127:
regulations as are required to ensure the protection of women and children seeking employment in another country." and the
Article 7 to "undertake in connection with immigration and emigration adopt such administrative and legislative measures as are required to check the traffic in women and children. In particular, they undertake to make such regulations as are required for the protection of women and children traveling on emigrant ships, not only at the points of departure and arrival, but also during the journey and to arrange for the exhibition, in railway stations and imports of notices warning women and children of the traffic and indicating the places where they can obtain accommodation and assistance."
78:, formed in 1919, quickly became the organization coordinating international efforts to study and attempt to end the practice. The work of the League in this area is considered to be one of its successes while overall it was a failure due to its inability to prevent war. The work of the League in this area was a central part of
135:
The 1921 Convention set new goals for international efforts to stem human trafficking, primarily by giving the anti-trafficking movement further official recognition, as well as a bureaucratic apparatus to research and fight the problem. The
Advisory Committee on the Traffic of Women and Children was
143:
The advisory committee also worked to expand its research and intervention program beyond the United States and Europe. In 1929, a need to expand into the Near East (Asia Minor), the Middle East, and Asia were acknowledged. An international conference of central authorities in Asia was planned for
196:
on 12 November 1947. The 1947 Protocol was ultimately ratified by 46 countries. This
Protocol was superseded by the Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others (1949) whose Preamble recalls the 1921 Convention together with 1910
126:
The 1921 Convention ensure that protection from trafficking and sexual exploitation on the international level. The
Article 6 states that "The High Contracting Parties agree, in case they have not already taken licensing and supervision of employment agencies and offices, to prescribe such
110:
groups, who they argued were best suited to give a voice to women's issues. The League held the
International Conference on White Slave Traffic in 1921, and agreed on the International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Children on 30 September 1921.
266:
17:
370:
192:, and was succeeded by the United Nations. The 1921 Convention thereby was replaced by the 1947 Protocol to amend the 1921 Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Children, legislation tabled by the
140:. An important development was the implementation of a system of annual reports of member countries. Member countries formed their own centralized offices to track and report on trafficking of women and children.
115:
698:
71:
838:
374:
430:
878:
443:
958:
723:
197:
Convention for
Suppression of White Slave Traffic, and 1933 Convention on the Suppression of Traffic of Women of Full Age, again tabled by the United Nations Secretary-General.
868:
898:
823:
568:
271:
773:
523:
983:
893:
768:
583:
968:
908:
873:
938:
928:
918:
808:
888:
833:
988:
973:
883:
963:
913:
853:
98:
at first did not include women's rights groups, who protested their exclusion and canvassed politicians for support. Ultimately, United States
President
903:
948:
848:
503:
488:
943:
858:
828:
813:
798:
658:
483:
978:
863:
778:
708:
648:
993:
843:
788:
783:
478:
953:
923:
803:
663:
573:
440:
427:
673:
563:
998:
933:
593:
578:
548:
748:
558:
261:
818:
793:
533:
498:
513:
668:
743:
653:
633:
518:
400:
Berkovitch, Nitzka (1999). "Chapter 3: "For the
Protection of Women and Children" – The Interwar Era Discourse on Women".
538:
473:
468:
463:
371:"1921 International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Children, as amended by the 1947 Protocol"
678:
411:
318:
713:
193:
623:
603:
598:
1003:
738:
683:
638:
267:
Convention for the
Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others
758:
688:
137:
763:
628:
588:
553:
543:
508:
493:
753:
718:
703:
693:
643:
618:
608:
733:
613:
728:
528:
70:. Previous international conventions had been ratified by 34 countries in 1901 and 1904, and 1910 as
66:
activists, and others, to address trafficking in women and children and its role in prostitution and
310:
304:
67:
136:
a permanent advisory committee of the League. Its members were nine countries, and several
8:
35:
211:
169:
103:
407:
314:
216:
206:
153:
107:
95:
75:
59:
43:
39:
241:
226:
83:
447:
434:
401:
256:
221:
55:
32:
International
Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Children
373:. Centre for International Law, National University of Singapore. Archived from
116:
International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women of Full Age
18:
International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women of Full Age
236:
231:
157:
99:
63:
403:
From Motherhood to Citizenship: Women's Rights and International Organizations
457:
251:
246:
189:
165:
79:
161:
58:
during the late 19th century gave momentum to international efforts by
177:
699:
Treaties extended to the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
180:
reserve the Article 5 on limitation of age under 21 years old.
