Invasive species - Knowledge

3181:. Briefly put, an individual of a species may have two versions of a gene, one with a desired coding outcome and one not, with offspring having a 50:50 chance of inheriting one or the other. Genetic engineering can be used to inhibit inheritance of the non-desired gene, resulting in faster propagation of the desired gene in subsequent generations. Gene drives for biodiversity conservation purposes are being explored as part of The Genetic Biocontrol of Invasive Rodents program because they offer the potential for reduced risk to non-target species and reduced costs when compared to traditional invasive species removal techniques. A wider outreach network for gene drive research exists to raise awareness of the value of gene drive research for the public good. Some scientists are concerned that the technique could wipe out species in their original native habitats. The gene could mutate, causing unforeseen problems, or hybridize with native species. 2950: 609: 2458: 57: 410: 842: 2351: 2090: 43: 887:. This in turn will cause range shifts in organisms, which could harm the environment as new species interactions occur. For example, organisms in a ballast tank of a ship traveling from the temperate zone through tropical waters may experience temperature fluctuations as much as 20 °C. Heat challenges during transport may enhance the stress tolerance of species in their non-native range, by selecting for genotypes that will survive a second applied heat stress, such as increased ocean temperature in the founder population. 68: 33: 14745: 1885: 2619:, with an estimate of more than 3,000 alien species. The impacts of invasive alien species on the economy has been wide-ranging, from management costs, to loss of crops, to infrastructure damage. The overall economic cost of invasions to Italy between 1990 and 2020 was estimated at US$ 819.76 million (EUR€704.78 million). However, only 15 recorded species have more reliably estimated costs, hence the actual cost may be much larger than the aforementioned sum. 14707: 11875: 787: 218:. The rapid growth of the field has driven a need to standardize the language used to describe invasive species and events. Despite this, little standard terminology exists; the field lacks any official designation but is commonly referred to as "invasion ecology" or more generally "invasion biology". This lack of standard terminology has arisen due to the interdisciplinary nature of the field which borrows terms from disciplines such as 11086: 543: 1976: 525: 2894: 14755: 1897: 11886: 946: 14736: 14728: 566:. In some cases, the competition is about rates of growth and reproduction. In other cases, species interact with each other more directly. One study found that 86% of invasive species could be identified from such traits alone. Another study found that invasive species often had only a few of the traits, and that noninvasive species had these also. Common invasive species traits include fast growth and rapid 14720: 2382:, altering ecosystem functionality and reducing the services ecosystems provide. This necessitates additional expenditures to control the spread of biological invasions, mitigate further impacts, and restore affected ecosystems. For example, the damage caused by 79 invasive species between 1906 and 1991 in the United States has been estimated at US$ 120 billion. Similarly, in 2933:, an island in the southern Atlantic Ocean with no permanent inhabitants, in the 18th century by sealing and whaling ships. They soon wrought havoc on the island's bird population, eating eggs and attacking chicks. In 2018, the South Georgia Island was declared free of invasive rodents after a multi-year extermination effort. Bird populations have rebounded, including the 7472:"Glossary: definitions from the following publication: Aubry, C., R. Shoal and V. Erickson. 2005. Grass cultivars: their origins, development, and use on national forests and grasslands in the Pacific Northwest. USDA Forest Service. 44 pages, plus appendices.; Native Seed Network (NSN), Institute for Applied Ecology, 563 SW Jefferson Ave, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA" 317:, and economic factors, this model focused only on ecological factors. The model evaluated individual populations rather than entire species. It classified each population based on its success in that environment. This model applied equally to indigenous and to introduced species, and did not automatically categorize successful introductions as harmful. 2244:). This is the equivalent to one-sixth of the city's current supply needs. These annual gains will double within 30 years. The catchment restoration is significantly more cost-effective then other water augmentation solutions (1/10 the unit cost of alternative options). A water fund has been established, and these exotic species are being eradicated. 3190:

often using a standardized questionnaire. The resulting total score is associated with a management action such as "prevent introduction". Assessments commonly use information about the physiology, life history, native ranges, and phylogenetic relationships of the species evaluated. The effectiveness of the approach is debated.

2454:, costs from impacts of invasive species would drastically increase. It is often argued that the key to invasive species management is early detection and rapid response. However, early response only helps when the invasive species is not frequently reintroduced into the managed area, and the cost of response is affordable. 2628:

costs for species invading France, but for which costs were reported only in other countries but not in France, which yielded an additional cost ranging from US$ 151 million to $ 3.03 billion. Damage costs were nearly eight times higher than management expenditure. Insects, and in particular the Asian tiger mosquito

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The overall economic cost of invasive alien species in Europe between 1960 and 2020 has been estimated at around US$ 140 billion (including potential costs that may or may not have actually materialised) or US$ 78 billion (only including observed costs known to have materialised). These estimates are

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spp.). In the mid-1990s, the introduction of the European green crab resulted in an increase of the amethyst gem at the expense of the native clams. In India, multiple invasive plants have invaded 66% of natural areas, reducing the densities of native forage plants, declining the habitat-use by wild

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In South Africa's Cape Town region, analysis demonstrated that the restoration of priority source water sub-catchments through the removal of thirsty alien plant invasions (such as Australian acacias, pines and eucalyptus, and Australian black wattle) would generate expected annual water gains of 50

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Many marine organisms can attach themselves to vessel hulls. Such organisms are easily transported from one body of water to another, and are a significant risk factor for a biological invasion event. Controlling for vessel hull fouling is voluntary and there are no regulations currently in place to

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Invasive species are the subset of established non-native alien or naturalized species that are a threat to native species and biodiversity. The term "invasive" is poorly defined and often very subjective. Invasive species may be plants, animals, fungi, and microbes; some include native species that

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Accurately predicting the impacts of non-native plants can be an especially effective management option because most introductions of non-native plant species are intentional. Weed risk assessments attempt to predict the chances that a specific plant will have negative effects in a new environment,

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Humans are versatile enough to remediate adverse effects of species invasions. The public is motivated by invasive species that impact their local area. The control of alien species populations is important in the conservation of biodiversity in natural ecosystem. One of the most promising methods

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Globally, invasive species management and control are substantial economic burdens, with expenditures reaching approximately $ 1.4 trillion annually. The economic impact of invasive alien species alone was estimated to exceed $ 423 billion annually as of 2019. This cost has exhibited a significant

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with related native species. Therefore, besides their economic ramifications, alien invasions may result in extensive changes in the structure, composition and global distribution of the biota at sites of introduction, leading ultimately to the homogenisation of the world's fauna and flora and the

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Maritime trade has rapidly affected the way marine organisms are transported within the ocean; new means of species transport include hull fouling and ballast water transport. In fact, Molnar et al. 2008 documented the pathways of hundreds of marine invasive species and found that shipping was the

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and invasion, while large-scale studies tended to show the reverse, perhaps a side-effect of invasives' ability to capitalize on increased resource availability and weaker species interactions that are more common when larger samples are considered. However, this pattern does not seem to hold true

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Typically, an introduced species must survive at low population densities before it becomes invasive in a new location. At low population densities, it can be difficult for the introduced species to reproduce and maintain itself in a new location, so a species might reach a location multiple times

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Non-native species can be introduced to fill an ecological engineering role that previously was performed by a native species now extinct. The procedure is known as taxon substitution. On many islands, tortoise extinction has resulted in dysfunctional ecosystems with respect to seed dispersal and

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has an estimated minimum of 2,750 introduced and invasive alien species. Renault et al. (2021) obtained 1,583 cost records for 98 invasive alien species and found that they caused a conservative total cost between US$ 1.2 billion and 11.5 billion over the period 1993–2018. This study extrapolated

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on two islets in 2000 and 2007 has begun to restore ecological equilibrium. The introduced tortoises are dispersing seeds of several native plants and are selectively grazing invasive plant species. Grazing and browsing are expected to replace ongoing intensive manual weeding, and the introduced

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Lenz, Mark; Ahmed, Yasser; Canning-Clode, João; Díaz, Eliecer; Eichhorn, Sandra; Fabritzek, Armin G.; da Gama, Bernardo A. P.; Garcia, Marie; von Juterzenka, Karen (May 24, 2018). "Heat challenges can enhance population tolerance to thermal stress in mussels: a potential mechanism by which ship

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Environmental award, runs a website named "Eat The Invaders". In the 21st century, organizations including Reef Environmental Educational Foundation and the Institute for Applied Ecology have published cookbooks and recipes using invasive species as ingredients. Invasive plant species have been

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advantage of the introduced species. Genetic pollution occurs either through introduction or through habitat modification, where previously isolated species are brought into contact with the new genotypes. Invading species have been shown to adapt to their new environments in a remarkably short

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Invasion of long-established ecosystems by organisms is a natural phenomenon, but human-facilitated introductions have greatly increased the rate, scale, and geographic range of invasion. For millennia, humans have served as both accidental and deliberate dispersal agents, beginning with their

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states that evolution leads to ecological balance in every ecosystem. No single species can occupy a majority of an ecosystem due to the presences of competitors, predators, and diseases. Introduced species moved to a novel habitat can become invasive, with rapid population growth, when these

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Invasive species can affect human health. With the alteration in ecosystem functionality (due to homogenization of biota communities), invasive species have resulted in negative effects on human well-being, which includes reduced resource availability, unrestrained spread of human diseases,

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from invasive species can be separated into direct costs through production loss in agriculture and forestry, and management costs. Estimated damage and control costs of invasive species in the U.S. amount to more than $ 138 billion annually. Economic losses can occur through loss of

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Virtue, J.G.; Bennett, Sarita; Randall, R.P. (2004). "Plant introductions in Australia: how can we resolve 'weedy' conflicts of interest?: Plant introductions in Australia: how can we resolve 'weedy' conflicts of interest?". In Sindel, Brian Mark; Johnson, Stephen Barry (eds.).

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Genetic Pollution from Farm Forestry using eucalypt species and hybrids; A report for the RIRDC/L&WA/FWPRDC]; Joint Venture Agroforestry Program; by Brad M. Potts, Robert C. Barbour, Andrew B. Hingston; September 2001; RIRDC Publication No 01/114; RIRDC Project No CPF –

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were less subject to invasive species because fewer niches remained unoccupied. Other ecologists later pointed to highly diverse, but heavily invaded ecosystems, arguing that ecosystems with high species diversity were more susceptible to invasion. This debate hinged on the

2658:). Over 90% of alien species currently recorded in France had no costs reported in the literature, resulting in high biases in taxonomic, regional and activity sector coverages. However, no reports does not mean that there are no negative consequences and thus no costs. 5989:

Xu, Jian; Wickramarathne, Thanuka L.; Chawla, Nitesh V.; Grey, Erin K.; Steinhaeuser, Karsten; Keller, Reuben P.; Drake, John M.; Lodge, David M. (2014). "Improving management of aquatic invasions by integrating shipping network, ecological, and environmental data".

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deals with the eradication of invasive species. A 2019 study suggests that if eradications of invasive animals were conducted on just 169 islands, the survival prospects of 9.4% of the Earth's most highly threatened terrestrial insular vertebrates would be improved.

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and post-introduction evolution lead to offspring that have higher fitness. Critically, plasticity permits changes to better suit the individual to its environment. Pre-adaptations and evolution after the introduction reinforce the success of the introduced species.

2117:) was first introduced into the U.S. in 1996, and was expected to infect and damage millions of acres of hardwood trees. As of 2005 thirty million dollars had been spent in attempts to eradicate this pest and protect millions of trees in the affected regions. The 2681:

Some invasive species can provide a suitable habitat or food source for other organisms. In areas where a native has become extinct or reached a point that it cannot be restored, non-native species can fill their role. For instance, in the US, the endangered

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While in some cases, invasive species may offer economic benefits, such as the potential for commercial forestry from invasive trees, these benefits are generally overshadowed by the substantial costs associated with biological invasions. In most cases, the

2064:) in native ecosystems. Invasive species that are closely related to rare native species have the potential to hybridize with the native species. Harmful effects of hybridization have led to a decline and even extinction of native species. For example, 5151:

Herrera, Ileana; Ferrer-Paris, José R.; Benzo, Diana; Flores, Saúl; García, Belkis; Nassar, Jafet M. (2018). "An Invasive Succulent Plant (Kalanchoe daigremontiana) Influences Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Mineralization in a Neotropical Semiarid Zone".

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created the first menu dedicated to invasive species. At that time, half the items on the menu were conceptual because those invasive species were not yet commercially available. By 2013, Miya's offered invasive aquatic species such as Chesapeake

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Trainer, Vera L.; Bates, Stephen S.; Lundholm, Nina; Thessen, Anne E.; Cochlan, William P.; Adams, Nicolaus G.; Trick, Charles G. (2012). "Pseudo-nitzschia physiological ecology, phylogeny, toxicity, monitoring and impacts on ecosystem health".

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may be more prone to invasion because their species face few strong competitors and predators, and because their distance from colonizing species populations makes them more likely to have "open" niches. For example, native bird populations on

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does specify some steps that its members should take to control invasive species. The CBD is the most significant international agreement on the environmental consequences of invasive species; most such measures are voluntary and unspecific.

349:, the availability of resources determines the impact of additional species on the ecosystem. Stable ecosystems have a resource equilibrium, which can be changed fundamentally by the arrival of invasive species. When changes such as a 7904:

Xu, Haigen; Ding, Hui; Li, Mingyan; Qiang, Sheng; Guo, Jianying; Han, Zhengmin; Huang, Zongguo; Sun, Hongying; He, Shunping; Wu, Hairong; Wan, Fanghao (2006). "The distribution and economic losses of alien species invasion to China".

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Many invasive species, once they are dominant in the area, become essential to the ecosystem of that area, and their removal could be harmful. Economics plays a major role in exotic species introduction. High demand for the valuable

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Mehta, Kanishka; Koli, Vijay K.; Kittur, Swati; Sundar, K. S. Gopi (February 21, 2024). "Can you nest where you roost? Waterbirds use different sites but similar cues to locate roosting and breeding sites in a small Indian city".

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are becoming responsible for decontamination of their own equipment, public water equipment, and private water equipment, due to the risk of aquatic invasive species transfer. In the United States this is especially a concern for

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during the fire season in western North America. Where it is widespread, it has altered the local fire regimen so much that native plants cannot survive the frequent fires, allowing it to become dominant in its introduced range.

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via ballast water. These outcompete native organisms for oxygen and food, and can be transported in the small puddle left in a supposedly empty ballast tank. Regulations attempt to mitigate such risks, not always successfully.

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In an attempt to avoid the ambiguous, subjective, and pejorative vocabulary that so often accompanies discussion of invasive species even in scientific papers, Colautti and MacIsaac proposed a new nomenclature system based on

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Lanciotti, R. S.; Roehrig, J. T.; Deubel, V.; Smith, J.; Parker, M.; Steele, K.; et al. (December 17, 1999). "Origin of the West Nile Virus Responsible for an Outbreak of Encephalitis in the Northeastern United States".

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Proponents of eating invasive organisms argue that humans have the ability to eat away any species that it has an appetite for, pointing to the many animals which humans have been able to hunt to extinction—such as the

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moves animals across borders, where they can escape and become invasive. Organisms stow away on transport vehicles. Incidental human assisted transfer is the main cause of introductions – other than for

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Van Meerbeek, Koenraad; Appels, Lise; Dewil, Raf; Calmeyn, Annelies; Lemmens, Pieter; Muys, Bart; Hermy, Martin (May 1, 2015). "Biomass of invasive plant species as a potential feedstock for bioenergy production".

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that did not kill its host. However, in the Great Lakes Region, it acts as a predator and can consume up to 40 pounds of fish in its 12–18 month feeding period. Sea lampreys prey on all types of large fish such as

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Huenneke, Laura Foster; Hamburg, Steven P.; Koide, Roger; Mooney, Harold A.; Vitousek, Peter M. (1990). "Effects of Soil Resources on Plant Invasion and Community Structure in Californian Serpentine Grassland".

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Gordon, Doria R.; Flory, S. Luke; Lieurance, Deah; Hulme, Philip E.; Buddenhagen, Chris; Caton, Barney; et al. (March 2016). "Weed Risk Assessments Are an Effective Component of Invasion Risk Management".

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Stohlgren, Thomas J.; Binkley, Dan; Chong, Geneva W.; Kalkhan, Mohammed A.; Schell, Lisa D.; Bull, Kelly A.; et al. (February 1999). "Exotic Plant Species Invade Hot Spots of Native Plant Diversity".

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revenues. When economic costs of invasions are calculated as production loss and management costs, they are low because they do not consider environmental damage; if monetary values were assigned to the

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before it becomes established. Repeated patterns of human movement, such as ships sailing to and from ports or cars driving up and down highways, offer repeated opportunities for establishment (a high

6442: 4378: 2393:, for instance, the expense to monitor, control, manage, and research invasive weed species is approximately AU$ 116.4 million per year, with costs directed solely to central and local government. 214:

which creates a generalized picture of biological invasions. Studies remained sparse until the 1990s. This research, largely field observational studies, has disproportionately been concerned with

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extensions are common, but humans often carry specimens faster and over greater distances than natural forces. An early human vector occurred when prehistoric humans introduced the Pacific rat (

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Stachowicz, J.J. (2005). "Species invasions and the relationships between species diversity, community saturation, and ecosystem functioning". In D.F. Sax; J.J. Stachowicz; S.D. Gaines (eds.).

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trees in farmland are attractive to many fruit-eating birds, which drop seeds from rainforest trees as much as 2 km (1.2 mi) away beneath the guavas, encouraging forest regeneration.

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Herrera, Ileana; Ferrer-Paris, José R.; Hernández-Rosas, José I.; Nassar, Jafet M. (2016). "Impact of two invasive succulents on native-seedling recruitment in Neotropical arid environments".

2007:. It is difficult to unequivocally attribute extinctions to a species invasion, though there is for example strong evidence that the extinction of about 90 amphibian species was caused by the 10333:

Lehan, Nora E.; Murphy, Julia R.; Thorburn, Lukas P.; Bradley, Bethany A. (July 2013). "Accidental introductions are an important source of invasive plants in the continental United States".

6466: 747:. Selection may then act on the capacity to disperse as well as on physiological tolerance to new stressors in the environment, such as changed temperature and different predators and prey. 7307:. In: Britton, Kerry O., Ed. Exotic Pests of Eastern Forests Conference Proceedings; 1997 April 8–10; Nashville, TN. U.S. Forest Service and Tennessee Exotic Pest Plant Council., pp. 45–54. 5724: 10092: 2841: 96:, causing ecological, environmental, and/or economic damage. The term can also be used for native species that become harmful to their native environment after human alterations to its 14456: 9737: 2179:

amount of time. The population size of invading species may remain small for a number of years and then experience an explosion in population, a phenomenon known as "the lag effect".

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and biodiversity in an ecosystem. This can create microclimates in sparse and eroded ecosystems, promoting the growth and reestablishment of native species. For example, in Kenya,

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in its native ecosystem; some species fill large and varied roles, while others are highly specialized. Invading species may occupy unused niches, or create new ones. For example,

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Eiswerth, M.E.; Darden, Tim D.; Johnson, Wayne S.; Agapoff, Jeanmarie; Harris, Thomas R. (2005). "Input-output modeling, outdoor recreation, and the economic impacts of weeds".

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taken up at sea and released in port by transoceanic vessels. Some 10,000 species are transported via ballast water each day. Many of these are harmful. For example, freshwater

2480:. Many weeds are accidental introductions that accompany imports of commercial seeds and plants. Introduced weeds in pastures compete with native forage plants, threaten young 9405: 159:

have invaded human habitats such as farms and landscapes. Some broaden the term to include indigenous or "native" species that have colonized natural areas. Some sources name

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applied to treat a particular pest species could pollute soil and surface water. Encroachment of humans into previously remote ecosystems has exposed exotic diseases such as

743:, the individuals begin to show additive variance as opposed to epistatic variance. This conversion can lead to increased variance in the founding populations, which permits 466:) is now considered invasive in over 60 countries, and has invaded large geographies in several countries prompting aggressive federal efforts at attempting to control it. 4758: 10663: 5247:

Brooks, Matthew L.; D'Antonio, Carla M.; Richardson, David M.; Grace, James B.; Keeley, Jon E.; DiTOMASO, Joseph M.; Hobbs, Richard J.; Pellant, Mike; Pyke, David (2004).

701:, originally from Eurasia, is highly fire-adapted. It spreads rapidly after burning, and increases the frequency and intensity of fires by providing large amounts of dry 6467:

National Research Council (US) Committee on the Scientific Basis for Predicting the Invasive Potential of Nonindigenous Plants Plant Pests in the United States (2002).

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Molnar, Jennifer L.; Gamboa, Rebecca L.; Revenga, Carmen; Spalding, Mark D. (November 2008). "Assessing the global threat of invasive species to marine biodiversity".

