31:
329:
domestic access to the
Internet?" where answers range from "Extremely Often" to "Never or almost Never." Freedom House's Freedom on the Net report also uses expert analysis to assess whether internet shutdowns have occurred, but instead of surveying multiple experts, Freedom House identifies and partners with a single expert to conduct an analysis. Freedom House asks the question "Does the government intentionally disrupt the internet or cellphone networks in response to political or social events, whether temporary or long term, localized or nationwide?" Generally expert analyses are more prone to false positives and fewer false negatives (i.e. identifying shutdowns that other sources cannot confirm), than remote sensing methods with manual oversight.
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1137:
944:
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1504:
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1833:
1804:
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reports from local activists, official government statements, and statements from ISPs. The OpenNet
Initiative has volunteers install software on their computers to check websites from access points around the world, then confirms those results with manual observations. These methods are prone to more false negatives and fewer false positives (i.e. all shutdowns that these sources identify can be confirmed by other sources) than expert analyses.
1082:
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1415:
1383:
894:
685:
359:
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764:
728:
834:
1732:
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1234:
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193:
320:, the University of Michigan's Censored Planet Observatory, the Internet Censorship Lab, and the Monash IP Observatory. These organizations use a range of methods to detect shutdowns such as expert analysis, remote sensing, and remote sensing with oversight. Some of these organizations, such as Access Now, maintain active lists of internet shutdowns.
328:
Several organizations use expert analysis to identify internet shutdowns. Some, such as the
Digital Society Project (DSP), send out surveys to experts around the world, and then aggregate the results into a single score. For internet shutdowns, the DSP asks "How often does the government shut down
106:
by a government for a small area or many large areas of its country. Such a shut down is typically used as a means of information control in a brief period of upheaval or transition. In autocracies, internet shutdowns have appeared especially in the context of contested elections and post-electoral
1401:
was shut down by the government. The
Burmese government shut down the internet connection in nine townships of the northern Arakan State and one single township in the Southern Chin State, which was proposed by Burmese Military officers. The shutdown is ongoing, and has become the world's longest
581:
Shortly after the death of pop singer
Michael Jackson, thousands of online media posts and users rapidly attempted results of Michael Jackson on how he died. This resulted in Google blocking Michael Jackson-related searches (after assumption that a DDoS attack was at hand), Twitter and Knowledge
341:
In order to address these concerns, some organizations have implemented various methods of oversight. Organizations such as Access Now and the OpenNet
Initiative use such methods. Access Now uses technological methods to detect shutdowns, but then confirms those shutdowns using news reports,
337:
Other organizations use various remote sensing techniques to identify shutdowns. Some organizations, such as the Open
Observatory of Network Interference, the Internet Censorship Lab and the Monash IP-Observatory use automated remote sensing methods to detect internet shutdowns. The Open
107:
violence. It can impede the ability of protesters or insurgent forces to mobilize and organize. It also serves to prevent real-time information access for foreign people or entities. Reactions from leaders, journalists, observers and others in foreign countries can be delayed.
345:
A comparatively new method for detecting internet shutdowns is remote sensing with automated oversight. These methods have been praised as more ethical and efficient as they do not endanger in-country volunteers. However these methods have yet to produce regular datasets.
1467:, Indonesian authorities imposed an internet blackout on both provinces on 21 August 2019. The blackout continued until the authority partially lifted the blackout on 4 September in several regions, with complete lifting of the restriction only occurring in 9 September.
2847:
Faris, R. & Villeneuve, N. (2008). Measuring Global
Internet Filtering in R. Deibert, J. Palfrey, R. Rohozinski, & J. Zittrain, (Eds.), Access Denied: The Practice and Policy of Global Internet Filtering, Cambridge: MIT Press.
2542:
Coppedge, Michael; Gerring, John; Knutsen, Carl Henrik; Lindberg, Staffan I.; Teorell, Jan; Marquardt, Kyle L.; Medzihorsky, Juraj; Pemstein, Daniel; Pernes, Josefine; von Römer, Johannes; Stepanova, Natalia (2019-04-01). "V-Dem
Methodology V9".
2879:
Raman, R. S., Stoll, A., Dalek, J., Ramesh, R. Scott, W., & Ensafi, R. (2020). Measuring the
Deployment of Network Censorship Filters at Global Scale. Network and Distributed System Security (NDSS) Symposium
1897:
Modern society, especially in developed countries, depends heavily on the Internet not just for communication. There have been some measures taken and possibilities exist for managing and countering a large-scale Internet outage.
338:
Observatory of Network Interference uses software installed on computers of volunteers around the world to detect shutdowns. However these methods are prone to false positives, false negatives, and various technical challenges.
238:
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is used to route traffic on the internet. BGP hijacking is a form of cyber-attack where an attacker alters the routing information in BGP, causing internet traffic to be directed to the wrong place.
1581:. For a short period of time, no Facebook employee could access the building to investigate the issue due to their "keycards not working.". At around 6:30 PM EST, Facebook reported that all their sites were up. Facebook CEO
212:
These attacks target the infrastructure of the internet, specifically the routing systems that direct traffic between different networks. By manipulating or disrupting these systems, attackers can cause widespread outages.
2860:
VanderSloot, B., McDonald, A., Scott, W., Halderman, J.A., & Ensafi, R. (2018). Quack: Scalable Remote Measurement of Application-Layer Censorship. In Proceedings of the 27th USENIX Security
2479:
Niaki, Arian Akhavan; Cho, Shinyoung; Weinberg, Zachary; Hoang, Nguyen Phong; Razaghpanah, Abbas; Christin, Nicolas; Gill, Phillipa (2019-07-09). "ICLab: A Global, Longitudinal Internet Censorship Measurement Platform".
229:
A botnet is a network of compromised computers that are controlled by an attacker. These computers can be used to launch DDoS attacks, spread malware, or perform other malicious actions that can cause internet outages.
3886:
3816:
2870:
Hoang, P. N., Doreen, S., Polychronakis, M., (2019). Measuring I2P Censorship at a Global Scale. In Proceedings of the 9th USENIX Workshop on Free and Open Communications on the Internet.
