Irish language outside Ireland

1422: 56: 4597: 3954: 199:, Bristol, and the towns of South Wales and Lancashire, and often moved on to London. Navvies found work on the South Wales Railway. There are reports of Irish-speaking communities in some quarters of Liverpool in the Famine years (1845–52). Irish speakers from Munster were common among London immigrants, with many women speaking little or no English. Around 100,000 Irish had arrived in London by 1851. The Irish Nationalist politician and lawyer 1489:(Conradh na Gaeilge), ran free classes in Sydney from the 1960s through to 2007, when the language group became independent. In 1993 Máirtín Ó Dubhlaigh, a Sydney-based Irish speaker, founded the first Irish language summer school, Scoil Samhraidh na hAstráile. This brought together for the first time Irish speakers and teachers from all over the country. The language also attracted some wider public attention. 357: 900:, "No people will look forward to posterity who do not look backward to their ancestors." Every issue contained many works of Irish language literature and poetry submitted by Irish-Americans in and around Boston. Some were composed locally, but many others were transcribed and submitted from centuries-old heirloom Irish-language manuscripts which had been brought to the Boston area by recent immigrants. 1848:. Royal Irish Academy, Dublin. His analysis of the 19th century census figures relating to Irish shows that the language remained very strong in the south-west (Munster) and west (Connacht) until towards the end of the century. He remarks, furthermore, that for the decennial periods of 1841–51, 1851–61 and 1861–71, the results are in all likelihood an underestimate (extrapolations included): p.118. 1347:. Two of these institutions offer undergraduate degrees with advanced Irish language coursework, the University of Notre Dame with a BA in Irish Language and Literature and Lehman College-CUNY with a BA in Comparative Literature, while the University of Pittsburgh offers an undergraduate Irish Minor. Irish language courses are also offered at 1144:("The Song of the Mining"), which, "lays bare the hardships of a miner's life", was composed in Butte by Séamus Feiritéar (1897–1919), his brother Mícheál, and their childhood friend Seán Ruiséal. Another local Irish-language poem transcribed in Ó Súilleabháin's papers was composed in 1910 by Séamus Ó Muircheartaigh, a Butte mine worker from 1823:"Evidence of Irish speakers participating in the shaping of eighteenth- and nineteenth century cultural and political processes demonstrates to the contrary that this was a speech community that, so long as it existed, was fully capable of negotiating the changes shaping the Ireland that emerged at century's end". Wolf, Nicholas M.. 1496:(Cumann Gaeilge na hAstráile), Sydney Irish School and the Canberra Irish Language Association (Cumann Gaeilge Canberra). Multiple day courses are available twice a year in the states of Victoria and New South Wales. The association has won several prestigious prizes (the last in 2009 in a global competition run by 1773:. It has been estimated that 43.35% of emigrants were from Westmeath, 14.57% from Longford and 15.51% from Wexford. Such migrants tended to be younger sons and daughters of the larger tenant farmers and leaseholders, but labourers also came, their fares paid by sheep-farmers seeking skilled shepherds. 1665:(the capital) in the period 1845–1846 were Irish, as were 56.8% of those released in the 1860s. There was, however, a fall in Irish immigration from the 1880s. At first the Irish clustered in certain occupations, with single women in domestic service and men working as navvies or miners. By the 1930s 3651:

Fitzgerald, Garret, 'Estimates for baronies of minimal level of Irish-speaking amongst successive decennial cohorts, 117-1781 to 1861–1871,' pp.153–4. He suggests that, in the light of the Statistical Surveys made in the early 19th century, the observations of reliable contemporary observers and the

1776:

Irish census figures for the 19th century give an indication of the percentage of Irish speakers in the areas in question. Allowing for underestimation, it is clear that most immigrants would have been English speakers. Census figures for Westmeath, a major source of Argentinian immigrants, show the

46:

An interest in the language has persisted among a minority in the diaspora countries, and even in countries where there was never a significant Irish presence. This has been shown in the founding of language classes (including some at tertiary level), in the use of the Internet, and in contributions

1384:

books and with help from his Irish-speaking grandmother. Aloy taught Irish in Memorial University for a number of years, and a group of his students still come together on Monday nights. One of his first students, Carla Furlong, invites the others to her house to speak Irish together as the 'Aloy

