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758:. It is required by the IVDP that wines spend some time in wood, usually between three and six years, followed by at least a further eight years in glass, before bottling. In practice, the times spent in glass are much longer. The style is associated with the company Niepoort, although others do exist. Their dark green demijohns, known as bon-bons, hold approximately 11 litres (2.4 imp gal; 2.9 US gal) each. Some connoisseurs describe Garrafeira as having a slight taste of bacon, the reason being that, during the second phase of maturation, certain oils may precipitate, causing a film to form across the surface of the glass.
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they retain their dark ruby color and fresh fruit flavours. Particularly fine vintage ports can continue to gain complexity for many decades after they were bottled. It is not uncommon for 19th-century bottles to still be in perfect condition for consumption. The oldest known vintage port still available as of 2018 from a shipper is the 1815 Ferreira. A tasting in 1990 described it as having an "intensely spicy aroma – cinnamon, pepper, and ginger – hints of exotic woods, iodine, and wax".
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matured" must have enjoyed at least three years of bottle maturation before release. Before 2002 this style was often marketed as "traditional", a description that is no longer permitted. Unfiltered LBV will usually be improved by extra years in the bottle. It can age as long as vintage ports and are very difficult to identify as LBVs when inserted into blind tastings of vintage ports.
1024:. A few port shippers and producers were also established by native Portuguese families: Ferreira and Quinta do Crasto are among the best. Both Ferreira and Quinta do Crasto can be credited for pioneering the Douro as a table-wine-producing region, Ferreira making Barca Velha since 1952 and Quinta do Crasto becoming the second producer of note, starting in the early 1990s.
986:, north of Oporto, to learn the wine trade. While on a vacation in the Douro, the two gentlemen visited the Abbot of Lamego, who treated them to a "very agreeable, sweetish and extremely smooth" wine, which had been fortified with a distilled spirit. The two Englishmen were so pleased with the product that they purchased the abbot's entire lot and shipped it home.
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Vintage ports may be aged in barrels or stainless steel for a maximum of two and a half years before bottling, and generally require another 10 to 40 years of aging in the bottle before reaching what is considered a proper drinking age. Since they are potentially aged in a cask for only a short time,
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Late bottled vintage (often referred to simply as LBV) was originally wine that had been destined for bottling as vintage port, but because of lack of demand was left in the barrel for longer than had been planned. Over time it has become two distinct styles of wine, both of them bottled between four
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Port wine is typically richer, sweeter, heavier, and higher in alcohol content than unfortified wines. This is caused by the addition of distilled grape spirits that fortify the wine, but also halt fermentation before all the sugar is converted to alcohol, and results in a wine that is usually 19% to
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Producers of port wine are often called "shippers". In the early history of the port wine trade, many of the most powerful shipping families were
British (English and Scottish) and Irish; this history can still be seen in the names of many of the most famous port wines. Over the years Portuguese, as
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In intermediate years, the producers of blended vintage ports will not declare their flagship port but may declare the vintage of a single quinta, e.g., the 1996 Dow's Quinta do Bomfim and Taylor's Quinta de
Vargellas. Some houses declare their wines in all but the worst years: Quinta do Vesuvio has
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Unfiltered LBVs are mostly bottled with conventional driven corks and need to be decanted. After decanting they should be consumed within a few days. Recent bottlings are identified by the label "unfiltered", "bottle matured", or both. Since the 2002 regulations, bottles that carry the words "bottle
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The accidental origin of late bottled vintage has led to more than one company claiming its invention. The earliest known reference to a style of port with this name in a merchant's list is to be found in The Wine
Society's catalogue from 1964, which includes Fonseca's Quinta Milieu 1958, bottled in
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Single quinta vintage ports are wines that originate from a single estate, unlike the standard bottlings of the port wine houses which can be sourced from a number of quintas. Single quinta bottlings are used in two ways by producers. Most of the large port wine houses have a single quinta bottling
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Tawny ports are wines usually made from red grapes that are aged in wooden barrels exposing them to gradual oxidation and evaporation. As a result of this oxidation, they mellow to a golden-brown color. The exposure to oxygen imparts "nutty" flavours to the wine, which is blended to match the house
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In 2013, there were 8.7 million cases of port sold, 3.6% less than the previous year, at a value of $ 499 million. Port sales have been declining since 2005 and in 2014 were down 16% from that year. Declining sales are attributed by some to increasing prices, due to the increased cost of
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Colheita port is a single-vintage tawny port aged for at least seven years, with the vintage year on the bottle instead of a category of age (10, 20, etc.). Colheita port should not be confused with a vintage port: a vintage port will spend only about 18 months in barrels after harvest and will
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Vintage port is made entirely from the grapes of a declared vintage year. While it is by far the most renowned type of port, from a volume and revenue standpoint, vintage port accounts for only about two percent of overall port production. Not every year is declared a vintage in the Douro. The
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Port, like other wine, should be stored in a cool but not cold, dark location (as light can damage the port), at a steady temperature (such as a cellar), with the bottle laid on its side if it has a cork, or standing up if it is stoppered. With the exception of white port, which can be served
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Once opened, a port generally lasts longer than unfortified wine, but it is still best consumed within a short period of time. Tawny, ruby, and LBV ports may keep for several months once opened; because they are aged longer in barrels, these ports have already been exposed to some degree of
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Improved wine-making technologies and better weather forecasts during the harvest have increased the number of years in which a vintage can be declared. Although there have been years when only one or two wines have been declared, it has been over thirty years since there was a year with no
317:). The summertime average temperature of the region is a few degrees higher, and annual rainfall is about 700 millimetres (28 in). The grapes grown in this zone are considered of higher quality, being used in bottlings of Vintage, Reserve, aged Tawny, and Late Bottled Vintage Ports.