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Sax, Dov F.; Gaines, Steven D.; Brown, James H. (December 2002). "Species Invasions Exceed Extinctions on Islands Worldwide: A Comparative Study of Plants and Birds".

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Schlaepfer, Martin A.; Sax, Dov F.; Olden, Julian D. (June 2011). "The Potential Conservation Value of Non-Native Species: Conservation Value of Non-Native Species".

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Koop, Anthony L.; Fowler, Larry; Newton, Leslie P.; Caton, Barney P. (February 2012). "Development and validation of a weed screening tool for the United States".

10304:Ööpik, Merle; Kukk, Toomas; Kull, Kalevi; Kull, Tiiu (2008). "The importance of human mediation in species establishment: analysis of the alien flora of Estonia". 10061: 7664: 2430:. The sea lampreys' destructive effects on large fish negatively affect the fishing industry and have helped cause the collapse of the population of some species. 10263: 8045: 8652: 6621: 5491:

Zenni, R.D. (2013). "Adaptive Evolution and Phenotypic Plasticity During Naturalization and Spread of Invasive Species: Implications for Tree Invasion Biology".

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forms dense mats on water surfaces, limiting light penetration and hence harming aquatic organisms, and causing substantial management costs. The shrub lantana (

8996: 6760: 6121: 7051: 6334: 5493: 5021: 3145: 6933:; Mark Lonsdale, W.; Evans, Harry; Clout, Michael; Bazzaz, Fakhri A. (June 2000). "Biotic Invasions: Causes, Epidemiology, Global Consequences, and Control". 3082:—eradication is almost impossible. Critics argue that encouraging consumption might have the unintended effect of spreading harmful species even more widely. 2203:

that threatened the native populations due to lower pollen counts and lower viability of the native species. Reduction in fitness is not always apparent from

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Lodge, David M.; Simonin, Paul W.; Burgiel, Stanley W.; Keller, Reuben P.; Bossenbroek, Jonathan M.; Jerde, Christopher L.; et al. (November 1, 2016).

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Pimentel, D.; R., Zuniga; Morrison, D (2005). "Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States".

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Pheloung, P.C.; Williams, P.A.; Halloy, S.R. (December 1999). "A weed risk assessment model for use as a biosecurity tool evaluating plant introductions".

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Goss, EM; Kendig, AE; Adhikari, A; Lane, B; Kortessis, N; Holt, RD; Clay, K; Harmon, PF; Flory, SL (August 2020). "Disease in Invasive Plant Populations".

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Molnar, Jennifer L; Gamboa, Rebecca L; Revenga, Carmen; Spalding, Mark D (2008). "Assessing the global threat of invasive species to marine biodiversity".

9428: 4369: 9259: 5894: 9469: 6889:"Multiple invasions exert combined magnified effects on native plants, soil nutrients and alters the plant-herbivore interaction in dry tropical forest" 7804:"Transport of toxic dinoflagellates via ships' ballast water: Bioeconomic risk assessment and efficacy of possible ballast water management strategies" 7323:(originally published via: Proceedings: Exotic Pests of Eastern Forests; (1997 April 8–10); Nashville, TN. Tennessee Exotic Pest Plant Council: 45–54.) 3124: 535: 5732: 4560:

Rakotoarisoa, T. F.; Richter, T.; Rakotondramanana, H.; Mantilla-Contreras, J. (December 2016). "Turning a Problem Into Profit: Using Water Hyacinth (

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Davis, Mark A.; Thompson, Ken (2000). "Eight Ways to be a Colonizer; Two Ways to be an Invader: A Proposed Nomenclature Scheme for Invasion Ecology".

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toxicity. Plant populations on these soils tend to show low density, but goatgrass can form dense stands on these soils and crowd out native species.

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Xu, Cheng-Yuan; Tang, Shaoqing; Fatemi, Mohammad; Gross, Caroline L.; Julien, Mic H.; Curtis, Caitlin; van Klinken, Rieks D. (September 1, 2015).

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Renault, David; Manfrini, Eléna; Leroy, Boris; Diagne, Christophe; Ballesteros-Mejia, Liliana; Angulo, Elena; Courchamp, Franck (July 29, 2021).

6791: 6590: 3823: 510:), which has decimated kelp forests along the northern California coast due to overharvesting of its natural predator, the California sea otter ( 324:'Invasive species' means an alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health." 5350: 3161:. Crops have another disadvantage over any uncontrolled plant – wild native or invasive – namely their greater uptake of nutrients, as they are 14694: 12670: 11923: 3673: 2182:

Hybrids resulting from invasive species interbreeding with native species can incorporate their genotypes into the gene pool over time through

1849: 10084: 9230: 10696:, a consortium that uses a coordinated network to advance science-based understanding and enhance management of non-native, invasive species. 7497:

Anttila, C. K.; King, R. A.; Ferris, C.; Ayres, D. R.; Strong, D. R. (2000). "Reciprocal hybrid formation of Spartina in San Francisco Bay".

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by encouraging the consumption of the fish. Skeptics point out that once a foreign species has entrenched itself in a new place—such as the

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brought similar harm to its ecosystems. Logging has caused harm directly by destroying habitat, and has allowed non-native species such as

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Mazza, G.; Tricarico, E.; Genovesi, P.; Gherardi, F. (December 19, 2013). "Biological invaders are threats to human health: an overview".

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Zavaleta, Erika S.; Hobbs, Richard J.; Mooney, Harold A. (August 2001). "Viewing invasive species removal in a whole-ecosystem context".

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Cove, Michael V.; Gardner, Beth; Simons, Theodore R.; Kays, Roland; O'Connell, Allan F. (February 1, 2018). "Free-ranging domestic cats (

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Haubrock, Phillip J.; Cuthbert, Ross N.; Tricarico, Elena; Diagne, Christophe; Courchamp, Franck; Gozlan, Rodolphe E. (July 29, 2021).

7275: 3360: 2741: 9964:"High throughput method development and optimised production of leaf protein concentrates with potential to support the agri-industry" 8790:(Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology thesis). Blacksburg, Virginia: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Archived from 8782: 6404: 3929:

Byers, James E. (June 2002). "Impact of non-indigenous species on natives enhanced by anthropogenic alteration of selection regimes".

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brought by Polynesian settlers around 1300. These and other introductions devastated endemic New Zealand species. The colonization of

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Primtel, David (2005). "Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States".

3819:"Niche tradeoffs, neutrality, and community structure: A stochastic theory of resource competition, invasion, and community assembly" 12456: 9401: 2762:, shown by population genetic analysis to be an invasive species in North America, has become an important pollinator of caneberry ( 585:

An introduced species might become invasive if it can outcompete native species for resources. If these species evolved under great

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The USDA's National Invasive Species Information Center defines invasive species very narrowly. According to Executive Order 13112,

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pests) can serve as vectors and reservoirs of human afflictions. Throughout recorded history, epidemics of human diseases, such as

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An invasive species might be able to use resources previously unavailable to native species, such as deep water accessed by a long

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Bohling, Justin H.; Waits, Lisette P. (2015). "Factors influencing red wolf–coyote hybridization in eastern North Carolina, USA".

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while still allowing the export of agricultural products. In 1994 the first set of global standards were agreed to, including the

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billion liters within 5 years compared to the business-as-usual scenario (which is important as Cape Town experiences significant

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Invasive species can affect the invaded habitats and bioregions adversely, causing ecological, environmental, or economic damage.

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Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species: Proceedings of an International Symposium (G. W. Witmer, W. C. Pitt, K. A. Fagerstone, Eds)

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increase, quadrupling every decade since 1970, underscoring the escalating financial implications of these biological invasions.

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The European Union defines "Invasive Alien Species" as those that are outside their natural distribution area, and that threaten

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argues that most introduced species are neutral or beneficial with respect to other species but this is a minority opinion. The

2014:

Multiple successive introductions of different non-native species can worsen the total effect, as with the introductions of the

915:. Invasive plants that can regenerate from their roots then have an advantage over natives that rely on seeds for propagation. 169:

may argue against any such fixed categorization. The definition of "native" can be controversial. For example, the ancestors of

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Silver Botts, P.; Patterson, B.A.; Schlosser, D. (1996). "Zebra mussel effects on benthic invertebrates: Physical or biotic?".

36: 4190:

Levine, Jonathan M. (May 5, 2000). "Species Diversity and Biological Invasions: Relating Local Process to Community Pattern".

3633: 2143:, is one of the most problematic invasive plant species in eastern North American forests, where it is highly invasive of the 14671: 10873: 10802: 10735: 10378: 10220: 8931: 8887: 8317:

Haubrock, Phillip J.; Turbelin, Anna J.; Cuthbert, Ross N.; Novoa, Ana; Taylor, Nigel G.; Angulo, Elena; et al. (2021).

8295: 7564: 6486: 6007: 5923: 5344: 4941: 4617:"A Battle Lost? Report on Two Centuries of Invasion and Management of Lantana camara L. in Australia, India and South Africa" 4305: 4108: 4051:

Alverson, William S.; Waller, Donald M.; Solheim, Stephen L. (1988). "Forests Too Deer: Edge Effects in Northern Wisconsin".

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Aquatic invasive species. A Guide to Least-Wanted Aquatic Organisms of the Pacific Northwest. 2001. University of Washington

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de Wit, Luz A.; Zilliacus, Kelly M.; Quadri, Paulo; Will, David; Grima, Nelson; Spatz, Dena; et al. (September 2020).

9255: 9219: 9187: 1108: 10677: 3294: 14783: 13924: 13817: 13487: 13087: 11427: 10949: 10918: 10883: 10371:

Weed Management: Balancing People, Planet, Profit : 14th Australian Weeds Conference : Papers & Proceedings

8970:(Primates: Hominidae): an invasive species or even worse? A challenge for strengthening ecology and conservation biology" 7300: 5664:

Essl, Franz; Lenzner, Bernd; Bacher, Sven; Bailey, Sarah; Capinha, Cesar; Daehler, Curtis; et al. (September 2020).

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is an aggressive invasive species in India, but is the preferred nesting site of native waterbirds in small cities like

2539:

Invasive plant pathogens and insect vectors for plant diseases can suppress agricultural yields and harm nursery stock.

2082:. Invasive species cause competition for native species and because of this 400 of the 958 endangered species under the 365:. An introduced species that can spread faster than natives can outcompete native species for food, squeezing them out. 198:

While invasive species can be studied within many subfields of biology, most research on invasive organisms has been in

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Byers, James E.; Noonburg, Erik G. (June 2003). "Scale Dependent Effects of Biotic Resistance to Biological Invasion".

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competitive superiority (and extinction of native species with increased populations of the invader) is not the rule.

153: 10744: 7352: 6500: 4830:

Thebaud, C. (1996). "Assessing why two introduced Conyza differ in their ability to invade Mediterranean old fields".

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A native species can become harmful and effectively invasive to its native environment after human alterations to its

100:. Since the 20th century, invasive species have become serious economic, social, and environmental threats worldwide. 14731: 14478: 14364: 13858: 13853: 12176: 11521: 11412: 11273: 11022: 10939: 10913: 10895: 10488:"Remember your roots: Biogeographic properties of plants' native habitats can inform invasive plant risk assessments" 9861: 8018: 7846: 6709: 6114: 5837: 5540: 5374:"Population structure and genetic diversity of invasive Phyla canescens: implications for the evolutionary potential" 4521:

Villamagna, A. M.; Murphy, B. R. (February 2010). "Ecological and socio-economic impacts of invasive water hyacinth (

4352: 2262: 2186:. Similarly, in some instances a small invading population can threaten much larger native populations. For example, 1685: 1590: 9577:"Ecological history and latent conservation potential: Large and giant tortoises as a model for taxon substitutions" 9032:

Makhrov, A. A.; Karabanov, D. P.; Koduhova, Yu. V. (July 2014). "Genetic methods for the control of alien species".

608: 14658: 8678: 5464: 4787: 12637: 3791: 14404: 14141: 13531: 12919: 12632: 12499: 12211: 11514: 10970: 10868: 7994: 6575: 6037: 4933: 3178: 2984: 2920: 2580:) in parts of the US, fills lakes with plants, complicating fishing and boating. The loud call of the introduced 2457: 1920: 1630: 1393: 975: 562:

Invasive species appear to have specific traits or specific combinations of traits that allow them to outcompete

437: 17: 10573:"Weed risk assessment: a way forward or a waste of time?: Weed risk assessment: a way forward or waste of time?" 9962:

Iyer, Ajay; Guerrier, Lisa; Leveque, Salomé; Bestwick, Charles S.; Duncan, Sylvia H.; Russell, Wendy R. (2022).

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oversees the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments (the

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Primary geomorphological effects of invasive plants are bioconstruction and bioprotection. For example, kudzu (

56: 10012: 9921:"Invasive Plants Are a Valuable Alternate Protein Source and Can Contribute to Meeting Climate Change Targets" 2386:, invasive species have been reported to reduce the country's gross domestic product (GDP) by 1.36% per year. 14739: 14714: 14019: 13350: 12949: 12904: 12656: 11909: 11449: 10965: 9459: 9354:"Invasive vertebrate eradications on islands as a tool for implementing global Sustainable Development Goals" 4676:"Expanding niche and degrading forests: Key to the successful global invasion of Lantana camara (sensu lato)" 2799:

can be harvested for human food and exported to markets already familiar with the product, or processed into

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as an invasive species, but broad appreciation of human learning capacity and their behavioral potential and

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1 billion in the U.S. A decline in pollinator services and loss of fruit production has been caused by

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Simberloff, D. (2001). "Biological invasions – How are they affecting us, and what can we do about them?".

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Occhipinti-Ambrogi, Anna (2007). "Global change and marine communities: Alien species and climate change".

5209: 3149:. This is not solely a character of invasive plant genetics but is normal for wild plants such as the weed 2491: 1403: 1255: 1230: 1025: 908: 712:

occurs where one species physically modifies a habitat in ways advantageous to other species. For example,

10664:"The true damage of invasive alien species was just revealed in a landmark report. Here's how we must act" 9798: 9293:"Globally important islands where eradicating invasive mammals will benefit highly threatened vertebrates" 8825:

Wolverton, B. C.; McDonald, Rebecca C. (1981). "Energy from vascular plant wastewater treatment systems".

8163: 6968:

Hawkes, C.V. (2005). "Plant invasion alters nitrogen cycling by modifying the soil nitrifying community".

2551:. As a result, citrus is under quarantine and highly regulated in areas where the psyllid has been found. 14295: 13949: 13139: 12030: 11568: 11140: 11115: 11052: 8630: 7316: 7137: 6717: 6081: 4615:

Bhagwat, Shonil A.; Breman, Elinor; Thekaekara, Tarsh; Thornton, Thomas F.; Willis, Katherine J. (2012).

2640:, totalled very high economic costs, followed by non-graminoid terrestrial flowering and aquatic plants ( 1514: 1265: 667: 9828: 7348:

Alternative link and additional publication citation information: Tree Search, US Forest Service, USDA.

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live. This increase in complexity, together with the nutrition provided by the waste products of mussel

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Hua, J.; Hwang, W.H. (2012). "Effects of voyage routing on the survival of microbes in ballast water".

1913: 1270: 1120: 8371: 6888: 6579: 3177:

could be used to eliminate invasive species and has, for example, been proposed as a way to eliminate

2522:) have become serious pests on farms, destroying stored grains. The introduction of leaf miner flies ( 2147:, reducing the growth rate of tree seedlings and threatening to modify the forest's tree composition. 14793: 14778: 14426: 14384: 14346: 13911: 13705: 13385: 12997: 12889: 12747: 12732: 12727: 12406: 12118: 11288: 11251: 9116: 7879: 6586: 6194: 6033:"Globalisation in marine ecosystems: The story of non-indigenous marine species across European seas" 5334: 3769: 3234: 3098: 2781: 2379: 1983: 1645: 1610: 1570: 1223: 1190: 1040: 861:

have announced more stringent control for vessel hull fouling within their respective jurisdictions.

555: 11901: 10486:

Pfadenhauer, William G.; Nelson, Michael F.; Laginhas, Brit B.; Bradley, Bethany A. (January 2023).

6787:"Recent biological invasion may hasten invasional meltdown by accelerating historical introductions" 6615:

Baiser, Benjamin; Olden, Julian D.; Record, Sydne; Lockwood, Julie L.; McKinney, Michael L. (2012).

5748:"The risk of establishment of aquatic invasive species: joining invasibility and propagule pressure" 3682: 2989:

The practice of eating invasive species to reduce their populations has been explored. In 2005 Chef

2038:

Invasive species can change the functions of ecosystems. For example, invasive plants can alter the

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before becoming extinct in North America. Upon being introduced to North America in 1493 by Spanish

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recreational and educational activities, and tourism. Alien species have caused diseases including

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Invasive species could fill niches in degraded ecosystems and help restore native biodiversity....

5992:

Proceedings of the 20th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining

4966:"Deliberate introductions of species: Research needs – Benefits can be reaped, but risks are high" 14633: 14399: 13929: 13480: 13219: 13082: 12992: 12860: 12742: 12712: 12569: 12534: 12254: 12221: 12196: 11813: 11365: 11209: 11157: 9530: 9491: 7597: 5409: 3530: 2642: 2350: 2065: 1670: 1625: 1245: 814: 709: 681: 651: 593:, then the new environment may host fewer able competitors, allowing the invader to proliferate. 571: 8862: 8238: 4027: 14592: 13982: 13365: 13309: 13244: 13107: 13042: 12977: 12539: 12327: 12035: 12015: 11878: 11753: 11395: 11385: 11268: 11204: 11135: 11120: 11045: 7851: 6115:"Ballast Water Management for Control of Non-Indigenous Species in Waters of the United States" 4321: 4233:

Ivey, Matthew R.; Colvin, Michael; Strickland, Bronson K.; Lashley, Marcus A. (June 14, 2019).

3209: 2998: 2971: 2954: 2325: 1808: 1295: 806: 176: 129: 105: 9889: 9760: 3565:"Ecology of a widespread large omnivore, Homo sapiens, and its impacts on ecosystem processes" 3433: 2970:, tortoises now extinct had served as the keystone herbivores. Introduction of the non-native 14803: 14562: 14394: 14270: 14178: 13868: 13761: 13561: 13269: 13214: 13077: 13062: 12845: 12802: 12792: 12787: 12544: 12524: 12380: 12370: 12312: 12307: 12143: 11995: 11693: 11531: 11263: 11192: 9155: 8624: 7267: 5605:"Patterns of prehistoric human mobility in Polynesia indicated by mtDNA from the Pacific rat" 4239: 3724: 3569: 3130: 3102: 3035: 2938: 2718:, saltwater crocodiles, which had become endangered, have recovered by feeding on introduced 2704: 2576: 2188: 2054: 1991: 1778: 1620: 1486: 1398: 1095: 772: 732: 586: 354: 166: 9919:

Iyer, Ajay; Bestwick, Charles S.; Duncan, Sylvia H.; Russell, Wendy R. (February 15, 2021).

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An Assessment of Non-Apis Bees as Fruit and Vegetable Crop Pollinators in Southwest Virginia

4019: 3714:

Lowry, E; Rollinson, EJ; Laybourn, AJ; Scott, TE; Aiello-Lammens, ME; Gray, SM; Mickley, J;

3344: 14369: 14024: 13720: 13395: 13360: 13355: 13279: 13274: 13229: 13127: 13097: 13092: 12944: 12807: 12797: 12342: 12181: 11970: 11818: 11723: 11536: 11504: 11494: 11479: 11380: 11375: 11318: 10499: 10452: 10414: 10024: 9663: 9590: 9539: 9365: 9306: 9192: 9041: 8836: 8791: 8735: 8596: 8510: 8086: 7957: 7914: 7817: 7606: 7508: 7425: 7318: 7241: 7232: 7146: 7105: 7060: 6979: 6900: 6859: 6800: 6533: 6343: 6305: 6250: 6203: 6156: 5890:"Hull fouling is a risk factor for intercontinental species exchange in aquatic ecosystems" 5862: 5829: 5677: 5618: 5567: 5418: 5218: 5163: 5117: 5030: 4979: 4839: 4687: 4628: 4573: 4534: 4442: 4248: 4235:"Reduced vertebrate diversity independent of spatial scale following feral swine invasions" 4199: 4164: 4062: 3982: 3938: 3832: 3720:"Biological invasions: A field synopsis, systematic review, and database of the literature" 3578: 3482: 3015: 2930: 2874: 2671: 2548: 2316:, spread via these vectors. A recent example of an introduced disease is the spread of the 2204: 2031:

herbivores and threatening the long-term sustenance of dependent carnivores, including the

2004: 1949: 1320: 1053: 631: 457: 10011:

Nuñez, Martin A.; Kuebbing, Sara; Dimarco, Romina D.; Simberloff, Daniel (December 2012).