469:

and its allies run language classes and other events all over Britain. The areas concerned include London, Essex, Leicestershire and Somerset. There is an active Irish language scene in Manchester with two groups, Conradh na Gaeilge (Manchester branch) and the Manchester Irish Language Group, who

35:

In the late 19th century, English became widespread in Ireland, but Irish-speakers had already shown their ability to deal with modern political and social changes through their own language at a time when emigration was strongest. Irish was the language that a large number of emigrants took with

1745:

in the 19th century. Of these, only about 20,000 settled in the country, the remainder returning to Ireland or re-emigrating to North America, Australia and other destinations. Of the 20,000 that remained, between 10,000 and 15,000 left no descendants or lost any link they had to the local Irish

1788:

branch of the Gaelic League was founded as early as 1899. It continued to be active for several decades thereafter, but evidence is lacking for organised attempts at language maintenance into the present day, though the Fahy Club in Buenos Aires continues to host Irish classes.

413:

The use of the language was affected by a decline in the number of immigrants. By the middle of the nineteenth century the Irish-born numbered around 109,000 individuals (4.5% of Londoners). By 1861 their number had fallen to 107,000, in 1871 to 91,000, and in 1901 to 60,000.

1507:

The 2011 census indicated that 1,895 people used Irish as a household language in Australia. This marks an increase from the 2001 census, which gave a figure of 828. The census does not count those who use Irish or other languages outside the household context.

1245:

Irish retains some cultural importance in the northeast United States. According to the 2000 Census, 25,661 people in the U.S. spoke Irish in the home. The 2005 Census reported 18,815. The 2009-13 American Community Survey reported 20,590 speakers

1451:, have argued that its use was widespread among the first generation, with some transmission to the second and occasional evidence of literacy. Most Irish immigrants came from counties in the west and south-west where Irish was strong (e.g. 470:

have organised an annual arts festival since 2007. The British Association for Irish Studies (established 1985) aims to support Irish cultural activities and the study of Ireland in Britain. This includes promotion of the Irish language.

2937: 203:

described an 1856 visit to the industrial "Black Country" of the West Midlands where "in very many of the houses not one of the women could speak English, and I doubt that in a single house the Irish was not the prevalent language".

1843:

A detailed view of the linguistic geography may be found in Fitzgerald, Garret, 'Estimates for baronies of minimal level of Irish-speaking amongst successive decennial cohorts, 117-1781 to 1861–1871,' pp.117–155, Volume 84,

3676:"See '19th Century Irish Emigration to Argentina,' a lecture by Prof. David Barnwell, Department of Spanish & Portuguese, Columbia University New York, given at a Columbia University Irish Studies Seminar (undated)" 3539:, 1 June 1894, 1 May 1895, and 1 June 1895; Irish Australian, 16 February 1895; cited in Greg Byrnes, 'The Gaelic League in Australasia, 1893–1993', in Rebecca Pelan, assisted by Mark Finnane and Noel Quirke (eds), 1780:

In the 1920s, there came a new wave of immigrants from Ireland, most being educated urban professionals who included a high proportion of Protestants. It is unlikely that there were many Irish speakers among them.

953:í, Ó hÉigeartaigh drew upon that very tradition to express his grief and proved that it could still be used effectively by a 20th-century poet. Ó hÉigeartaigh's lament for his son has a permanent place in the 422: 1400:

feature-length film, preceded by an Irish lesson. These events attracted people from all parts of society, not just those interested in Ireland and the language. The students took part in the international

1534:

Australians continue to contribute poetry, fiction, and journalism to Irish-language literary magazines, both in print and on-line. There is also a widely distributed electronic newsletter in Irish called

696:, a weekly newspaper published in New York City, published what is believed to be, "the first original composition in Irish to be published in the United States". It was a three stanza poem describing an 67:

Irish speakers of all social classes were to be found in early modern Britain. Irish beggars were common in 16th century England, and from the late 16th century many unskilled Irish labourers settled in

1022:

to read and write in his native language for the first time. Ó Súilleabháin also married and raised a family. Seán Ó Súilleabháin remained a very influential figure in Butte's Irish-American literary,

1439:

The Irish constituted a larger proportion of the European population than in any other British colony, and there has been debate about the extent to which Irish was used in Australia. The historian

1300:

The Irish government provides funding for suitably qualified Irish speakers to travel to Canada and the United States to teach the language at universities. This program has been coordinated by the

450:

The Gaelic League was active in London as elsewhere. The London branch had a number of notable London Irish figures as members, and it was a pioneer in the publication of Irish-language material.