173:
144:
1937, but no further action was taken during the late 1930s.
839:
Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Trinidad and Tobago
272:
United States House of Representatives House Resolution 121
284:
879:
Treaties extended to the Gambia Colony and Protectorate
351:
339:
327:
959:
Treaties extended to the Italian Islands of the Aegean
724:
Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
869:
Treaties extended to the Gold Coast (British colony)
899:
Treaties extended to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands
824:
Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Seychelles
774:Treaties extended to the British Windward Islands
984:Treaties extended to the Territory of New Guinea
894:Treaties extended to the British Solomon Islands
769:Treaties extended to the British Leeward Islands
455:
909:Treaties extended to the Emirate of Transjordan
874:Treaties extended to the Colony of Sierra Leone
183:
72:Convention for Suppression of White Slave Trade
939:Treaties extended to the Union of South Africa
929:Treaties extended to the Nauru Trust Territory
919:Treaties extended to the Sultanate of Zanzibar
809:Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Malta
569:Treaties of the Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)
441:Signatures and ratifications of amended treaty
152:To this 1921 Convention, some nations declare
969:Treaties extended to Curaçao and Dependencies
524:Treaties of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
889:Treaties extended to the Uganda Protectorate
834:Treaties extended to the Straits Settlements
584:Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
42:that addressed the problem of international
989:Treaties extended to the Territory of Papua
974:Treaties extended to Surinam (Dutch colony)
884:Treaties extended to Tanganyika (territory)
964:Treaties extended to the Dutch East Indies
914:Treaties extended to the Colony of Sarawak
854:Treaties extended to the Colony of Jamaica
399:
357:
345:
333:
290:
164:reserve the application to the colonies,
904:Treaties extended to Mandatory Palestine
262:German military brothels in World War II
949:Treaties extended to Italian Somaliland
849:Treaties extended to the Colony of Fiji
504:Treaties of the First Austrian Republic
489:Treaties of the Principality of Albania
302:
14:
944:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
859:Treaties extended to British Mauritius
829:Treaties extended to Southern Rhodesia
814:Treaties extended to Northern Rhodesia
799:Treaties extended to British Hong Kong
659:Treaties of the Second Polish Republic
484:Treaties of the Kingdom of Afghanistan
456:
979:Treaties extended to Portuguese Macau
864:Treaties extended to British Dominica
779:Treaties extended to British Honduras
709:Treaties of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia
188:The League of Nations disbanded with
649:Treaties of the Dominion of Pakistan
89:
994:Treaties extended to Norfolk Island
844:Treaties extended to British Guiana
789:Treaties extended to British Cyprus
784:Treaties extended to British Ceylon
479:Treaties entered into force in 1922
24:
954:Treaties extended to Italian Libya
924:Treaties extended to British Burma
804:Treaties extended to British Kenya
664:Treaties of the Kingdom of Romania
574:Treaties extended to British India
393:
306:To Hell and Back, Europe 1914-1949
25:
1015:
674:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
564:Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece
421:
44:trafficking of women and children
999:Treaties extended to West Berlin
934:Treaties extended to New Zealand
594:Treaties of the Kingdom of Libya
579:Treaties of the Irish Free State
549:Treaties of the Kingdom of Egypt
194:United Nations Secretary General
749:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
559:Treaties of the Weimar Republic
147:
121:
106:supported the participation of
819:Treaties extended to Nyasaland
794:Treaties extended to Gibraltar
534:Treaties of the Czech Republic
499:Treaties extended to Australia
363:
296:
138:non-governmental organizations
13:
1:
514:Treaties of Vargas-era Brazil
277:
94:When it was established, the
49:
669:Treaties of the Soviet Union
428:Ratifications of 1921 treaty
184:Subsequent international law
102:and France's Prime Minister
7:
744:Treaties of North Macedonia
654:Treaties of the Philippines
634:Treaties of the Netherlands
519:Treaties extended to Canada
309:. London: Penguin. p.
