264:
930:
122:
1049:. Ryti and Mannerheim considered the battalion necessary to reinforce German support of Finland, thence the nickname "Panttipataljoona" ("Pawn battalion"), and the negotiations were concluded on 28 April with the Finnish conditions that Government, Civil Guards or Armed Forces would not enlist and that all military personnel wishing to participate must first take their leave of the Finnish army. (These conditions were designed to limit Finnish commitment to Nazi Germany.) The enlistment was carried out in May, and in June the troops were transferred to Germany where a
1672:
667:
government and military, and gained around 35,000 members at maximum. Emboldened by its success, it started organizing almost daily violent demonstrations during the first half of August which were supported politically by Zotov and a press campaign in
Leningrad. The government reacted forcefully and arrested leading members of the society which ended the demonstrations in spite of Zotov's and Molotov's protests. The Society was finally outlawed in December 1940.
1636:
25:
1660:
757:) now that France had collapsed. He had not been interested in Finland before the Winter War, but now he saw the value of Finland as an operating base, and perhaps also the military value of the Finnish army. In the first weeks of August, German fears of a likely immediate Soviet attack on Finland caused Hitler to free the arms embargo. The arms deliveries, which were stopped under the Winter War, were now resumed.
1614:
1648:
276:
1321:, who had been nominated as liaison officer to Finland on 11 June, reported to OKW on 14 June that Finland wouldn't finalize mobilization unless the prerequisites were granted. Although the Finns continued on the same day (14 June) with the second phase of mobilization, this time the mobilizing forces were located in northern Finland and later operated under German command.
528:, was spared occupation but encircled by Nazi Germany and Soviet Union. With direct support by Marshal Mannerheim a volunteer unit was formed and sent to Norway to help the fight against the Nazi army. The ambulance unit participated in the war until the Germans conquered the area in which it was serving. The volunteers returned to Finland.
251:(Finland's second-largest city or fourth-largest city , depending on the census data), had been worse than on the battlefield. A fifth of the country's industrial capacity and 9% of its territory were lost. Of the 12% of Finland's population who lived in the lost territories, only a few hundred stayed, the remaining 420,000
1247:
Heinrichs' group returned on 28 May and reported their discussions to
Mannerheim, Walden and Ryti. And on 30 May Ryti, Witting, Walden, Kivimäki, Mannerheim, Heinrichs, Talvela and Aaro Pakaslahti from Foreign Ministry had a meeting where they accepted the results of those negotiations with a list of
1128:
on 12 November, was visible around the end of March 1941. Stalin tried to improve relations toward the Third Reich by taking the leadership of the Soviet government on 6 May, backed off from unimportant issues, and fulfilled all trade deals even as German deliveries were late. Part of this policy was
666:
was created, and it actively propagated Soviet viewpoints. Ambassador Zotov had very close contacts with the
Society by holding weekly meetings with the Society leadership in the Soviet embassy and having Soviet diplomats participating in Society board meetings. The Society started by criticizing the
548:
Germany has traditionally been a counterweight to Russia in the Baltic region, and despite the fact that Hitler's Third Reich had acquiesced with the invader, Finland perceived some value in also seeking warmer relations in that direction. After the German occupation of Norway, and particularly after
460:
state budget. Military purchases were prioritised over civilian needs. Mannerheim's position and the continued state of war enabled an efficient management of the military, but it created an unfortunate parallel government that from time to time clashed with the structures of the civilian government.
1464:
On the morning of 22 June, both the Soviet Union and
Finland declared that each would be neutral in respect of the other in the war that was now underway. This precipitated unease in the Nazi leadership, which tried to provoke a response from the Soviet Union by using both the Finnish archipelago as
1148:
British-ambassador-Vereker saw
Finland moving towards Germany, and due to his reports, the British Foreign Office had requested easing Finnish trade regulations in Petsamo on 30 March. On 28 April Vereker reported that the British government should pressure the Soviet Union to return Hanko or Vyborg
1103:
to
Finland on 5 May, this time to clarify that war between Germany and the Soviet Union would not be launched before spring 1942. Ryti and Witting believed that, at least officially, and forwarded the message to Swedish Foreign Minister Günther, who was visiting Finland on 6–9 May. Witting also sent
1095:
However, the Finns had, in the past, learned bitterly how a small country can be used as small change in the deals of great powers, and in such a case
Finland could have been used as a token of reconciliation between Hitler and Stalin, something which the Finns had every reason to fear, which is why
1060:
Relations between Sweden and
Germany strained in March, and on 15 March Sweden mobilized 80,000 more men and moved military units to the southern coast and western border making it even more likely that Sweden couldn't support Finland if war broke out. This also affected Swedish-Finnish co-operation
921:, warned Sweden about the treaty. The Swedish government retreated from the issue but discussions for a more acceptable treaty continued until December when, on 6 December, the Soviet Union and, on 19 December Germany announced their strong opposition to any kind of union between Sweden and Finland.