2937:
451:
failure resulted in corrupt .com and .net zones, which were subsequently released to the DNS root servers. As the root servers were reloaded, they began to return failures for all domains in the .com and .net
143:
can lead to internet outages by either directly destroying local ICT infrastructure or indirectly damaging the local electricity grid. The Monash IP Observatory and KASPR Datahaus have tracked the impact of
973:, which caused major internet platforms and services to be unavailable to large swathes of users in Europe and North America. As a DNS provider, Dyn provides to end-users the service of mapping an Internet
3060:
1818:
The movement was being mobilized utilizing social media networks, and to establish control over the situation government applied a complete internet shutdown to suppress protests throughout the country.
1518:
On October 21st, North Korean internet infrastructure dropped off the internet, including public facing websites and email servers. All servers which were subject to monitoring were found to be offline.
806:(AS29386) of Syrian Telecommunication Establishment (STE) was cut off completely at 10:26 UTC. Five prefixes were reported to have remained up, this is why Dyn reports an outage of 92% of the country.
3014:
1694:
On July 8th, 2022, Rogers reported the largest outage in Canadian history. The outage affected both cable Internet and cellular networks, as well as critical infrastructure that used them, including
292:
Inclement weather such as heavy snow, thunderstorm, and heavy rain can cause outages by damaging the infrastructure or making it difficult for maintenance crews to access and repair the network.
3482:
3508:
3598:
1778:
On July 19, 2024, various IT systems around the world experienced an outage that has led to ongoing disruptions across different industries, including media firms, banks, and airlines.
864:, which resulted in internet connectivity problems for the users of these devices. While TalkTalk later patched their routers, a new variant of Mirai was discovered in TalkTalk routers.
83:
with it having a "hub-like" core structure that makes it robust to random losses of nodes but also fragile to targeted attacks on key components − the highly connected nodes or "hubs".
493:
Three separate incidents of major damage to submarine optical communication cables around the world occurred in 2008. The first incident caused damage involving up to five high-speed
2360:
4224:
2335:
989:(DDoS) attack was accomplished through a large number of DNS lookup requests from tens of millions of IP addresses. The activities are believed to have been executed through a
1289:
3538:
3812:
3370:
2070:
Petersen, Hauke; Baccelli, Emmanuel; Wählisch, Matthias; Schmidt, Thomas C.; Schiller, Jochen (27 October 2014). "The Role of the Internet of Things in Network Resilience".
3569:
2568:
76:
may cause blackouts or slowdowns to large areas. Countries with a less developed Internet infrastructure are more vulnerable due to small numbers of high-capacity links.
3086:
3318:
1702:
on its distribution routers, which caused all possible routes to the internet to pass through the routers, exceeding the capacity of the routers on its core network.
3010:
3400:
2074:. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering. Vol. 151. Springer, Cham. pp. 283–296.
3841:
3976:
3425:
2929:
3666:
3344:
3056:
1698:
debit payments, hospitals, banks, and 9-1-1 access. The outage occurred during an update to the company's core IP network that resulted in the deletion of a
167:
could cause large-scale global months-long Internet outages. Researchers have described potential mitigation measures and exceptions – such as user-powered
2958:
3164:
3112:
3451:
2182:
Doyle, John C.; Alderson, David L.; Li, Lun; Low, Steven; Roughan, Matthew; Shalunov, Stanislav; Tanaka, Reiko; Willinger, Walter (11 October 2005).
4158:
3474:
3504:
3134:
3187:
3590:
3251:
4056:
4016:
3280:
2529:
Mechkova, V., Daniel P., Brigitte S.,&Steven W. (2020). Digital Society Project Dataset v2.Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project
2306:
1187:, the popular internet transit provider accidentally rerouted IP packages after it wrongly accepted a network misconfiguration from a small
746:
was shut down by the government, whereby approximately 93% of networks were without access in 2011 in an attempt to stop mobilization for
4216:
3930:
3628:
1985:
204:
These attacks flood a website or network with traffic from multiple sources, overwhelming the server and making it unavailable to users.
2130:
4036:
1577:, the latter possibly caused by Facebook users reporting the outage. The outage came less than a day after a whistleblower had been on
1203:, and others, ended up going through DQE and Allegheny, which buckled under the strain, causing traffic to disappear into a black hole.
1747:
globally cutting off its people’s access to the internet, whilst maintaining domestic national internet National Information Network
4074:
3082:
3956:
3862:
3530:
301:
3366:
1252:
was shut down by the government, whereby approximately 96% of networks were without access in an attempt to stop mobilization for
3688:
3561:
1963:
30:
268:
Accidents caused by human error, such as a construction crew cutting through a fiber-optic cable, can cause internet outages.
2105:
1796:
1068:
On January 17, around 20 percent of the people in Cameroon had their internet blocked due to recent anti-government protests.
3302:
3748:
3718:
3221:
366:
1354:
3838:"BGP super-blunder: How Verizon today sparked a 'cascading catastrophic failure' that knackered Cloudflare, Amazon, etc"
4191:
1999:
1317:
986:
3392:
2452:
1672:
521:
17:
3996:
3837:
3813:"How Verizon and a BGP Optimizer caused a major internet outage affecting Amazon, Facebook, CloudFlare among others"
700:
A woman digging for scrap metal damaged land cables and thereby severed most connectivity for the nation of Armenia.
260:
Internet service providers (ISPs) rely on electricity to power their networks, so power failures can cause outages.
4248:
3907:
3421:
2915:
2602:"Comparing Measures of Internet Censorship: Analyzing the Tradeoffs between Expert Analysis and Remote Measurement"
1990:
962:
3650:
3340:
2693:
252:
Floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, and other natural disasters can damage internet infrastructure, causing outages.
2385:
616:
603:
481:
4192:"Bangladesh has erupted over jobs reserved for the children of 'freedom fighters.' Here's what you need to know"
2891:
2506:
508:
from 23 January to 4 February 2008, causing internet disruptions and slowdowns for users in the Middle East and
4276:
3160:
2410:
2043:
1907:
1765:
1724:
1226:
497:
73:
3108:
3447:
390:
4286:
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1120:
803:
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1324:. In order to prevent protests and outrage on social media, various state governments including those of
747:
4100:
2989:
3138:
1253:
3798:
3191:
1931:
1878:
4291:
1188:
221:
Malicious software can infect and damage computer systems and networks, leading to internet outages.