200:
10:
1020:
539:Treaties of Czechoslovakia
474:Treaties concluded in 1921
469:League of Nations treaties
464:Human trafficking treaties
156:; inter alia, Australia,
130:
54:The growth of the social
679:Treaties of Sierra Leone
433:8 September 2015 at the
27:1921 multilateral treaty
714:Treaties of the Bahamas
446:19 October 2013 at the
114:In 1933, it passed the
624:Treaties of Montenegro
604:Treaties of Madagascar
599:Treaties of Luxembourg
1004:Anti-slavery treaties
739:Treaties of Mauritius
684:Treaties of Singapore
639:Treaties of Nicaragua
303:Kershaw, Ian (2015).
759:Treaties of Zimbabwe
689:Treaties of Slovakia
170:mandated territories
764:1921 in Switzerland
629:Treaties of Myanmar
589:Treaties of Jamaica
554:Treaties of Finland
544:Treaties of Denmark
509:Treaties of Belgium
494:Treaties of Algeria
160:, Japan, Spain and
68:labour exploitation
36:multilateral treaty
754:Treaties of Zambia
719:Treaties of Cyprus
704:Treaties of Turkey
694:Treaties of Sweden
644:Treaties of Norway
619:Treaties of Mexico
609:Treaties of Malawi
377:on 10 January 2012
212:Child prostitution
104:Georges Clemenceau
734:Treaties of Ghana
614:Treaties of Malta
217:League of Nations
207:Human trafficking
96:League of Nations
90:League of Nations
76:League of Nations
40:League of Nations
16:(Redirected from
1011:
729:Treaties of Fiji
529:Treaties of Cuba
417:
387:
386:
384:
382:
367:
361:
355:
349:
343:
337:
331:
325:
324:
300:
294:
293:, pp. 75–6.
288:
257:Slave Trade Acts
242:Arab slave trade
227:Prostitution law
84:Decline and Fall
21:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1008:
454:
453:
448:Wayback Machine
435:Wayback Machine
424:
414:
396:
394:Further reading
391:
390:
380:
378:
369:
368:
364:
358:Berkovitch 1999
356:
352:
346:Berkovitch 1999
344:
340:
334:Berkovitch 1999
332:
328:
321:
301:
297:
291:Berkovitch 1999
289:
285:
280:
222:Reform movement
203:
186:
150:
133:
124:
92:
56:reform movement
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1017:
1007:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
452:
451:
438:
423:
422:External links
420:
419:
418:
412:
395:
392:
389:
388:
362:
350:
338:
326:
319:
295:
282:
281:
279:
276:
275:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
237:Sexual slavery
234:
232:Social hygiene
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
202:
199:
185:
182:
158:British Empire
149:
146:
132:
129:
123:
120:
108:women's rights
100:Woodrow Wilson
91:
88:
82:'s 1928 novel
64:social hygiene
60:women's rights
51:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1016:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
461:
459:
449:
445:
442:
439:
436:
432:
429:
426:
425:
415:
413:9780801860287
409:
406:. JHU Press.
405:
404:
398:
397:
376:
372:
366:
360:, p. 77.
359:
354:
348:, p. 76.
347:
342:
336:, p. 75.
335:
330:
322:
320:9780141980430
316:
312:
308:
307:
299:
292:
287:
283:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
252:Comfort women
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
204:
198:
195:
191:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
145:
141:
139:
128:
119:
117:
112:
109:
105:
101:
97:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
47:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
402:
379:. Retrieved
375:the original
365:
353:
341:
329:
305:
298:
286:
247:Karayuki-san
190:World War II
187:
176:, Japan and
166:protectorate
154:reservations
151:
148:Reservations
142:
134:
125:
122:Key contents
113:
93:
80:Evelyn Waugh
53:
31:
29:
162:New Zealand
458:Categories
278:References
50:Background
34:is a 1921
444:Archived
431:Archived
201:See also
178:Thailand
62:groups,
38:of the
410:
381:12 May
317:
131:Impact
74:. The
174:India
408:ISBN
383:2012
315:ISBN
168:and
30:The
311:249
460::
313:.
172:;
118:.
86:.
46:.
450:.
437:.
416:.
385:.
323:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.