807:
on 21 September. The arrival of German troops produced much relief to the insecurity of average Finns, and was largely approved. Most contrary voices opposed more the way the agreement was negotiated than the transfer itself, although the
Finnish people knew only the barest details of the agreements
479:
on 7 April. He had already exchanged letters with Ryti, and they quickly reached a basic understanding of the contents of the treaty. The Finns were eager to start trade and from the first meeting the preliminary treaty was created, which Finns accepted immediately; but Hambro needed the approval of
1502:
After three days, early on the morning of 25 June the Soviet Union made its move and unleashed a major air offensive against 18 cities with 460 planes, mainly striking airfields but seriously damaging civilian targets as well. The worst damage was done in Turku, where the airfield become inoperable
1012:
Mannerheim submitted his letter of resignation on 10 February, claiming that the continuing appeasement made it impossible to defend the country against an invader. He took his resignation back the next day after discussions with Ryti and after stricter instructions were sent to negotiators: 49% of
989:
When
Finnish military intelligence spotted troop movements on the Soviet side of the border, Mannerheim proposed, on 23 January 1941, a partial mobilization, but Ryti and Rangell didn't accept. Ambassador Kivimäki reported on 24 January 1941 that Germany was conscripting new age classes, and it was
985:
Negotiations with the Soviet Union had dragged on for six months when the Soviet Foreign Ministry announced, on 14 January 1941, that the negotiations had to be concluded quickly. On the same day, the Soviet Union interrupted grain deliveries to Finland. Soviet ambassador Zotov was recalled home on
637:
On 23 June the Soviet Union proposed that Finland should revoke Petsamo mining rights from the British–Canadian company and transfer them to the Soviet Union, or to a joint venture owned by the Soviets and the Finns. On 27 June Moscow demanded either demilitarization or a joint fortification effort
539:
ceded in the Moscow Peace, the loss of cattle during the hasty evacuation after the Winter War, and the unfavourable weather in the summer of 1940, resulted in a drastic fall of foodstuff production to less than two thirds of what was Finland's estimated need. Some of the deficit could be purchased
459:
During the summer and autumn, Finland received material purchased and donated during and immediately after the Winter War, but it took several months before Mannerheim was able to present a somewhat positive assessment of the state of the army. Military expenditures rose in 1940 to 45% of Finland's
408:
had mentioned the possibility of a Nordic Defence Alliance, possibly including also Norway and Denmark, to stabilize the situation in the region. On 15 March this plan was published for discussion in the parliaments. However, on 29 March the Soviet Union declared that an alliance would be in breach
1308:
Finnish parliament was informed for the first time on 9 June, when first mobilization orders were issued for troops needed to safeguard the following mobilization phases, like anti-air and border guard units. The Committee on Foreign Affairs complained that parliament was bypassed when deciding on
905:
dominance in Finland. One of the chief objectives of the plan was to ensure greatest possible liberty for Sweden and Finland in a presumed post-war Europe totally dominated by Nazi Germany. In Sweden, political opponents criticized the necessary adaptations to the Nazis; in Finland, the resistance
780:
in exchange for arms and other material. At first these arms shipments were transferred via Sweden, but later they came directly to Finland. For the Third Reich, this was a breach of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, as well as being for Finland a material breach of the Moscow Peace Treaty—that in fact
587:, a secret representative of the German Foreign Minister, visited Finland and queried Mannerheim and Ryti about Finland's willingness to defend the country against the Soviet Union. Mannerheim estimated the Finnish army could last a few weeks without more arms. Weissauer left without any promises.
937:
At the autumn of 1940, Finnish generals visited Germany and German occupied Europe several times to purchase additional material, guns and munition. Mannerheim even wrote a personal letter on 7 January 1941 to Göring, on which he tried to persuade him to release Finnish purchased artillery pieces
623:. He behaved undiplomatically and had a stiff-necked drive to advance Soviet interests, real or imagined, in Finland. During the summer and autumn he recommended several times in his reports to the Soviet Foreign Office that Finland ought to be finished off and wholly annexed by the Soviet Union.
1137:
on 23 April and a gift of a trainload of wheat was presented to J. K. Paasikivi when he retired from Moscow. The Soviet Union also renounced opposition to a Swedish-Finnish defence alliance, but Swedish disinterest and German opposition to that kind of alliance rendered the proposal moot. Soviet
607:
industrial area, which even Soviet members of the border commission considered to be on the Finnish side of the border, the forced return of evacuated machinery, locomotives, and rail cars; and inflexibility on questions which could have eased hardships created by the new border, such as fishing
239:
and by countries all over the world seemed to have no effect on Soviet policy. Sweden allowed volunteers to join the Finnish army, but did not send military support, and refused passage to French or British troops—which were in any event made ready in lower numbers than promised. Even right-wing
1431:(Sail Race) was launched in the early hours of 22 June to deliver Finnish troops to Ă…land. Soviet bombers launched attacks against Finnish ships during the operation at 0605 on 22 June 1941 before the Finnish ships had delivered the troops to Ă…land but no damage was inflicted in the air attack.