115:
The temporary disconnection of civilian internet access by military forces is an important aspect of
103:
2630:
2208:
3243:
557:
2435:
Jyothi, Sangeetha Abdu (9 August 2021). "Solar superstorms: Planning for an internet apocalypse".
860:
and produced by Arcadyan, were crashed due to failed TR-064 exploitation attempts by a variant of
512:. In late February there was another outage, this time affecting a fiber optic connection between
3272:
2314:
2016:
176:
164:
2203:
1637:
808:
Responsibility for the outage has somewhat speculatively been blamed on various organizations.
4125:
3620:
2548:
2168:
284:
Scheduled maintenance or unexpected repairs on the internet infrastructure can cause outages.
4281:
2761:
2617:
1968:
1464:
168:
3784:
1854:
Internet outages can be prevented by a more resilient, decentralized Internet architecture.
647:
line. Both the incidents had caused the internet disruptions and slowdowns for users in the
276:
The failure of equipment such as servers, routers, and switches can cause internet outages.
3035:
2195:
2085:
1957:
1589:
1539:
8:
3891:
1456:
1433:
1313:
1006:
998:
370:
116:
97:
62:
4017:"Facebook whistleblower says company incentivizes "angry, polarizing, divisive content""
2199:
2089:
2830:
2481:
2458:
2288:
2236:
2183:
2156:
2131:"'Many lives have been lost': five-month internet blackout plunges Kashmir into crisis"
2111:
2075:
2022:
1640:
was shut down on account of anti-government protests against sudden energy price rises.
1027:
1018:
994:
966:
936:
853:
317:
145:
124:
4166:
4133:
3658:
3651:"DDoS attack that disrupted internet was largest of its kind in history, experts say"
3310:
2822:
2783:
2644:
2544:
2462:
2448:
2292:
2280:
2241:
2223:
2138:
2101:
2004:
1398:
1337:
1195:, systems around the planet were automatically updated, and connections destined for
743:
501:
468:
448:
140:
2115:
802:
On 29 November 2012 the Syrian internet was cut off from the rest of the world. The
4101:"Iran's sweeping internet blackouts are a serious cause for concern | CNN Business"
2834:
2814:
2605:
2440:
2272:
2231:
2213:
2093:
1460:
1249:
857:
844:
35:
3931:"Half a dozen North Korean domains offline after apparent server outage | NK News"
2386:"Computer scientist warns global internet is not prepared for a large solar storm"
2276:
3740:
3710:
3213:
2097:
1699:
1582:
1014:
908:
870:
861:
313:
153:
120:
58:
2260:
3770:
2802:
2188:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1183:
On June 24, 2019, many parts of the Internet faced an unprecedented outage as
4270:
4170:
4137:
3957:"Internet Outage Live Updates: AOC blasts Facebook's "monopolistic" behavior"
3741:"Google coding champion whose Cameroon hometown is cut off from the internet"
3662:
3314:
2826:
2818:
2692:
Mechkova, Valeriya; Pemstein, Daniel; Seim, Brigitte; Wilson, Steven (2021).
2284:
2227:
2142:
2049:
1986:
Decentralization § Centralization and redecentralization of the Internet
1345:
1170:
1142:
970:
954:
949:
571:
309:
200:
attack in February 2020, showing an error message in place of website content
2801:
Pearce, Paul; Ensafi, Roya; Li, Frank; Feamster, Nick; Paxson, Vern (2018).
2444:
2218:
1123:(AS131279) of Star JV was cut off completely, due to alleged US cyber attack
4256:
3011:"GO submarine cable fault part of wider disruption between Italy and Egypt"
2609:
2307:"The Monash IP Observatory - Hurricane Florence's impact on local internet"
2245:
2010:
1973:
1602:
BGP Withdrawal of IP Address (Facebook), Server overwhelming (other sites)
1566:
1192:
1010:
172:
149:
4217:"Takeaways from Egypt: Kill the kill switch and decentralize the Internet"
2361:"Real-time Mapping of Hurricane Laura's Impact on Internet Infrastructure"
4159:"Record number of countries enforced internet shutdowns in 2022 – report"
3887:"India's Internet shutdown in Kashmir is the longest ever in a democracy"
1979:
1553:
On October 4, 2021, at around 11:45 AM EST, the online social media site
1509:
1341:
1110:
1021:, the attack is, according to experts, the largest DDoS attack on record.
978:
974:
652:
620:
533:
529:
505:
66:
39:
1920:
1866:
2261:"Election-related internet-shutdowns in autocracies and hybrid regimes"
1838:
1809:
1659:
1627:
1578:
1565:. Around 4:00 PM EST, people reported other sites were not working via
1200:
982:
648:
624:
305:
102:
A government internet blackout is the deliberate shut down of civilian
2850:
http://opennet.net/sites/opennet.net/files/Deibert_02_Ch01_005-028.pdf
2668:
2336:"Visualising Tropical Cyclone Fani's Path of Destruction in Real-Time"
961:
The cyberattack took place on October 21, 2016, and involved multiple
2599:
1558:
1486:
1446:
1333:
1002:
644:
513:
128:
3562:"Many sites including Twitter, Shopify and Spotify suffering outage"
3303:"Snowden: NSA accidentally caused Syria's internet blackout in 2012"
2601:
2530:
1993: – Infrastructure without which the Internet would not function
300:
A variety of organizations measure internet shutdowns including the
4252:
4021:
3981:
3961:
3863:"Kashmir Internet Shutdown Continues, Despite Supreme Court Ruling"
2784:"Toward Automated Worldwide Monitoring of Network-level Censorship"
2736:
2486:
1562:
1554:
1320:
which caused huge controversy and mass protest in various parts of
1196:
1087:
1057:
494:
464:
175:
applications and new protocols – and the robustness of the current
119:. This tactic is common today, and is often used in concert with a
80:
3908:"Presiden & Menkominfo Diputus Bersalah Blokir Internet Papua"
3367:"German leaders angry at cyberattack, hint at Russian involvement"
2080:
4037:"Facebook says sorry for mass outage and reveals why it happened"
3977:"Facebook blames 'faulty configuration change' for major outages"
3475:"Unprecedented cyber attack takes Liberia's entire internet down"
2990:"Severed Cables in Mediterranean Disrupt Communication (Update4)"
2803:"Toward Continual Measurement of Global Network-Level Censorship"
2028:
1695:
1574:
1420:
1388:
1329:
1184:
1175:
912:
899:
839:
690:
636:
517:
3621:"What We Know About Friday's Massive East Coast Internet Outage"
34:
Electronic information stand without an internet connection, at
2069:
1901:
1685:
990:
192:
187:
3689:"Cameroon's Internet outage is damaging the country's economy"
3505:"DDoS attack from Mirai malware 'killing business' in Liberia"
2541:
2025: – Reduced quality of service due to high network traffic
582:
crashed, and AOL Instant Messenger collapsing for 40 minutes.