9093: 9076: 8261:. Fort Collins, Colorado: USDA/APHIS/WS, National Wildlife Research Center. Archived from 8073:"The economic benefit of time-varying surveillance effort for invasive species management" 7751: 7734: 6390: 4733: 4716: 2958: 829:

is one explanation for the possible intentional release of the species in foreign waters.

657:

Invasive species might alter their environment by releasing chemical compounds, modifying

381:

describe what happens when part of an ecosystem is disturbed, as when land is cleared for

8: 14436: 14374: 14341: 14280: 14212: 14077: 14072: 14050: 13624: 13445: 13420: 13284: 13254: 13199: 13112: 13002: 12987: 12934: 12767: 12702: 12584: 12514: 12446: 12045: 11355: 11345: 11340: 11323: 11214: 11197: 11110: 9654: 9260:"Decontaminating Firefighting Equipment to Reduce the Spread of Aquatic Invasive Species" 8252:

Sin, Hans; Radford, Adam (2007). "Coqui frog research and management efforts in Hawaii".

7296:

Schlarbaum, Scott E., Frederick Hebard, Pauline C. Spaine, and Joseph C. Kamalay. (1998)

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Ehrenfeld, Joan G. (December 1, 2010). "Ecosystem Consequences of Biological Invasions".

5378: 3473: 3048: 2934: 2398: 2339: 2321: 1655: 1600: 1565: 1491: 1418: 1368: 1363: 1348: 1005: 826: 790: 530: 125: 113: 60: 11598: 10503: 10456: 10418: 10138: 10028: 9667: 9594: 9543: 9369: 9310: 9045: 8840: 8739: 8600: 8514: 8090: 8053:. Washington, DC.: National Invasive Species Council, Department of the Interior. 2008. 7961: 7918: 7821: 7610: 7512: 7429: 7317:

Schlarbaum, Scott E.; Hebard, Frederick; Spaine, Pauline C.; Kamalay, Joseph C. (1997).

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are commonly used to control invasives. Herbicides used against invasive plants include

2957:

has helped to restore ecological equilibrium on two islets off Mauritius, including the

401:

of invasion studies. Small-scale studies tended to show a negative relationship between

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Hansen, Dennis M.; Donlan, C. Josh; Griffiths, Christine J.; Campbell, Karl J. (2010).

9383: 9329: 9292: 9057: 8904: 8852: 8758: 8721: 8612: 8568: 8445: 8404: 8352: 8212: 8140: 8115: 8027: 7930: 7706: 7532: 7164: 7076: 7016:

Rhymer, J. M.; Simberloff, D. (1996). "Extinction by hybridization and introgression".

6950: 6752: 6643: 6616: 6557: 6359: 6276: 6013: 5967: 5774: 5747: 5698: 5665: 5510: 5315: 5307: 5270: 5189: 5133: 5089: 5046: 4997: 4906: 4901: 4874: 4855: 4812: 4749:"Plague of purple sea urchins ravages California's offshore ecosystem, heads to Oregon" 4651: 4616: 4597: 4589: 4294: 4269: 4234: 4078: 4074: 4000: 3973: 3906: 3880:"Supply-side invasion ecology: characterizing propagule pressure in coastal ecosystems" 3879: 3746: 3719: 3614: 3601: 3564: 3498: 3414: 3325: 2912: 2901: 2691: 2654: 2528: 2495: 2451: 2410: 2139: 1979: 1889: 1650: 1526: 1288: 1070: 1010: 980: 927: 684:

the growth of seedlings of other species in arid environments by providing appropriate

493: 334: 85: 9675: 9402:"Pursuing Sustainable Development for Island Communities by Removing Invasive Species" 8424:"Biological invasions in France: Alarming costs and even more alarming knowledge gaps" 7559:. Australian Government, Rural Industrial Research and Development Corporation. 2001. 7475: 6823: 6786: 5810: 5477: 5175: 4800: 4465: 4430: 3950: 3855: 3818: 3525: 3494: 14638: 14498: 14318: 14227: 14195: 14112: 14065: 13992: 13964: 13733: 13728: 13526: 13345: 13314: 13102: 12929: 12737: 12602: 12579: 12317: 12093: 12005: 11990: 11975: 11955: 11851: 11718: 11603: 11484: 11390: 11256: 11162: 10641: 10589: 10572: 10521: 10472: 10374: 10350: 10264:"An Argument Against Gene Drives to Extinguish New Zealand Mammals: Life Finds a Way" 10154: 10142: 10036: 9997: 9857: 9679: 9603: 9576: 9557: 9429:"Rat begone: Record eradication effort rids sub-Antarctic island of invasive rodents" 9387: 9334: 9061: 8965: 8948: 8927: 8763: 8706: 8616: 8560: 8556: 8475: 8449: 8408: 8356: 8145: 7784: 7560: 7524: 7520: 7499: 7453: 7448: 7411: 6995: 6991: 6930: 6828: 6756: 6744: 6648: 6561: 6549: 6492: 6482: 6296: 6268: 6263: 6238: 6219: 6032: 6003: 5833: 5779: 5703: 5646: 5641: 5604: 5579: 5536: 5444: 5340: 5193: 5081: 4947: 4937: 4892: 4804: 4753: 4656: 4593: 4559: 4546: 4470: 4348: 4301: 4274: 4215: 4104: 4031: 4020: 3995: 3968: 3911: 3860: 3751: 3715: 3641: 3618: 3606: 3506: 3439: 3409: 3392: 3350: 3244: 3229: 3106: 3019: 2837: 2812: 2699: 2683: 2590: 2571: 2544: 2518: 2486: 2175: 2159: 2134: 2096:

The unintentional introduction of forest pest species and plant pathogens can change

2079: 2015: 1953: 1538: 1461: 1454: 1408: 1275: 1065: 1060: 970: 884: 740: 677: 551: 393: 215: 42: 10557: 10388: 10173: 9224:"Guide to Preventing Aquatic Invasive Species Transport by Wildland Fire Operations" 9077:"Risk Analysis and Bioeconomics of Invasive Species to Inform Policy and Management" 8908: 8856: 8216: 7934: 7710: 7536: 7298:"Three American Tragedies: Chestnut Blight, Butternut Canker, and Dutch Elm Disease' 7168: 7080: 7031: 6363: 6215: 5319: 5274: 4910: 4601: 4103:. Foreword by Daniel Simberloff. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 196. 4004: 3418: 14798: 14582: 14483: 14441: 14409: 14303: 14257: 14217: 14124: 14092: 14060: 14045: 14029: 14004: 13789: 13299: 13162: 13154: 13072: 12954: 12939: 12855: 12772: 12762: 12757: 12722: 12554: 12494: 12365: 12166: 12108: 12020: 11980: 11758: 11738: 11653: 11578: 11278: 11177: 10631: 10621: 10584: 10545: 10507: 10460: 10422: 10342: 10313: 10134: 10040: 10032: 9983: 9975: 9942: 9932: 9671: 9598: 9547: 9373: 9324: 9314: 9088: 9049: 8896: 8844: 8753: 8743: 8604: 8572: 8552: 8518: 8435: 8396: 8386: 8342: 8332: 8204: 8135: 8127: 8094: 7965: 7922: 7825: 7776: 7746: 7698: 7614: 7516: 7443: 7433: 7387: 7319:"Three American Tragedies: Chestnut Blight, Butternut Canker and Dutch Elm Disease" 7253: 7249: 7197: 7154: 7133:"A highly aggregated geographical distribution of forest pest invasions in the USA" 7117: 7113: 7068: 7027: 6987: 6942: 6908: 6867: 6818: 6808: 6734: 6726: 6688: 6638: 6630: 6541: 6524: 6474: 6447: 6386: 6351: 6317: 6313: 6258: 6211: 6172: 6164: 6017: 5995: 5962: 5903: 5870: 5806: 5769: 5761: 5693: 5685: 5636: 5626: 5583: 5575: 5502: 5473: 5434: 5426: 5387: 5299: 5260: 5230: 5226: 5179: 5171: 5125: 5093: 5073: 5050: 5038: 4987: 4929: 4896: 4888: 4847: 4816: 4796: 4728: 4695: 4646: 4636: 4581: 4542: 4501: 4460: 4450: 4409: 4264: 4256: 4207: 4172: 4137: 4070: 3990: 3946: 3901: 3893: 3850: 3840: 3741: 3733: 3645: 3596: 3586: 3490: 3404: 3094: 3052: 2785: 2745: 2710: 2648: 2630: 2563: 2503: 2194: 2163: 2105: 2074: 2049: 2026:

from the US East Coast a century ago. On its own, it never displaced native clams (

2008: 1999: 1995: 1798: 1695: 1635: 1521: 1474: 1423: 1383: 1358: 1343: 1325: 1300: 1240: 1125: 810: 601:

systems, in which any gain for the invader is a loss for the native. However, such

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are effective predators; they have become feral and invasive in places such as the

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Thomas, Chris D.. Inheritors of the Earth (p. 148). PublicAffairs. Kindle Edition.

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Seinfeld, John H. (2016). Arias, Andres Hugo; Marcovecchio, Jorge Eduardo (eds.).

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explored as a sustainable source of beneficial phytochemicals and edible protein.

2856:). Although primarily targeted at other, more general environmental concerns, the 14446: 14356: 14322: 14207: 14161: 14087: 14014: 13934: 13837: 13779: 13634: 13435: 13294: 13264: 13259: 13249: 13182: 13167: 13047: 13027: 12909: 12777: 12683: 12574: 12484: 12426: 12010: 11936: 11890: 11841: 11773: 11748: 11713: 11628: 11499: 11417: 11335: 11244: 11172: 11125: 9319: 8871: 8827: 8748: 8695:

Thompson, Ken. Where Do Camels Belong? (p. 154). Greystone Books. Kindle Edition.

8463: 7702: 7618: 7570: 7356: 7304: 6970: 6912: 5558: 5514: 5184: 4641: 4211: 3157: 3151: 3115: 2752:. Some species have invaded an area so long ago that they are considered to have 2667: 2334: 2317: 2130: 2101: 2019: 1583: 1543: 1413: 1378: 1310: 1250: 1178: 1115: 1015: 846: 776: 744: 697: 639: 476: 453: 398: 133: 67: 32: 5019:) on public lands: estimating density, activity, and diet in the Florida Keys". 4950: 4700: 4675: 417:

has had an impact on the native bird population of the island ecosystem of Guam.

14759: 14493: 14379: 14336: 14330: 14326: 14171: 14156: 14107: 14097: 14009: 13863: 13619: 13590: 13415: 13239: 13192: 13122: 13117: 13012: 12879: 12752: 12559: 12549: 12529: 12332: 12297: 12236: 12113: 12068: 11960: 11743: 11608: 11583: 11454: 11300: 11239: 11094: 9979: 8608: 7417:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

5610:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3393:"A neutral terminology to define 'invasive' species: Defining invasive species" 3342: 3282: 3249: 3079: 3071: 2808: 2749: 2566:, and water-based activities. They can damage environmental services including 2355: 2313: 2241: 2224: 2126: 2118: 2097: 2044: 1901: 1705: 1605: 1560: 1553: 1548: 1305: 1000: 880: 736: 563: 462: 441: 10756: 10549: 10464: 9937: 9920: 9890:"Lionfish Cookbook 2nd Edition | Reef Environmental Education Foundation" 9378: 9353: 9053: 8440: 8423: 8391: 8337: 8318: 7926: 7297: 6848:"Distribution, drivers and restoration priorities of plant invasions in India" 6730: 6355: 6168: 5506: 5042: 4585: 3969:"Fluctuating resources in plant communities: A general theory of invisibility" 3671: 373:

are often the limiting factors in these situations. Every species occupies an

14772: 14744: 14513: 14414: 14200: 14129: 13901: 13649: 13513: 13440: 12416: 12390: 12347: 12337: 12292: 12259: 12151: 11985: 11940: 11856: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11778: 11688: 11658: 11618: 11526: 11293: 11167: 11068: 10626: 9652:

Lai, Bun (September 1, 2013). "Invasive Species Menu of a World-Class Chef".

9464: 8471: 7202: 7183: 6693: 6670: 5631: 3219: 3162: 3039: 2905: 2878: 2769: 2726: 2636: 2567: 2536:

industry, as the larvae of these invasive species feed on ornamental plants.

2512: 2433: 2269: 2200: 2199:

The higher pollen count and male fitness of the invading species resulted in

2183: 2167: 1969: 1957: 1884: 1720: 1210: 1205: 1200: 958: 721: 180: 8679:"Pigs to the Rescue: An Invasive Species Helped Save Australia's Crocodiles" 8646:

Clapper Rail Surveys for the San Francisco Estuary Invasive Spartina Project

8099: 8072: 6872: 6847: 6813: 5999: 4455: 3845: 14534: 14508: 14488: 14312: 14275: 14239: 13875: 13822: 13698: 13654: 13639: 13568: 13425: 13410: 13067: 13037: 12982: 12865: 12830: 12707: 12206: 11836: 11763: 11733: 11678: 11588: 11360: 10645: 10426: 10354: 10246:"'Gene drives' could wipe out whole populations of pests in one fell swoop" 10146: 9683: 9561: 9338: 8767: 8720:

Zayed, Amro; Constantin, Șerban A.; Packer, Laurence (September 12, 2007).

8564: 8195: 8149: 8131: 7788: 7528: 7457: 7438: 7349: 6999: 6832: 6748: 6739: 6652: 6634: 6553: 6496: 6468: 6272: 6223: 5783: 5765: 5707: 5448: 5085: 4808: 4660: 4474: 4414: 4401: 4278: 4219: 3915: 3897: 3864: 3755: 3610: 3510: 3199: 3064: 3023: 3003: 2882: 2675: 2581: 2533: 2305: 2089: 1753: 1715: 1700: 1531: 1496: 1441: 1160: 1020: 869: 797: 725: 717: 713: 685: 616: 579: 575: 567: 484: 480: 402: 314: 306: 203: 188: 161: 137: 7856: 7045:

Ayres, D.; et al. (2004). "Spread of exotic cordgrasses and hybrids (

6452: 6438:"Non-native and invasive tree species - their impact on biodiversity loss" 6437: 5908: 5889: 5650: 5588: 5439: 491:, and bioconstruction. For example, invasions of the Chinese mitten crab ( 14471: 14466: 14151: 14146: 14117: 14082: 14055: 13585: 12717: 12264: 12226: 12201: 12191: 12156: 12103: 12083: 11846: 11728: 11683: 11673: 11623: 11613: 11563: 11370: 10062:"Invasive Lionfish, the Kings of the Caribbean, May Have Met Their Match" 6082:"Status of Ballast Water Discharge Regulations in the Great Lakes Region" 5556:

Cassey, P (2005). "Concerning Invasive Species: Reply to Brown and Sax".

5392: 5373: 4785:

Kolar, C.S. (2001). "Progress in invasion biology: predicting invaders".

3224: 3011: 2869: 2815:, and other invasive plants can be harvested and utilized as a source of 2796: 2792: 2773: 2523: 2507: 2477: 2414: 2367: 2359: 2039: 1961: 1675: 1373: 1353: 990: 873: 858: 692: 672: 382: 378: 350: 219: 192: 10346: 10318: 10045: 9524:

Searcy, Christopher A.; Rollins, Hilary B.; Shaffer, H. Bradley (2016).

8400: 8347: 8031: 6545: 5206: 3502: 3329: 2725:

Non-native species can act as catalysts for restoration, increasing the

2574:, though the extent of this is under-researched. Eurasian watermilfoil ( 2417:

is an invasive species. In its original habitat, it had co-evolved as a

716:

increase habitat complexity on lake floors, providing crevices in which

195:

were native or exotic to the continent of their evolutionary ancestors.

14648: 14265: 13580: 13573: 13556: 13541: 13430: 13007: 12972: 12612: 12564: 12509: 12479: 12385: 12302: 12246: 12123: 12073: 11788: 11783: 11648: 11573: 11432: 11350: 11330: 10710: 9188:"How Montana Is Fighting Invasive Hitchhikers On Firefighting Aircraft" 8848: 8523: 8496: 8468:

Inheritors of the Earth: How Nature Is Thriving in an Age of Extinction

8208: 7830: 7803: 7378: 5311: 5154: 5137: 5001: 4970: 4859: 4715:

Fei, Songlin; Phillips, Jonathan; Shouse, Michael (November 23, 2014).

4506: 4489: 4082: 3174: 2737: 2447: 2438: 2423: 2418: 2297: 2155: 2144: 2108:

in the U.S. are widely invaded by exotic pests, plants, and pathogens.

2023: 1965: 1725: 1481: 985: 904: 854: 751: 635: 620: 602: 547: 488: 445: 370: 171: 10512: 9988: 9947: 8120:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

8071:

Holden, Matthew H.; Nyrop, Jan P.; Ellner, Stephen P. (June 1, 2016).

7986: 7159: 7132: 6522:

Lewis, Simon L.; Maslin, Mark A. (2015). "Defining the Anthropocene".

5689: 5462:

Lee, Carol Eunmi (2002). "Evolutionary genetics of invasive species".

4260: 4026:(1st ed.). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier Science. p. 3591: 2919:

Invasive vertebrate eradication on islands aligns with United Nations

750:

Rapid adaptive evolution through intraspecific phenotypic plasticity,

14577: 14529: 14503: 14451: 14285: 14247: 13997: 13987: 13659: 13521: 13496: 13335: 13289: 13017: 12461: 12431: 12231: 12186: 12161: 12098: 12088: 12063: 12055: 12000: 11931: 11459: 11283: 11182: 9581: 8900: 6239:"Assessing the Effects of Climate Change on Aquatic Invasive Species" 6177: 5666:"Drivers of future alien species impacts: An expert-based assessment" 4674:

Mungi, Ninad Avinash; Qureshi, Qamar; Jhala, Yadvendradev V. (2020).

4296:

Species Invasions: Insights into Ecology, Evolution, and Biogeography

3737: 3672:

Lockwood, Julie L.; Hoopes, Martha F.; Marchetti, Michael P. (2007).

3343:

Odd Terje Sandlund; Peter Johan Schei; Åslaug Viken (June 30, 2001).

3136: 3090: 3075: 3027: 2994: 2967: 2816: 2777: 2719: 2715: 2390: 2273: 2268:

Invasive species and accompanying control efforts can have long term

2258: 2208: 2171: 1793: 1748: 1710: 1660: 1595: 1501: 965: 935: 818: 801: 786: 662: 643: 594: 590: 512: 358: 346: 227: 93: 10699: 9552: 9526:"Ecological equivalency as a tool for endangered species management" 9525: 9254: 9218: 7392: 7369: 5729:

Clemson Public Service Activities - The Department of Plant Industry

5303: 5129: 4992: 4965: 4875:"Predicting invasions of woody plants introduced into North America" 4851: 4176: 2897: 2320:, which killed humans, birds, mammals, and reptiles. The introduced 2215:

and genotypes. An example of this is the interbreeding of migrating

574:

in plants; association with humans; and prior successful invasions.

542: 14222: 14166: 13827: 13676: 13644: 13390: 13319: 12850: 12678: 12357: 12269: 12216: 12171: 9821:"Eat The Invaders — Fighting Invasive Species, One Bite At A Time!" 9790: 9297: 8726: 8323: 7969: 7735:"Invasive Species, Environmental Change and Management, and Health" 7310: 7188: 6478: 5874: 5077: 3121: 3067: 3060: 3007: 2893: 2842:

Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

2800: 2285: 2228: 2220: 2192:

was introduced in the San Francisco Bay and hybridized with native

1975: 1165: 912: 896: 702: 598: 597:

used to their fullest capacity by native species can be modeled as

524: 501: 366: 97: 10731: 7049:

sp.) in the tidal marshes of San Francisco Bay, California, USA".

6031:

Streftaris, N; Zenetos, Argyro; Papathanassiou, Enangelos (2005).

5246: 2791:

Some invasions offer potential commercial benefits. For instance,

2736:

Non-native species can provide ecosystem services, functioning as

1990:

Invasive species may drive local native species to extinction via

88:

that harms its new environment. Invasive species adversely affect

14183: 13686: 13664: 13551: 13546: 13380: 13187: 13057: 13052: 12679: 12627: 12287: 11932: 6617:"Pattern and process of biotic homogenization in the New Pangaea" 5407:

Prentis, Peter (2008). "Adaptive evolution in invasive species".