1067:
were sources of particular concern: the Finns were not viewed favourably by the Nazi race theorists. By active participation on Germany's side, Finnish leaders hoped for a more independent position in post-war Europe, through the removal of the Soviet threat and the incorporation of the related
997:
on 30 January–3 February, officially giving a lecture about Finnish experiences in the Winter War, but also including discussions with Halder. During the discussions Halder speculated about a possible German assault on the Soviet Union and Heinrichs informed him about Finnish mobilization
1044:
had demanded that Finland should show its orientation towards Germany "with deeds", by which it was clear that it meant enlistment of Finnish troops to the SS. The official contact was made on 1 March, and in the following negotiations the Finns tried in vain to transform the troops from SS to
1075:
in secret, and apart from the above contacts, no operational or political discussions were concluded during this time. Instead they published disinformation, such as claims that the German troop buildup in the East was merely a ruse ahead of a planned invasion of Britain (such a plan had been
981:
According to German reports, the ore body of Kolosjoki mines had a value of over 1 billion Reichsmark, and it could fulfil the demand for nickel in the Third Reich for 20 years. Later on, at the end of 1940, the Germans raised their estimate of the Kolosjoki nickel reserves four times larger.
552:
From May 1940, Finland pursued a campaign to re-establish the good relations with Germany that had soured in the last year of the 1930s. Finland rested her hope in the fragility of the Nazi–Soviet bond, and in the many personal friendships between Finnish and German athletes, scientists,
875:
visited Berlin on 12 November, he demanded that Germany stop supporting Finland, and the right to handle Finland in a similar way to Baltic states, but Hitler demanded that there should be no new military activities in Northern Europe before summer. Through unofficial channels, Finnish
1112:
produced five alternative border drafts for delivery to the Germans, who should then propose the best they felt they could bargain from the Soviet Union. In reality, the Germans had no such intentions, but the exercise served to fuel the support among leading Finns for taking part in
1522:
justified the attack as being directed against German targets in Finland, but even the British embassy had to admit that the heaviest hits had been taken by southern Finland, and airfields where there were no Germans. Only two targets had German forces present at the time of attack:
1156:
crisis had disillusioned Finnish politicians, especially Ryti and Mannerheim, creating the impression that peaceful co-existence with the Soviet Union was impossible, and that Finland would survive in peace only if the Soviet Union was defeated, as Ryti presented it to US ambassador
1259:. This area was easily given to them because it was sparsely inhabited and not critical to the defence of the more important southern provinces. The Finns also agreed to give two divisions to the Germans in northern Finland (30 000 men) and to the usage of airfields in Helsinki and
441:
and supervise the reorganization of Finland's Armed Forces and the fortification of the new border, a task that was critically important in the unruly times. Within a week after the peace treaty was signed, the fortification works were started along the 1200 km long
812:. The presence of German troops was seen as a deterrent for further Soviet threats and a counterbalance to the Soviet troop transfer right. The German troop transfer agreement was augmented on 21 November, allowing the transfer of wounded, and soldiers on leave, via
425:
was not revoked because of the widening world war, the difficult food supply situation, and the poor shape of the Finnish military. Censorship was not abolished and was used to suppress critics of the Moscow peace treaty and the most blatantly anti-Soviet comments.
1224:, but Germany recommended a passive stance. The negotiations continued the next day in Berlin with OKH, and contrary to the negotiations of the previous day, Germany wanted Finland to form a strong attack formation ready to strike on the eastern or western side of
686:, who was responsible for police and led the crackdown of the Society, but they retained their places in the cabinet after Ryti delivered a radio speech in which he stated the willingness of his government to improve relations between Finland and the Soviet Union.
740:
negotiations the Foreign Office pressured the license owning British-Canadian company to "temporarily" release the license and offered diplomatic support to Soviet attempts to gain control of the mine with the precondition that no ore would be shipped to Germany.
950:
and Göring on 15–18 January 1941, and was asked about Finnish plans to defend itself in case of new Soviet invasion. The Germans also inquired about the possibility of someone from Finland coming and giving a presentation about the experiences of the Winter War.