4261:
4075:"Internet disrupted in Kazakhstan amid energy price protests"
2712:
2129:
Ellis-Petersen, Hannah; correspondent, a local (2020-01-05).
1911:
1570:
1325:
1321:
1302:
793:
769:
733:
640:
628:
509:
3036:"Mediterranean submarine cables are cut, affecting internet"
2713:"OONI Explorer - Open Data on Internet Censorship Worldwide"
2007: – Vital infrastructure of the networks of the Internet
69:, disasters, police or security services actions or errors.
4057:"Zuckerberg Loses $ 6 Billion in Hours as Facebook Plunges"
4041:
2128:
2034:
1737:
1276:
1239:
619:
cut off on 25 December 2011. The first cut off occurred to
525:
197:
3785:"North Korea's Internet Comes Back on After About 9 Hours"
3771:"Sony hack: North Korea back online after internet outage"
3591:"The Possible Vendetta Behind the East Coast Web Slowdown"
3531:"Massive cyber-attack grinds Liberia's internet to a halt"
3448:"German internet outage was failed botnet attempt: report"
3135:"du alerts customers over disruption in Internet services"
2691:
2569:"Shutdown Tracker Optimization Project (STOP) Methodology"
1960: – Single shut off mechanism for all Internet traffic
233:
4001:
2760:
Yadav, Tarun Kumar; Chakravarty, Sambuddho (2018-04-18).
2669:"#KeepItOn: Fighting internet shutdowns around the world"
2439:. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 692–704.
1156:
656:
632:
27:
Loss of internet functionality over a small or large area
3161:"Georgian woman cuts off web access to whole of Armenia"
2411:"A Bad Solar Storm Could Cause an 'Internet Apocalypse'"
2039:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1995:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
3560:
Etherington, Darrell; Conger, Kate (21 October 2016).
3214:"Egypt severs internet connection amid growing unrest"
2800:
2600:
Fletcher, Terry; Hayes-Birchler, Andria (2020-07-30).
2019: – Halt to communication abilities or utilization
1557:
went down, as well as Facebook subsidiaries including
3422:"Hackers suspected as 900,000 hit by internet outage"
3244:"77 networks out in Syria - Internet Events Bulletin"
2762:"Trends and patterns of internet censorship in india"
2478:
4126:"The Challenge of Cracking Iran's Internet Blockade"
3393:"New Mirai Variant Embeds in TalkTalk Home Routers"
3057:"Deep sea cable snap will make Internet slower: du"
2987:
2437:
Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGCOMM 2021 Conference
2181:
3559:
2184:"The "robust yet fragile" nature of the Internet"
2052: – Attack on Internet routing infrastructure
4268:
3997:"After a bad day, Facebook suffers major outage"
3137:. gulftoday.ae. 27 December 2011. Archived from
2759:
2265:Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties
590:Multiple subjects on MJ's death results online.
3799:"North Korea Gets New Internet Link via Russia"
2259:Eichhorn, Kristin; Linhart, Eric (2022-06-23).
2258:
2930:"Cable damage hits one million Internet Users"
1976: – Use of digital attacks against a state
134:
2988:Fried, Malcolm; Klemming, Lars (2008-12-19).
2922:
2566:
1459:that occurred in the Indonesian provinces of
1017:malware. With an estimated throughput of 1.2
965:(DDoS attacks) targeting systems operated by
391:Internet censorship § Internet shutdowns
196:Screenshot of the Knowledge website during a
3341:"New Mirai Worm Knocks 900K Germans Offline"
3338:
3049:
2046: – Series of protests from 2011 to 2012
1902:Temporary alternative forms of communication
915:'s internet infrastructure in November 2016.
188:Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks
3075:
1585:lost around $ 7B dollars after the outage.
4249:The Internet could crash. We need a Plan B
2645:"The draconian rise of internet shutdowns"
57:is the complete or partial failure of the
4098:
3928:
3905:
3127:
3109:"Cable cuts could slow Emirates Internet"
3101:
2507:"Freedom on the Net Research Methodology"
2485:
2235:
2217:
2207:
2079:
2013: – Loss of electric power to an area
312:, the Digital Society Project (using the
127:. It could also be used in advance of an
4189:
3711:"Why has Cameroon blocked the internet?"
3472:
3300:
3179:
2781:
852:At the end of November 2016 0.9 million
302:Open Observatory of Network Interference
191:
29:
3111:. finance.yahoo.com. 26 December 2011.
2567:Anthonio, Felicia; Cheng, Sage (2021).
2072:Internet of Things. IoT Infrastructures
234:Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Hijacking
14:
4269:
4156:
3083:"Cable cut slows down Internet in UAE"
3059:. khaleejtimes.com. 27 December 2011.
2889:
2434:
1964:Internet censorship in the Arab Spring
1348:decided to shut down internet access.
91:
4227:from the original on 20 February 2017
3751:from the original on 21 February 2017
3721:from the original on 21 February 2017
3686:
3648:
3612:
3541:from the original on 21 November 2016
3511:from the original on 22 November 2016
3485:from the original on 21 November 2016
3454:from the original on 20 February 2017
3428:from the original on 20 February 2017
3347:from the original on 20 December 2016
3085:. emirates247.com. 26 December 2011.