307:. This region is the wettest port production zone, receiving an annual average of 900 millimetres (35 in) of precipitation and it has the coolest average temperature of the three zones. The grapes grown here are used mainly for the production of inexpensive ruby and tawny ports.
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Much of the complex character of aged vintage port comes from the continued slow decomposition of grape solids in each bottle. These solids are undesirable when the port is consumed, and thus vintage port typically requires a period of settling before decanting and pouring.
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is widely considered the most desirable port grape but the difficulty in growing it, and the small yields cause
Touriga Francesa to be the most widely planted grape. White ports are produced the same way as red ports, except that they use white grapes –
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Crusted port is usually a blend of several vintages. Unlike vintage port, which has to be sourced from grapes from a single vintage, crusted port affords the port blender the opportunity to make best use of the varying characteristics of different vintages.
979:), was founded to guarantee the quality of the product and fair pricing to the end consumer. The C.G.A.V.A.D. was also in charge of regulating which port wine would be for export or internal consumption and managing the protected geographic indication.
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has a distinct meaning in the context of vintage port. While vintage is simply the year in which a wine is made, most producers of vintage port restrict their production of year-labelled bottlings to only the best years, a few per decade. Contrast with
1057:. The tongs are heated over a flame and applied to the bottle's neck. The bottleneck is cooled with cold water, causing a clean break. This avoids the use of a corkscrew on an older cork, which would otherwise break apart and crumble into the wine.
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LBV is intended to provide some of the experience of drinking a vintage port but without the need for lengthy bottle ageing. To a limited extent, it succeeds, as the extra years of oxidative ageing in the barrel does mature the wine more quickly.
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Grapes grown for port are generally characterized by their small, dense fruit which produces concentrated and long-lasting flavours, suitable for long aging. While the grapes used to produce port made in
Portugal are strictly regulated by the
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which is only produced in some years when the regular vintage port of the house is not declared. In those years, wine from their best quinta is still bottled under a vintage designation, rather than being used for simpler port qualities.
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Ruby Port is young, full-bodied, blended in the style of individual port producers. It is aged for two or three years in large vats to keep oxidation to a minimum. ... Premium Rubys are of better quality and aged in wood for four to six
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The latter, being matured in wooden barrels, whose permeability allows a small amount of exposure to oxygen, experience what is known as "oxidative" aging. They too lose color, but at a faster pace. They also lose volume to evaporation
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alcohol used in the production process. Declining sales have also been attributed to the global rise in alcohol levels of table wines. As of 2014, the leading brand in
Portugal is Cálem, which sells 2.6 million bottles annually.
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Above this are tawny with an indication of age, which represent a blend of several vintages. The target age profile, in years in wood, is stated on the label, usually 10, 20, 30, or 40 years. These ports are produced by most houses.
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If a port house decides that its wine is of a quality sufficient for a vintage, samples are sent to the IVDP for approval and the house declares the vintage. In very good years, almost all the port houses will declare their wines.
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and is usually bottled in a stoppered bottle that can be easily resealed. However, many wine experts feel that this convenience comes at a price and believe that the filtration process strips out much of the character of the wine.
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2016 was declared a vintage year by most producers, as was 2011. The quality of the grape harvest was attributed to ideal rainfall and temperature. Other recent widely declared vintage years were 2007, 2003, 2000, 1997 and 1994.
1020:, and Warre being amongst the best known. Shippers of Dutch and German origin are also prominent, such as Niepoort and Burmester. The British involvement grew so strong that they formed a trade association that became a
626:. In 2002 the IVDP prohibited the use of the term "vintage character", as reserve ruby port had neither a single vintage (usually being a blend of several vintages of the ruby) nor the typical character of vintage port.
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The former, without exposure to air, experience what is known as "reductive" ageing. This process leads to the wine losing its color very slowly and produces a wine that is smoother on the palate and less tannic.
138:
Other port-style fortified wines are produced outside
Portugal – in Argentina, Australia, Canada, France, India, Italy, South Africa, Spain, and the United States – but under the
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after fermentation, to prevent oxidative aging and preserve its bright red color and full-bodied fruitiness. The wine is usually blended to match the style of the brand to which it is to be sold. The wine is
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decision on whether to declare a vintage is made early in the second year following the harvest. The decision to declare a vintage is made by each individual port house often referred to as a "shipper".
210:, where much of the product was brought to market or for export to other countries in Europe. The Douro valley where port wine is produced was defined and established as a protected region, and the name
1072:") and for the bottle or decanter not to touch the table on its way around, though some cultures reject this tradition. If a diner fails to pass the port, others at the table may ask "Do you know the
2138:
789:, Taylor introduced Chip Dry, a new style of white apéritif Port, in 1934. Made from traditional white grape varieties, it is fermented for longer than usual to give it a crisp dry finish.
288:(about 70 km (43 mi) upstream from Porto), the valley extends eastward almost to the Spanish border. The region is protected from the influences of the Atlantic Ocean by the
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In some places, such as Canada and
Australia, 'tawny' may also be used to describe any port-style wine that is not produced in Portugal, in accordance with an agreement with the EU.
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Port from
Portugal comes in several styles, which can be divided into two broad categories: wines matured in sealed glass bottles, and wines that have matured in wooden barrels.
1849:
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He, Jingren; Oliveira, Joana; Silva, Artur M. S.; Mateus, Nuno; De
Freitas, Victor (2010). "Oxovitisins: A New Class of Neutral Pyranone-anthocyanin Derivatives in Red Wines".
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415:. While a few shippers have experimented with Ports produced from a single variety of grapes, all Ports commercially available are from a blend of different grapes. Since the
323:– The easternmost zone, extending almost to the Spanish border. This is the least cultivated region of Douro, due in part to the difficulties of navigating the river past the
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When a port is described as tawny, without an indication of age, it is a basic blend of wood-aged port that has spent time in wooden barrels, typically at least three years.