283:
is a ring that a Finn received in exchange for donating his gold ring to purchase military equipment for Finland fighting the Winter War, and especially for the needs of air defense after the Moscow peace. About 315,000 Finns exchanged their gold rings for "iron
1534:
A meeting of parliament was scheduled for 25 June, when Prime Minister Rangell had been due to present a notice about Finland's neutrality in the Soviet-German war, but the Soviet bombings led him to instead observe that Finland was once again at war with the
1300:
was transported by rail to Rovaniemi, where both of these turned eastward on 18 June. Britain cancelled all naval traffic to Petsamo from 14 June in protest against these moves. Starting from 14 June, a number of German minelayers and supporting
338:
With exception for the case of Nazi Germany, all of these attempts turned out to meet critical obstacles—either due to Moscow's fear that Finland would slide out of the Soviet sphere of influence or due to general dynamics of the world war.
1325:
sent a message on 15 June stating that the Finnish prerequisites were accepted, and the general mobilization restarted on 17 June, two days later than scheduled. On 16 June two Finnish divisions were transferred to the German army in
978:: 60% of the nickel produced was to be shipped to Germany. The negotiations alarmed the Soviet Union, which in June asked for 75% ownership of the mine and a nearby power plant together with the right to handle security in the area.
549:
the Allied evacuation from northern Norway, the relative importance of a German rapprochement increased. Finland had queried about the possibility of buying arms from Germany on 9 May, but Germany refused to even discuss the matter.
663:
1107:
Part of that disinformation campaign was a request to ambassador Kivimäki that Finland should offer proposals for a new border that the Germans could pressure the Soviets to accept in negotiations. On 30 May 1941 General
223:
to Soviet demands for bases and troop transfer rights, but Finland continued to refuse. As diplomatic pressure had failed, arms were resorted to, and on 30 November 1939 the Soviet Union began an invasion of Finland—the
650:
on 9 July. The transfer rights were given on 6 September, and demilitarization of Ă…land was agreed on 11 October, but negotiations on Petsamo continued to drag on, with Finnish negotiators stalling as much as possible.
1138:
radio propaganda against Finland also ceased. Orlov acted very conciliatory and soothed many feelings which had been raised by his predecessor, but as he failed to solve any critical issues (like the disagreement over
484:
exports to Britain in exchange for armaments and other necessary materials. However, the next day, Germany attacked Norway, making the treaty unworkable due to the lack of safe trade routes between the two countries.
1104:
the information to Finnish-ambassador-to-London Gripenberg. When the war broke out only a couple of weeks later, it was understandable that both Swedish and British governments felt that the Finns had lied to them.
1495:
was approved, but even that had to be cancelled due to bad weather. There were occasional individual and group level small arms shooting between Soviet and Finnish border guards, but otherwise the front was quiet.
689:
President Kallio suffered a stroke on 28 August, after which he was unable to work, but when he presented his resignation on 27 November the Soviet Union reacted by announcing that if Mannerheim, Tanner, Kivimäki,
1244:, but also possible usage of the Finnish navy in the upcoming war. During these negotiations the Finns presented a number of material requests ranging from grain and fuel to airplanes and radio equipment.
1248:
some prerequisites: a guarantee of Finnish independence, the pre-Winter War borders (or better), continuing grain deliveries, and that Finnish troops would not cross the border before a Soviet incursion.
867:
decided on 23 October that information concerning Finnish defence plans of Lappland could be given to the Wehrmacht to gain goodwill, even with the risk that they could be forwarded to the Soviet Union.
888:
and Finland. It called for a union of the two states in exchange for a Finnish declaration of satisfaction with the current borders. The plans were primarily championed by the Swedish Foreign Minister,
1317:
reported on 13 June that no negotiations were ongoing between Germany and the Soviet Union, Ryti and Mannerheim decided to delay mobilization as no guarantees had been received from Germany. General
540:
from Sweden and some from the Soviet Union, although delayed deliveries were then a means to exert pressure on Finland. In this situation, Finland had no alternative but to turn to Germany for help.
792:
had, in clear language, tried to persuade the Finns not to do exactly that. Propaganda in the censored press contributed to Finland's international re-orientation—although with very measured means.
172:
In the aftermath of the Winter War, both the Soviet Union and Finland were preparing for a new war while the Soviets pressured the Finns politically. In early 1940 Finland sued for an alliance with
1053:
was founded on 18 June. Foreign minister Witting informed Sweden, where similar activities were also conducted, already on 23 March about possible enlistment. The British ambassador to Helsinki,
986:
18 January and Soviet radio broadcasts started attacking Finland. On 21 January 1941 the Soviet Foreign Ministry issued an ultimatum demanding that nickel negotiations be concluded in two days.
725:
during the Winter War and he wondered to Ambassador Paasikivi 'didn't the Finns really want to follow Baltic Republics and join the Soviet Union?'. He also dismissively called President Kallio "
713:
Compared to the early spring, during the summer of 1940, British foreign policy looked to gain some support from the Soviet Union, so the new Britain government under Churchill appointed Sir
1491:
had to hold their fire. Air attacks were also prohibited, and very bad weather in northern Finland helped to keep the Germans from flying. Only one attack from Southern Finland against the
1037:
and chief-of-operational-office Colonel Tapola. Both sides were careful to point out the speculative nature of these discussions, although later they became the basis of formal agreements.