3063:from the original on 27 December 2011
3017:from the original on 25 December 2008
2777:
2775:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2474:
2472:
1797:2024 Bangladesh Quota Reform Movement
1062:South-West and North-West of Cameroon
963:distributed denial-of-service attacks
316:methodology and infrastructure), the
3466:
3224:from the original on 23 January 2012
3089:from the original on 22 January 2013
2940:from the original on 9 February 2008
1915:
1861:
977:—when, for instance, entered into a
353:
287:
271:
247:
110:
4099:Thorbecke, Catherine (2022-09-24).
3373:from the original on 5 January 2017
3273:"How Syria Turned Off the Internet"
3167:from the original on 25 August 2013
2892:"Human Error Cripples the Internet"
2766:IIIT-Delhi Institutional Repository
2729:
2637:
911:has also been used in an attack on
631:and the second cut off occurred to
24:
4123:
3929:Weisensee, Nils (23 August 2021).
3618:
3553:
3473:McGoogan, Cara (4 November 2016).
2772:
2578:
2555:
2535:
2494:
2469:
2353:
2328:
2299:
2000:Critical infrastructure protection
1616:2022 Kazakhstan internet shutdown
1366:Various State governments of India
1191:in Pennsylvania, US. According to
587:Search Engines & Social Media
323:
207:
79:A line of research finds that the
25:
4303:
4242:
4214:
3339:Krebs, Brian (30 November 2016).
3185:
3115:from the original on 5 March 2016
2531:http://digitalsocietyproject.org/
1013:—that had been infected with the
486:Middle East and Mediterranean Sea
332:
255:
3301:Ackerman, Spencer (2014-08-13).
3038:. Telecompaper. 19 December 2008
3013:. timesofmalta.com. 2008-12-19.
1991:Critical Internet infrastructure
1919:
1865:
1831:
1802:
1730:
1678:
1652:
1620:
1502:
1479:
1439:
1413:
1381:
1295:
1269:
1232:
1163:
1135:
1103:
1080:
1050:
993:consisting of a large number of
942:
892:
832:
786:
762:
726:
683:
564:
410:Number of affected users (rough)
357:
4208:
4183:
4150:
4117:
4092:
4067:
4049:
4029:
4009:
3989:
3969:
3949:
3922:
3899:
3879:
3855:
3844:from the original on 2019-06-26
3830:
3819:from the original on 2019-06-26
3805:
3791:
3777:
3763:
3733:
3703:
3680:
3669:from the original on 2016-10-27
3642:
3631:from the original on 2016-10-22
3601:from the original on 2016-10-22
3583:
3572:from the original on 2016-10-21
3523:
3497:
3440:
3414:
3403:from the original on 2016-12-22
3385:
3359:
3332:
3321:from the original on 2018-09-13
3294:
3283:from the original on 2019-01-08
3265:
3254:from the original on 2019-01-07
3236:
3206:
3153:
3028:
3003:
2981:
2959:"Internet capacity down to 10%"
2951:
2908:
2883:
2873:
2864:
2854:
2841:
2794:
2753:
2705:
2695:Digital Society Survey Codebook
2685:
2661:
2523:
2428:
1377:2019 Burmese internet shutdown
1318:Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019
1065:20% of the country's population
617:submarine communications cables
604:2011 submarine cable disruption
498:submarine communications cables
482:2008 submarine cable disruption
182:
159:
74:submarine communications cables
4190:Zulfaqar, Samra (2024-07-21).
3906:Briantika, Adi (3 June 2020).
3163:. The Guardian. 6 April 2011.
2403:
2378:
2252:
2175:
2122:
2063:
2044:Protests against SOPA and PIPA
1908:Emergency communication system
1766:July 2024 global cyber outages
295:
279:
263:
13:
1:
3450:. Reuters. 29 November 2016.
2277:10.1080/17457289.2022.2090950
2057:
1857:
1849:
1775:~8.5 million Windows devices
987:distributed denial-of-service
3840:. The Register. 2019-06-24.
3507:. PCWorld. 3 November 2016.
2965:. 2008-02-29. Archived from
2890:Wayner, Peter (1997-07-17).
2098:10.1007/978-3-319-19743-2_39
2037: – Type of cyber-attack
782:2012 Syrian internet outage
461:Automation and Human Failure
242:
7:
4157:Harter, Fred (2023-02-28).
3649:Woolf, Nicky (2016-10-26).
3188:"Egypt Leaves the Internet"
2916:"DNS Brownout this morning"
2807:IEEE Security & Privacy
2737:"The Monash IP Observatory"
1950:
139:Extreme weather events and
135:Weather or natural disaster
10:
4308:
3935:NK News - North Korea News
2788:Carnegie Mellon University
2782:Weinberg, Zachary (2018).
2701:. Digital Society Project.
2031: – Malicious software
1905:
1725:2021–2023 Iranian protests
1290:Internet shutdown in India
995:Internet-connected devices
608:South Asia and Middle East
473:All .com and .net domains
388:
224:
216:
95:
3910:(in Indonesian). Tirto.id
3190:. Renesys. Archived from
1227:Iranian internet shutdown
1209:Internet transit provider
635:which took place between
2819:10.1109/MSP.2018.1331018
1547:LAN Internet Connection
1254:anti-government protests
748:anti-government protests
558:Death of Michael Jackson
86:
3691:. MIT Technology Review
3343:. krebsonsecurity.com.
2445:10.1145/3452296.3472916
2219:10.1073/pnas.0501426102
2017:Communications blackout
1638:Internet in Kazakhstan
1455:To curb the escalating
349:
177:Internet infrastructure
2625:Cite journal requires
2610:10.5281/ZENODO.3967397
1928:This section is empty.
1827:Government Censorship
1636:On 4 January 2022 the
1363:government censorship
1126:9 hours and 31 minutes
981:—to its corresponding
201:
61:. It can occur due to
42:
4277:Internet architecture
1982: – Malware agent
1969:Just-in-time blocking
1648:government censorship
1475:government censorship
1409:government censorship
1265:government censorship
1076:government censorship
758:government censorship
195:
33:
3747:. 10 February 2017.
3424:. 28 November 2016.
1958:Internet kill switch
1590:2021 Facebook outage
1071:270 days or 8 months
1007:residential gateways
371:adding missing items
4287:Internet censorship
3895:. 16 December 2019.