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Typically ready to drink when released, filtered LBV ports tend to be lighter-bodied than vintage ports. Filtered LBVs can improve with age, but only to a limited degree.
1076:?" – the question acts as a reminder to pass the port, for those who know the story, and an opportunity to tell the story to those who have not heard it.
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continue to mature in bottles, but a Colheita may have spent 20 or more years in wooden barrels before being bottled and sold. White Colheitas have also been produced.
997:. British importers could be credited for recognising that a smooth, already fortified wine that would appeal to English palates would survive the trip to London.
1065:. Old Vintage ports are best consumed within several days of opening, but young Vintage Ports can be kept open for several weeks, if not months when very young.
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and is a key institution in promoting the industry and knowledge of making port wine. It was previously known as the Instituto do Vinho do Porto.
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Unusual and rare, vintage-dated Garrafeira combines the oxidative maturation of years in wood with further reductive maturation in large glass
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Confusingly, the word Garrafeira may also be found on some very old tawny labels, where the contents of the bottle are of exceptional age.
922:, where (primarily) Bordeaux producers release a year-labelled top wine almost every year, but also lesser quality wines in some years.
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mountains. The area is subdivided into three official zones: the Baixo (lower) Corgo, the Cima (higher) Corgo, and the Douro Superior.
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chilled, the port should be served at between 15 and 20 °C (59–68 °F). Tawny port may also be served slightly cooler.
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Tradition in the United Kingdom calls for the port being served at a formal dinner to be passed to the left ("pass the port to
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Crusted port is bottled unfiltered and sealed with a driven cork. Like vintage port, it needs to be decanted before drinking.
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dams were built along the river, ending this traditional conveyance. Currently, the wine is transported from the vineyards by
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Port is produced from grapes grown and processed in the demarcated Douro region. The wine produced is then fortified by the
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of 1703, when merchants were permitted to import it at a low duty, while war with France deprived English wine drinkers of
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The continued British involvement in the port trade can be seen in the names of many port shippers and brands: Broadbent,
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before bottling and does not generally improve with age, although premium rubies are aged in wood from four to six years.
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It is also possible to produce an aged white port in this manner, with some shippers now marketing aged white ports.
331:. This is the driest and warmest region of the Douro. The overall terrain is relatively flat, with the potential for
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style. They are sweet or medium dry and typically consumed as a dessert wine, but can also pair with a main course.
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is the partiality of respectable elderly ladies for port, which they excuse on the grounds that it is "medicinal".
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in English-speaking countries, often with cheese, nuts, or chocolate; white and tawny ports are often served as an
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Port is produced from grapes grown in the Douro valley. Until 1986 it could only be exported from Portugal from
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587:) further divides ports into two categories: normal ports (standard ruby, three-year-old tawny, and white) and
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and six years after the vintage, but one style is fined and filtered before bottling, while the other is not.
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Rose port is a very recent variation on the market, first released in 2008 by Poças and by Croft, part of the
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198:, before being bottled. The wine received its name, "port", in the latter half of the 17th century from the
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522:, Portugal's second-largest city. Traditionally, the wine was taken downriver in flat-bottom boats called '
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313:– Located upstream from the Baixo Corgo, this region is centred on the town of Pinhão (municipality of
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The vineyards that produce port wine are common along the hillsides that flank the valley of the River
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Port has been used in the past as a healing agent in earlier remedies. The British Prime Minister
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the UK, also in 1964. By the 1962 vintage, LBV was being produced in Portugal and bottled as LBV.
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as a boy. He began at the age of 14 (1773) with a bottle a day according to J. Ehrman (1969),
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430:, which, since being planted in 1925, has produced some of the most expensive vintage ports.
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Port wines that are unfiltered (such as vintage ports, crusted ports, and some LBVs) form a
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well as Dutch and German-owned shippers have also become prevalent in the port industry.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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30:"Port Wine" redirects here. For the locality in Barcaldine, Queensland, Australia, see
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975:(C.G.A.V.A.D., also known as the General Company of Viticulture of the Upper Douro or
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is considered to be the centre of port production, and is known for its picturesque
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1614:"What's the difference between Vintage Port, Late-Bottled Vintage, and Colheita?"
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Port and Douro Wines Institute official site, Portuguese Ministry of Agriculture
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The demarcation of the Douro River Valley includes a broad swath of land of pre-
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Reserve ruby is a premium ruby port approved by the IVDP's tasting panel, the
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declared a vintage every year with the exceptions of 1993, 2002, and 2014.
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The reaches of the valley of the Douro River in northern Portugal have a
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1937:"Tried & tasted: Sandeman, Ferreira & Offley 2011 Vintage Ports"
1850:"Rare bottle of port that dates from Battle of Waterloo to be auctioned"
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The Port and Douro Wines Institute is an official body belonging to the
638:. It is technically a ruby port, but fermented in a similar manner to a
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guidelines, only wines from Portugal are allowed to be labelled "port".
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Voss, Rogeer (26 October 2012). "5 Misconceptions of Vintage Port".
1397:"Global Port Volume Slips, But Premiumization Well Underway in U.S."
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Aged port wine contains a family of bluish phenolic pigments called
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The filtered wine has the advantage of being ready to drink without
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1316:"Office of the Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives"
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In 1678, a Liverpool wine merchant sent two new representatives to
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1670:"Types of Port Wine: An In-Depth Guide to Portugal's Famous Drink"
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The most common type, ruby port is stored in tanks of concrete or
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Mateus, N; Oliveira, J; Haettich-Motta, M; De Freitas, V (2004).