3128:

used as a biocontrol, and a similar problem has been reported in

3056: 3031: 2990: 2695: 2687: 2555: 2554:

Invasive species can impact outdoor recreation, such as fishing,

2498:). Forage loss from invasive weeds on pastures amounts to nearly 2442: 2329: 2301: 2281: 2151: 2060: 945: 658: 647: 627: 612: 449: 223: 199: 184: 89: 50: 11037: 10485: 9151:"Wildland Firefighters Try to Combat Spread of Invasive Species" 8922:

Roelvink, Gerda; Martin, Kevin St; Gibson-Graham, J. K. (2015).

8372:"The recorded economic costs of alien invasive species in Italy" 6928: 4431:"Long-term impacts of logging on forest diversity in Madagascar" 3165:

to increase nutrient intake to enable increased product output.

739:

cause a great decrease in the population size and may constrict

630:, or to live on previously uninhabited soil types. For example, 27:

Non-native organism causing damage to an established environment

14587: 14567: 14461: 14136: 13629: 11885: 10198: 8874:. Purdue University, Center for New Crops & Plants Products 8369: 6679: 6574: 6030: 4614: 3548:...odern humans are among the most successful invasive species. 2926: 2616: 2585: 2559: 2540: 2481: 2427: 2401:

from invasive species are far less than the costs they impose.

2363: 2309: 2216: 1803: 1783: 1690: 1680: 1388: 483:. The primary geomorphological effects of invasive animals are 10750: 10653:

Removing Threat from Invasive Species with Genetic Engineering

10013:"Invasive Species: to eat or not to eat, that is the question" 10010: 8883: 8722:"Successful Biological Invasion despite a Severe Genetic Load" 8164:"American serpentine leafminer – Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess)" 8114:

Gougherty, Andrew V.; Davies, T. Jonathan (November 8, 2021).

7688: 5287: 5150: 3471:

Marean, Curtis W. (2015). "The Most Invasive Species of All".

731:

Introduced species may spread rapidly and unpredictably. When

642:, which have low water-retention, low nutrient levels, a high 14597: 14539: 13880: 13812: 13710: 13602: 9820: 9574: 8316: 8116:"Towards a phylogenetic ecology of plant pests and pathogens" 6675:

in the West Coast National Park: Is there cause for concern?"

2885:

mussel invasion and wildfires co-occur in the American West.

2764: 2730: 2603:

very conservative. Models based on these data suggest a true

2383: 2293: 2122: 2032: 1813: 1758: 1150: 895:

Invasive species often exploit disturbances to an ecosystem (

497:) have resulted in higher bioturbation and bioerosion rates. 117: 72: 46: 13465: 10725: 10704: 10678:"Should We Fight Invasive Species with Genetic Engineering?" 9460:"The Intrepid Rat-Sniffing Terriers of South Georgia Island" 8192: 6470:

Predicting Invasions of Nonindigenous Plants and Plant Pests

4126: 3391:

Colautti, Robert I.; MacIsaac, Hugh J. (February 24, 2004).

3265:

This article incorporates CC-BY-3.0 text from the reference

3070:

that has now virtually taken over the waters of the Western

2740:

agents to limit the effects of invasive agricultural pests.

1952:. Biotic invasion is one of the five top drivers for global 14572: 13693: 13681: 13597: 10700:

Great Britain Non-native Species Secretariat (NNNS) website

9961: 8921: 7947: 7765: 6947:

10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0689:BICEGC]2.0.CO;2

6145: 5852: 5266:

10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0677:EOIAPO]2.0.CO;2

4232: 4142:

10.1890/0012-9615(1999)069[0025:EPSIHS]2.0.CO;2

3713: 2804: 2499: 2473: 2289: 2212: 1788: 1035: 1030: 995: 900: 426: 362: 310: 141: 10332: 8924:

Making Other Worlds Possible: Performing Diverse Economies

8651:(Report). Oakland, California: State Coastal Conservancy. 8421: 6330: 5988: 5106: 2584:

depresses real estate values in affected neighborhoods of

2137:

are plant pathogens with serious impacts. Garlic mustard,

1960:. This may be particularly true in inadequately regulated 838:

dominant mechanism for the transfer of invasive species.

230:, as well as due to studies being performed in isolation. 10693: 10610:"Regulation of GM Organisms for Invasive Species Control" 10534: 9918: 9351: 9160: 9074: 6614: 6580:"Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Biodiversity Synthesis" 2389:

The management of biological invasions can be costly. In

2277: 2254: 10608:

Mitchell, Heidi J.; Bartsch, Detlef (January 21, 2020).

9031: 8319:"Economic costs of invasive alien species across Europe" 6669:

Odendaal, L. J.; Haupt, T. M.; Griffiths, C. L. (2008).

3438:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 252–. 2170:, which leads to homogenization or replacement of local 821:

to a new site is a function of the site's invasibility.

9492:"Invasive plants can create positive ecological change" 9179: 9142: 8963: 8946: 7368:

Rodger, Vikki; Stinson, Kristin; Finzi, Adrian (2008).

6622:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

5663: 5144: 4564:) for Making Handicrafts at Lake Alaotra, Madagascar". 4488:

Kull, Ca; Tassin, J; Carriere, Sm (February 26, 2015).

890: 775:, but most are associated with human activity. Natural 475:), a vine native to Asia, was widely introduced in the 10404: 10124: 9699:"Bite Back Against Invasive Species at Your Next Meal" 9457: 7496: 6668: 5242: 5240: 4926:

Status and Trends of the Nation's Biological Resources

4429:

Brown, Kerry A.; Gurevitch, Jessica (April 20, 2004).

3349:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 2–. 3059:

has had in significantly decreasing the population of

10707:, an encyclopaedic resource of scientific information 10442: 9730:"Can We Really Eat Invasive Species into Submission?" 8964:

Garrido-Pérez, Edgardo I.; Tella Ruiz, David (2016).

8947:

Garrido-Pérez, Edgardo I.; Tella Ruiz, David (2016).

8719: 8585: 6924: 6922: 5014: 4050: 3962: 3960: 504:. This has been the case with the purple sea urchin ( 10367: 10274: 10085:"Cooking can't solve the threat of invasive species" 9523: 9345: 7015: 6379:

Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

5400: 4721:

Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

4553: 3435:

Invasive Plants: Ecological and Agricultural Aspects

2714:, which offers better cover and nesting habitat. In 809:. Diseases may be vectored by invasive insects: the 10373:. Weed Society of New South Wales. pp. 42–48. 8047:

2008–2012 National Invasive Species Management Plan

6435: 5796: 5535:. Minneapolis, MN: Abdo Publishing. pp. 8–10. 5291:

Journal of the North American Benthological Society

5237: 3562: 2532:), to California has caused losses in California's 2121:has inflicted damage on old-growth spruce, fir and 2072:, threatens the existence of California cordgrass ( 8997:"Invasive Species: Public Awareness and Education" 8542: 8497:"Doubting Thomas and the Love of Invasive Species" 7367: 7229: 6919: 6708:Fisher, Matthew C.; Garner, Trenton W. J. (2020). 6191: 5924:"Biofouling moves up the regulatory agenda – GARD" 5484: 5455: 5249:"Effects of Invasive Alien Plants on Fire Regimes" 4924:Williams, J. D. (1998). "Non-indigenous Species". 4487: 4370:"Rat remains help date New Zealand's colonisation" 4368: 4293: 3966: 3957: 2831: 2822: 10662:Sheppard, Andy; et al. (September 4, 2023). 10303: 9696: 9068: 8824: 8231:"Eurasian Watermilfoil in the Great Lakes Region" 8070: 7184:"A subcontinental view of forest plant invasions" 6079: 5371: 5008: 4714: 4673: 4326:USDA National Invasive Species Information Center 4300:. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates. 3681:. Blackwell Publishing. p. 7. Archived from 3563:Root-Bernstein, Meredith; Ladle, Richard (2019). 2526:), including the American serpentine leaf miner ( 853:manage hull fouling. However, the governments of 832: 688:and preventing herbivores from eating seedlings. 14770: 10713:, National Invasive Species Information Center, 9968:Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization 9107: 6664: 6662: 6066: 6064: 4520: 3390: 3336: 2594:, invasive in California, disrupts garden work. 2280:to the wider population. Introduced birds (e.g. 2022:. The gem clam was introduced into California's 864:Another vector of non-native aquatic species is 10786: 10607: 9727: 8488: 8113: 7732: 6792:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6237:Rahel, Frank J.; Olden, Julian D. (June 2008). 5657: 4435:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3967:Davis, M.A.; Grime, J.P.; Thompson, K. (2000). 3824:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3109:has been known to provide invasive plants with 2836:The original motivation was to protect against 10161: 7987:"Great Lakes Fishery Commission – Sea Lamprey" 7847:"Water hyacinths ground Pasig River Ferry ops" 7374:as a Member of Eastern North American Forests" 6332:transport can increase species invasiveness". 5526: 5524: 5063: 4428: 4101:The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants 2450:of species, loss in biodiversity, and loss of 13481: 12664: 11917: 11053: 10772: 10614:Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 10193: 10191: 9101: 8538: 8536: 8534: 7903: 7412:"The evolutionary impact of invasive species" 7409: 6710:"Chytrid fungi and global amphibian declines" 6659: 6436:Lakicevic, Milena; Mladenovic, Emina (2018). 6370: 6061: 5602: 4154: 3318:Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 3315: 3184: 3111:resistance against these fungal bioherbicides 2231:was reintroduced, reducing red wolf numbers. 1921: 796:Vectors include plants or seeds imported for 440:the first invasive species were the dogs and 340: 212:The Ecology of Invasion by Animals and Plants 116:. Notably invasive plant species include the 37:North American beaver dam in Tierra del Fuego 10120: 10118: 10116: 10114: 10112: 10110: 7594: 7370:"Ready or Not, Garlic Mustard Is Moving In: 6707: 4490:"Approaching invasive species in Madagascar" 3346:Invasive Species and Biodiversity Management 3215:Ecologically based invasive plant management 3085: 3038:conservation biologist and recipient of the 2588:. The larage webs of the orb-weaving spider 2088: 763:controls do not exist in the new ecosystem. 10715:United States National Agricultural Library 10283:"Risks may accompany gene drive technology" 10082: 7877: 7845:Dela Cruz, Raymond Carl (October 7, 2020). 7801: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7213: 6521: 6139: 5521: 5339:. Cambridge University Press. p. 343. 4717:"Biogeomorphic Impacts of Invasive Species" 3431: 3425: 2844:(SPS Agreement). These are overseen by the 2211:is normal, and preserves constellations of 1956:, and is increasing because of tourism and 907:) to colonize an area. Large wildfires can 519: 13488: 13474: 12885:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity 12671: 12657: 11924: 11910: 11060: 11046: 10779: 10765: 10188: 9849: 9110:"Zebra Mussels and Fire Control Equipment" 9081:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 8531: 8251: 8015: 7739:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 6236: 4291: 3922: 2828:for controlling alien species is genetic. 1928: 1914: 944: 206:. Much of the work has been influenced by 10740:Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters 10635: 10625: 10588: 10511: 10317: 10167: 10107: 10044: 9987: 9946: 9936: 9602: 9551: 9377: 9328: 9318: 9092: 8757: 8747: 8522: 8439: 8390: 8346: 8336: 8139: 8098: 7844: 7829: 7750: 7447: 7437: 7391: 7201: 7158: 7011: 7009: 6871: 6822: 6812: 6738: 6692: 6642: 6451: 6376: 6262: 6176: 5907: 5773: 5697: 5640: 5630: 5587: 5438: 5391: 5264: 5183: 4991: 4900: 4732: 4699: 4650: 4640: 4505: 4494:Madagascar Conservation & Development 4464: 4454: 4413: 4268: 4122: 4120: 3994: 3905: 3854: 3844: 3745: 3600: 3590: 3408: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3055:. They further point to the success that 2888: 2342:are often transported via ballast water. 724:, increases the density and diversity of 665:, impacting on other species. Some, like 12783:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations 12422:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense 10753:Belgian Forum on Invasive Species (BFIS) 10661: 10280: 9620: 9404:. Island Conservation. August 13, 2020. 9248: 8940: 8060:from the original on September 29, 2015. 7950:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7878:Environment, U. N. (September 4, 2023). 7350:http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/745 7210: 7130: 7019:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 6784: 6293: 5951: 5949: 5855:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5823: 4923: 4917: 4872: 4866: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4226: 4094: 4092: 3792:"Executive Order 13112 - 1. Definitions" 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3523: 2978: 2948: 2892: 2788:as the food plant for its caterpillars. 2674:ubiquitously considers their effects on 2615:is one of the most invaded countries in 2607:cost of around US$ 140 billion in 2020. 2456: 2349: 1974: 840: 785: 607: 541: 523: 408: 66: 55: 41: 31: 14629:Pollutant release and transfer register 12815:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model 10694:North American Invasive Species Network 10059: 9759:Kolbert, Elizabeth (December 2, 2012). 9758: 9458:Hester, Jessica Leight (May 17, 2018). 9408:from the original on September 26, 2020 9185: 9148: 9034:Russian Journal of Biological Invasions 8781:Adamson, Nancy Lee (February 3, 2011). 8780: 8643: 7728: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7474:. Nativeseednetwork.org. Archived from 7331:United States Department of Agriculture 7093: 6886: 6443:Zbornik Matice Srpske za Prirodne Nauke 6049:from the original on September 20, 2018 5530: 5406: 4829: 4399: 3877: 2784:butterfly has come to rely on invasive 661:factors, or affecting the behaviour of 14: 14771: 12623:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense 10438: 10436: 10400: 10398: 9697:Billock, Jennifer (February 9, 2016). 9616: 9614: 9426: 9290: 8494: 8462: 8174:from the original on November 25, 2019 7981: 7979: 7670:from the original on February 28, 2021 7405: 7403: 7181: 7006: 6967: 6503:from the original on November 17, 2019 6094:from the original on February 12, 2020 5555: 4402:"The birds of southeastern Madagascar" 4189: 4117: 3816: 3558: 3556: 3470: 3452:from the original on December 18, 2021 3375: 3363:from the original on December 18, 2021 3179:invasive mammal species in New Zealand 2702:has adapted to the invasive hybrid of 675:that inhibit competitors. Others like 250:Propagules residing in a donor region 13469: 12652: 11905: 11041: 10760: 10736:Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 10570: 10538:Invasive Plant Science and Management 10168:Kalmakoff, James (October 11, 2016). 10095:from the original on October 17, 2017 10060:Conniff, Richard (January 24, 2014). 9925:Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 9771:from the original on October 18, 2019 9212: 9130:from the original on November 5, 2021 9094:10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085532 9013:from the original on November 5, 2021 8994: 8888:Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 8818: 8298:from the original on November 5, 2020 8009: 7997:from the original on October 25, 2017 7752:10.1146/annurev-environ-033009-095548 7044: 7038: 6845: 6766:from the original on November 7, 2020 6596:from the original on October 14, 2019 6391:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102209-144650 5946: 5934:from the original on January 13, 2020 5887: 5745: 5719: 5717: 5490: 5332: 4963: 4957: 4784: 4773: 4734:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091928 4332:from the original on August 24, 2019. 4285: 4098: 4089: 3928: 3700: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3631: 2966:herbivory. On the offshore islets of 2944: 2328:. Waterborne disease agents, such as 2174:as a result of either a numerical or 2162:. Genetic pollution is unintentional 872:from Eurasia most likely reached the 479:in the early 20th century to control 14719: 13960:Electromagnetic radiation and health 12638:Predator avoidance in schooling fish 11423:New international division of labour 10281:Campbell, Colin (October 17, 2016). 10199:"Mission & Principles Statement" 9870:from the original on October 4, 2020 9256:National Wildfire Coordinating Group 9220:National Wildfire Coordinating Group 7941: 7733:Pyšek, P.; Richardson, D.M. (2010). 7717: 7268:"South/Adelges piceae - Bugwoodwiki" 5955: 5353:from the original on August 16, 2021 5281: 4823: 4342: 4017: 3871: 3810: 3309: 2661: 891:Effects of wildfire and firefighting 429:have been decimated by the invasive 392:claimed that ecosystems with higher 14735: 14727: 13818:Radium and radon in the environment 13088:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis 10745:Aquatic invasive species in Ireland 10433: 10407:Journal of Environmental Management 10395: 10139:10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012757 9740:from the original on August 1, 2020 9709:from the original on March 22, 2019 9651: 9611: 9272:from the original on April 28, 2021 9236:from the original on April 19, 2021 8676: 7976: 7682: 7400: 7337:from the original on April 24, 2012 5826:Marine Pollution and Climate Change 5461: 5057: 3553: 3538:from the original on August 2, 2020 3291:Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project 3205:Climate change and invasive species 2854:Ballast Water Management Convention 2850:International Maritime Organization 2207:observations alone. Some degree of 1972:rules have improved the situation. 1156:Radium and radon in the environment 234:Colautti and MacIsaac nomenclature 132:. Notably invasive animals include 24: 12841:Ecological effects of biodiversity 10722:– Global Invasive Species Database 10601: 10571:Hulme, Philip E. (February 2012). 9621:Jacobsen, Rowan (March 24, 2014). 9167:from the original on June 13, 2021 9149:Ouellet, Nicky (August 23, 2017). 8976:from the original on June 11, 2022 8658:from the original on March 5, 2017 8237:. November 1, 2006. Archived from 7278:from the original on July 22, 2011 7131:Liebhold, S.; et al. (2013). 7073:10.1023/B:BINV.0000022140.07404.b7 6417:from the original on March 5, 2016 5753:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 5714: 4761:from the original on July 14, 2021 4381:from the original on June 11, 2022 4075:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1988.tb00199.x 3885:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 3798:from the original on June 25, 2021 3660: 3297:from the original on March 4, 2016 2858:Convention on Biological Diversity 2780:bushes. In the US, the endangered 2570:, plant and animal diversity, and 918: 695:are another form of facilitation. 154:Glossary of invasion biology terms 25: 14815: 12177:Generalist and specialist species 11067: 10751:Invasive alien species in Belgium 10726:Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 10720:Invasive Species Specialist Group 10687: 9900:from the original on May 28, 2019 9850:Parks, Mary; Thanh, Thai (2019). 9831:from the original on May 19, 2019 9801:from the original on May 28, 2019 9676:10.1038/scientificamerican0913-40 9633:from the original on May 28, 2019 9502:from the original on May 25, 2017 9472:from the original on May 22, 2018 9200:from the original on May 23, 2021 9108:O'Neill, Jr., Charles R. (2002). 8926:. University of Minnesota Press. 8019:Western North American Naturalist 6127:from the original on May 11, 2020 5799:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 5465:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 4788:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 3951:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.970316.x 3495:10.1038/scientificamerican0815-32 2900:have bred after translocation to 2864: 2263:severe acute respiratory syndrome 14753: 14743: 14734: 14726: 14718: 14706: 14705: 12900:Occupancy–abundance relationship 11884: 11874: 11873: 11084: 10705:CABI Invasive Species Compendium 10590:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02069.x 10564: 10528: 10479: 10361: 10326: 10297: 10256: 10238: 10213: 10083:Bryce, Emma (February 6, 2015). 10076: 10053: 10037:10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012.00250.x 10004: 9955: 9912: 9882: 9843: 9813: 9783: 9752: 9728:Snyder, Michael (May 19, 2017). 9721: 9690: 9645: 9604:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06305.x 9568: 9517: 9484: 9451: 9439:from the original on May 9, 2018 9420: 9394: 9284: 9186:Ouellet, Nicky (July 27, 2017). 9025: 8988: 8915: 8877: 8809: 8774: 8713: 8698: 8689: 8677:Ham, Anthony (August 15, 2022). 8670: 8637: 8579: 8557:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01646.x 8456: 8415: 8363: 8310: 8280: 8245: 8223: 8186: 8156: 8107: 8064: 8038: 7897: 7871: 7838: 7795: 7759: 7691:Ethology Ecology & Evolution 7650: 7625: 7588: 7543: 7521:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00935.x 7490: 7464: 7410:Mooney, HA; Cleland, EE (2001). 7361: 7182:Oswalt, C.; et al. (2015). 6992:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00802.x 6264:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00950.x 6112: 5580:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2005.01505.x 4893:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.95473.x 4547:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02294.x 3996:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00473.x 3432:S. Inderjit (January 16, 2006). 3410:10.1111/j.1366-9516.2004.00061.x 2975:tortoises are already breeding. 2490:) or are unpalatable because of 2404: 2234: 1895: 1883: 13532:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 12920:Relative abundance distribution 12633:Plant defense against herbivory 12500:Competitive exclusion principle 12212:Mesopredator release hypothesis 11085: 10676:White, Michael (13 Dec 2017) . 10127:Annual Review of Phytopathology 9291:Holmes, Nick (March 27, 2019). 8235:Great Lakes Information Network 7880:"Invasive Alien Species Report" 7290: 7260: 7175: 7124: 7087: 7032:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.83 6961: 6880: 6839: 6778: 6701: 6671:"The alien invasive land snail 6608: 6576:Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 6568: 6515: 6460: 6429: 6397: 6324: 6287: 6230: 6216:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.11.014 6185: 6106: 6073: 6038:Oceanography and Marine Biology 6024: 5982: 5916: 5881: 5846: 5817: 5790: 5739: 5596: 5549: 5365: 5326: 5200: 5100: 4934:United States Geological Survey 4741: 4708: 4680:Global Ecology and Conservation 4667: 4608: 4514: 4481: 4422: 4393: 4361: 4336: 4314: 4183: 4148: 4044: 4011: 3784: 3762: 3632:Leidy, Joseph (March 5, 2012). 3101:of an introduced population is 2985:List of edible invasive species 2921:Sustainable Development Goal 15 2832:Cargo inspection and quarantine 2823:Control, eradication, and study 2686:mainly nests in the non-native 2378:Invasive species contribute to 2247: 2011:spread by international trade. 976:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 274:Localized and numerically rare 12505:Consumer–resource interactions 8644:McBroom, Jen (December 2012). 7809:Marine Ecology Progress Series 7658:"Greater cape town water fund" 7633:"Cape Town is Facing Day Zero" 7254:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.10.002 7118:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.10.002 6318:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2012.01.013 5956:Egan, Dan (October 31, 2005). 5231:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2016.04.007 4347:. Penguin Books. p. 179. 3625: 3517: 3464: 3275: 3260: 3018:, and invasive plants such as 2941:, both endemic to the island. 2748:better than native oysters in 2684:southwestern willow flycatcher 2634:and the yellow fever mosquito 2111:The Asian long-horned beetle ( 1845:Least polluted cities by PM2.5 833:Within the aquatic environment 813:carries the bacterial disease 536:world's worst invasive species 191:, it is debatable whether the 147: 112:, and accelerating again with 13: 1: 14020:Electrical resistance heating 13495: 13351:Biological data visualization 13178:Environmental niche modelling 12905:Population viability analysis 8995:Hakam, Lara (February 2013). 7781:10.1126/science.286.5448.2333 7325:. Southern Research Station, 6893:Forest Ecology and Management 6846:Mungi, Ninad Avinash (2023). 5811:10.1016/s0169-5347(01)02194-2 5478:10.1016/s0169-5347(02)02554-5 5431:10.1016/j.tplants.2008.03.004 5176:10.1016/S1002-0160(18)60029-3 4801:10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02101-2 3772:. National Geographic Society 3283:"Global Compendium of Weeds: 3255: 3168: 2284:), rodents and insects (e.g. 1943: 1316:Electrical resistance heating 771:Non-native species have many 507:Strongylocentrotus purpuratus 13672:Persistent organic pollutant 12836:Density-dependent inhibition 9427:Warren, Matt (May 8, 2018). 9320:10.1371/journal.pone.0212128 8749:10.1371/journal.pone.0000868 7703:10.1080/03949370.2013.863225 7619:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.01.013 6913:10.1016/j.foreco.2023.120781 5210:Journal of Arid Environments 4642:10.1371/journal.pone.0032407 4212:10.1126/science.288.5467.852 3268: 2756:there. For example, the bee 2272:implications. For instance, 2255:human immunodeficiency virus 1026:Persistent organic pollutant 950:Air pollution from a factory 63:as a roadside weed in Poland 7: 14682:Least polluted cities by PM 13305:Liebig's law of the minimum 13140:Resource selection function 12031:Metabolic theory of ecology 11141:Environmental globalization 11116:Anti-globalization movement 10492:Diversity and Distributions 10306:Boreal Environment Research 8861:. Cited in Duke, J. (1983) 8704:Pelton, Tom (May 26, 2006) 7138:Diversity and Distributions 6718:Nature Reviews Microbiology 4701:10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01080 4400:Goodman, Steven M. (1997). 3638:Academy of Natural Sciences 3397:Diversity and Distributions 3193: 2811:can be turned into fuel by 2345: 2338:), and causative agents of 2068:with introduced cordgrass, 552:considered invasive species 534:) is considered one of the 10: 14820: 14784:Environmental conservation 14624:Pollution haven hypothesis 14547:Brain health and pollution 13785:Ecological light pollution 13615:Internal combustion engine 13205:Niche apportionment models 12925:Relative species abundance 12129:Primary nutritional groups 12026:List of feeding behaviours 11289:Offshore financial centres 10747:, Inland Fisheries Ireland 10577:Journal of Applied Ecology 10335:American Journal of Botany 9980:10.1007/s11694-021-01136-w 9623:"The Invasivore's Dilemma" 9358:Environmental Conservation 8870:February 12, 2013, at the 8609:10.1007/s11252-023-01454-5 8078:Journal of Applied Ecology 7802:Hallegraeff, G.M. (1998). 7355:November 23, 2012, at the 6852:Journal of Applied Ecology 5603:Matisoo-Smith, E. (1998). 3524:Rafferty, John P. (2015). 3185:Predicting invasive plants 3113:. Invasive populations of 2982: 883:is causing an increase in 817:. The arrival of invasive 766: 728:invertebrate communities. 556:negatively impact wildlife 477:southeastern United States 406:for invasive vertebrates. 341:Ecosystem-based mechanisms 313:. By discarding taxonomy, 151: 14789:Environmental terminology 14703: 14657: 14606: 14555: 14522: 14427:Nonpoint source pollution 14355: 14347:War and environmental law 14294: 14256: 14238: 14038: 13973: 13910: 13836: 13805: 13770: 13754: 13719: 13706:Volatile organic compound 13512: 13503: 13454: 13386:Ecosystem based fisheries 13328: 13228: 13153: 13026: 12998:Interspecific competition 12963: 12890:Minimum viable population 12823: 12748:Maximum sustainable yield 12733:Intraspecific competition 12728:Effective population size 12691: 12608:Anti-predator adaptations 12593: 12472: 12399: 12356: 12278: 12245: 12142: 12119:Photosynthetic efficiency 12054: 11948: 11869: 11827: 11702: 11637: 11554: 11545: 11472: 11309: 11230: 11223: 11103: 11075: 10998: 10958: 10927: 10906: 10846: 10830: 10823: 10816: 10795: 10550:10.1614/IPSM-D-15-00053.1 10465:10.1007/s10530-011-0061-4 10170:"CRISPR for pest-free NZ" 9938:10.3389/fsufs.2021.575056 9379:10.1017/S0376892920000211 9117:SUNY College at Brockport 9054:10.1134/S2075111714030096 8984:– via ResearchGate. 8441:10.3897/neobiota.67.59134 8392:10.3897/neobiota.67.57747 8338:10.3897/neobiota.67.58196 7927:10.1007/s10530-005-5841-2 7303:January 13, 2020, at the 6731:10.1038/s41579-020-0335-x 6587:World Resources Institute 6356:10.1007/s10530-018-1762-8 6195:Marine Pollution Bulletin 6169:10.1016/j.hal.2011.10.025 5507:10.1007/s10530-013-0607-8 5043:10.1007/s10530-017-1534-x 4586:10.1007/s12231-016-9362-y 3634:"Ancient American Horses" 3235:Lists of invasive species 3119:exist with resistance to 3099:effective population size 3086:Pesticides and herbicides 2698:in Rajasthan. Similarly, 2597: 2547:vectored by the invasive 2506:infected by the invasive 1571:War and environmental law 1191:Health effects from noise 1041:Volatile organic compound 327: 13886:Marine mammals and sonar 13797:Radio spectrum pollution 13376:Ecological stoichiometry 13341:Alternative stable state 11131:Democratic globalization 10627:10.3389/fbioe.2019.00454 9004:University of Washington 8864:Handbook of Energy Crops 7203:10.3897/neobiota.24.8378 6694:10.4102/koedoe.v50i1.153 5632:10.1073/pnas.95.25.15145 5531:Amstutz, Lisa J (2018). 3240:Naturalisation (biology) 3155:and its fungal pathogen 2923:and associated targets. 2846:World Trade Organization 2759:Lasioglossum leucozonium 2468:Achanakmar Tiger Reserve 2463:Parthenium hysterophorus 2125:forests and damages the 2114:Anoplophora glabripennis 1196:Marine mammals and sonar 760:enemy release hypothesis 520:Species-based mechanisms 298:Widespread and dominant 14732:WikiProject Environment 14690:Most polluted countries 14634:Polluter pays principle 14365:Agricultural wastewater 13220:Ontogenetic niche shift 13083:Ideal free distribution 12993:Ecological facilitation 12743:Malthusian growth model 12713:Consumer-resource model 12570:Paradox of the plankton 12535:Energy systems language 12255:Chemoorganoheterotrophy 12222:Optimal foraging theory 12197:Heterotrophic nutrition 11413:Investor-state disputes 11366:Illicit financial flows 11210:Political globalization 11158:Global financial system 10312:(Supplement A): 53–67. 9853:The Green Crab Cookbook 9531:Ecological Applications 8629:: CS1 maint: bibcode ( 8100:10.1111/1365-2664.12617 7598:Biological Conservation 6935:Ecological Applications 6887:Rastogi, Rajat (2023). 6873:10.1111/1365-2664.14506 6814:10.1073/pnas.0308547102 6785:Grosholz, E.D. (2005). 6080:Great Lake Commission. 6000:10.1145/2623330.2623364 5410:Trends in Plant Science 5333:Keddy, Paul A. (2017). 5066:The American Naturalist 4873:Reichard, S.H. (1997). 4456:10.1073/pnas.0401456101 4022:Encyclopedia of Ecology 4018:Fath, Brian D. (2008). 