3892:The Washington Post
3717:. 8 February 2017.
3537:. 3 November 2016.
3399:. 7 December 2016.
3277:The Cloudflare Blog
3220:. 28 January 2011.
2200:2005PNAS..10214497D
2194:(41): 14497–14502.
2090:2014arXiv1406.6614P
1588:For more info, see
1521:At least 14 minutes
1434:2019 Papua protests
1314:Government of India
1019:terabits per second
125:conventional forces
117:information warfare
98:Internet censorship
92:Government blackout
4262:Redecentralize.org
4124:Newman, Lily Hay.
3937:. Korea Risk Group
3687:Condliffe, Jamie.
3619:Newman, Lily Hay.
3369:. Deutsche Welle.
3194:on 29 January 2011
2167:has generic name (
2023:Network congestion
1877:. You can help by
1402:internet shutdown.
1119:On October 1, The
1028:Domain Name System
967:Domain Name System
937:DDoS attack on Dyn
520:. On 19 December,
425:Entity responsible
419:Internet component
369:; you can help by
318:OpenNet Initiative
202:
146:Hurricane Florence
43:
4063:. 4 October 2021.
4045:. 5 October 2021.
4025:. 4 October 2021.
4005:. 4 October 2021.
3985:. 5 October 2021.
3965:. 4 October 2021.
3397:www.incapsula.com
3141:on 8 January 2012
2717:explorer.ooni.org
2107:978-3-319-19742-5
2005:Internet backbone
1948:
1947:
1895:
1894:
1847:
1846:
1399:Internet in Burma
1338:Arunachal Pradesh
1121:autonomous system
804:autonomous system
744:Internet in Egypt
615:Two incidents of
502:Mediterranean Sea
469:Network Solutions
404:Country or region
387:
386:
288:Weather condition
272:Equipment failure
248:Natural disasters
165:Solar superstorms
141:natural disasters
111:Military blackout
59:internet services
55:Internet shutdown
51:Internet blackout
18:Internet blackout
16:(Redirected from
4299:
4292:Internet outages
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4013:
4007:
4006:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2963:The Jakarta Post
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2779:
2770:
2769:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2613:
2597:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2564:
2553:
2552:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2503:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2476:
2467:
2466:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2367:. 29 August 2020
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2313:. Archived from
2303:
2297:
2296:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2239:
2221:
2211:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2166:
2162:
2160:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2083:
2067:
2040:
1996:
1943:
1940:
1930:You can help by
1923:
1916:
1890:
1887:
1869:
1862:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1664:mobile internet
1658:
1656:
1655:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1397:On June 21, the
1387:
1385:
1384:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1250:Internet in Iran
1238:
1236:
1235:
1212:misconfiguration
1169:
1167:
1166:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1056:
1054:
1053:
948:
946:
945:
898:
896:
895:
871:Internet routers
858:Deutsche Telekom
845:Deutsche Telekom
838:
836:
835:
792:
790:
789:
768:
766:
765:
732:
730:
729:
689:
687:
686:
664:submarine cables
570:
568:
567:
541:submarine cables
416:Duration (rough)
395:
394:
382:
379:
361:
360:
354:
36:Schiphol Airport
21:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4267:
4266:
4245:
4240:
4230:
4228:
4213:
4209:
4200:
4198:
4188:
4184:
4175:
4173:
4155:
4151:
4142:
4140:
4122:
4118:
4109:
4107:
4097:
4093:
4084:
4082:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4015:
4014:
4010:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3940:
3938:
3927:
3923:
3913:
3911:
3904:
3900:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3871:
3869:
3867:thediplomat.com
3861:
3860:
3856:
3847:
3845:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3822:
3820:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3754:
3752:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3724:
3722:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3694:
3692:
3685:
3681:
3672:
3670:
3647:
3643:
3634:
3632:
3617:
3613:
3604:
3602:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3575:
3573:
3558:
3554:
3544:
3542:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3512:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3488:
3486:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3455:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3431:
3429:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3406:
3404:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3376:
3374:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3348:
3337:
3333:
3324:
3322:
3299:
3295:
3286:
3284:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3257:
3255:
3248:b2b.renesys.com
3242:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3225:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3195:
3184:
3180:
3170:
3168:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3144:
3142:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3092:
3090:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3064:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3041:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3020:
3018:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2995:
2993:
2986:
2982:
2972:
2970:
2969:on 3 March 2008
2957:
2956:
2952:
2943:
2941:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2900:
2898:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2855:
2846:
2842:
2799:
2795:
2780:
2773:
2758:
2754:
2745:
2743:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2721:
2719:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2677:
2675:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2653:
2651:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2626:
2624:
2615:
2614:
2598:
2579:
2571:
2565:
2556:
2540:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2515:
2513:
2505:
2504:
2495:
2477:
2470:
2455:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2394:
2392:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2370:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2345:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2320:
2318:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2257:
2253:
2209:10.1.1.218.6287
2180:
2176:
2164:
2163:
2154:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2127:
2123:
2108:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2038:
1994:
1953:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1914:
1904:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1875:needs expansion
1860:
1852:
1832:
1830:
1803:
1801:
1731:
1729:
1679:
1677:
1653:
1651:
1621:
1619:
1608:Major websites
1599:LAN connection
1583:Mark Zuckerberg
1540:Facebook outage
1503:
1501:
1480:
1478:
1440:
1438:
1414:
1412:
1382:
1380:
1353:Over one year (
1296:
1294:
1270:
1268:
1233:
1231:
1218:Major websites
1164:
1162:
1136:
1134:
1104:
1102:
1081:
1079:
1051:
1049:
1039:Major websites
969:(DNS) provider
943:
941:
893:
891:
833:
831:
787:
785:
763:
761:
727:
725:
684:
682:
565:
563:
449:Ingres database
393:
383:
377:
374:
358:
352:
335:
326:
324:Expert Analysis
314:V-Dem Institute
298:
290:
282:
274:
266:
258:
250:
245:
236:
227:
219:
210:
208:Routing attacks
190:
185:
162:
154:Hurricane Laura
137:
121:ground invasion
113:
104:internet access
100:
94:
89:
72:Disruptions of
47:Internet outage
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4305:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4244:
4243:External links
4241:
4239:
4238:
4215:Hiner, Jason.