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1822:"Sotheby's auctions 1815 'Waterloo Vintage' port for record sum"
1589:"Labelling law change: Australian 'sherry' and 'port' forbidden"
135:, although it also comes in dry, semi-dry, and white varieties.
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This article is about the type of wine. For the birthmark, see
1220:, a non-alcoholic soft drink based on the flavour of the wine.
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The wine-producing Douro region is the third oldest protected
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rootstock, with the notable exception of the Nacional area of
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98:
661:, Kopke, and other houses) has been aged about seven years.
657:
Reserve tawny port (produced by Borges, Calem, Croft, Cruz,
3977:
3637:
3222:
3202:
3132:
3084:
3079:
3014:
2954:
2557:
1134:
1079:
1288:"Labelling of wine and certain other wine sector products"
362:) are sanctioned for port production, although only five (
4204:
3810:
3409:
3069:
1141:. Heavy alcohol consumption is known to exacerbate gout.
299:– The westernmost zone located downstream from the river
4662:
Portuguese products with protected designation of origin
578:), leaving behind a wine that is slightly more viscous.
463:. The reason given is: Figures are 10 years out of date.
2408:
2121:
1053:
A traditional method of opening a vintage port is with
1012:, Croft, Dow, Gould Campbell, Graham, Osborne, Offley,
973:
Companhia Geral da Agricultura das Vinhas do Alto Douro
194:
stored in a lodge (meaning "cellar") as is the case in
182:. The fortification spirit is sometimes referred to as
178:, leaving residual sugar in the wine, and to boost the
1117:, is home to many famous port houses located near the
2369:
2178:
1954:
1124:
591:, special categories, which include everything else.
2153:
1183:
1086:
Quinta classification of Port vineyards in the Douro
2625:
2128:
1848:
1721:"To filter or not to filter? That is the question"
2208:
1348:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
218:, in 1756, making it the third oldest wine after
4648:
2049:
621:
1967:. Sotheby's (4th ed.). New York City: DK.
1687:
1685:
1683:
989:Port became very popular in England after the
769:White port is made from white grapes, such as
62:Official guarantee label from a bottle of port
4375:
2430:
1928:
887:
538:are only used for racing and other displays.
2130:"Pass the Port: Why do you pass to the left"
1004:Sandeman cellar, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
3898:and infused distilled drinks by ingredients
2079:
1934:
1680:
722:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
87:
4382:
4368:
3296:
2457:
2437:
2423:
2325:Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology
2346:
2336:
2321:"New Family of Bluish Pyranoanthocyanins"
2019:
1989:
1960:
1846:
1414:
742:Learn how and when to remove this message
550:Port is commonly served after meals as a
2277:
2238:"The world's most stunning wine region?"
1911:"Major Port Houses Declare 2011 Vintage"
1674:Avant-Garde Community Travel Experiences
1375:
1373:
1341:
1080:Instituto dos Vinhos do Douro e do Porto
999:
941:
900:
866:
822:
501:
490:
349:
264:
153:
149:
57:
49:
2444:
1908:
1391:
1389:
792:
14:
4649:
2283:
1879:
1745:
1718:
1691:
1535:
1477:
1475:
1251:
1027:
4363:
3893:
3295:
2624:
2456:
2418:
2409:Instituto dos Vinhos do Douro e Porto
1904:
1902:
1452:
1370:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1046:(or crust) in the bottle and require
584:Instituto dos Vinhos do Douro e Porto
81:
18:Instituto dos Vinhos do Douro e Porto
2235:
2216:"The Port and Douro Wines Institute"
2141:from the original on 11 January 2022
2110:
2104:
2087:"Words About Port: A quick overview"
1861:from the original on 11 January 2022
1536:Mayson, Richard (10 December 2016).
1446:
1386:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
720:adding citations to reliable sources
687:
445:
358:Over a hundred varieties of grapes (
1472:
1144:A recurring theme in the novels of
24:
4389:
1899:
1746:Mayson, Richard (15 August 2014).
1692:Mayson, Richard (15 August 2014).
1326:
1125:As a historical remedy for illness
382:) are widely cultivated and used.
284:. Beginning around the village of
168:addition of a neutral grape spirit
25:
4673:
2402:
1857:. Telegraph Media Group Limited.
1847:Alexander, Saffron (1 May 2015).
1723:. L.A. Daily News. Archived from
1453:Smith, Hamish (10 January 2014).
1236:
303:, centred on the municipality of
4631:
2260:"Caves do Vinho do Porto – AEVP"
1561:
1186:
967:In 1756, during the rule of the
692:
450:
354:Vintage ports from 1870 and 1873
2363:
2312:
2252:
2229:
1964:The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia
1909:Antunes, Luis (24 April 2013).
1882:"2016 Port: 'Classic' But Tiny"
1873:
1840:
1814:
1792:
1766:
1739:
1712:
1662:
1636:
1606:
1581:
1555:
1529:
1504:
1202:List of Portuguese wine regions
862:
260:
144:Protected Designation of Origin
41:. For the Krazy Kat short, see
2475:History of alcoholic beverages
1880:Millar, Rupert (23 May 2018).
1642:
1430:. 29 June 2009. Archived from
1342:Robinson, Jancis, ed. (2006).
1308:
1280:
1160:(vinylpyranoanthocyanins) and
1101:
13:
1:
1935:Sarah Ahmed (29 April 2013).
1719:Lipson, Larry (26 May 2006).
1229:
809:
764:
683:
541:
510:carrying display port barrels
2236:Ames, Paul (2 August 2016).
1345:The Oxford companion to wine
1151:
486:
7:
2161:"How to Serve Vintage Port"
1179:
896:
871:Delaforce 1985 vintage port
818:
674:
636:Taylor Fladgate Partnership
436:Instituto do Vinho do Porto
10:
4678:
1538:"Understanding Tawny Port"
1455:"Bright Outlook Port Side"
1214:, a cheese made with wine.