674:
be discharged from the cabinet because of his anti-Soviet stance and he had to resign on 15 August. Ambassador Zotov further demanded the resignation of both the Minister of Social Affairs
314:
treaties were now sought where Finland formerly had relied on goodwill and national friendship, and formerly frosty relations with ideological adversaries, such as the Soviet Union and the
788:
From the campaign to ease the Third Reich's coldness towards Finland, it seemed a natural development to also promote closer relations and cooperation, especially since the much-disliked
1363:
had already commenced in the northern Baltic by the late hours of 21 June, when German minelayers, which had been hiding in the Finnish archipelago, laid two large minefields across the
1088:
beginning on 6 April, suspicion of German intentions increased in Finland, though uncertainty still prevailed as to whether Hitler really intended to attack the Soviet Union before the
215:
clarified Soviet–German relations and enabled the Soviet Union to bring pressure to bear on the small Baltic republics and Finland, perhaps in order to better its strategic position in
1033:
and Northern Finland on 18 February – 3 March, when he familiarized himself with the terrain and climate of Lappland. He also had discussions with Mannerheim, Heinrichs, Major General
1068:
Finnish peoples of neighbouring Soviet areas, especially Karelia. This view gained increasing popularity in the Finnish leadership, and also in the press, during the spring of 1941.
1313:
wrote that the Soviet-minded "Sextuples", the far-left Social Democrats, were the reason that parliament couldn't be trusted in foreign policy questions. When Soviet news agency
1236:-line. The issue of mobilization was also discussed. It was decided that the Germans would send signal officers to enable confidential messaging to Mannerheim's headquarters in
913:
The official request for a union was made by Christian GĂĽnther on 18 October, and Finland's approval was received on 25 October, but by 5 November the Soviet ambassador in
1096:
relations with Berlin were considered of the utmost priority for the future of Finland, especially so if the war between Germany and Soviet Union failed to materialize.
381:
1271:
government would end co-operation as they considered it very important that Finland not be the aggressor and that no invasion should be launched from Finnish soil.
1732:
1188:
by the spring of 1941, the German army's standing was at its zenith, and its victory in the war seemed more than likely. The envoy of the German Foreign Ministry,
1130:
1013:
mining rights to the Soviet Union, the power plant to a separate Finnish company, reservation of the highest management positions for Finns and no further Soviet
1438:
early in the morning, so the Finnish commander sought permission to return fire, but before the permission was granted, Soviet artillery had stopped shooting.
1337:
was evacuated by Finnish planes on 18 June and the Germans were allowed to use it for refuelling from 19 June. German reconnaissance planes were stationed at
480:
his superiors and stressed that the treaty would not be considered official until the final version was negotiated. In the treaty Finland gave control of her
471:(MEW) asked the Foreign Office to start negotiations with Finland as soon as possible to secure positive relations with Finland. The under-secretary of MEW,
298:, signed on 12 March 1940, was a shock for the Finns. It was perceived as the ultimate failure of Finland's 1930s foreign policy, which had been based on
1499:
To keep a close eye on their opponents, both parties—and also the Germans—performed active air reconnaissance over the border, but no air fights ensued.
1158:
800:
643:
1029:
negotiations, diplomatic activities were halted for a few months. The most significant activities of that time was the visit of Colonel Buschenhagen to
1100:
584:
580:
emphasized the importance of close and friendly relations with the victors, and accordingly the courting of Nazi Germany was stepped up still further.
1528:
1454:
1318:
1286:
1153:
1139:
971:
841:
517:
1161:
on 28 April. The effect of this general feeling was that voices advocating closer ties with Germany grew stronger and the voices advocating armed
1189:
561:
in June 1940. The Finnish mass media not only refrained from criticism of Nazi Germany, but also took active part in this campaign. Dissent was
1309:
these issues, and protesting that Parliament should be trusted with sensitive information, but no other actions were taken. Swedish ambassador
1255:
on 3–6 June regarding some practical details. During these negotiations it was decided that Germany would be responsible for the area north of
1348:
On 20 June Finland's government ordered 45,000 people at the Soviet border to be evacuated. On 21 June Finland's chief of the General Staff,
1507:
was damaged. (After the war, the castle was repaired, but the work took until 1961.) Heavy damage to civilian targets was also sustained in
901:. They had to counter increasing anti-Swedish opinions in Finland; and in Sweden, Liberal and Socialist suspicions against what was seen as
508:, Finland was physically isolated from her traditional trade markets in the west. Sea routes to and from Finland were now controlled by the
1050:
781:
had been chiefly targeted against cooperation between Germany and Finland. It has been disputed in retrospect whether the ailing President
620:
303:
1727:
409:
of the Moscow Peace Treaty, which stalled the plan, and Germany's invasion of Denmark and Norway killed even the option of a smaller
347:
Public opinion in Finland longed for the re-acquisition of the homes of the 12% of Finland's population who had been forced to leave
733:". However, his opinions were not shared by the British Foreign Office, which apologized for his language to Ambassador Gripenberg.