4207:
4182:
4149:
4116:
4091:
4066:
4048:
4028:
4008:
3988:
3968:
3948:
3921:
3898:
3878:
3854:
3829:
3804:
3790:
3776:
3762:
3732:
3702:
3679:
3641:
3611:
3582:
3552:
3522:
3496:
3465:
3439:
3413:
3384:
3358:
3331:
3293:
3279:. 2012-11-29.
3264:
3235:
3205:
3186:Cowie, James.
3178:
3152:
3126:
3100:
3074:
3048:
3027:
3002:
2980:
2950:
2936:. 2008-02-04.
2921:
2907:
2896:New York Times
2882:
2872:
2863:
2853:
2840:
2793:
2771:
2752:
2741:IP Observatory
2728:
2704:
2684:
2660:
2636:
2627:|journal=
2577:
2554:
2534:
2522:
2493:
2468:
2453:
2427:
2402:
2390:techxplore.com
2377:
2352:
2327:
2311:IP Observatory
2298:
2271:(4): 705–725.
2251:
2174:
2121:
2106:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1997:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1926:
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1859:
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1710:Network Update
1708:
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1703:
1700:routing filter
1692:
1690:
1688:
1675:
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1666:
1665:
1662:
1649:
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1597:
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1551:
1550:2,850,000,000
1548:
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1527:
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1129:
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1094:
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1077:
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1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1030:(DNS) provider
1025:
1022:
959:
957:
952:
939:
934:
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929:
926:
923:
920:
918:
916:
906:
904:
902:
889:
887:
883:
882:
879:
876:
873:
868:
865:
850:
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842:
829:
827:
823:
822:
820:
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783:
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772:
759:
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738:
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723:
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710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
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680:
678:
674:
673:
671:
668:
665:
662:
660:
655:in particular
613:
611:
609:
606:
601:
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579:
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491:
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487:
484:
479:
475:
474:
471:
462:
459:
456:
453:
445:
442:
440:
437:
436:DNS TLD Outage
434:
430:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
407:Affected users
405:
402:
399:
385:
384:
364:
362:
351:
348:
334:
333:Remote Sensing
331:
325:
322:
297:
294:
289:
286:
281:
278:
273:
270:
265:
262:
257:
256:Power failures
254:
249:
246:
244:
241:
235:
232:
226:
223:
218:
215:
209:
206:
189:
186:
184:
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161:
158:
136:
133:
112:
109:
96:Main article:
93:
90:
88:
85:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4304:
4293:
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4263:
4260:
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4197:
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4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4120:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4062:
4061:Bloomberg.com
4058:
4052:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4032:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4012:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3992:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3972:
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3808:
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3622:
3615:
3600:
3596:
3595:Bloomberg.com
3592:
3586:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3484:
3480:
3479:The Telegraph
3476:
3469:
3453:
3449:
3443:
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3423:
3417:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3372:
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3274:
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3215:
3209:
3193:
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3110:
3104:
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3012:
3006:
2991:
2984:
2968:
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2582:
2570:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2512:
2511:Freedom House
2508:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2488:
2483:
2475:
2473:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2454:9781450383837
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2317:on 2021-09-03
2316:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
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2215:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2170:
2158:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2062:
2051:
2050:BGP hijacking
2048:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1942:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1889:
1886:February 2017
1880:
1876:
1873:This section
1871:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1842:
1840:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1815:
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1728:
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1723:
1720:
1719:
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1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1676:
1674:
1673:Rogers outage
1671:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1661:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1633:
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1494:
1490:
1488:
1477:
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1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1351:Up to 9 days
1350:
1347:
1346:Uttar Pradesh
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1171:United States
1161:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1143:United States
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:baby monitors
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
958:
956:
955:Dyn (company)
953:
951:
950:United States
940:
938:
935:
932:
931:
927:
924:
921:
919:
917:
914:
910:
907:
905:
903:
901:
890:
888:
885:
884:
880:
877:
874:
872:
869:
866:
863:
859:
855:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
830:
828:
825:
824:
821:
818:
815:
813:
811:
809:
805:
801:
799:
797:
795:
784:
781:
778:
777:
773:
771:
760:
757:
754:
752:
749:
745:
741:
739:
737:
735:
724:
722:
719:
718:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
694:
692:
681:
679:
676:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
661:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
599:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
584:
580:
578:
576:
574:
573:
572:United States
561:
559:
556:
553:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
538:
536:were all cut.
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
496:
492:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
477:
476:
472:
470:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
450:
446:
443:
441:
438:
435:
432:
431:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
396:
392:
381:
378:February 2017
372:
368:
365:This list is
363:
356:
355:
347:
343:
339:
330:
321:
319:
315:
311:
310:Freedom House
307:
303:
293:
285:
277:
269:
261:
253:
240:
231:
222:
214:
205:
199:
194:
180:
178:
174:
170:
169:mesh networks
166:
157:
155:
151:
147:
142:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
108:
105:
99:
84:
82:
77:
75:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
41:
37:
32:
19:
4282:Cyberwarfare
4257:Danny Hillis
4229:. Retrieved
4220:
4210:
4199:. Retrieved
4195:
4185:
4174:. Retrieved
4163:The Guardian
4162:
4152:
4141:. Retrieved
4129:
4119:
4108:. Retrieved
4104:
4094:
4083:. Retrieved
4081:. 2022-01-04
4078:
4069:
4060:
4051:
4040:
4031:
4020:
4011:
4000:
3991:
3980:
3971:
3960:
3951:
3939:. Retrieved
3934:
3924:
3912:. Retrieved
3901:
3890:
3881:
3870:. Retrieved
3866:
3857:
3846:. Retrieved
3832:
3821:. Retrieved
3807:
3793:
3779:
3765:
3753:. Retrieved
3744:
3735:
3723:. Retrieved
3714:
3705:
3693:. Retrieved
3682:
3671:. Retrieved
3655:The Guardian
3654:
3644:
3633:. Retrieved
3624:
3614:
3603:. Retrieved
3594:
3585:
3574:. Retrieved
3565:
3555:
3543:. Retrieved
3535:The Guardian
3534:
3525:
3513:. Retrieved
3499:
3487:. Retrieved
3478:
3468:
3456:. Retrieved
3442:
3430:. Retrieved
3416:
3405:. Retrieved
3396:
3387:
3375:. Retrieved
3361:
3349:. Retrieved
3334:
3323:. Retrieved
3307:The Guardian
3306:
3296:
3285:. Retrieved
3276:
3267:
3256:. Retrieved
3247:
3238:
3226:. Retrieved
3217:
3208:
3196:. Retrieved
3192:the original
3181:
3169:. Retrieved
3155:
3143:. Retrieved
3139:the original
3129:
3117:. Retrieved
3103:
3091:. Retrieved
3077:
3065:. Retrieved
3051:
3040:. Retrieved
3030:
3019:. Retrieved
3005:
2994:. Retrieved
2983:
2971:. Retrieved
2967:the original
2962:
2953:
2942:. Retrieved
2934:Khaleej News
2933:
2924:
2910:
2899:. Retrieved
2895:
2885:
2875:
2866:
2856:
2843:
2813:(1): 24–33.