132:

Large-scale Irish immigration, including many Irish speakers, began with the building of canals from the 1780s and of railways in the nineteenth century. More Irish settled in industrial towns in

2934: 981: 106: 1392:

Sinéad Ní Mheallaigh further wrote, "An important part of my role here in Newfoundland is organising Irish language events, both in the university and the community. We held an Irish language

77: 307:, as he felt that they were "the next best thing to Manx." Stowell ultimately became fluent in Irish and taught classes in the language in Liverpool, although not without difficulty during 782:

began springing up throughout the United States. Irish-American newspapers and magazines also began adding columns in the Irish-language. These same publications circulated widely among

1485:

In the 1970s there was a more general renewal of interest, supported by both local and immigrant activists. The Irish National Association, with support from the Sydney branch of the

319:

it was a bit difficult because people threatened the office in Liverpool about the class in Irish and it was....well they had to laugh in the end because I said, 'Change the name to

1140:

Seán Gaelach Ó Súilleabháin's papers in the Butte-Silver Bow Archives also include many transcriptions of the verse of other local Irish-language poets. One example is the poem

984:(Sean "Irish" O'Sullivan) (1882–1957). Ó Súilleabháin, whom literary scholar Ciara Ryan has dubbed "Butte's Irish Bard", was born into the Irish-speaking fishing community upon 43:

was the only non-English-speaking country to which the Irish went in large numbers, and those emigrants came in the 19th century from areas where Irish was already in retreat.

2796: 2775: 2754: 2730: 2709: 2672: 2625: 2579: 2555: 2534: 2486: 2462: 2441: 2409: 2388: 1661:

was still widely spoken in Ireland, particularly in the south-west and west. In the 1840s the New Zealand Irish included many discharged soldiers: over half those released in

39:

The Irish diaspora mainly settled in English-speaking countries, chiefly Britain and North America. In some instances the Irish language was retained for several generations.

745: 641:. There were many other Irish-speakers in and around Deerfield and Cúndún never had to learn English. He died in Deerfield in 1857 and lies buried at St. Agnes Cemetery in 20:

originated in Ireland and has historically been the dominant language of the Irish people. They took it with them to a number of other countries, and in Scotland and the

1380:, wrote, "There is a strong interest in the Irish language. Irish descendent and farmer Aloy O'Brien, who died in 2008 at the age of 93, taught himself Irish using the 937:("My Sorrow, Dhonncha!"), a lament for the drowning of his six-year-old son on 22 August 1905, appeared in Pearse's magazine in 1906. Although the early authors of the 367:

Irish immigrants were a notable element of London life from the early seventeenth century. They engaged in seasonal labour and street selling, and became common around

2165: 1550:

from 1987 to 1996 and published his first two poetry collections during his residence there. De Paor also gave poetry readings and other broadcasts in Irish on the

484:

Irish people brought the language with them to North America as early as the 17th century (when it is first mentioned). In the 18th century it had many speakers in

611: 677:

in North America, referred to Cúndún as, "the most notable Irish monoglot speaker to arrive in this country", and added that, "his letters and poems, written in

1657:

Irish migration to New Zealand was strongest in the 1840s, the 1860s (at the time of the gold rush) and the 1870s. These immigrants arrived at a time when the

1137:("O'Growney's Irish Language Competition") in San Francisco. Ó Súilleabháin took de Valera's advice and won both first prize and the gold medal for the poem. 1869: 708:. The poem's style is that of the Irish-language poetry of the 18th and early 19th centuries, the only difference is that it describes a pub located in the 3806: 1672:

The use of Irish was influenced by immigrants' local origins, the time of their arrival and the degree to which a sense of Irishness survived. In 1894 the

168:

heard Irish being spoken in the most crowded areas of Manchester in 1842. Irish speakers from counties Roscommon, Galway and Mayo were also to be found in

3327: 814:, argued in a posthumously published essay that "closer inspection would likely reveal a Canadian counterpart to the American language revival movement." 36:

them from the 17th century (when large-scale emigration, forced or otherwise, became noticeable) to the 19th century, when emigration reached new levels.