3846:10.1073/pnas.0403458101 3531:Encyclopedia Britannica 2972:Aldabra giant tortoises 2643:Ambrosia artemisiifolia 2158:through the process of 2154:can be threatened with 1671:Freshwater salinization 1591:Agricultural wastewater 710:Ecological facilitation 668:Kalanchoe daigremontana 572:vegetative reproduction 290:Localized but dominant 14750:Environment portal 13983:Agricultural pollution 13366:Ecological forecasting 13310:Marginal value theorem 13108:Landscape epidemiology 13043:Cross-boundary subsidy 12978:Biological interaction 12328:Microbial intelligence 12016:Green world hypothesis 11754:Christopher Chase-Dunn 11522:Primitive accumulation 11205:Military globalization 11136:Economic globalization 11121:Cultural globalization 10427:10.1006/jema.1999.0297 9856:. Green Crab R&d. 8132:10.1098/rstb.2020.0359 7852:Philippine News Agency 7637:The Nature Conservancy 7439:10.1073/pnas.091093398 6635:10.1098/rspb.2012.1651 5994:. pp. 1699–1708. 5766:10.1098/rspb.2007.0841 4415:10.5962/bhl.title.3415 3898:10.1098/rspb.2005.3090 3210:Colonisation (biology) 2999:New Haven, Connecticut 2962: 2955:Aldabra giant tortoise 2909: 2889:Reestablishing species 2744:, for example, filter 2470: 2380:ecological degradation 2371: 2223:, in areas of eastern 2093: 2084:Endangered Species Act 1987: 1890:Environment portal 849: 793: 673:allelopathic compounds 623: 559: 546:Cats (here, killing a 539: 418: 108:, accelerating in the 77: 64: 53: 39: 14405:Industrial wastewater 14271:Clutter (advertising) 14179:Municipal solid waste 14025:Soil guideline values 13869:Sustainable transport 13762:Information pollution 13562:Open burning of waste 13371:Ecological humanities 13270:Ecological energetics 13215:Niche differentiation 13078:Habitat fragmentation 12846:Ecological extinction 12793:Small population size 12545:Feed conversion ratio 12525:Ecological succession 12457:San Francisco Estuary 12371:Ecological efficiency 12313:Microbial cooperation 9498:. February 14, 2011. 9156:All Things Considered 8495:Halley, John (2019). 6453:10.2298/ZMSPN1834019L 5909:10.3391/ai.2007.2.2.7 5830:John Wiley & Sons 5670:Global Change Biology 5185:1959.4/unsworks_64013 4345:The Quest for Origins 4240:Ecology and Evolution 4130:Ecological Monographs 4099:Elton, C.S. (2000) . 3725:Ecology and Evolution 3688:on September 24, 2015 3570:Ecology and Evolution 3131:Microstegium vimineum 3036:University of Vermont 2983:Further information: 2979:By using them as food 2952: 2939:South Georgia pintail 2896: 2875:wildland firefighters 2705:Spartina alterniflora 2577:Myriophyllum spicatum 2484:(e.g., leafy spurge, 2460: 2353: 2189:Spartina alterniflora 2092: 2070:Spartina alterniflora 2055:Spartina alterniflora 1978: 1631:Industrial wastewater 1399:Municipal solid waste 1321:Soil guideline values 844: 789: 611: 545: 527: 412: 355:ecological succession 70: 59: 45: 35: 14677:Most polluted cities 14370:Biological pollution 14281:Overhead power lines 13396:Evolutionary ecology 13361:Ecological footprint 13356:Ecological economics 13280:Ecological threshold 13275:Ecological indicator 13145:Source–sink dynamics 13098:Land change modeling 13093:Insular biogeography 12945:Species distribution 12684:Modelling ecosystems 12343:Microbial metabolism 12182:Intraguild predation 11971:Biogeochemical cycle 11937:Modelling ecosystems 11819:Immanuel Wallerstein 11480:Capital accumulation 11346:Endangered languages 10445:Biological Invasions 10270:. November 30, 2017. 10072:on January 27, 2014. 10017:Conservation Letters 9703:Smithsonian Magazine 9193:Montana Public Radio 8797:on November 20, 2015 8545:Conservation Biology 8502:Conservation Biology 8294:. October 18, 2010. 7907:Biological Invasions 7478:on February 22, 2006 7233:Ecological Economics 7097:Ecological Economics 7052:Biological Invasions 6335:Biological Invasions 6243:Conservation Biology 5888:Drake, John (2007). 5494:Biological Invasions 5393:10.1890/ES14-00374.1 5022:Biological Invasions 4964:Ewell, J.J. (1999). 4880:Conservation Biology 4757:. October 24, 2019. 4562:Eichhornia crassipes 4523:Eichhornia crassipes 4343:Howe, K. R. (2003). 4054:Conservation Biology 3878:Verling, E. (2005). 3016:cannonball jellyfish 2782:Taylor's checkerspot 2672:scientific community 2549:Asian citrus psyllid 2340:harmful algal blooms 2322:Chinese mitten crabs 2005:loss of biodiversity 1950:biological diversity 1840:Most polluted cities 1492:Overhead power lines 911:soils, while adding 811:Asian citrus psyllid 650:ratio, and possible 282:Widespread but rare 14740:WikiProject Ecology 14437:Ocean acidification 14342:Unexploded ordnance 14213:Post-consumer waste 14073:Foam food container 14051:Biodegradable waste 13625:Global distillation 13446:Theoretical ecology 13421:Natural environment 13285:Ecosystem diversity 13255:Ecological collapse 13245:Bateman's principle 13200:Limiting similarity 13113:Landscape limnology 12935:Species homogeneity 12773:Population modeling 12768:Population dynamics 12585:Trophic state index 11891:Business portal 11450:Transnational crime 11356:Forced displacement 11341:Economic inequality 11215:Trade globalization 11111:Alter-globalization 10732:invadingspecies.com 10657:Science in the News 10504:2023DivDi..29....4P 10457:2012BiInv..14..273K 10419:1999JEnvM..57..239P 10347:10.3732/ajb.1300061 10285:. Otago Daily Times 10176:on October 19, 2016 10029:2012ConL....5..334N 9734:Scientific American 9668:2013SciAm.309c..40L 9655:Scientific American 9595:2010Ecogr..33..272H 9544:2016EcoAp..26...94S 9370:2020EnvCo..47..139D 9311:2019PLoSO..1412128H 9046:2014RuJBI...5..194M 8841:1981EcBot..35..224W 8740:2007PLoSO...2..868Z 8601:2024UrbEc.tmp...13M 8515:2019ConBi..33.1451H 8091:2016JApEc..53..712H 7962:2008FrEE....6..485M 7919:2006BiInv...8.1495X 7859:on October 28, 2023 7822:1998MEPS..168..297H 7775:(5448): 2333–2337. 7611:2015BCons.184..108B 7513:2000MolEc...9..765A 7430:2001PNAS...98.5446M 7246:2005EcoEc..52..273P 7151:2013DivDi..19.1208L 7110:2005EcoEc..52..273P 7065:2004BiInv...6..221A 6984:2005EcolL...8..976H 6905:2023ForEM.53120781R 6864:2023JApEc..60.2400M 6805:2005PNAS..102.1088G 6629:(1748): 4772–4777. 6546:10.1038/nature14258 6538:2015Natur.519..171L 6348:2018BiInv..20.3107L 6310:2012OcEng..42..165H 6255:2008ConBi..22..521R 6208:2007MarPB..55..342O 6161:2012HAlga..14..271T 5970:on October 21, 2011 5867:2008FrEE....6..485M 5760:(1625): 2733–2739. 5682:2020GCBio..26.4880E 5623:1998PNAS...9515145M 5617:(25): 15145–15150. 5572:2005AusEc..30..475C 5423:2008TPS....13..288P 5223:2016JArEn.132...15H 5168:2018Pedos..28..632H 5122:1990Ecol...71..478H 5035:2018BiInv..20..333C 4984:1999BiSci..49..619E 4936:. pp. 117–29. 4844:1996Ecol...77..791T 4692:2020GEcoC..2301080M 4633:2012PLoSO...732407B 4578:2016EcBot..70..365R 4539:2010FrBio..55..282V 4447:2004PNAS..101.6045B 4253:2019EcoEv...9.7761I 4204:2000Sci...288..852L 4169:2003Ecol...84.1428B 4067:1988ConBi...2..348A 3987:2000JEcol..88..528D 3943:2002Oikos..97..449B 3892:(1569): 1249–1256. 3837:2004PNAS..10110854T 3831:(30): 10854–10861. 3817:Tilman, D. (2004). 3583:2019EcoEv...910874R 3487:2015SciAm.313b..32M 3474:Scientific American 3049:Caribbean monk seal 2935:South Georgia pipit 2510:. Introduced rats ( 2020:European green crab 1656:Ocean acidification 1566:Unexploded ordnance 1487:Advertising clutter 1419:Post-consumer waste 1364:Foam food container 1349:Biodegradable waste 1006:Global distillation 827:Chinese mitten crab 791:Chinese mitten crab 531:Reynoutria japonica 528:Japanese knotweed ( 235: 114:international trade 106:earliest migrations 14760:Ecology portal 14644:Waste minimisation 14619:Industrial ecology 14614:Cleaner production 14432:Nutrient pollution 14309:Herbicidal warfare 14103:Construction waste 13739:Introduced species 13610:Indoor air quality 13537:Chlorofluorocarbon 13457:Outline of ecology 13406:Industrial ecology 13401:Functional ecology 13265:Ecological deficit 13210:Niche construction 13173:Ecosystem engineer 12950:Species–area curve 12871:Introduced species 12686:: Other components 12618:Deimatic behaviour 12520:Ecological network 12452:North Pacific Gyre 12437:hydrothermal vents 12376:Ecological pyramid 12323:Microbial food web 12134:Primary production 12079:Foundation species 11664:Andre Gunder Frank 11438:Race to the bottom 11428:North–South divide 11146:Global citizenship 10221:"GBIRd Fact Sheet" 9825:eattheinvaders.org 9797:. March 12, 2015. 8849:10.1007/BF02858689 8683:The New York Times 8524:10.1111/cobi.13413 8209:10.1614/WS-04-022R 8168:entnemdept.ufl.edu 8126:(1837): 20200359. 7831:10.3354/meps168297 7576:on January 2, 2004 7372:Alliaria petiolata 6931:Simberloff, Daniel 6929:Mack, Richard N.; 5746:Leung, B. (2007). 4527:Freshwater Biology 4507:10.4314/mcd.v9i2.2 4322:"Brown Tree Snake" 3974:Journal of Ecology 3770:"Invasive Species" 3526:"Invasive species" 2963: 2945:Taxon substitution 2913:Island restoration 2910: 2908:, off New Zealand. 2838:agricultural pests 2690:. The introduced 2655:Lagarosiphon major 2529:Liriomyza trifolii 2496:yellow starthistle 2471: 2452:ecosystem services 2411:Great Lakes region 2372: 2140:Alliaria petiolata 2094: 2058:), and hydrology ( 2052:(smooth cordgrass 1988: 1980:American alligator 1902:Ecology portal 1527:Herbicidal warfare 1071:Introduced species 1011:Indoor air quality 981:Chlorofluorocarbon 850: 794: 634:was introduced to 624: 560: 540: 494:Eriocheir sinensis 419: 335:propagule pressure 233: 216:terrestrial plants 130:yellow starthistle 86:introduced species 78: 65: 54: 40: 14766: 14765: 14639:Pollution control 14319:Nuclear holocaust 14228:Thermal treatment 14196:Plastic pollution 14113:Mercury poisoning 14066:Battery recycling 13965:Radioactive waste 13734:Genetic pollution 13729:Biological hazard 13527:Air quality index 13463: 13462: 13346:Balance of nature 13103:Landscape ecology 12988:Community ecology 12930:Species diversity 12866:Indicator species 12861:Gradient analysis 12738:Logistic function 12646: 12645: 12603:Animal coloration 12580:Trophic mutualism 12318:Microbial ecology 12109:Photoheterotrophs 12094:Myco-heterotrophy 12006:Ecosystem ecology 11991:Carrying capacity 11956:Abiotic component 11899: 11898: 11865: 11864: 11724:K. Anthony Appiah 11719:Daniele Archibugi 11468: 11467: 11257:COVID-19 pandemic 11163:Global governance 11035: 11034: 11031: 11030: 10994: 10993: 10513:10.1111/ddi.13639 10380:978-0-9752488-0-5 10252:. August 8, 2017. 9258:(June 11, 2018). 8933:978-0-8166-9329-0 8707:The Baltimore Sun 8288:"Spider Invaders" 8241:on July 25, 2008. 7566:978-0-642-58336-9 7500:Molecular Ecology 7160:10.1111/ddi.12112 6858:(11): 2400–2412. 6532:(7542): 171–180. 6488:978-0-309-08264-8 6342:(11): 3107–3122. 6297:Ocean Engineering 6009:978-1-4503-2956-9 5895:Aquatic Invasions 5735:on June 16, 2013. 5725:"Citrus Greening" 5690:10.1111/gcb.15199 5346:978-1-107-11423-4 4943:978-0-16-053285-6 4754:Los Angeles Times 4441:(16): 6045–6049. 4307:978-0-87893-811-7 4261:10.1002/ece3.5360 4247:(13): 7761–7767. 4198:(5467): 852–854. 4110:978-0-226-20638-7 3642:Drexel University 3592:10.1002/ece3.5049 3445:978-3-7643-7380-1 3356:978-0-7923-6876-2 3245:Neophyte (botany) 3230:Invasion genetics 3163:deliberately bred 3107:genetic variation 3095:fungal herbicides 3020:Japanese knotweed 2959:Île aux Aigrettes 2813:methane digesters 2768:spp.) as well as 2666:The entomologist 2662:Favorable effects 2591:Zygiella x-notata 2572:species abundance 2545:bacterial disease 2492:thorns and spines 2487:Euphorbia virgata 2160:genetic pollution 2135:Dutch elm disease 2106:forest ecosystems 2080:San Francisco Bay 2016:amethyst gem clam 1998:displacement, or 1954:biodiversity loss 1938: 1937: 1873: 1872: 1539:Nuclear holocaust 1462:Urban heat island 1276:Radioactive waste 1061:Biological hazard 971:Air quality index 885:ocean temperature 741:genetic variation 678:Stapelia gigantea 554:in Australia and 422:Island ecosystems 394:species diversity 302: 301: 126:Japanese knotweed 16:(Redirected from 14811: 14794:Forest pathology 14779:Invasive species 14758: 14757: 14756: 14748: 14747: 14738: 14737: 14730: 14729: 14722: 14721: 14709: 14708: 14583:Legacy pollution 14442:Oil exploitation 14304:Chemical warfare 14218:Waste management 14125:Industrial waste 14093:Biomedical waste 14061:Electronic waste 14046:Advertising mail 14030:Phytoremediation 14005:Land degradation 13790:Overillumination 13744:Invasive species 13490: 13483: 13476: 13467: 13466: 13163:Ecological niche 13135:selection theory 12955:Umbrella species 12940:Species richness 12876:Invasive species 12856:Flagship species 12763:Population cycle 12758:Overexploitation 12723:Ecological yield 12673: 12666: 12659: 12650: 12649: 12555:Mesotrophic soil 12495:Climax community 12427:Marine food webs 12366:Biomagnification 12167:Chemoorganotroph 12021:Keystone species 11981:Biotic component 11926: 11919: 11912: 11903: 11902: 11889: 11888: 11877: 11876: 11830: 11739:Jean Baudrillard 11707: 11654:Giovanni Arrighi 11642: 11599:Branko Milanović 11579:Jagdish Bhagwati 11557: 11552: 11551: 11443:pollution havens 11408:Invasive species 11312: 11233: 11228: 11227: 11178:Global workforce 11088: 11087: 11062: 11055: 11048: 11039: 11038: 10828: 10827: 10821: 10820: 10788:Invasive species 10781: 10774: 10767: 10758: 10757: 10711:Invasive Species 10681:Pacific Standard 10673: 10669:The Conversation 10649: 10639: 10629: 10595: 10594: 10592: 10568: 10562: 10561: 10532: 10526: 10525: 10515: 10483: 10477: 10476: 10440: 10431: 10430: 10402: 10393: 10392: 10365: 10359: 10358: 10341:(7): 1287–1293. 10330: 10324: 10323: 10321: 10301: 10295: 10294: 10292: 10290: 10278: 10272: 10271: 10260: 10254: 10253: 10250:The Conversation 10242: 10236: 10235: 10233: 10231: 10225: 10217: 10211: 10210: 10208: 10206: 10195: 10186: 10185: 10183: 10181: 10172:. Archived from 10165: 10159: 10158: 10122: 10105: 10104: 10102: 10100: 10080: 10074: 10073: 10068:. Archived from 10057: 10051: 10050: 10048: 10008: 10002: 10001: 9991: 9959: 9953: 9952: 9950: 9940: 9916: 9910: 9909: 9907: 9905: 9886: 9880: 9879: 9877: 9875: 9847: 9841: 9840: 9838: 9836: 9817: 9811: 9810: 9808: 9806: 9787: 9781: 9780: 9778: 9776: 9756: 9750: 9749: 9747: 9745: 9725: 9719: 9718: 9716: 9714: 9694: 9688: 9687: 9649: 9643: 9642: 9640: 9638: 9618: 9609: 9608: 9606: 9572: 9566: 9565: 9555: 9521: 9515: 9514: 9509: 9507: 9488: 9482: 9481: 9479: 9477: 9455: 9449: 9448: 9446: 9444: 9424: 9418: 9417: 9415: 9413: 9398: 9392: 9391: 9381: 9349: 9343: 9342: 9332: 9322: 9288: 9282: 9281: 9279: 9277: 9271: 9264: 9252: 9246: 9245: 9243: 9241: 9235: 9228: 9222:(January 2017). 9216: 9210: 9209: 9207: 9205: 9183: 9177: 9176: 9174: 9172: 9146: 9140: 9139: 9137: 9135: 9129: 9114: 9105: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9072: 9066: 9065: 9029: 9023: 9022: 9020: 9018: 9012: 9001: 8992: 8986: 8985: 8983: 8981: 8960: 8953:Puente Biológico 8944: 8938: 8937: 8919: 8913: 8912: 8901:10.1002/bbb.1539 8881: 8875: 8860: 8822: 8816: 8813: 8807: 8806: 8804: 8802: 8796: 8789: 8778: 8772: 8771: 8761: 8751: 8717: 8711: 8702: 8696: 8693: 8687: 8686: 8674: 8668: 8667: 8665: 8663: 8657: 8650: 8641: 8635: 8634: 8628: 8620: 8595:(4): 1279–1290. 8589:Urban Ecosystems 8583: 8577: 8576: 8540: 8529: 8528: 8526: 8509:(6): 1451–1453. 8492: 8486: 8485: 8460: 8454: 8453: 8443: 8419: 8413: 8412: 8394: 8376: 8367: 8361: 8360: 8350: 8340: 8314: 8308: 8307: 8305: 8303: 8284: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8273: 8267: 8260: 8249: 8243: 8242: 8227: 8221: 8220: 8190: 8184: 8183: 8181: 8179: 8160: 8154: 8153: 8143: 8111: 8105: 8104: 8102: 8068: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8052: 8042: 8036: 8035: 8013: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8002: 7983: 7974: 7973: 7945: 7939: 7938: 7913:(7): 1495–1500. 7901: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7890: 7875: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7855:. Archived from 7842: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7799: 7793: 7792: 7763: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7730: 7715: 7714: 7697:(2–3): 112–129. 7686: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7675: 7669: 7662: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7643: 7629: 7623: 7622: 7592: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7575: 7569:. Archived from 7558: 7547: 7541: 7540: 7494: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7468: 7462: 7461: 7451: 7441: 7407: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7365: 7359: 7346: 7344: 7342: 7314: 7308: 7294: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7272:wiki.bugwood.org 7264: 7258: 7257: 7227: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7179: 7173: 7172: 7162: 7145:(9): 1208–1216. 7128: 7122: 7121: 7091: 7085: 7084: 7042: 7036: 7035: 7013: 7004: 7003: 6965: 6959: 6958: 6926: 6917: 6916: 6884: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6843: 6837: 6836: 6826: 6816: 6799:(4): 1088–1091. 6782: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6765: 6742: 6714: 6705: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6666: 6657: 6656: 6646: 6612: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6595: 6584: 6572: 6566: 6565: 6519: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6464: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6433: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6416: 6409: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6374: 6368: 6367: 6328: 6322: 6321: 6291: 6285: 6284: 6266: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6202:(7–9): 342–352. 6189: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6143: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6126: 6119: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6093: 6086: 6077: 6071: 6068: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6028: 6022: 6021: 5986: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5966:. Archived from 5963:Journal Sentinel 5953: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5777: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5731:. Archived from 5721: 5712: 5711: 5701: 5676:(9): 4880–4893. 5661: 5655: 5654: 5644: 5634: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5533:Invasive Species 5528: 5519: 5518: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5442: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5268: 5244: 5235: 5234: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5187: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5012: 5006: 5005: 4995: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4930:Reston, Virginia 4921: 4915: 4914: 4904: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4782: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4654: 4644: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4468: 4458: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4377:. June 4, 2008. 4372: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4299: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4272: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4163:(6): 1428–1433. 4152: 4146: 4145: 4124: 4115: 4114: 4096: 4087: 4086: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4025: 4015: 4009: 4008: 3998: 3964: 3955: 3954: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3909: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3858: 3848: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3794:. Ars.usda.gov. 3788: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3749: 3738:10.1002/ece3.431 3711: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3687: 3680: 3675:Invasion Ecology 3669: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3648:on March 5, 2012 3644:. Archived from 3629: 3623: 3622: 3604: 3594: 3577:(19): 10874–94. 3560: 3551: 3550: 3545: 3543: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3412: 3388: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3279: 3053:passenger pigeon 2929:were carried to 2904:, like these on 2902:restored islands 2786:ribwort plantain 2746:water pollutants 2711:Spartina foliosa 2678:to be negative. 2631:Aedes albopictus 2626: 2625: 2614: 2613: 2564:wildlife viewing 2476:reduce yield in 2399:economic returns 2370:in October 2020. 2326:Asian lung fluke 2324:are carriers of 2195:Spartina foliosa 2075:Spartina foliosa 2050:nutrient cycling 1964:systems, though 1930: 1923: 1916: 1900: 1899: 1898: 1888: 1887: 1819: 1818: 1522:Chemical warfare 1424:Waste management 1384:Industrial waste 1359:Electronic waste 1344:Advertising mail 1326:Phytoremediation 1301:Land degradation 1241:Depleted uranium 1126:Overillumination 1076:Invasive species 948: 938: 923: 922: 783:) to Polynesia. 640:serpentine soils 632:barbed goatgrass 472:Pueraria montana 431:brown tree snake 415:brown tree snake 390:Charles S. Elton 375:ecological niche 323: 236: 232: 183:and radiated to 175:(modern horses) 134:European rabbits 110:Age of Discovery 82:invasive species 61:Canada goldenrod 21: 14819: 14818: 14814: 14813: 14812: 14810: 14809: 14808: 14769: 14768: 14767: 14762: 14754: 14752: 14742: 14699: 14685: 14653: 14602: 14551: 14518: 14457:Pharmaceuticals 14447:Oil exploration 14351: 14323:Nuclear fallout 14290: 14252: 14234: 14208:Packaging waste 14162:Deep sea mining 14088:Hazardous waste 14034: 14015:Open defecation 13969: 13935:Nuclear fallout 13930:Nuclear fission 13906: 13832: 13801: 13772:Electromagnetic 13766: 13750: 13715: 13635:Ozone depletion 13508: 13499: 13494: 13464: 13459: 13450: 13436:Systems ecology 13324: 13295:Extinction debt 13260:Ecological debt 13250:Bioluminescence 13231: 13224: 13193:marine habitats 13168:Ecological trap 13149: 13029: 13022: 12965: 12959: 12915:Rapoport's rule 12910:Priority effect 12851:Endemic species 12819: 12778:Population size 12694: 12687: 12677: 12647: 12642: 12595: 12589: 12575:Trophic cascade 12485:Bioaccumulation 12468: 12395: 12352: 12274: 12241: 12138: 12050: 12011:Ecosystem model 11944: 11930: 11900: 11895: 11883: 11861: 11842:Thomas Friedman 11828: 11823: 11774:Anthony Giddens 11749:Manuel Castells 11714:Arjun Appadurai 11705: 11703: 11698: 11640: 11638: 11633: 11629:Joseph Stiglitz 11569:Richard Baldwin 11555: 11547: 11541: 11500:Fiscal localism 11464: 11418:McDonaldization 11336:Development aid 11310: 11305: 11274:Multilingualism 11269:Labor arbitrage 11245:Climate justice 11231: 11219: 11173:Global politics 11126:Deglobalization 11099: 11071: 11066: 11036: 11027: 10990: 10954: 10923: 10902: 10842: 10812: 10791: 10785: 10690: 10604: 10602:Further reading 10599: 10598: 10569: 10565: 10533: 10529: 10484: 10480: 10441: 10434: 10403: 10396: 10381: 10366: 10362: 10331: 10327: 10302: 10298: 10288: 10286: 10279: 10275: 10262: 10261: 10257: 10244: 10243: 10239: 10229: 10227: 10226:. April 1, 2018 10223: 10219: 10218: 10214: 10204: 10202: 10197: 10196: 10189: 10179: 10177: 10166: 10162: 10123: 10108: 10098: 10096: 10081: 10077: 10058: 10054: 10009: 10005: 9960: 9956: 9917: 9913: 9903: 9901: 9888: 9887: 9883: 9873: 9871: 9864: 9848: 9844: 9834: 9832: 9819: 9818: 9814: 9804: 9802: 9789: 9788: 9784: 9774: 9772: 9761:"Alien Entrées" 9757: 9753: 9743: 9741: 9726: 9722: 9712: 9710: 9695: 9691: 9650: 9646: 9636: 9634: 9619: 9612: 9573: 9569: 9553:10.1890/14-1674 9522: 9518: 9505: 9503: 9490: 9489: 9485: 9475: 9473: 9456: 9452: 9442: 9440: 9425: 9421: 9411: 9409: 9400: 9399: 9395: 9350: 9346: 9305:(3): e0212128. 9289: 9285: 9275: 9273: 9269: 9262: 9253: 9249: 9239: 9237: 9233: 9226: 9217: 9213: 9203: 9201: 9184: 9180: 9170: 9168: 9147: 9143: 9133: 9131: 9127: 9112: 9106: 9102: 9073: 9069: 9030: 9026: 9016: 9014: 9010: 8999: 8993: 8989: 8979: 8977: 8961: 8945: 8941: 8934: 8920: 8916: 8882: 8878: 8872:Wayback Machine 8828:Economic Botany 8823: 8819: 8814: 8810: 8800: 8798: 8794: 8787: 8779: 8775: 8718: 8714: 8703: 8699: 8694: 8690: 8675: 8671: 8661: 8659: 8655: 8648: 8642: 8638: 8622: 8621: 8584: 8580: 8541: 8532: 8499:. Book Review. 8493: 8489: 8482: 8461: 8457: 8420: 8416: 8374: 8368: 8364: 8315: 8311: 8301: 8299: 8286: 8285: 8281: 8271: 8269: 8268:on May 25, 2017 8265: 8258: 8250: 8246: 8229: 8228: 8224: 8191: 8187: 8177: 8175: 8162: 8161: 8157: 8112: 8108: 8069: 8065: 8057: 8050: 8044: 8043: 8039: 8014: 8010: 8000: 7998: 7985: 7984: 7977: 7946: 7942: 7902: 7898: 7888: 7886: 7876: 7872: 7862: 7860: 7843: 7839: 7800: 7796: 7764: 7760: 7731: 7718: 7687: 7683: 7673: 7671: 7667: 7660: 7656: 7655: 7651: 7641: 7639: 7631: 7630: 7626: 7593: 7589: 7579: 7577: 7573: 7567: 7556: 7549: 7548: 7544: 7495: 7491: 7481: 7479: 7470: 7469: 7465: 7424:(10): 5446–51. 