1083:
1031:
948:History of Portuguese wine
945:
888:Single quinta vintage port
850:
615:
422:, most vines are grown on
343:
36:
29:
4629:
4613:
4580:
4544:
4506:
4463:
4420:
4397:
4344:
3903:
3889:
3723:
3532:
3309:
3305:
3291:
3100:
2874:
2638:
2634:
2620:
2520:
2467:
2463:
2452:
2338:10.1155/S1110724304404033
561:
459:This section needs to be
339:
27:Portuguese fortified wine
3747:Coconut and other palms
3119:Coconut and other palms
2490:History of Bordeaux wine
2114:Wine Enthusiast Magazine
1645:"What is Colheita Port?"
1131:William Pitt the Younger
645:
441:
346:List of Port wine grapes
2575:Drinking establishments
2186:"The Bishop of Norwich"
1961:Stevenson, Tom (2007).
1941:thewinedetective.co.uk/
1800:"Graham's Crusted Port"
1423:Alcohol Levels and Wine
1252:Porter, Darwin (2000).
1092:Ministry of Agriculture
629:
594:
269:Aging in wooden barrels
83:[ˈviɲuðuˈpoɾtu]
4440:Death in the Afternoon
3782:Sugarcane or molasses
3219:Sugarcane or molasses
2458:History and production
1516:Berry Bros. & Rudd
1005:
910:
872:
836:
622:
511:
499:
355:
270:
163:
74:
63:
55:
2505:History of Rioja wine
2290:. London: Constable.
2284:Ehrman, John (2004).
2137:. 26 September 2009.
2057:"Decanting port Info"
1564:"They called it Port"
1003:
942:History and tradition
934:declarations at all.
904:
870:
827:A bottle of filtered
826:
505:
494:
353:
268:
251:São João da Pesqueira
162:in northern Portugal.
157:
150:Region and production
61:
54:A glass of tawny port
53:
32:Port Wine, Queensland
4216:Mammee apple flower
2495:History of Champagne
1649:For the Love of Port
1593:Australian Food News
1459:Drinks International
793:Late bottled vintage
716:improve this section
623:Câmara de Provadores
589:Categorias Especiais
233:that is optimal for
206:at the mouth of the
131:, often served with
124:. It is typically a
4266:Sugarcane/molasses
2709:Moscatel de Setúbal
2602:Yeast in winemaking
2590:Yeast in winemaking
2446:Alcoholic beverages
2372:J. Agric. Food Chem
2037:on 12 December 2007
2007:on 17 February 2009
1886:The Drinks Business
1780:. Fonseca Port Wine
1727:on 2 September 2006
1676:. 29 February 2024.
1512:"Vintage Character"
1487:The Port Wine Store
1434:on 14 November 2016
1133:was given port for
1115:World Heritage Site
1028:Storing and serving
956:in the world after
528:hydroelectric power
2500:History of Chianti
2468:History of alcohol
2067:on 10 October 2016
1826:Algarve Daily News
1400:Shanken News Daily
1381:Port and the Douro
1255:Frommer's Portugal
1006:
977:Douro Wine Company
911:
873:
837:
512:
500:
356:
271:
164:
64:
56:
4644:
4643:
4621:List of cocktails
4430:Aigua de València
4357:
4356:
4340:
4339:
4043:Chocolate liqueur
4004:Blackthorn shrub
3885:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3837:Various starches
3593:Tennessee whiskey
3287:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3254:Various starches
2616:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2510:History of Sherry
2384:10.1021/jf101408q
2378:(15): 8814–8819.
2297:978-1-84529-142-6
2091:Wine Lovers' Page
1974:978-0-7566-3164-2
1170:pyranoanthocyanin
1074:Bishop of Norwich
969:Marquis of Pombal
909:Vintage Port 1963
752:
751:
744:
516:Vila Nova de Gaia
480:
479:
389:Donzelinho Branco
329:Cachão da Valeira
214:thus an official
196:Vila Nova de Gaia
122:northern Portugal
16:(Redirected from
4669:
4635:
4384:
4377:
4370:
4361:
4360:
3964:Herbs de Majorca
3938:Anisado Mallorca
3891:
3890:
3693:American whiskey
3684:Multiple grains
3573:Buckwheat whisky
3307:
3306:
3293:
3292:
3066:Multiple grains
2636:
2635:
2627:Fermented drinks
2622:
2621:
2528:Alcohol industry
2465:
2464:
2454:
2453:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2416:
2415:
2396:
2395:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2350:
2340:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2287:The Younger Pitt
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2192:. Archived from
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2132:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2063:. Archived from
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2033:. Archived from
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2003:. Archived from
1993:
1987:
1986:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1852:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1748:"Know your Port"
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1689:
1678:
1677:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1620:. Archived from
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1393:
1384:
1377:
1368:
1367:
1339:
1324:
1323:
1318:. Archived from
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1296:. European Union
1284:
1278:
1277:
1249:
1212:Port wine cheese
1196:
1191:
1190:
1146:Anthony Trollope
1139:The Younger Pitt
1022:gentlemen's club
984:Viana do Castelo
747:
740:
736:
733:
727:
696:
688:
625:
475:
472:
466:
454:
453:
446:
384:Touriga Nacional
380:Touriga Nacional
376:Touriga Francesa
116:produced in the
104:
101:
95:
92:
89:
85:
80:
21:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4625:
4609:
4596:
4576:
4567:Tinto de Verano
4540:
4532:
4502:
4499:
4479:
4465:Sparkling wine
4459:
4450:Prince of Wales
4416:
4393:
4388:
4358:
4353:
4336:
4305:Crème de cassis
4300:Crème de banane
4286:Various fruits
4155:Crème de menthe
3916:Crème de Noyaux
3899:
3877:
3719:
3703:Canadian whisky
3677:Kaoliang liquor
3583:Bourbon whiskey
3548:Japanese whisky
3528:
3497:Marillenschnaps
3473:Various fruits
3301:
3279:
3108:Agave americana
3096:
2870:
2825:Various fruits
2630:
2608:
2516:
2485:History of wine
2480:History of beer
2459:
2448:
2443:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2368:
2364:
2317:
2313:
2298:
2282:
2278:
2268:
2266:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2241:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2190:Taylor Fladgate
2184:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2165:vintageport.biz
2159:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2093:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2068:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2008:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1975:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1907:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1802:. Graham's Port
1798:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1690:
1681:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1568:Wines of Canada
1560:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1491:
1489:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1379:Mayson (1999),
1378:
1371:
1356:
1340:
1327:
1322:on 11 May 2013.