803: 666: 3488:

Fitzgerald, Garret, 'Estimates for baronies of minimal level of Irish-speaking amongst successive decennial cohorts, 117–1781 to 1861–1871', Volume 84,

653:

have survived through the letters he wrote to his relatives and former neighbors in Ballymacoda and due to the fact that his son, "Mr. Pierce Condon of

4621: 1444: 1238:). After making a fortune mining gold from his claim in the Yukon, Mac Gabhann returned to Cloughaneely, married, and bought the estate of a penniless 795: 2877: 2847: 4646: 125:. Language and cultural differences were partly responsible for the great hostility they encountered in England. Among them were troops commanded by 443:

was made c.1860. After long being believed to have been lost, the original manuscript was located at the Rare Book and Manuscript Collection of the

1733:í in Ireland and the passing of earlier generations were accompanied by a loss of the language. Interest is maintained among an activist minority. 1466:

English was essential to the Irish for their integration into public life. Irish, however, retained some cultural and symbolic importance, and the

3552:

Kevin Molloy, 'Victorians, historians and Irish history: a reading of the New Zealand Tablet 1873–1942,' pp.153–170 in Brad Patterson (ed.),

3277: 375:

trial records give a glimpse of the use of Irish in London backstreets, including an instance where a court interpreter was required (1768).

1436:

in the early colonial period, was seen as a language of covert opposition, and was therefore viewed with suspicion by colonial authorities.

3629:

Murray, 'The Irish Road to South America', p.1, from McKenna, Patrick (1992), 'Irish Migration to Argentina' in: O'Sullivan, Patrick (ed.)

818: 3313: 140:

in the mid-1820s by rapid industrial expansion. The city had large households of Irish speakers, often from the same parts of counties

126: 3162: 1033:

In the O'Sullivan Collection in the Butte-Silver Bow Archives, Ó Súilleabháin is also revealed to have transcribed many folksongs and

410:

gives an account (1851) of his father venturing into the Irish-speaking slums of London in the early years of the nineteenth century.

3328:"Undergraduate Units of Study for Celtic Studies : Celtic Studies : Faculty of Arts : University of Sydney Australia" 3992: 3799: 3447: 1425: 1377: 877:

Many other Irish immigrant newspapers in the English language in the 19th and 20th century similarly added Irish language columns.

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Furthermore, the tradition of Irish language literature and journalism in American newspapers continued with the weekly column of

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spent thirty years attempting to compile a dictionary of the Irish language, which remained unfinished upon his death in 1842.

3030: 1832: 1492:

There is presently a network of Irish learners and users spread out across the country. The primary organised groups are the

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was published. In the following years a small group of enthusiasts in the major cities continued to cultivate the language.

4181: 1324: 1273:, since 1987. In this period, he has published ten works in Irish, including a collection of short stories and two novels. 520: 499:

was introduced in the late 17th century and was widely spoken there until the early 20th century. Local place names in the

3700: 1463:

in the 19th century spoke Irish, helping to make Irish the most widely used European language in Australia after English.

1276:

In 2007 a number of Canadian speakers founded the first officially designated "Gaeltacht" outside Ireland in an area near

3958: 3792: 1360: 852:, while a priceless resource, are very difficult for modern readers of Irish to understand due to the publishers' use of 536: 2021: 4582: 4112: 3938: 2274: 1281: 723:. The first five original poems which were published in the column were submitted by Irish poets living in present-day 230:

there were a large number of Irish working in Britain in the construction industry, rebuilding the cities destroyed by

3331: 3119: 3005: 2980: 2346: 2009:"The Gaelic League is making rapid headway in Glasgow. There were only three branches in the city twelve months ago". 1941: 1669:

were to be found in government service, in transport and in the liquor industry, and assimilation was well advanced.

1348: 488:. Immigration from Irish-speaking counties to America was strong throughout the 19th century, particularly after the 3701:"'A la comunidad irlandesa le falta más cohesión,' an interview by Julián Doyle with Fernando (Ferry) O'Killian for 2212: 1746:

community. The nucleus of the Irish-Argentine community therefore consisted of only four to five thousand settlers.