7408: 7401: 7393:10.1641/b580510 7366: 7362: 7357:Wayback Machine 7347: 7340: 7338: 7315: 7311: 7305:Wayback Machine 7295: 7291: 7281: 7279: 7266: 7265: 7261: 7228: 7211: 7180: 7176: 7129: 7125: 7092: 7088: 7043: 7039: 7014: 7007: 6971:Ecology Letters 6966: 6962: 6927: 6920: 6885: 6881: 6844: 6840: 6783: 6779: 6769: 6767: 6763: 6712: 6706: 6702: 6667: 6660: 6613: 6609: 6599: 6597: 6593: 6582: 6573: 6569: 6520: 6516: 6506: 6504: 6489: 6465: 6461: 6434: 6430: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6407: 6403: 6402: 6398: 6375: 6371: 6329: 6325: 6292: 6288: 6235: 6231: 6190: 6186: 6144: 6140: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6117: 6111: 6107: 6097: 6095: 6091: 6084: 6078: 6074: 6069: 6062: 6052: 6050: 6029: 6025: 6010: 5987: 5983: 5973: 5971: 5958:"Noxious cargo" 5954: 5947: 5937: 5935: 5922: 5921: 5917: 5886: 5882: 5851: 5847: 5840: 5822: 5818: 5795: 5791: 5744: 5740: 5723: 5722: 5715: 5662: 5658: 5601: 5597: 5559:Austral Ecology 5554: 5550: 5543: 5529: 5522: 5489: 5485: 5460: 5456: 5405: 5401: 5370: 5366: 5356: 5354: 5347: 5331: 5327: 5304:10.2307/1467947 5286: 5282: 5245: 5238: 5205: 5201: 5149: 5145: 5130:10.2307/1940302 5105: 5101: 5062: 5058: 5013: 5009: 4993:10.2307/1313438 4962: 4958: 4944: 4922: 4918: 4871: 4867: 4852:10.2307/2265502 4828: 4824: 4783: 4774: 4764: 4762: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4713: 4709: 4672: 4668: 4613: 4609: 4566:Economic Botany 4558: 4554: 4519: 4515: 4486: 4482: 4427: 4423: 4398: 4394: 4384: 4382: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4355: 4341: 4337: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4290: 4286: 4231: 4227: 4188: 4184: 4177:10.1890/02-3131 4153: 4149: 4125: 4118: 4111: 4097: 4090: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4016: 4012: 3965: 3958: 3927: 3923: 3876: 3872: 3815: 3811: 3801: 3799: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3775: 3773: 3768: 3767: 3763: 3712: 3701: 3691: 3689: 3685: 3678: 3670: 3661: 3651: 3649: 3630: 3626: 3561: 3554: 3541: 3539: 3522: 3518: 3469: 3465: 3455: 3453: 3446: 3430: 3426: 3389: 3376: 3366: 3364: 3357: 3341: 3337: 3314: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3263: 3258: 3196: 3187: 3171: 3158:Melampsora lini 3152:Linum marginale 3116:Bromus tectorum 3097:. Although the 3088: 2987: 2981: 2947: 2891: 2867: 2834: 2825: 2668:Chris D. Thomas 2664: 2623: 2622: 2611: 2610: 2600: 2407: 2356:water hyacinths 2348: 2335:Vibrio cholerae 2318:West Nile virus 2250: 2237: 2131:Chestnut blight 2102:timber industry 2100:and damage the 2045:Bromus tectorum 1946: 1934: 1896: 1894: 1882: 1875: 1874: 1774: 1766: 1765: 1739: 1731: 1730: 1666:Pharmaceuticals 1646:Nonpoint source 1586: 1576: 1575: 1544:Nuclear fallout 1517: 1507: 1506: 1477: 1467: 1466: 1457: 1447: 1446: 1437: 1429: 1428: 1414:Packaging waste 1379:Hazardous waste 1339: 1331: 1330: 1291: 1281: 1280: 1251:Nuclear fallout 1246:Nuclear fission 1226: 1216: 1215: 1181: 1171: 1170: 1146: 1138: 1137: 1111: 1109:Electromagnetic 1101: 1100: 1091: 1083: 1082: 1056: 1046: 1045: 1016:Ozone depletion 961: 951: 936: 921: 919:Adverse effects 893: 835: 815:citrus greening 769: 745:rapid evolution 737:founder effects 698:Bromus tectorum 522: 456:to invade. The 343: 330: 321: 309:rather than on 242:Characteristic 208:Charles Elton's 156: 150: 28: 23: 22: 18:Invasive plants 15: 12: 11: 5: 14817: 14807: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14786: 14781: 14764: 14763: 14704: 14701: 14700: 14698: 14697: 14692: 14687: 14683: 14679: 14674: 14672:Law by country 14669: 14663: 14661: 14655: 14654: 14652: 14651: 14646: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14621: 14616: 14610: 14608: 14604: 14603: 14601: 14600: 14595: 14590: 14585: 14580: 14575: 14570: 14565: 14559: 14557: 14553: 14552: 14550: 14549: 14544: 14543: 14542: 14537: 14526: 14524: 14520: 14519: 14517: 14516: 14511: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14494:Surface runoff 14491: 14486: 14481: 14476: 14475: 14474: 14469: 14459: 14454: 14449: 14444: 14439: 14434: 14429: 14424: 14419: 14418: 14417: 14407: 14402: 14397: 14392: 14387: 14382: 14380:Eutrophication 14377: 14372: 14367: 14361: 14359: 14353: 14352: 14350: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14337:Scorched earth 14334: 14331:nuclear winter 14327:nuclear famine 14316: 14306: 14300: 14298: 14292: 14291: 14289: 14288: 14283: 14278: 14273: 14268: 14262: 14260: 14254: 14253: 14251: 14250: 14244: 14242: 14236: 14235: 14233: 14232: 14231: 14230: 14225: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14204: 14203: 14193: 14188: 14187: 14186: 14176: 14175: 14174: 14172:Uranium mining 14169: 14164: 14159: 14157:Surface mining 14154: 14149: 14139: 14134: 14133: 14132: 14122: 14121: 14120: 14115: 14110: 14108:Lead poisoning 14105: 14100: 14098:Chemical waste 14095: 14085: 14080: 14075: 14070: 14069: 14068: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14042: 14040: 14036: 14035: 14033: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14012: 14010:Bioremediation 14007: 14002: 14001: 14000: 13995: 13990: 13979: 13977: 13971: 13970: 13968: 13967: 13962: 13957: 13952: 13947: 13942: 13937: 13932: 13927: 13925:Bioremediation 13922: 13916: 13914: 13908: 13907: 13905: 13904: 13899: 13896: 13893: 13890: 13889: 13888: 13878: 13873: 13872: 13871: 13866: 13861: 13856: 13851: 13846:Transportation 13842: 13840: 13834: 13833: 13831: 13830: 13825: 13820: 13815: 13809: 13807: 13803: 13802: 13800: 13799: 13794: 13793: 13792: 13787: 13776: 13774: 13768: 13767: 13765: 13764: 13758: 13756: 13752: 13751: 13749: 13748: 13747: 13746: 13736: 13731: 13725: 13723: 13717: 13716: 13714: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13702: 13701: 13691: 13690: 13689: 13679: 13674: 13669: 13668: 13667: 13662: 13657: 13652: 13647: 13637: 13632: 13627: 13622: 13620:Global dimming 13617: 13612: 13607: 13606: 13605: 13595: 13594: 13593: 13591:Diesel exhaust 13583: 13578: 13577: 13576: 13566: 13565: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13539: 13534: 13529: 13524: 13518: 13516: 13510: 13509: 13504: 13501: 13500: 13493: 13492: 13485: 13478: 13470: 13461: 13460: 13455: 13452: 13451: 13449: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13416:Microecosystem 13413: 13408: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13332: 13330: 13326: 13325: 13323: 13322: 13317: 13315:Thorson's rule 13312: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13252: 13247: 13242: 13240:Assembly rules 13236: 13234: 13226: 13225: 13223: 13222: 13217: 13212: 13207: 13202: 13197: 13196: 13195: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13159: 13157: 13151: 13150: 13148: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13125: 13123:Patch dynamics 13120: 13118:Metapopulation 13115: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13034: 13032: 13024: 13023: 13021: 13020: 13015: 13013:Storage effect 13010: 13005: 13000: 12995: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12975: 12969: 12967: 12961: 12960: 12958: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12895:Neutral theory 12892: 12887: 12882: 12880:Native species 12873: 12868: 12863: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12827: 12825: 12821: 12820: 12818: 12817: 12812: 12811: 12810: 12805: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12753:Overpopulation 12750: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12725: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12699: 12697: 12689: 12688: 12676: 12675: 12668: 12661: 12653: 12644: 12643: 12641: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12625: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12599: 12597: 12591: 12590: 12588: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12560:Nutrient cycle 12557: 12552: 12550:Feeding frenzy 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12530:Energy quality 12527: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12490:Cascade effect 12487: 12482: 12476: 12474: 12470: 12469: 12467: 12466: 12465: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12403: 12401: 12397: 12396: 12394: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12362: 12360: 12354: 12353: 12351: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12333:Microbial loop 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12298:Lithoautotroph 12295: 12290: 12284: 12282: 12280:Microorganisms 12276: 12275: 12273: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12251: 12249: 12243: 12242: 12240: 12239: 12237:Prey switching 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12154: 12148: 12146: 12140: 12139: 12137: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12114:Photosynthesis 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12069:Chemosynthesis 12066: 12060: 12058: 12052: 12051: 12049: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11961:Abiotic stress 11958: 11952: 11950: 11946: 11945: 11929: 11928: 11921: 11914: 11906: 11897: 11896: 11894: 11893: 11881: 11870: 11867: 11866: 11863: 11862: 11860: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11833: 11831: 11825: 11824: 11822: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11744:Zygmunt Bauman 11741: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11710: 11708: 11700: 11699: 11697: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11645: 11643: 11635: 11634: 11632: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11609:Thomas Piketty 11606: 11604:Kevin O'Rourke 11601: 11596: 11594:Michael Hudson 11591: 11586: 11584:Robert Brenner 11581: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11560: 11558: 11549: 11543: 11542: 11540: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11518: 11517: 11512: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11476: 11474: 11470: 11469: 11466: 11465: 11463: 11462: 11457: 11455:Westernization 11452: 11447: 11446: 11445: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11404: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11378: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11327: 11326: 11315: 11313: 11307: 11306: 11304: 11303: 11298: 11297: 11296: 11294:Tax inversions 11291: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11264:Digital divide 11261: 11260: 11259: 11249: 11248: 11247: 11240:Climate change 11236: 11234: 11225: 11221: 11220: 11218: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11201: 11200: 11195: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11154: 11153: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11107: 11105: 11101: 11100: 11098: 11097: 11092: 11082: 11076: 11073: 11072: 11065: 11064: 11057: 11050: 11042: 11033: 11032: 11029: 11028: 11026: 11025: 11020: 11019: 11018: 11008: 11002: 11000: 10996: 10995: 10992: 10991: 10989: 10988: 10987: 10986: 10981: 10975:United States 10973: 10968: 10962: 10960: 10956: 10955: 10953: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10931: 10929: 10925: 10924: 10922: 10921: 10916: 10910: 10908: 10904: 10903: 10901: 10900: 10899: 10898: 10893: 10892: 10891: 10881: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10850: 10848: 10844: 10843: 10841: 10840: 10834: 10832: 10825: 10818: 10814: 10813: 10811: 10810: 10805: 10799: 10797: 10793: 10792: 10784: 10783: 10776: 10769: 10761: 10755: 10754: 10748: 10742: 10729: 10723: 10717: 10708: 10702: 10697: 10689: 10688:External links 10686: 10685: 10684: 10674: 10659: 10650: 10603: 10600: 10597: 10596: 10563: 10527: 10478: 10451:(2): 273–294. 10432: 10413:(4): 239–251. 10394: 10379: 10360: 10325: 10296: 10273: 10255: 10237: 10212: 10201:. July 1, 2018 10187: 10160: 10106: 10075: 10052: 10023:(5): 334–341. 10003: 9954: 9911: 9881: 9862: 9842: 9812: 9782: 9751: 9720: 9689: 9644: 9610: 9589:(2): 272–284. 9567: 9516: 9483: 9450: 9419: 9393: 9364:(3): 139–148. 9344: 9283: 9247: 9211: 9178: 9141: 9100: 9087:(1): 453–488. 9067: 9040:(3): 194–202. 9024: 8987: 8962:Translated as 8939: 8932: 8914: 8895:(3): 273–282. 8876: 8835:(2): 224–232. 8817: 8808: 8773: 8712: 8697: 8688: 8669: 8636: 8578: 8551:(3): 428–437. 8530: 8487: 8481:978-1610397278 8480: 8455: 8414: 8362: 8309: 8279: 8244: 8222: 8185: 8155: 8106: 8085:(3): 712–721. 8063: 8037: 8026:(3): 308–315. 8008: 7975: 7970:10.1890/070064 7956:(9): 485–492. 7940: 7896: 7870: 7837: 7794: 7758: 7716: 7681: 7649: 7624: 7587: 7565: 7542: 7507:(6): 765–770. 7489: 7463: 7399: 7360: 7327:Forest Service 7309: 7289: 7259: 7240:(3): 273–288. 7209: 7174: 7123: 7104:(3): 273–288. 7086: 7059:(2): 221–231. 7037: 7005: 6978:(9): 976–985. 6960: 6941:(3): 689–710. 6918: 6879: 6838: 6777: 6725:(6): 332–343. 6700: 6658: 6607: 6567: 6514: 6487: 6479:10.17226/10259 6459: 6446:(134): 19–26. 6428: 6396: 6369: 6323: 6286: 6249:(3): 521–533. 6229: 6184: 6138: 6105: 6072: 6060: 6023: 6008: 5981: 5945: 5915: 5902:(2): 121–131. 5880: 5875:10.1890/070064 5861:(9): 485–492. 5845: 5838: 5816: 5805:(8): 454–459. 5789: 5738: 5713: 5656: 5595: 5589:10019.1/119884 5566:(4): 475–480. 5548: 5541: 5520: 5501:(3): 635–644. 5483: 5472:(8): 386–391. 5454: 5440:10019.1/112332 5417:(6): 288–294. 5399: 5364: 5345: 5325: 5298:(2): 179–184. 5280: 5236: 5199: 5162:(4): 632–643. 5143: 5116:(2): 478–491. 5099: 5078:10.1086/343877 5072:(6): 766–783. 5056: 5029:(2): 333–344. 5007: 4978:(8): 619–630. 4956: 4942: 4916: 4887:(1): 193–203. 4865: 4838:(3): 791–804. 4822: 4795:(4): 199–204. 4772: 4740: 4707: 4666: 4607: 4572:(4): 365–379. 4552: 4533:(2): 282–298. 4525:): a review". 4513: 4480: 4421: 4392: 4360: 4353: 4335: 4313: 4306: 4284: 4225: 4182: 4147: 4116: 4109: 4088: 4061:(4): 348–358. 4043: 4037:978-0444520333 4036: 4010: 3981:(3): 528–534. 3956: 3937:(3): 449–458. 3921: 3870: 3809: 3783: 3761: 3699: 3659: 3624: 3552: 3516: 3463: 3444: 3424: 3403:(2): 135–141. 3374: 3355: 3335: 3324:(3): 226–230. 3308: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3252: 3250:Seed dispersal 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3195: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3170: 3167: 3087: 3084: 3080:Gulf of Mexico 2980: 2977: 2946: 2943: 2890: 2887: 2866: 2865:Slowing spread 2863: 2833: 2830: 2824: 2821: 2809:Water hyacinth 2750:Chesapeake Bay 2700:Ridgway's rail 2663: 2660: 2599: 2596: 2543:greening is a 2434:Economic costs 2406: 2403: 2347: 2344: 2314:bubonic plague 2249: 2246: 2242:water scarcity 2236: 2233: 2225:North Carolina 2127:Christmas tree 2119:woolly adelgid 2098:forest ecology 2009:chytrid fungus 1984:Burmese python 1945: 1942: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1932: 1925: 1918: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1892: 1877: 1876: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1835:Law by country 1832: 1824: 1823: 1817: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1706:Surface runoff 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1606:Eutrophication 1603: 1598: 1593: 1587: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1561:Scorched earth 1558: 1557: 1556: 1554:Nuclear winter 1551: 1549:Nuclear famine 1546: 1536: 1535: 1534: 1524: 1518: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1478: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1458: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1306:Bioremediation 1303: 1298: 1292: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1236:Bioremediation 1233: 1227: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1186:Transportation 1182: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1133:Radio spectrum 1130: 1129: 1128: 1123: 1112: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1068: 1063: 1057: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 1001:Global dimming 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 962: 957: 956: 953: 952: 949: 941: 940: 932: 931: 920: 917: 892: 889: 881:Climate change 834: 831: 781:Rattus exulans 768: 765: 752:pre-adaptation 722:filter-feeding 564:native species 521: 518: 513:Enhydra lutris 463:Lantana camara 458:water hyacinth 357:favors native 353:occur, normal 342: 339: 329: 326: 300: 299: 296: 292: 291: 288: 284: 283: 280: 276: 275: 272: 268: 267: 264: 260: 259: 256: 252: 251: 248: 244: 243: 240: 149: 146: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14816: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14776: 14774: 14761: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14733: 14725: 14716: 14712: 14702: 14696: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14686: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14668: 14665: 14664: 14662: 14660: 14656: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14615: 14612: 14611: 14609: 14605: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14560: 14558: 14554: 14548: 14545: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14532: 14531: 14528: 14527: 14525: 14521: 14515: 14514:Water quality 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14490: 14487: 14485: 14482: 14480: 14477: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14465: 14464: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14423: 14420: 14416: 14413: 14412: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14401: 14398: 14396: 14393: 14391: 14388: 14386: 14383: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14362: 14360: 14358: 14354: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14332: 14328: 14324: 14320: 14317: 14314: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14301: 14299: 14297: 14293: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14277: 14276:Traffic signs 14274: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14263: 14261: 14259: 14255: 14249: 14246: 14245: 14243: 14241: 14237: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14220: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14202: 14201:Microplastics 14199: 14198: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14191:Nanomaterials 14189: 14185: 14182: 14181: 14180: 14177: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14145: 14144: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14131: 14130:Lead smelting 14128: 14127: 14126: 14123: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14106: 14104: 14101: 14099: 14096: 14094: 14091: 14090: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14071: 14067: 14064: 14063: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14043: 14041: 14037: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13985: 13984: 13981: 13980: 13978: 13976: 13972: 13966: 13963: 13961: 13958: 13956: 13953: 13951: 13950:Radioactivity 13948: 13946: 13943: 13941: 13938: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13917: 13915: 13913: 13909: 13903: 13902:Noise control 13900: 13897: 13894: 13891: 13887: 13884: 13883: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13849: 13848: 13847: 13844: 13843: 13841: 13839: 13835: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13810: 13808: 13804: 13798: 13795: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13782: 13781: 13778: 13777: 13775: 13773: 13769: 13763: 13760: 13759: 13757: 13753: 13745: 13742: 13741: 13740: 13737: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13726: 13724: 13722: 13718: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13700: 13697: 13696: 13695: 13692: 13688: 13685: 13684: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13675: 13673: 13670: 13666: 13663: 13661: 13658: 13656: 13653: 13651: 13650:Metal working 13648: 13646: 13643: 13642: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13633: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13618: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13604: 13601: 13600: 13599: 13596: 13592: 13589: 13588: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13575: 13572: 13571: 13570: 13567: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13544: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13519: 13517: 13515: 13511: 13507: 13502: 13498: 13491: 13486: 13484: 13479: 13477: 13472: 13471: 13468: 13458: 13453: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13441:Urban ecology 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13333: 13331: 13327: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13300:Kleiber's law 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13238: 13237: 13235: 13233: 13227: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13194: 13191: 13190: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13160: 13158: 13156: 13152: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13134: 13130: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13073:Foster's rule 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13035: 13033: 13031: 13025: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12970: 12968: 12962: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12859: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12828: 12826: 12822: 12816: 12813: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12800: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12700: 12698: 12696: 12690: 12685: 12681: 12674: 12669: 12667: 12662: 12660: 12655: 12654: 12651: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12600: 12598: 12592: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12477: 12475: 12471: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12429: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12404: 12402: 12398: 12392: 12391:Trophic level 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12363: 12361: 12359: 12355: 12349: 12348:Phage ecology 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12338:Microbial mat 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12293:Bacteriophage 12291: 12289: 12286: 12285: 12283: 12281: 12277: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12260:Decomposition 12258: 12256: 12253: 12252: 12250: 12248: 12244: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12207:Mesopredators 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12152:Apex predator 12150: 12149: 12147: 12145: 12141: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12061: 12059: 12057: 12053: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11986:Biotic stress 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11953: 11951: 11947: 11942: 11938: 11934: 11927: 11922: 11920: 11915: 11913: 11908: 11907: 11904: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11880: 11872: 11871: 11868: 11858: 11857:Vandana Shiva 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11834: 11832: 11826: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11809:Saskia Sassen 11807: 11805: 11804:George Ritzer 11802: 11800: 11799:Antonio Negri 11797: 11795: 11794:L. H. M. Ling 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11779:Michael Hardt 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11759:Alfred Crosby 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11711: 11709: 11701: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11689:Susan Strange 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11659:Robert W. Cox 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11646: 11644: 11636: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11619:Jeffrey Sachs 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11561: 11559: 11553: 11550: 11544: 11538: 11537:World-systems 11535: 11533: 11532:World history 11530: 11528: 11527:Social change 11525: 11523: 11520: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11507: 11506: 11505:Modernization 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11477: 11475: 11471: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11444: 11441: 11440: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11373: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11325: 11322: 11321: 11320: 11317: 11316: 11314: 11308: 11302: 11299: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11286: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11258: 11255: 11254: 11253: 11250: 11246: 11243: 11242: 11241: 11238: 11237: 11235: 11229: 11226: 11222: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11190: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11168:Global health 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11152: 11149: 11148: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11108: 11106: 11102: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11077: 11074: 11070: 11069:Globalization 11063: 11058: 11056: 11051: 11049: 11044: 11043: 11040: 11024: 11023:South America 11021: 11017: 11014: 11013: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11003: 11001: 10997: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10976: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10963: 10961: 10957: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10935:British Isles 10933: 10932: 10930: 10926: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10911: 10909: 10905: 10897: 10894: 10890: 10887: 10886: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10876: 10875: 10874:United States 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10851: 10849: 10845: 10839: 10836: 10835: 10833: 10829: 10826: 10822: 10819: 10815: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10800: 10798: 10794: 10789: 10782: 10777: 10775: 10770: 10768: 10763: 10762: 10759: 10752: 10749: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10730: 10727: 10724: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10712: 10709: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10695: 10692: 10691: 10682: 10679: 10675: 10671: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10658: 10654: 10651: 10647: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10619: 10615: 10611: 10606: 10605: 10591: 10586: 10582: 10578: 10574: 10567: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10547: 10543: 10539: 10531: 10523: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10505: 10501: 10497: 10493: 10489: 10482: 10474: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10458: 10454: 10450: 10446: 10439: 10437: 10428: 10424: 10420: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10401: 10399: 10390: 10386: 10382: 10376: 10372: 10364: 10356: 10352: 10348: 10344: 10340: 10336: 10329: 10320: 10315: 10311: 10307: 10300: 10284: 10277: 10269: 10265: 10259: 10251: 10247: 10241: 10222: 10216: 10200: 10194: 10192: 10175: 10171: 10164: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10144: 10140: 10136: 10133:(1): 97–117. 