2810:
2806:
2796:
2787:
2765:
2755:
2744:. Retrieved
2740:
2731:
2720:. Retrieved
2716:
2707:
2694:
2687:
2676:. Retrieved
2672:
2663:
2652:. Retrieved
2648:
2639:
2618:cite journal
2537:
2525:
2514:. Retrieved
2510:
2436:
2430:
2420:22 September
2418:. Retrieved
2414:
2405:
2395:22 September
2393:. Retrieved
2389:
2380:
2369:. Retrieved
2364:
2355:
2344:. Retrieved
2342:. 4 May 2019
2339:
2330:
2319:. Retrieved
2315:the original
2310:
2301:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2165:|last2=
2146:. Retrieved
2135:The Guardian
2134:
2124:
2071:
2065:
2011:Power outage
1974:Cyberwarfare
1936:
1932:adding to it
1927:
1896:
1883:
1879:adding to it
1874:
1853:
1587:
1586:
1569:, including
1567:Downdetector
1352:
1193:The Register
1155:Verizon and
807:
562:
375:
344:
340:
336:
327:
299:
291:
283:
275:
267:
259:
251:
237:
228:
220:
211:
203:
183:Cyberattacks
173:peer-to-peer
163:
160:Solar storms
150:Cyclone Fani
138:
114:
101:
78:
71:
67:cyberattacks
54:
50:
46:
44:
4231:19 February
3755:20 February
3725:20 February
3695:20 February
3545:21 November
3515:21 November
3489:21 November
3458:19 February
3432:19 February
3351:14 December
3145:27 December
3119:27 December
3093:27 December
3067:27 December
2992:. Bloomberg
1980:Cyberweapon
1744:80 million
1510:North Korea
1342:West Bengal
1316:passed the
1309:50,000,000
1131:cyberattack
1111:North Korea
1033:cyberattack
979:web browser
975:domain name
922:cyberattack
875:cyberattack
706:land cables
653:Middle East
621:SEA-ME-WE 3
534:SEA-ME-WE 4
530:SEA-ME-WE 3
506:Middle East
433:16 Jul 1997
413:Description
296:Measurement
280:Maintenance
264:Human error
40:Netherlands
4271:Categories
4201:2024-07-22
4176:2023-05-15
4143:2023-05-15
4110:2023-05-15
4085:2022-01-06
3941:10 January
3872:2021-02-03
3848:2019-06-26
3823:2019-06-26
3673:2016-10-28
3635:2016-10-21
3605:2016-10-21
3576:2016-10-21
3566:TechCrunch
3407:2016-12-18
3325:2019-01-08
3287:2019-01-08
3258:2019-01-08
3198:28 January
3042:2009-01-12
3021:2009-01-12
2996:2009-01-12
2944:2008-02-04
2901:2021-12-19
2861:Symposium.
2746:2021-09-03
2722:2021-05-27
2678:2021-05-27
2673:Access Now
2654:2021-09-03
2516:2021-05-27
2487:1907.04245
2371:2021-09-03
2346:2021-09-03
2321:2021-09-03
2148:2020-01-24
2058:References
1939:April 2020
1906:See also:
1858:Management
1850:Prevention
1839:Bangladesh
1810:Bangladesh
1770:Worldwide
1660:Kazakhstan
1628:Kazakhstan
1579:60 Minutes
1544:Worldwide
1465:West Papua
1201:Cloudflare
1003:IP cameras
983:IP address
649:South Asia
625:Suez Canal
444:50,000,000
389:See also:
367:incomplete
306:Access Now
171:, related
152:2018, and
131:campaign.
63:censorship
4171:0261-3077
4138:1059-1028
4079:NetBlocks
3663:0261-3077
3377:5 January
3315:0261-3077
2918:. Usenet.
2827:1540-7993
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2204:CiteSeerX
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2143:0261-3077
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1178:(company)
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697:3,000,000
645:Singapore
514:Singapore
439:Worldwide
243:Accidents
156:in 2020.
129:airstrike
4253:TED talk
4225:Archived
4022:CBS News
3982:NBC News
3962:Newsweek
3842:Archived
3817:Archived
3749:Archived
3745:BBC News
3719:Archived
3715:BBC News
3667:Archived
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3599:Archived
3570:Archived
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3218:BBC News
3171:11 April
3165:Archived
3113:Archived
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3015:Archived
2938:Archived
2246:16204384
2116:10378226
1951:See also
1713:Internal
1596:7 hours
1563:WhatsApp
1555:Facebook
1529:Unknown
1526:Unknown
1457:protests
1215:Unknown
1197:Facebook
1088:Cameroon
1058:Cameroon
1036:Unknown
999:printers
925:Unknown
878:Unknown
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2196:Bibcode
2086:Bibcode
2029:Malware
1822:5 days
1696:Interac
1575:Twitter
1470:19 days
1389:Myanmar
1355:Kashmir
1330:Tripura
1206:3 hours
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1176:Verizon
913:Liberia
900:Liberia
856:, from
854:routers
849:900,000
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2831:S2CID
2699:(PDF)
2649:Wired
2572:(PDF)
2482:arXiv
2459:S2CID
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4233:2017
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3353:2016
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