3879: 3652:

known deficiencies of the census figures, the percentage figures for Irish speakers may need to be revised upwards.

2050:. An Clóchomhar Tta 1960. The standard autobiographical account of an Irish navvy's life in the period in question. 1561:

Colin Ryan is an Australian whose short stories, set mostly in Australia and Europe, have appeared in the journals

1110: 2304: 371:

during the eighteenth century, being prominent among the London poor. Many of them were discharged soldiers. The

3759: 3247: 1873: 1054: 1050: 774:

Beginning in the 1870s, the more politicized Irish-Americans began taking interest in their ancestral language.

626: 156:. In Manchester a sixth of the family heads were Irish by 1835. By the 1830s Irish speakers were to be found in 4122: 2004: 1340: 1160:

and was composed while Ó Muircheartaigh's wife, Nellie, and their son, Oisín, were on an extended visit there.

597: 496: 479: 918: 833: 755:

was rammed and sunk while they were out at sea. Ní Mháille's lament for her brothers was first performed at a

4552: 4408: 4073: 4009: 1328: 4256: 4108: 3985: 3352:

This is known as the O'Donnell Collection, after Dr Nicholas O'Donnell, the Gaelic scholar who amassed it:

2885: 2855: 1551: 787: 2835: 1977:

Nic Craith, Máiréad; Leyland, Janet, 'The Irish language in Britain: A case study of North West England,'

1470:

was reflected in Australia in the work of local students and scholars. The language was taught in several

335:

Stowell eventually used his experience learning and teaching Irish to translate the Irish language course

4636: 4244: 4159: 2603:

The paper and its context are discussed by Fionnuala Uí Fhlannagáin in: Uí Fhlannagáin, Fionnuala, 1990.

1682:

newspaper, published articles on the study of Irish. In 1895 it was resolved at a meeting in the city of

1045:. Seán Gaelach Ó Súilleabháin was also a highly talented poet in his own right who drew inspiration from 731: 563: 2079: 2061: 1825:

An Irish-Speaking Island: State, Religion, Community, and the Linguistic Landscape in Ireland, 1770–1870

406:

estimated in the 1850s that around 10,000 Irish men and women were so employed. The writer and linguist

4559: 4232: 4130: 3815: 1804: 1798: 1777:

following percentages of Irish speakers: 17% in the period 1831–41, 12% in 1841–51, and 8% in 1851–61.

926: 581:

For a long time, it was doubted whether the poet ever made the trip. During the 21st century, however,

1099:

of the eighteenth century, Seán's work is replete with historical and literary reference to Irish and

1046: 3585:"The Irish Road to South America: Nineteenth-Century Travel Patterns from Ireland to the River Plate" 1707: 1086: 844:, New York. It continued appearing until 1904 and its published contributions included many works of 200: 3079: 2339:

The Irish Language in the United States: a historical, sociolinguistic and applied linguistic survey

2260: 4379: 3869: 2421: 1602: 1344: 1332: 1222:, at the end of the 19th century, and the hardships Irish-speakers endured working in the mines of 848:

collected in both Ireland and the United States. According to Tomás Ó hÍde, however, old issues of

3288: 1284:). Despite its designation, the area has no permanent Irish-speaking inhabitants. The site (named 4631: 4626: 4600: 4521: 4166: 3978: 3047: 1528: 1266: 1250: 871: 768: 323:,' and they did that and they made other threats because they thought that was the football club 2907: 1307:

A number of North American universities have full-time lecturers in Modern Irish. These include

662: 4227: 3932: 1699: 1396:

on four consecutive Mondays throughout November. Each evening consisted of a short film, and a

1356: 686: 489: 444: 368: 176: 60: 1531:

houses a collection of nineteenth and early twentieth century books and manuscripts in Irish.

250: 3847: 3840: 3429: 2247: 1352: 1192: 907:, generally about the hardships faced by immigrants to the United States, was contributed to 596:. For this reason, Donnchadh Ruadh's poems are considered the earliest solid evidence of the 578:

around 1743, allegedly to escape the wrath of a man whose daughter the poet had impregnated.