1314:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1266:
1250:
1237:
1232:
1192:
1185:
1182:
1154:
1127:
1104:
1088:
1082:
1036:
1030:
960:, in 1716, and
950:
944:
907:Quinta do Noval
899:
890:
865:
853:
821:
812:
795:
767:
748:
737:
731:
728:
713:
697:
686:
677:
648:
632:
618:
601:stainless steel
597:
564:
544:
489:
476:
470:
467:
464:
455:
451:
444:
428:Quinta do Noval
370:, Tinta Roriz (
348:
342:
263:
180:alcohol content
152:
102:
96:
93:
90:
78:
46:
39:Port-wine stain
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4675:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4642:
4641:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4586:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4561:
4556:
4550:
4548:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4512:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4469:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4426:
4424:
4422:Wine cocktails
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4403:
4401:
4399:Fortified wine
4395:
4394:
4391:Wine cocktails
4387:
4386:
4379:
4372:
4364:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4029:Chili peppers
4027:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4018:Cherry Heering
4012:
4011:
4010:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3928:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3816:Seco Herrerano
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3628:Mixiang Baijiu
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3414:
3413:
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3300:by ingredients
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2403:External links
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2331:(5): 299–305.
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2196:on 5 July 2014
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1774:"Crusted Port"
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1694:"Vintage Port"
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1624:on 16 May 2018
1618:Wine Spectator
1605:
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1562:Bell, Robert.
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75:vinho do Porto
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2135:The Telegraph
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2061:UKwinesOnline
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1778:Fonseca Porto
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1643:T., Stewart.
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1402:. 5 June 2014
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771:Malvasia Fina
762:
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701:This section
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607:
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579:
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576:angel's share
571:
567:
559:
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548:
547:20% alcohol.
539:
537:
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532:tanker trucks
529:
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471:February 2024
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405:Malvasia Fina
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364:Tinta Barroca
361:
352:
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334:
333:mechanization
330:
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312:
309:
306:
305:Peso da Régua
302:
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293:
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105:), or simply
100:
84:
76:
72:
68:
60:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4435:Black Velvet
4411:Cheeky Vimto
4406:
3588:Corn whiskey
3492:Himbeergeist
3345:Kirschwasser
3107:
2805:Pomegranate
2713:
2699:Marsala wine
2694:Madeira wine
2585:Simple syrup
2580:Fermentation
2570:Distillation
2375:
2371:
2365:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2286:
2279:
2267:. Retrieved
2264:Oporto Guide
2263:
2254:
2242:. Retrieved
2231:
2221:25 September
2219:. Retrieved
2210:
2198:. Retrieved
2194:the original
2189:
2180:
2168:. Retrieved
2164:
2155:
2145:27 September
2143:. Retrieved
2134:
2123:
2112:
2106:
2094:. Retrieved
2090:
2081:
2069:. Retrieved
2065:the original
2060:
2051:
2039:. Retrieved
2035:the original
2031:Portwine.com
2030:
2021:
2009:. Retrieved
2005:the original
2001:Portwine.com
2000:
1991:
1963:
1956:
1944:. Retrieved
1940:
1930:
1918:. Retrieved
1914:
1889:. Retrieved
1885:
1875:
1863:. Retrieved
1854:
1842:
1830:. Retrieved
1828:. 8 May 2015
1825:
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1794:
1782:. Retrieved
1777:
1768:
1756:. Retrieved
1751:
1741:
1731:28 September
1729:. Retrieved
1725:the original
1714:
1702:. Retrieved
1697:
1673:
1664:
1652:. Retrieved
1648:
1638:
1626:. Retrieved
1622:the original
1617:
1608:
1596:. Retrieved
1592:
1583:
1571:. Retrieved
1567:
1557:
1545:. Retrieved
1541:
1531:
1519:. Retrieved
1506:
1497:
1490:. Retrieved
1486:
1462:. Retrieved
1458:
1448:
1436:. Retrieved
1432:the original
1427:
1422:
1416:
1404:. Retrieved
1399:
1380:
1344:
1320:the original
1310:
1298:. Retrieved
1291:
1282:
1254:
1207:Madeira wine
1168:, a type of
1162:oxovitisin A
1155:
1143:
1138:
1128:
1109:
1105:
1089:
1067:
1059:
1052:
1041:
1037:
1007:
988:
981:
966:
951:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:second wines
912:
905:A bottle of
891:
882:
878:
874:
863:Vintage port
858:
854:
846:
838:
813:
804:
800:
796:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
768:
760:
753:
738:
729:
714:Please help
702:
678:
670:
667:
663:
656:
653:
649:
633:
619:
598:
588:
582:
580:
572:
568:
565:
552:dessert wine
549:
545:
535:
513:
508:barco rabelo
495:
481:
468:
460:
432:
359:
357:
320:
310:
296:
272:
261:Wine regions
254:
231:microclimate
228:
211:
176:fermentation
174:to stop the
165:
137:
118:Douro Valley
106:
66:
65:
47:
4638:Wine portal
4572:Zurracapote
4563:Old Spanish
4559:Mulled wine
4516:Buck's Fizz
4251:Star anise
4145:Bénédictine
4105:Irish cream
3841:Aguardiente
3786:Aguardiente
3658:Rye whiskey
3168:Ginger wine
2885:Barley wine
2849:Mulled wine
2799:Plum jerkum
2769:Lychee wine
2759:Longan wine
2684:Bokbunja-ju
2674:Bignay wine
2664:Banana wine
2659:Banana beer
2533:Bathtub gin
2269:12 February
2244:12 February
2041:27 December
2011:27 December
1946:27 November
1920:27 November
1754:. Time (UK)
1700:. Time (UK)
1573:29 December
1483:"Ruby Port"
1464:20 November
1428:Grape Radio
1406:27 November
1194:Wine portal
1176:component.