10132: 10128: 10121: 10119: 10117: 10115: 10113: 10111: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10079: 10071: 10067: 10063: 10056: 10047: 10042: 10038: 10034: 10030: 10026: 10022: 10018: 10014: 10007: 9999: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9981: 9977: 9973: 9969: 9965: 9958: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9915: 9899: 9895: 9891: 9885: 9869: 9865: 9863:9780578427942 9859: 9855: 9854: 9846: 9830: 9826: 9822: 9816: 9800: 9796: 9792: 9786: 9770: 9766: 9762: 9755: 9739: 9735: 9731: 9724: 9708: 9704: 9700: 9693: 9685: 9681: 9677: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9661: 9657: 9656: 9648: 9632: 9628: 9624: 9617: 9615: 9605: 9600: 9596: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9583: 9578: 9571: 9563: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9538:(1): 94–103. 9537: 9533: 9532: 9527: 9520: 9513: 9501: 9497: 9496:Science Daily 9493: 9487: 9471: 9467: 9466: 9465:Atlas Obscura 9461: 9454: 9438: 9434: 9430: 9423: 9407: 9403: 9397: 9389: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9348: 9340: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9312: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9299: 9294: 9287: 9268: 9261: 9257: 9251: 9232: 9225: 9221: 9215: 9199: 9195: 9194: 9189: 9182: 9166: 9162: 9158: 9157: 9152: 9145: 9126: 9122: 9118: 9111: 9104: 9095: 9090: 9086: 9082: 9078: 9071: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9039: 9035: 9028: 9017:September 30, 9009: 9005: 8998: 8991: 8975: 8971: 8969: 8958: 8954: 8950: 8943: 8935: 8929: 8925: 8918: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8898: 8894: 8890: 8889: 8880: 8873: 8869: 8866: 8865: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8829: 8821: 8812: 8793: 8786: 8785: 8777: 8769: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8728: 8723: 8716: 8709: 8708: 8701: 8692: 8684: 8680: 8673: 8654: 8647: 8640: 8632: 8626: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8582: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8539: 8537: 8535: 8525: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8503: 8498: 8491: 8483: 8477: 8473: 8472:PublicAffairs 8469: 8465: 8464:Thomas, Chris 8459: 8451: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8418: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8373: 8366: 8358: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8325: 8320: 8313: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8283: 8264: 8257: 8256: 8248: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8226: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8197: 8189: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8159: 8151: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8110: 8101: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8079: 8074: 8067: 8056: 8049: 8048: 8041: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8020: 8012: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7982: 7980: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7944: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7900: 7885: 7881: 7874: 7858: 7854: 7853: 7848: 7841: 7832: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7810: 7805: 7798: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7762: 7753: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7729: 7727: 7725: 7723: 7721: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7685: 7666: 7659: 7653: 7638: 7634: 7628: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7599: 7591: 7572: 7568: 7562: 7555: 7554: 7546: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7501: 7493: 7477: 7473: 7467: 7459: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7418: 7413: 7406: 7404: 7394: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7380: 7375: 7373: 7364: 7358: 7354: 7351: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7313: 7306: 7302: 7299: 7293: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7263: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7234: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7204: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7190: 7185: 7178: 7170: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7139: 7134: 7127: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7098: 7090: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7053: 7048: 7041: 7033: 7029: 7026:(1): 83–109. 7025: 7021: 7020: 7012: 7010: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6972: 6964: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6925: 6923: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6883: 6874: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6842: 6834: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6793: 6788: 6781: 6770:September 28, 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6741: 6740:10044/1/78596 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6719: 6711: 6704: 6695: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6681: 6676: 6674: 6665: 6663: 6654: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6623: 6618: 6611: 6600:September 18, 6592: 6588: 6581: 6577: 6571: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6526: 6518: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6471: 6463: 6454: 6449: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6432: 6413: 6406: 6400: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6373: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6336: 6327: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6298: 6290: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6233: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6196: 6188: 6179: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6149:Harmful Algae 6142: 6131:September 19, 6123: 6116: 6109: 6098:September 19, 6090: 6083: 6076: 6067: 6065: 6053:September 19, 6048: 6044: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6027: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5985: 5969: 5965: 5964: 5959: 5952: 5950: 5938:September 19, 5933: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5910: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5896: 5891: 5884: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5849: 5841: 5839:9781482299441 5835: 5831: 5827: 5820: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5793: 5785: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5742: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5720: 5718: 5709: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5660: 5652: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5611: 5606: 5599: 5590: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5560: 5552: 5544: 5542:9781532110245 5538: 5534: 5527: 5525: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5495: 5487: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5466: 5458: 5450: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5411: 5403: 5394: 5389: 5386:(9): art162. 5385: 5381: 5380: 5375: 5368: 5352: 5348: 5342: 5338: 5337: 5336:Plant Ecology 5329: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5292: 5284: 5276: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5243: 5241: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5203: 5195: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5156: 5147: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5103: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5060: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5023: 5018: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4960: 4952: 4949: 4945: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4881: 4876: 4869: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4789: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4760: 4756: 4755: 4750: 4744: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4711: 4702: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4627:(3): e32407. 4626: 4622: 4618: 4611: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4556: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4484: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4425: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4380: 4376: 4375:New Scientist 4371: 4364: 4356: 4354:0-14-301857-4 4350: 4346: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4309: 4303: 4298: 4297: 4288: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4236: 4229: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4123: 4121: 4112: 4106: 4102: 4095: 4093: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4055: 4047: 4039: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4023: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3975: 3970: 3963: 3961: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3925: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3825: 3820: 3813: 3797: 3793: 3787: 3771: 3765: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3732:(1): 182–96. 3731: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3684: 3677: 3676: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3571: 3566: 3559: 3557: 3549: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3475: 3467: 3451: 3447: 3441: 3437: 3436: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3362: 3358: 3352: 3348: 3347: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3286: 3278: 3274: 3266: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3220:Escaped plant 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3191: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3154: 3153: 3148: 3147: 3146:B. drechsleri 3142: 3141: 3138: 3133: 3132: 3127: 3126: 3123: 3118: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3044: 3041: 3040:Rachel Carson 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2931:South Georgia 2928: 2924: 2922: 2917: 2914: 2907: 2906:Kapiti Island 2903: 2899: 2895: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2862: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2829: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2766: 2761: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2742:Asian oysters 2739: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2727:heterogeneity 2723: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2712: 2707: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2659: 2657: 2656: 2651: 2650: 2645: 2644: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2632: 2620: 2618: 2608: 2606: 2595: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2573: 2569: 2568:water quality 2565: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2530: 2525: 2521: 2520: 2519:R. norvegicus 2515: 2514: 2513:Rattus rattus 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2488: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2405:United States 2402: 2400: 2394: 2392: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2270:public health 2266: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2245: 2243: 2235:Environmental 2232: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2205:morphological 2202: 2201:introgression 2198: 2196: 2191: 2190: 2185: 2184:introgression 2180: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2168:introgression 2165: 2164:hybridization 2161: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2091: 2087: 2086:are at risk. 2085: 2081: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2066:hybridization 2063: 2062: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2046: 2042:(cheatgrass, 2041: 2036: 2034: 2029: 2025: 2024:Bodega Harbor 2021: 2017: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2001: 2000:hybridisation 1997: 1993: 1985: 1982:combatting a 1981: 1977: 1973: 1971: 1970:ballast water 1967: 1963: 1959: 1958:globalization 1955: 1951: 1941: 1931: 1926: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1912: 1911: 1909: 1908: 1903: 1893: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1857: 1856: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1820: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1721:Water quality 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1580: 1579: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1511: 1510: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1497:Traffic signs 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1471: 1470: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1451: 1450: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1433: 1432: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1404:Nanomaterials 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1335: 1334: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1285: 1284: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1266:Radioactivity 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1220: 1219: 1212: 1211:Soundproofing 1209: 1207: 1206:Noise control 1204: 1202: 1201:Noise barrier 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1175: 1174: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1142: 1141: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1105: 1104: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1087: 1086: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1050: 1049: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 963: 960: 955: 954: 947: 943: 942: 939: 934: 933: 929: 925: 924: 916: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 888: 886: 882: 878: 875: 871: 870:zebra mussels 867: 866:ballast water 862: 860: 856: 848: 847:de-ballasting 843: 839: 830: 828: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 807:polar regions 803: 799: 792: 788: 784: 782: 778: 774: 764: 761: 756: 753: 748: 746: 742: 738: 734: 729: 727: 723: 719: 718:invertebrates 715: 714:zebra mussels 711: 707: 704: 700: 699: 694: 693:fire regimens 689: 687: 686:microclimates 683: 680: 679: 674: 670: 669: 664: 660: 655: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 583: 581: 577: 576:Domestic cats 573: 569: 565: 557: 553: 549: 544: 537: 533: 532: 526: 517: 515: 514: 509: 508: 503: 498: 496: 495: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 473: 467: 465: 464: 459: 455: 454:silver wattle 451: 447: 443: 439: 434: 432: 428: 423: 416: 411: 407: 404: 400: 399:spatial scale 395: 391: 386: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 338: 336: 325: 318: 316: 312: 308: 297: 294: 293: 289: 286: 285: 281: 278: 277: 273: 270: 269: 265: 262: 261: 257: 254: 253: 249: 246: 245: 241: 238: 237: 231: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 196: 194: 190: 189:conquistadors 186: 182: 181:North America 178: 174: 173: 168: 164: 163: 155: 145: 143: 139: 138:domestic cats 135: 131: 127: 123: 122:giant hogweed 119: 115: 111: 107: 101: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 75: 74: 69: 62: 58: 52: 48: 44: 38: 34: 30: 19: 14804:Pest control 14593:Point source 14535:Heavy metals 14509:Urban runoff 14489:Sulfur water 14467:Septic tanks 14313:Agent Orange 14167:Mining waste 13993:Manure waste 13823:Volcanic ash 13743: 13699:Black carbon 13655:Oil refining 13640:Particulates 13569:Construction 13426:Regime shift 13411:Macroecology 13132: 13128: 13068:Edge effects 13038:Biogeography 12983:Commensalism 12875: 12831:Biodiversity 12708:Allee effect 12447:kelp forests 12400:Example webs 12265:Detritivores 12104:Organotrophs 12084:Kinetotrophs 12036:Productivity 11852:John R. Saul 11837:Noam Chomsky 11829:Non–academic 11769:Susan George 11764:Nancy Fraser 11734:Walden Bello 11679:David Harvey 11669:Stephen Gill 11589:Jayati Ghosh 11495:Earth system 11407: 11361:Human rights 11301:Water crisis 11198:early modern 10999:By continent 10838:South Africa 10787: 10680: 10667: 10656: 10617: 10613: 10583:(1): 10–19. 10580: 10576: 10566: 10544:(1): 81–83. 10541: 10537: 10530: 10495: 10491: 10481: 10448: 10444: 10410: 10406: 10370: 10363: 10338: 10334: 10328: 10319:10138/235238 10309: 10305: 10299: 10287:. Retrieved 10276: 10267: 10258: 10249: 10240: 10230:November 14, 10228:. Retrieved 10215: 10205:November 14, 10203:. Retrieved 10178:. Retrieved 10174:the original 10163: 10130: 10126: 10097:. Retrieved 10089:The Guardian 10088: 10078: 10070:the original 10065: 10055: 10046:11336/198362 10020: 10016: 10006: 9974:(1): 49–65. 9971: 9967: 9957: 9928: 9924: 9914: 9902:. Retrieved 9894:www.reef.org 9893: 9884: 9872:. Retrieved 9852: 9845: 9833:. 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Retrieved 8639: 8625:cite journal 8592: 8588: 8581: 8548: 8544: 8506: 8500: 8490: 8467: 8458: 8431: 8427: 8417: 8401:2158/1262519 8382: 8378: 8365: 8348:10138/333320 8328: 8322: 8312: 8302:December 13, 8300:. Retrieved 8291: 8282: 8270:. Retrieved 8263:the original 8254: 8247: 8239:the original 8234: 8225: 8200: 8196:Weed Science 8194: 8188: 8178:November 20, 8176:. Retrieved 8167: 8158: 8123: 8119: 8109: 8082: 8076: 8066: 8046: 8040: 8023: 8017: 8011: 7999:. Retrieved 7991:www.glfc.org 7990: 7953: 7949: 7943: 7910: 7906: 7899: 7887:. Retrieved 7884:www.unep.org 7883: 7873: 7861:. Retrieved 7857:the original 7850: 7840: 7813: 7807: 7797: 7772: 7768: 7761: 7745:(1): 25–55. 7742: 7738: 7694: 7690: 7684: 7674:November 16, 7672:. Retrieved 7652: 7640:. Retrieved 7636: 7627: 7602: 7596: 7590: 7578:. Retrieved 7571:the original 7551: 7545: 7504: 7498: 7492: 7480:. Retrieved 7476:the original 7466: 7421: 7415: 7383: 7377: 7371: 7363: 7339:. Retrieved 7322: 7312: 7292: 7280:. 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Retrieved 3284: 3277: 3264: 3200:Archaeophyte 3188: 3172: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3135: 3129: 3120: 3114: 3103:bottlenecked 3089: 3065:Indo-Pacific 3045: 3024:autumn olive 3004:blue catfish 2988: 2964: 2961:(pictured). 2925: 2918: 2911: 2870:Firefighters 2868: 2835: 2826: 2790: 2763: 2757: 2735: 2724: 2709: 2703: 2680: 2676:biodiversity 2665: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2621: 2609: 2604: 2601: 2589: 2582:common coqui 2575: 2553: 2538: 2534:floriculture 2527: 2517: 2511: 2485: 2472: 2461: 2439:recreational 2432: 2408: 2395: 2388: 2377: 2373: 2333: 2306:yellow fever 2267: 2251: 2248:Human health 2238: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2149: 2138: 2112: 2110: 2095: 2073: 2069: 2059: 2053: 2043: 2037: 2027: 2013: 1989: 1947: 1939: 1809:Point source 1754:Heavy metals 1716:Urban runoff 1701:Sulfur water 1676:Septic tanks 1532:Agent Orange 1442:Space debris 1296:Agricultural 1161:Volcanic ash 1075: 1021:Particulates 894: 879: 863: 851: 836: 823: 798:horticulture 795: 780: 770: 757: 749: 730: 708: 696: 690: 676: 666: 656: 625: 615:, abandoned 584: 580:Florida Keys 568:reproduction 561: 529: 511: 505: 499: 492: 485:bioturbation 481:soil erosion 470: 468: 461: 450:prickly pear 435: 420: 387: 379:edge effects 344: 331: 319: 315:human health 307:biogeography 303: 211: 204:biogeography 197: 193:feral horses 170: 162:Homo sapiens 160: 157: 102: 81: 79: 71: 29: 14563:Area source 14472:Pit latrine 14395:Groundwater 14152:Gold mining 14147:Coal mining 14118:Toxic waste 14083:Green waste 14056:Brown waste 14039:Solid waste 13586:Exhaust gas 13063:Disturbance 12966:interaction 12788:Recruitment 12718:Depensation 12510:Copiotrophs 12381:Energy flow 12303:Lithotrophy 12247:Decomposers 12227:Planktivore 12202:Insectivore 12192:Heterotroph 12157:Bacterivore 12124:Phototrophs 12074:Chemotrophs 12046:Restoration 11996:Competition 11847:Naomi Klein 11729:Ulrich Beck 11704:Politics / 11694:Robert Wade 11684:Ronen Palan 11674:Peter Gowan 11624:Amartya Sen 11614:Dani Rodrik 11564:David Autor 11490:Development 11371:Imperialism 11319:Brain drain 10971:New Zealand 10919:Philippines 10869:Puerto Rico 10808:New Zealand 10498:(1): 4–18. 10289:October 19, 10180:October 19, 10099:October 16, 8801:November 5, 8734:(9): e868. 8434:: 191–224. 8385:: 247–266. 8331:: 153–190. 8203:: 130–137. 8001:October 24, 7816:: 297–309. 7642:November 6, 7605:: 108–116. 6304:: 165–175. 6155:: 271–300. 6045:: 419–453. 5928:www.gard.no 5017:Felis catus 3692:January 21, 3652:January 10, 3456:November 1, 3367:November 1, 3285:Vinca major 3261:Attribution 3225:Hemerochory 3140:microstegii 3134:subject to 3012:silver carp 3010:, Kentucky 2797:common carp 2793:silver carp 2774:apple trees 2754:naturalised 2637:Ae. aegypti 2524:Agromyzidae 2508:varroa mite 2478:agriculture 2415:sea lamprey 2368:Philippines 2360:Pasig River 2129:industry. 2104:. Overall, 2040:fire regime 1994:exclusion, 1992:competitive 1986:in Florida 1966:quarantines 1962:fresh water 1779:Area source 1621:Groundwater 1374:Green waste 1354:Brown waste 1338:Solid waste 1096:Information 991:Exhaust gas 905:foot trails 874:Great Lakes 859:New Zealand 845:Cargo ship 733:bottlenecks 691:Changes in 652:heavy metal 587:competition 438:New Zealand 383:agriculture 351:forest fire 266:Introduced 220:agriculture 172:Equus ferus 148:Terminology 76:in a garden 14773:Categories 14715:by country 14711:Categories 14649:Zero waste 14530:Pollutants 14484:Stagnation 14422:Monitoring 14390:Freshwater 14266:Air travel 14078:Food waste 13998:Pesticides 13988:Herbicides 13892:Industrial 13721:Biological 13581:Demolition 13574:Renovation 13557:Joss paper 13542:Combustion 13431:Sexecology 13008:Parasitism 12973:Antibiosis 12808:Resistance 12803:Resilience 12693:Population 12613:Camouflage 12565:Oligotroph 12480:Ascendency 12442:intertidal 12432:cold seeps 12386:Food chain 12187:Herbivores 12162:Carnivores 12089:Mixotrophs 12064:Autotrophs 11943:components 11789:Paul Hirst 11784:David Held 11649:Samir Amin 11639:Political 11574:Ravi Batra 11515:history of 11510:ecological 11485:Dependency 11433:Offshoring 11396:scientific 11386:linguistic 11351:Fair trade 11331:Care drain 11284:Tax havens 11279:Population 11188:History of 10889:Everglades 10879:California 10824:By country 10790:by country 10268:Plos blogs 10066:Yahoo News 9989:2164/19275 9948:2164/15875 9765:New Yorker 9412:August 13, 8980:August 19, 7863:August 10, 7379:BioScience 6899:: 120781. 5357:October 6, 5259:(7): 677. 5253:BioScience 5155:Pedosphere 4971:BioScience 4686:: e01080. 3542:August 18, 3256:References 3175:gene drive 3169:Gene drive 3091:Pesticides 3051:, and the 3014:, Georgia 3006:, Florida 2738:biocontrol 2720:feral pigs 2504:honey bees 2448:extinction 2424:lake trout 2332:bacteria ( 2298:tsetse fly 2274:pesticides 2259:monkey pox 2227:where the 2156:extinction 2145:understory 1944:Ecological 1866:By country 1858:Categories 1749:Pollutants 1726:Wastewater 1696:Stagnation 1641:Monitoring 1616:Freshwater 1482:Air travel 1369:Food waste 1311:Defecation 1121:Ecological 1054:Biological 986:Combustion 926:Part of a 855:California 819:propagules 682:facilitate 671:, produce 663:herbivores 636:California 621:Sdei Hemed 603:unilateral 595:Ecosystems 570:, such as 558:worldwide. 548:woodpecker 489:bioerosion 446:Madagascar 371:phosphorus 347:ecosystems 258:Traveling 210:1958 book 167:plasticity 152:See also: 94:bioregions 14607:Responses 14578:Garbology 14504:Turbidity 14452:Oil spill 14385:Firewater 14286:Vandalism 14248:Satellite 13945:Poisoning 13940:Plutonium 13920:Actinides 13912:Radiation 13660:Wood dust 13522:Acid rain 13497:Pollution 13336:Allometry 13290:Emergence 13018:Symbiosis 13003:Mutualism 12798:Stability 12703:Abundance 12515:Dominance 12473:Processes 12462:tide pool 12358:Food webs 12232:Predation 12217:Omnivores 12144:Consumers 12099:Mycotroph 12056:Producers 12001:Ecosystem 11966:Behaviour 11814:John Urry 11706:sociology 11556:Economics 11460:World war 11183:Globality 11151:education 10966:Australia 10803:Australia 10796:By origin 10522:253220107 10473:254280051 10155:219563975 9998:244407388 9795:Joe Roman 9582:Ecography 9388:221990256 9121:Sea Grant 9062:256073288 8617:267973120 8450:237462170 8409:238819772 8357:237460752 7580:April 22, 7196:: 49–54. 6757:211266075 6562:205242896 6178:1912/5118 5974:April 22, 5379:Ecosphere 5217:: 15–25. 5194:104843296 4951:ADA368849 4594:255557151 4500:(2): 60. 4406:Fieldiana 3619:203370925 3269:Citations 3137:Bipolaris 3076:Caribbean 3028:Joe Roman 2997:Sushi in 2968:Mauritius 2817:bioenergy 2801:pet foods 2778:blueberry 2716:Australia 2391:Australia 2358:clog the 2354:Invasive 2219:with the 2209:gene flow 2172:genotypes 2028:Nutricola 1794:Garbology 1711:Turbidity 1661:Oil spill 1611:Firewater 1596:Biosolids 1502:Vandalism 1261:Poisoning 1256:Plutonium 1231:Actinides 1224:Radiation 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