170:Sato, Tsugitaka (1997).
1136:. Franz Steiner Verlag.
1130:Northrup, Linda (1998).
673:. Brill. pp. 87–88.
574:
262:suppressed the rebellion
632:extended Abbasid family
490:and Harran in southern
334:), served as the first
1043:Aigle, Denise (2015).
973:Northrup 1998, p. 111.
932:Northrup 1998, p. 101.
1264:Bedouin tribal chiefs
941:Northrup 1998, p. 97.
923:Northrup 1998, p. 94.
869:Tritton 1948, p. 568.
728:Tritton 1948, p. 567.
540:Second Battle of Homs
266:Second Battle of Homs
249:' reign (1260–1277).
176:(d. 1284/85), was an
1020:Hiyari 1975, p. 518.
823:Hiyari 1975, p. 516.
757:Hiyari 1975, p. 517.
421:Service with Baybars
387:and recognizing his
298:Mufarrij ibn Daghfal
805:Aigle 2015, p. 244.
372:Battle of Ain Jalut
314:in the west to the
1259:Palmyrene monarchs
508:Battle of Elbistan
205:(commander of the
172:, better known as
1176:. Leiden: Brill.
1056:978-9-004-28064-9
716:Sato 1997, p. 96.
427:Abbasid Caliphate
241:on behalf of the
167:
166:
153:Muhanna ibn Maniʿ
133:
132:
1276:
1224:
1199:(3/4): 567–573.
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559:Death and legacy
524:Sunqur al-Ashqar
332:Fadl ibn Rabi'ah
284:Isa's clan, the
258:Sunqur al-Ashqar
223:Mongol Ilkhanate
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411:Mongol Ilkhanid
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174:Isa ibn Muhanna
114:
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91:Muhanna ibn Isa
58:Muhanna ibn Isa
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24:Isa ibn Muhanna
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1101:(3): 509–524.
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659:
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639:
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628:sacked Baghdad
619:
613:ibn al-Jarrāh
587:Full name and
579:
578:
576:
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560:
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555:in late 1281.
515:
512:
451:muluk al-ʿarab
422:
419:
355:
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281:
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245:during Sultan
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608:
605:ibn ʿAlī ibn
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569:amir al-ʿarab
566:
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511:
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459:amir al-ʿarab
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455:amir al-ʿarab
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405:of Hama, and
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385:amir al-ʿarab
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364:amir al-ʿarab
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360:amir al-ʿarab
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353:Amir al-ʿarab
349:
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337:amir al-ʿarab
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320:Qal'at Ja'bar
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991:. Retrieved
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733:
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662:
622:
592:
583:
568:
562:
537:
517:
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475:
458:
454:
450:
447:
435:al-Mustansir
424:
402:
394:
388:
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374:against the
363:
359:
357:
352:
335:
305:
283:
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251:
200:
173:
169:
168:
29:
18:
1239:1284 deaths
538:During the
80:Predecessor
46:Predecessor
1233:Categories
993:2016-06-23
641:References
548:Banu Kilab
328:progenitor
1221:161392172
1123:178868071
1065:1569-7401
1002:cite book
589:genealogy
399:Salamiyah
316:Euphrates
294:Palestine
292:ruler of
239:Ilkhanate
231:Salamiyah
209:) by the
88:Successor
75:1281–1284
54:Successor
41:1260–1284
607:Mufarrij
533:al-Rahba
492:Anatolia
471:al-Birah
431:al-Hakim
304:; Isa's
290:Jarrahid
280:Ancestry
215:Ayyubids
158:Religion
115:Muhammad
109:Muhanna
99:May 1284
64:Lord of
615:at-Ṭaʾī
611:Daghfal
553:Palmyra
520:Qalawun
504:Khafaja
479:dirhams
463:emirate
443:Baghdad
395:iqta'at
390:iqtaʿat
380:Baybars
376:Mongols
346:al-Adil
344:sultan
342:Ayyubid
286:Al Fadl
270:Muhanna
254:Qalawun
247:Baybars
243:Mamluks
211:Mamluks
207:Bedouin
189:Bedouin
185:Al Fadl
144:Al Fadl
66:Palmyra
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488:Edessa
467:Harran
439:caliph
413:-held
407:Sarmin
235:Sarmin
197:steppe
150:Father
1217:S2CID
1209:JSTOR
1119:S2CID
1111:JSTOR
603:Ḥaẓim
575:Notes
544:flank
528:Islam
499:Anbar
403:iqtaʿ
368:Qutuz
307:laqab
162:Islam
139:House
124:Names
105:Issue
72:Reign
38:Reign
1249:Tayy
1178:ISBN
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1138:ISBN
1080:ISBN
1061:ISSN
1051:ISBN
1008:link
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609:ibn
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595:Faḍl
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415:Iraq
324:Najd
312:Homs
302:Tayy
233:and
227:Iraq
219:Arab
195:and
187:, a
181:emir
178:Arab
112:Fadl
96:Died
1201:doi
1103:doi
225:in
83:N/A
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