1119:Douro River
1102:Port houses
995:French wine
964:, in 1730.
954:wine region
372:Tempranillo
297:Baixo Corgo
235:cultivation
222:(1716) and
216:appellation
208:Douro River
190:, often in
79:Portuguese:
43:Port Whines
4651:Categories
4582:White wine
4413:, Portbuka
4310:Limoncello
4245:Triple sec
4220:Eau créole
4190:Irish Mist
4175:Bärenjäger
4130:Frangelico
4060:Cloudberry
4039:Chocolate
4023:Maraschino
3569:Buckwheat
3482:Eau de vie
2785:Pineapple
2749:Duhat wine
2745:Java plum
2739:White wine
2597:Winemaking
2521:Production
2306:1181745660
2170:11 January
2096:11 January
2027:"Enjoying"
1521:28 October
1492:1 February
1438:1 February
1230:References
1166:oxovitisin
1084:See also:
1055:port tongs
1032:See also:
946:See also:
810:Unfiltered
775:Donzelinho
765:White port
684:Garrafeira
581:The IVDP (
542:Properties
417:Phylloxera
393:Esgana-Cão
344:See also:
311:Cima Corgo
286:Barqueiros
172:aguardente
111:Portuguese
71:Portuguese
4657:Port wine
4605:Terremoto
4554:Kalimotxo
4521:Kir Royal
4508:Champagne
4483:Sgroppino
4407:Port wine
4295:Cedratine
4260:Sassolino
4230:Cointreau
4150:Brennivín
4126:Hazelnut
4090:Tia Maria
4049:Cinnamon
4033:Pertsivka
3998:Bierlikör
3801:Desi daru
3563:Bierbrand
3457:Tsikoudia
3420:Slivovitz
3320:Applejack
3198:Kabarawan
3174:Galangal
3128:Palm wine
3005:Rice wine
2985:Makgeolli
2920:Oshikundu
2839:Hippocras
2724:Rosé wine
2714:Port wine
2680:Bokbunja
2553:Lautering
1997:"Storing"
1983:148799493
1598:16 August
1158:portosins
1152:Chemistry
1063:oxidation
1048:decanting
913:The term
841:decanting
835:Port wine
756:demijohns
703:does not
640:rosé wine
487:Transport
368:Tinto Cão
170:known as
67:Port wine
4600:Spritzer
4546:Red wine
4445:Flirtini
4320:Sloe gin
4315:Schnapps
4280:Licor 43
4276:Vanilla
4270:Charanda
4201:Juniper
4180:Drambuie
4115:Advocaat
4071:Coconut
4008:Patxaran
3947:Anisette
3926:Absinthe
3911:Amaretto
3896:Liqueurs
3761:Lambanog
3669:Sorghum
3608:Cheongju
3462:Tsipouro
3406:Juniper
3380:Armagnac
3325:Calvados
3268:Parakari
3248:Kombucha
3148:Tunggang
3123:Bahalina
3090:Huangjiu
3056:Sorghum
3010:Rượu cần
2975:Gwaha-ju
2910:Tesgüino
2834:Dubonnet
2829:Conditum
2819:Colonche
2734:Vermouth
2719:Red wine
2704:Mistelle
2392:20608752
2357:15577193
2200:7 August
2139:Archived
1859:Archived
1752:Decanter
1698:Decanter
1542:Decanter
1364:70699042
1274:43689483
1218:Portello
1180:See also
1174:2-pyrone
1096:Portugal
1044:sediment
1014:Sandeman
1010:Cockburn
897:Vintages
819:Filtered
787:Rabigato
732:May 2018
675:Colheita
556:apéritif
534:and the
413:Viosinho
409:Rabigato
397:Folgasão
275:Cambrian
226:(1730).