1712:
1697:
959:
852:
in northern Norway. Also roadworks for improving winter road (between Karesuvanto and Skibotn) and totally new road (from Ivalo to
370:
1480:
with the Finnish freedom heroes". This was in flat contradiction of the statement made to parliament by British Foreign Secretary
263:
799:) should not be published for parliamentary discussion or voting. This precedent made it easy for the Finnish government to keep
302:
guarantees for support from similar countries, first in the world order established by the League of Nations, and later from the
247:, which ended the Winter War, was perceived as a great injustice. It seemed as if the losses at the negotiation table, including
954:
After the resignation of president Kallio, Risto Ryti was elected by parliament as the new president of Finland on 19 December.
512:. The outlet of the Baltic sea was blockaded, and in the far north Finland's route to the world was an Arctic dirt road from
240:
extremists were shocked to find that Nazi Germany did not help at all, and also blocked material help from other countries.
89:
1001:
Col. Buschenhagen had reported from northern Norway on 1 February that the Soviet Union had collected 500 fishing ships in
61:
1228:. The Finns promised to examine the proposal, but notified the Germans that they were only able to arrange supply to the
1166:
576:
heard from the diplomatic sources that Britain could soon be forced to negotiate peace with Germany. The experience from
876:
representatives were informed that "Finnish leaders can sleep peacefully, Hitler has opened his umbrella over Finland."
1531:. Once again Foreign Minister Eden had to admit to parliament on 26 June that the Soviet Union had initiated the war.
1717:
1702:
1408:. Finnish air defence noticed that one group of these bombers, most likely the ones responsible for mining the river
351:
in haste, and put their hope in the peace conference that was generally assumed would follow the World War. The term
108:
68:
1412:, flew over southern Finland. On the return trip, these bombers refuelled in Utti airfield before returning to East
1722:
1212:. The Germans also presented their interest in using Finnish territory to attack from Petsamo to Murmansk and from
1124:
don't begin without some advance notice, and worsening of Soviet-German relations, which began with the meeting in
553:
industrialists, and military officers. A part of that policy was accrediting the energetic former Prime Minister
220:
181:
1149:
to Finland as he saw it as the only possible way to secure Finnish neutrality in the case of German-Soviet war.
1618:
1487:
Finland did not allow direct German attacks from its soil to the Soviet Union, so German forces in Petsamo and
1458:
1297:
1204:
A group of staff officers led by General Heinrichs left Finland on 24 May and participated in discussions with
698:
75:
46:
42:
646:
with Germany on 8 July, Soviet Foreign Minister Molotov demanded similar rights for a Soviet troop transit to
252:
970:
Finland had negotiated with the Germans since spring 1940 about the production of Kolosjoki nickel mines in
694:
or someone of their ilk were chosen president, it would be considered a breach of the Moscow peace treaty.
468:
202:
366:
was forced to form a new cabinet right away. To achieve better national consensus, all parties except the
57:
1552:
1387:
434:
377:
289:
212:
1165:
within Finland's new borders (some among the Social Democrats, and some of the more left-leaning in the
1017:
against Finland. The Soviet Union rejected those terms on 18 February, thus ending nickel negotiations.
938:
Germany had captured in Norwegian harbours during WeserĂĽbung. During one of these visits, Major General
565:. Seen from Berlin, this looked like a refreshing contrast to the annoyingly anti-Nazi press in Sweden.
121:
1626:
1423:
as soon as possible and use it to close naval routes from Finland to Sweden and Germany (together with
1145:) or to restart grain imports from Soviet Union, his line was seen only as a new facade on old policy.
1080:) or safe training locations from British bombers, to hide their real intentions. When Germany invaded
929:
655:
410:
244:
1374:
to the easternmost part of the Gulf of Finland until the end of the Continuation War. Three Finnish
1057:, notified the Finnish Foreign Ministry on 16 May of the issue, demanding an end to the enlistment.
1707:
1692:
1428:
910:. However, the general feeling of Finland's dire and deteriorating position quieted many critics.
816:. Germans arrived and established quarters, depots, and bases along the rail lines from Vaasa and
554:
1572:
1014:
169:
was signed by Finland and the Soviet Union on 12 March 1940 and it ended the 105-day Winter War.
35:
1305:
arrived in Finland, some on an official naval visit, others hiding in the southern archipelago.
1046:
505:
177:
472:
701:
and annexed only a few months earlier. It was no wonder that the average Finn feared that the
1442:
955:
768:, arrived. He negotiated with Ryti and Mannerheim about German troop transfer rights between
691:
675:
1267:
and Rovaniemi were added later). Finland also warned Germany that an attempt to establish a
785:
was informed. Possibly Kallio's health collapsed before he could be confidentially briefed.
520:, from where the ships had to pass a long stretch of German-occupied Norwegian coast by the
1360:
1282:
1209:
1121:
1114:
1072:
754:
185:
82:
1274:
The negotiations for naval operations continued on 6 June in Kiel. It was agreed that the
1192:, visited Finland on 20–24 May, and invited one or more staff officers to negotiations in
1170:
890:
8:
1676:
1005:, capable of transporting a division. Hitler ordered troops in Norway to occupy Petsamo (
918:
902:
789:
722:
596:
583:
The first crack in the German coldness towards Finland was registered in late July, when
464:
359:
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as the Finnish interest for intelligence exchange diminished considerably during April.
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that it never managed to recuperate between the wars. Instead, on 22 May, the
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was authorized to form the war trade treaty with Finland, and he travelled to
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from Norway to Finland using Swedish rail. Sweden agreed to this on 24 June.
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party was included in the cabinet as an act of goodwill toward Nazi Germany.
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Situation in Europe by May/June 1941, immediately before Operation Barbarossa
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merely served to heighten distrust about the objectives of the Soviet Union.
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limits and defence plans with and without German or Swedish participation.
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The next visitor from Germany came on 18 August, when a representative of
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participated in the mining operation by laying 9 small fields between
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Soviet negotiators had insisted that the troop transfer agreement (to
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would close the Gulf of Finland with mines as soon as the war began.
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coast with first mines being laid at 0738 on 22 June 1941 by
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secret until the first German troops arrived at the port of
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in case of a widening of the war. The Baltic republics soon
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The continued state of war made it possible for President
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also improving relations with Finland. A new ambassador,
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Peace and Friendship Society of Finland and Soviet Union
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for a week, but among civilian targets, the medieval
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to Helsinki. All nine passengers and crew perished.
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1045:Wehrmacht, in commemoration of the World War I-era
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1469:'s public statement worked in the same direction;
1419:Finland feared that the Soviet Union would occupy
1396:Later the same night, German bombers, flying from
993:Finnish Chief of Staff Lt. Gen. Heinrichs visited
856:) were discussed, and later financed, by Germans.
705:had produced only a short delay of the same fate.
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1597:"MANNERHEIM - Commander-in-Chief - Transit Pact"
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1733:Military history of Finland during World War II
1040:Already in December 1940, leaders of Germany's
697:All of this reminded the public heavily of how
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1281:The arrival of German troops participating in
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197:The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and the Winter War
1400:airfields, flew along the Gulf of Finland to
1099:Once again the German Foreign Ministry sent
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362:, two ministers resigned and Prime Minister
253:moving to the Finnish side of the new border
157:. The term is used for the time between the
1251:The next round of negotiations occurred in
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801:a troop transfer agreement with the Germans
1220:. Heinrichs presented Finnish interest in
1025:After Heinrichs' visit and the end of the
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421:Although the peace treaty was signed, the
1484:on 24 June affirming Finnish neutrality.
1071:From February to April, Germany prepared
535:imports, that, together with the loss of
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1574:Suomenmaan Tilastollinen Vuosikirja 1940
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745:Improved relations with Nazi Germany
678:because he had called the Society a
531:Especially damaging was the loss of
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392:and the Soviet Union, was selected.
47:adding citations to reliable sources
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1180:After the successful occupation of
880:Attempted defence union with Sweden
599:created problems due to the Soviet
463:On 13 March, the same day that the
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544:Finland seeks German rapprochement
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670:The Soviet Union demanded that
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1459:German 163rd Infantry Division
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642:. After Sweden had signed the
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259:After the Moscow Peace Treaty
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469:Ministry of Economic Warfare
203:Background of the Winter War
149:) was a short period in the
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1571:Statistics Finland (1941).
1553:Aftermath of the Winter War
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494:Denmark and Norway occupied
290:Aftermath of the Winter War
180:. In June the Soviet Union
178:occupied Denmark and Norway
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595:The implementation of the
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411:Scandinavian defence union
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182:occupied the Baltic states
591:Continued Soviet pressure
1718:1941 in the Soviet Union
1703:1940 in the Soviet Union
1429:Operation Kilpapurjehdus
1200:Cooperation with Germany
897:, Education Minister in
749:Unbeknownst to Finland,
644:troop transfer agreement
608:rights and the usage of
435:Field Marshal Mannerheim
1723:Finland in World War II
1388:Finnish submarine
1047:Finnish Jäger Battalion
213:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
1167:Swedish People's Party
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630:, while en route from
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1443:Gebirgskorps Norwegen
1021:Diplomatic activities
956:Johan Wilhelm Rangell
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709:British policy change
676:Karl-August Fagerholm
555:Toivo Mikael Kivimäki
278:
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1621:at Wikimedia Commons
1361:Operation Barbarossa
1323:Field Marshal Keitel
1283:Operation Barbarossa
1210:Operation Barbarossa
1115:Operation Barbarossa
1051:Finnish SS battalion
976:I.G. Farbenindustrie
755:Operation Barbarossa
506:Operation WeserĂĽbung
43:improve this article
1285:began on 7 June in
919:Alexandra Kollontai
863:and chief of staff
790:Moscow Peace Treaty
723:Terijoki Government
597:Moscow Peace Treaty
465:Moscow Peace Treaty
360:Moscow Peace Treaty
343:Reaction in Finland
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245:Moscow Peace Treaty
167:Moscow Peace Treaty
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500:Norwegian campaign
482:strategic material
439:commander-in-chief
328:the United Kingdom
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151:history of Finland
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1617:Media related to
1447:Operation Rentier
1311:Karl-Ivan Westman
1159:Arthur Schoenfeld
1090:Battle of Britain
1007:Operation Rentier
891:Christian GĂĽnther
557:as ambassador in
489:Foreign relations
406:Per Albin Hansson
325:Sweden and Norway
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524:. Finland, like
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60: –
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32:This article
30:
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1677:Soviet Union
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1372:Baltic Fleet
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1276:Kriegsmarine
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680:fifth column
672:Väinö Tanner
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610:Saimaa Canal
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522:Arctic Ocean
510:Kriegsmarine
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423:state of war
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417:Re-armaments
402:Väinö Tanner
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390:Nazi Germany
386:Rolf Witting
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147:Mellanfreden
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1543:had begun.
1475:Bolshevists
1226:Lake Ladoga
1218:Kandalaksha
1131:Pavel Orlov
1065:Race issues
946:, Col. Gen
925:Road to war
895:Gösta Bagge
834:Kilpisjärvi
830:Karesuvanto
810:Third Reich
736:During the
731:reactionary
578:World War I
537:arable land
454:Lake Saimaa
316:Third Reich
308:Scandinavia
267:Traffic on
153:during the
1687:Categories
1559:References
1427:base), so
1376:submarines
1339:Tikkakoski
1242:Baltic Sea
1182:Yugoslavia
1175:Bolshevism
1163:neutrality
1122:Barbarossa
1082:Yugoslavia
1073:Barbarossa
903:right-wing
703:Winter War
692:Svinhufvud
660:Winter War
621:Ivan Zotov
601:Vae Victis
568:After the
533:fertilizer
445:Salpalinja
437:to remain
378:Mannerheim
304:Oslo group
288:See also:
269:Hämeenkatu
233:Winter War
226:Winter War
207:Winter War
192:Background
159:Winter War
69:newspapers
1525:Rovaniemi
1402:Leningrad
1390:Vetehinen
1380:Suursaari
1343:Jyväskylä
1261:Kemijärvi
1042:Waffen-SS
1015:agitation
915:Stockholm
899:Stockholm
865:Heinrichs
826:Rovaniemi
822:Ylitornio
808:with the
574:Stockholm
514:Rovaniemi
353:Välirauha
312:bilateral
281:iron ring
211:The 1939
139:Välirauha
1547:See also
1445:started
1384:Estonian
1289:, where
1269:Quisling
1253:Helsinki
1194:Salzburg
1135:Helsinki
1031:Helsinki
1003:Murmansk
854:Karasjok
850:Kirkenes
770:Finnmark
617:Helsinki
563:censored
477:Helsinki
161:and the
1653:History
1641:Finland
1627:Portals
1529:Petsamo
1513:Heinola
1455:Petsamo
1414:Prussia
1341:, near
1328:Lapland
1287:Petsamo
1238:Mikkeli
1230:Olonets
1171:GĂĽnther
1154:Petsamo
1140:Petsamo
972:Petsamo
873:Molotov
846:Skibotn
842:Petsamo
632:Tallinn
518:Petsamo
433:to ask
284:rings".
249:Viipuri
221:gave in
143:Swedish
135:Finnish
83:scholar
1665:Russia
1581:]
1539:. The
1471:Hitler
1467:Hitler
1451:Norway
1186:Greece
1143:nickel
1126:Berlin
1086:Greece
1027:nickel
995:Berlin
886:Sweden
861:Walden
783:Kallio
774:Norway
738:nickel
628:Kaleva
559:Berlin
526:Sweden
174:Sweden
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