73: 1638: 3158: 2333:

The cultural and linguistic contexts are discussed in: Ó hAnnracháin, Stiofán (ed.), 1979.

1687: 1512: 1440: 1301: 1270: 913: 881: 837: 779: 593: 426: 280:

The Irish language scene in Great Britain is equally important due to their influence upon

72:, Bristol and London. Aristocratic Irish speakers included the Nugent brothers, members of 4489: 4417: 1580: 976:

One of the most talented 20th-century Irish-language poets and folklore collectors in the

466: 234:

bombs, and as nurses. Many of them, both in provincial towns and in London, were from the

8: 4514: 4449: 4017: 3911: 3874: 2097:"Old Bailey Proceedings Online: Margaret Flanady, William Flanady, Deception and perjury" 1695: 1460: 1428:: holder of the O'Donnell Collection, an important collection of Irish-language material. 1421: 1373: 1320: 1204: 1100: 1023: 638: 379: 270: 3444: 1554:(a network set up for speakers of minority languages). He was given scholarships by the 1164: 458:

The current estimate of fluent Irish speakers permanently resident in Britain is 9,000.

101: 4435: 4237: 4093: 4052: 3475: 3067: 1674: 1386: 1312: 1215: 1109:

According to the poet's son, Fr. John Patrick Sarsfield O'Sullivan ("Fr. Sars") of the

1103: 1019: 828:", the first newspaper anywhere which was largely in Irish, was founded as part of the 304: 2591: 2117: 1459:). It has been argued that at least half the approximately 150,000 Irish emigrants to 1432:

The Irish language reached Australia in 1788, along with English. Irish, when used by

1122: 136:

in the late eighteenth century than in any other county. Many Irish were attracted to

4327: 4207: 4176: 3541:

Irish-Australian Studies: Papers delivered at the Seventh Irish-Australian Conference

3307: 3115: 3026: 3001: 2976: 2342: 2184: 1937: 1828: 1626: 1606: 1555: 1289: 1277: 1014:. Following his arrival in America, Ó Súilleabháin never returned to Ireland. In the 922: 857: 122: 93: 85: 4426: 2958: 215:

abroad, including British cities. There were three branches of the Gaelic League in

4442: 4171: 3916: 3896: 3891: 3864: 3734: 1754: 1062: 1015: 942: 811: 802:

classes there during the 1870s. Although the subject still remains to be explored,

678: 674: 567: 559: 316: 288: 227: 188: 165: 145: 4530: 2358: 2141: 1497: 337: 55: 4186: 4037: 3906: 3451: 3166: 2941: 2170: 1895: 1750: 1666: 1368: 1042: 989: 970: 705: 646: 642: 633:, County Cork, emigrated to America around 1826 and settled with his family on a 361: 292: 192: 25: 2908:"Irish Minor | Less-Commonly-Taught Languages Center | University of Pittsburgh" 2025: 4098: 4083: 4032: 4027: 4001: 3901: 3516:"Irish – Culture and politics before 1911 – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand" 3354: 3132: 2166:

Irish Translation of "Paradise Lost" Found in University of Illinois Collection

1762: 1719: 1711: 1658: 1467: 1316: 1308: 1157: 1145: 1133:

was reportedly so impressed that he urged Ó Súilleabháin to submit the poem to

1130: 1011: 966: 962: 954: 938: 908: 845: 829: 799: 783: 775: 734:, Bríd Ní Mháille, an immigrant from the village of Trá Bhán, on the island of 720: 709: 654: 618: 586: 500: 320: 300: 262: 211:

in Ireland at the turn of the 20th century led to formation of branches of the

208: 97: 17: 1156:("Bring My Blessings with You, Nellie") recalls the poet's happy childhood in 1027: 767:("Big Songs") and it remains a very popular song among performers and fans of 4615: 4222: 4149: 4088: 3884: 3784: 3712: 3503:

Settlers: New Zealand Immigrants from England, Ireland and Scotland 1800–1945

2688: 1691: 1646: 1543: 1486: 1456: 1393: 1304:

in the United States and the Ireland Canada University Foundation in Canada.