202:city of
129:red wine
97:wine of
4636:
4488:Rossini
4473:Bellini
4455:Sangria
4326:Walnut
4290:Campari
4235:Curaçao
4226:Orange
4210:Jenever
4195:Krupnik
4140:Aquavit
4081:Coffee
4053:Tentura
4014:Cherry
3988:Sambuca
3973:Mastika
3957:Hierbas
3931:Anisado
3907:Almond
3856:Horilka
3846:Akvavit
3796:Clairin
3791:Cachaça
3741:Tequila
3618:Lao-Lao
3603:Awamori
3539:Barley
3533:Cereals
3522:Schnaps
3512:Pálinka
3502:Nalewka
3467:Zivania
3400:Zivania
3341:Cherry
3298:Liquors
3164:Ginger
3000:Pangasi
2960:Choujiu
2940:Amazake
2916:Millet
2905:Tejuino
2881:Barley
2875:Cereals
2864:Sangria
2789:Tepache
2765:Lychee
2755:Longan
2670:Bignay
2655:Banana
2548:Malting
2543:Brewery
2538:Brewing
2348:1082895
1547:21 June
1383:, p. 93
1300:18 June
1293:Eur-Lex
1172:with a
958:Chianti
915:vintage
851:Crusted
779:Gouveio
724:removed
709:sources
616:Reserve
496:Rabelos
461:updated
424:grafted
401:Gouveio
282:granite
255:quintas
243:almonds
220:Chianti
200:seaport
192:barrels
133:dessert
109:, is a
91:
4526:Mimosa
4493:Spritz
4330:Nocino
4255:Pastis
4185:Glayva
4171:Honey
4165:Unicum
4160:Metaxa
4136:Herbs
4120:Eggnog
4096:Cream
4085:Kahlúa
4075:Malibu
3922:Anise
3866:Shōchū
3861:Poitín
3851:Bangla
3831:Tharra
3772:Dairy
3756:Laksoy
3751:Arrack
3736:Mezcal
3713:Whisky
3708:Shōchū
3698:Baijiu
3673:Baijiu
3663:Starka
3633:Shochu
3623:Lihing
3613:Cholai
3579:Maize
3477:Brandy
3442:Grappa
3437:Chacha
3432:Pomace
3390:Cognac
3385:Brandy
3371:Grape
3365:Boukha
3351:Dates
3316:Apple
3273:Ibwatu
3263:Chicha
3209:Sugar
3184:Honey
3154:Dairy
3113:Pulque
3060:Pendhā
2980:Hariya
2970:Dansul
2950:Beopju
2925:Tongba
2854:Nabidh
2729:Sherry
2690:Grape
2645:Apple
2390:
2355:
2345:
2304:
2294:
2071:3 July
1981:
1971:
1891:29 May
1865:15 May
1832:15 May
1806:29 May
1784:29 May
1758:29 May
1704:29 May
1654:15 May
1628:15 May
1499:years.
1362:
1352:
1272:
1262:
1224:Sherry
1018:Taylor
971:, the
833:Kosher
783:Codega
659:Graham
562:Styles
420:crisis
378:, and
360:castas
340:Grapes
325:rapids
278:schist
247:Pinhão
239:olives
184:brandy
4065:Lakka
3994:Beer
3871:Vodka
3821:Sulai
3806:Guaro
3776:Arkhi
3766:Sotol
3731:Agave
3724:Other
3643:Sulai
3599:Rice
3559:Beer
3517:Rakia
3487:Geist
3452:Orujo
3425:Țuică
3416:Plum
3395:Pisco
3355:Araqi
3310:Fruit
3258:Cauim
3233:Palek
3228:Intus
3213:Kilju
3193:Byais
3178:Byais
3158:Kumis
3143:Tuhak
3101:Other
3050:Kvass
3040:Tapuy
3035:Tapai
3030:Sonti
2995:Mirin
2990:Mijiu
2965:Chuak
2935:Agkud
2931:Rice
2900:Pozol
2895:Mageu
2891:Corn
2859:Pruno
2844:Jabol
2809:Rimon
2795:Plum
2779:Perry
2775:Pear
2649:Cider
2639:Fruit
2563:Yeast
2240:. CNN
1164:, an
1111:Porto
962:Tokaj
646:Tawny
606:fined
520:Porto
518:near
442:Sales
315:Alijó
301:Corgo
224:Tokaj
212:Douro
204:Porto
160:Douro
126:sweet
99:Porto
4349:List
4111:Egg
3983:Rakı
3978:Ouzo
3952:Arak
3826:Sura
3653:Korn
3649:Rye
3638:Soju
3507:Oghi
3447:Marc
3375:Arak
3361:Fig
3335:Feni
3239:Tea
3223:Basi
3203:Mead
3188:Bais
3138:Tubâ
3133:Tuak
3085:Boza
3080:Beer
3046:Rye
3020:Sato
3015:Sake
2955:Brem
2558:Wort
2388:PMID
2353:PMID
2329:2004
2302:OCLC
2292:ISBN
2271:2019
2246:2019
2223:2010
2202:2014
2172:2023
2147:2010
2098:2023
2073:2008
2043:2007
2013:2007
1979:OCLC
1969:ISBN
1948:2015
1922:2015
1893:2018
1867:2018
1834:2018
1808:2018
1786:2018
1760:2018
1733:2006
1706:2018
1656:2018
1630:2018
1600:2021
1575:2019
1549:2019
1523:2013
1494:2024
1466:2015
1440:2024
1408:2015
1360:OCLC
1350:ISBN
1302:2023
1270:OCLC
1260:ISBN
1135:gout
1113:, a
1070:port
785:and
707:any
705:cite
630:Rose
608:and
595:Ruby
411:and
280:and
249:and
188:aged
107:port
88:lit.
4594:IBA
4590:Kir
4530:IBA
4497:IBA
4477:IBA
4205:Gin
3811:Rum
3688:Ara
3410:Gin
3075:Ara
3070:Ale
2945:Apo
2380:doi
2343:PMC
2333:doi
1094:of
718:by
374:),
327:of
237:of
120:of
4653::
4409::
2386:.
2376:58
2374:.
2351:.
2341:.
2327:.
2323:.
2300:.
2262:.
2188:.
2163:.
2133:.
2089:.
2059:.
2029:.
1999:.
1977:.
1939:.
1913:.
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1884:.
1853:.
1824:.
1776:.
1750:.
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1682:^
1672:.
1647:.
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1566:.
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1496:.
1485:.
1474:^
1457:.
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1388:^
1372:^
1358:.
1328:^
1290:.
1268:.
1238:^
1016:,
831:,
781:,
777:,
773:,
506:A
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403:,
399:,
395:,
391:,
366:,
241:,
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2225:.
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2174:.
2149:.
2117:.
2100:.
2075:.
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1924:.
1895:.
1869:.
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