1200: 1082: 930: 925:, County Kerry, worked in the clothing business and lived with his family in 823: 650: 608: 589: 435: 418: 407: 281: 212: 179:

of the later 1840s brought an influx of Irish speakers to England, Wales and

149: 29: 4370: 2282: 1292:, and is to be a retreat centre for Irish-speaking Canadians and Americans. 4191: 4103: 4057: 4047: 4022: 3052:

Biography – Nicholas Michael O'Donnell – Australian Dictionary of Biography

1929: 1785: 1715: 1690:

of the United States should be established in New Zealand. Chapters of the

1621:, published by Coiscéim in 2022. She has regularly published her poetry in 1524: 1516: 1452: 1406: 1336: 1168: 1066: 1038: 1007: 985: 958: 893: 634: 604: 575: 485: 440: 403: 387: 308: 153: 3675: 1784:

The persistence of an interest in Irish is indicated by the fact that the

84:, and William Nugent, an Irish language poet who is known to have been at 4471: 4300: 4217: 3602: 2788: 2767: 2746: 2722: 2701: 2664: 2617: 2571: 2547: 2526: 2478: 2454: 2433: 2401: 2380: 2220: 1443:

argued that the language was soon discarded; other historians, including

1239: 1034: 998: 993: 946: 853: 682: 630: 571: 544: 528: 430: 383: 324: 285: 184: 161: 141: 89: 81: 21: 4498: 3515: 4577: 4291: 2500: 2312: 1981:, Volume 10, Issue 3, 1997, pp. 171–185. DOI: 10.1080/07908319709525250 1916:

De Brún, Pádraig; Ó Buachalla, Breandán; Ó Concheanainn, Tomás (eds.).

1591:(2019). Two collections of his poetry have been published by Coiscéim: 1410: 1255: 1188: 1077:("The Lush Green Plains of Ireland"), and the highly popular 1919 poem 903:

Also during the Gaelic revival, a regular Irish-language column titled

548: 421:

London is particularly important for having produced the prolific poet

399: 372: 243: 220: 157: 137: 133: 4363: 4507: 4042: 3767: 3584: 3463: 3255: 2337:. An Clóchomhar Tta, Baile Átha Cliath; Ihde, Thomas W. (ed.), 1994. 1770: 1766: 1742: 1730: 1723: 1642: 1547: 1520: 1475: 1448: 1176: 1126: 1069:. For this reason, Ó Súilleabháin's surviving Aisling poems; such as 1018:, however, he learned through classes taught by the Butte chapter of 977: 950: 760: 697: 395: 296: 258: 239: 235: 231: 196: 118: 69: 40: 4480: 4356: 4138: 3401: 2935:

Teaching Irish in Newfoundland, the most Irish place outside Ireland

870:, which is edited by American-born Irish-language essayist and poet 759:

in South Boston before being brought back to her native district in

3225: 1679: 1662: 1471: 1172: 1152:("The Farmhand"). The poem, which has eight stanzas and is titled, 841: 807: 670: 622: 582: 180: 169: 1934:

Soldiers and Strangers: An Ethnic History of the English Civil War

492:

of 1840s, and many manuscripts in Irish came with the immigrants.

59:

Multilingual phrase book in Irish, Latin and English compiled for

4318: 3970: 2639: 2096: 1758: 1726:, visited Milton, where he met a large number of Irish speakers. 1683: 1575: 1433: 1227: 1094: 1058: 897: 866: 756: 751: 740: 724: 701: 657:", arranged for two of his father's poems to be published by the 465:

branch was founded in 1895), and the Irish-language organization

462: 391: 328: 216: 3556:, Wellington, Stout Centre for New Zealand Studies, 2002, p.166. 1899: 1195:, who published the posthumously in the 1958 emigration memoir, 945:

once common to both Ireland and Scotland and felt scorn for the

4282: 4273: 3377: 1569: 1563: 1180: 929:. Ó hÉigeartaigh also wrote poetry for the same publication in 885: 735: 661:

in 1858. The first collection of Cúndún's poetry was edited by

382:. By the early nineteenth century Irish communities existed in 356: 249:

While rebuilding the bombed damaged cities of postwar Britain,

4309: 3554:

The Irish in New Zealand: Historical Contexts and Perspectives

3387: 3054:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University 2566: 2564: 1010:

and settled in the heavily Irish-American mining community in

4212: 2793: